who are our friends? - university of southern...
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13. Coexistence
Who are our friends?
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Species
http://neatorama.cachefly.net/images/2008-12/species-population-size.jpg
About 1,500,000 species identified
Insects – 750,000
Other Arthropods – 123,000
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ArthropodsMeans Jointed appendages
First repetitive body segments (adaptation)
Dominant life on Earth based on species
Exoskeleton (molt to get larger)
Live in all habitats
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Arthropod Classes
Trilobites:
extinct
Crustaceans
Chelicerates
Myriapods
Hexapods (insects)
65% (1.5 million species)
crabs, shrimp, lobsters
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
centipedes, millipedes
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Hexapoda: Insect Species
Beetles: 300,000
1of 5 species on Earth!
Butterflies & Moths: 170,000
Flies: 120,000
Bees, Wasps, & Ants: 110,000
Grasshoppers: 20,000
Dragonflies: 5,000
Preying mantis: 2,000
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Insect Body Plan
Body Segments
Head: senses
Thorax: movement
Abdomen: organs,
reproduction
Appendages
Antennae
Legs
Wings
Adaptation of these structures has led to the
diversity of insect forms
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Insect importanceDecomposition of dead organic material
Products
silkhoney shellac
http://www.radiomuseum.org
/forumdata/upload/FlakeShell
ac_Finish.jpg
Food source for animals
birds
reptiles
arthropods (spiders)
mammals (humans)
Pollinators
Pests and disease
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Co-evolution of plants and insects
Coevolution:
adaptation of two
species to each
other for their
mutual survival
Certain flowers and
insects have co-
evolved
Explains the
diversity of forms
plants and insects
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Darwin’s Hawkmoth
Charles Darwin (in 1822)
Comet orchid with 12” nectar
tube
Predicted there must be an
insect with a 12” tongue
http://faculty.washingt
on.edu/jrw/110/darorc
h.JPG
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Darwin’s Hawkmoth
Co-evolution
Orchid tube is too long:
moth starves
orchid dies off
Orchid tube is too short:
moth does not pollinate
orchid dies off
Balance for the mutual benefit
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Honey BeesColony Collapse Disorder (CCD)
Death of hives in a matter of days
2006 and 2007: 30% of U.S. hives
2008: lost 35% of 2.5 million hives
Severe consequences to human agriculture
Cause of CCD?
GM crops
use of monocultures
insecticides and herbicides
diseases/pests
unknown
multiple causes
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Importance of insects:
Honey Bees
Pollinators of agriculture (30%)
- fruit trees, vegetables, berries
Bees for hire!
Very successful
High organized society (Eusocial):
Queen, Drone (reproductives)
Workers (sterile daughters, specific tasks),
General pollinators (variety of flowers)
Intelligent (memory, complex maps,
communication)
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Leaf cutter ants39 species
Eusocial society: different castes
Soldiers, workers
Cut, move leaves back to nest
Chew and feed the leaves to fungi
Eat the fungi (species specific)
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Leaf cutter and foreign fungiCarry around bacteria (antibiotics!)
Ant, fungi, bacteria relationship
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Normal human fauna
>1,000 species
Bacteria (100,000 billion)
Fungi
Protozoans
Multicellular organisms
follicle mites
parasites
Humans as an ecosystem
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Humans as an ecosystem
How did you get them?
Infants born without
Sources: air, mothers milk, food, environment
Benefits:
Digestion (e.g., plant material)
Clean-up of your waste (e.g., dead skin cells)
Cost:
Cause disease if not kept in checkWhere did they come from?
Invaders that stayed
Humans evolved defenses to control them
Microbes evolved to be less virulent
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Provide
habitat for diversity of animals (100,000 species)
“Rain forests” of the ocean
tourism
medical products
food
shoreline protection
Coral reefs
http://batchisthenewshit.files.wordpress.com/2007/
06/coral_reef.jpg
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Corals provide algae with nitrogen & CO2
Algae provide food for coral (photosynthesis)
Mutualism!
Algae may be 50% of the coral biomass
Coral and algae
Problems:
Coral bleaching
Loss of algae
Coral dies
Why?
Climate change
in warmer water corals expel algae
coral also are more prone to disease
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Types of InteractionsType of relationship varies between species
Mutualism (+,+): mutually beneficial
Leaf cutter ant – fungus
Corals - algae
Parasitism (-, +): one hurt, one helped
broadly can define predator-prey
Cheetah (+), Gazelle (-)
Gazelle (+), Grass (-)
Commensalism (+, 0): one helped, one unaffected
Barnacles (+), Whale (0)
Relationships can vary with circumstances!
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Summary:
Arthropods are the most successful phylum on Earth
Insects are the most dominant class of arthropods
Their diversity is explained by co-evolution with plants and their “tool kit” of appendages
Diversity of forms also stems from cooperation
among species
Humans are part of this system too!
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Ends Organism section
next: Unique
Next time: Variation
Read: Ch. 10.1-10.4, 11.1-11.5