Calvin Keith M. Calvadores 0923-568-6758 ckcalvadores@gmail.com

Consultation Hours: Monday-Friday 11:00am-12:00nn

Who is a Psychologist?

Who is a Psychologist?

When you graduate from your BS Psychology course, you are a ______________.

Who is a Psychologist?

A psychologist is someone who has completed four to five years of postgraduate education and has obtained a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D. In psychology.

Who is a Psychologist?Clinical Psychologist vs. Counseling

Psyhologist

Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

What do Psychologists do?

Research Pure research Applied research

Practice Teaching

Research Areas in Psychology

Social and Personality Developmental Experimental Biological Cognitive Psychometrics

How do Psychologists Gather and Summarize

Data?

Prepared by: C.K.Calvadores

Types of Research

Qualitative Research does not introduce treatments or manipulate variables, or impose the researcher's operational definitions of variables on the participants. Rather, it lets the meaning emerge from the participants. It aims to get a better understanding through first hand experience, truthful reporting, and quotations of actual conversations.

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Types of ResearchQualitative Research Quantitative Research

To gain an understanding of underlying reasons and motivations To provide insights into the setting of a problem, generating ideas and/or hypotheses for later quantitative research To uncover prevalent trends in thought and opinion

To quantify data and generalize results from a sample to the population of interest To measure the incidence of various views and opinions in a chosen sample Sometimes followed by qualitative research which is used to explore some findings further

Unstructured Structured

Research Methods in Psychology

1. Experimental Method 2. Correlational Research 3. Naturalistic Observation/

Participant Observation 4. Survey Questionnaire/Tests/

Interviews 5. Case Study

Experimental Method

Psychological Experiment - a controlled procedure in which at least two different treatment conditions are applied to subjects (participants) whose behaviors are then measured and compared to a hypothesis about the effects of the treatments on behavior.

GOAL: Establish Cause and

Effect Relationship

Concepts in Experimental Method

1. Variables a. Independent Variable the

variable being manipulated

b. Dependent Variable the variable being measured.

c. Extraneous Variables the variables that are not part of the experiment but can affect the DV.

Example of IV and DV

In an experiment of attractiveness, researchers wanted to find out if large pupils make people more attractive.

Variables

IV = DV = EV =

Pupil Size Attractiveness ???

In an experiment of attractiveness, researchers wanted to find out if large pupils make people more attractive.

Concepts in Experimental Method

2. Treatment Groups a. Treatment Group the group that receives the

treatment b. Control Group the group that receive no

treatment or receive normal, standard treatment c. Placebo Group the group that is made to

believe that they are receiving a treatment but in fact they are not.

3. Random Assignment (different from random sampling)

Sample Experiment

Population

Sample

Glory

Black Hawk Down

Prejudice

Prejudice

Random Assignment

Identify the IV and DV

To investigate the effects of exercise on mathematical problem-solving ability, a researcher assigned subjects to one of two groups. One group did 50 jumping jacks and the other group did 200. After exercising, both groups did a set of math problems.

Identify the IV and DV

In an attempt to prove the Fun Theory, researcher set up a musical piano steps on the staircase of a Stockholm, Sweden subway station to see if more people would be more willing to choose the healthier option and take the stairs instead of the escalator.

Identify the IV and DV

Mythbusters tried to test if yawning is really contagious. They place participants in one small room together with one accomplice who kept on yawning. They then measured the number of yawns that the participants made.

Identify the IV and DV

In an experiment in priming, researchers wanted to test the effect of money to helping behavior. They set up two groups. The first group was made to count money and the second group was made to count paper. They were then exposed to a situation where a woman needed help. The researchers measured which group was more likely to help than the other.

Correlation

It is a measure the relationship between two variables.

Key words: correlation, association, relationship, influence

There is an association, a relationship, or a correlation when variances vary together. The change of one variable is related to the change of the other variable.

Characteristics of a Relationship

DIRECTION The sign of the correlation (+ or -) specifies the direction.

Positive: When X increases, Y increases. When X decreases, Y

also decreases. Negative:

When X increases, Y decreases. When X decreases, Y increases.

Correlation

Correlation

Correlation

Correlation

Attribution to Causality

Correlation does not imply causation. The existence of a correlation between two

variables does not necessarily imply the existence of a causal link between these two variables.

It is possible that the correlation is due to a common third variable (causing the two variables).

Correlation simply describes a relationship between two variables and does not explain why they are related.

Naturalistic/ Participant Observation

Is the technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings

It is mostly descriptive and it involves no manipulation of antecedent conditions.

Usually used in animal behavior research and human development too.

During the study, observers should attempt and remain unobtrusive. (Low-profile) and find for unobtrusive measure (a procedure used to assess subjects behaviors without their knowledge; used to obtained more objective data.

Participant-observer studies a special kind of field observation in which the researcher actually becomes part of the group being studied.

Surveys & Tests

Useful way of obtaining information about peoples opinions, attitudes, preferences, and experiences simply by asking them. E.g. telephone surveys, election polls,

television ratings, product preferences.

Important thing in survey is that participants are representative sample to the population.

Surveys & Tests

Interviews face to face possible over the phone open ended/ closed questions allow clarifications but susceptible to

interviewers bias Questionnaires can be handed out or sent through mail or

email. Easier to administer

Case Study

Case study is an in-depth analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of a single individual.

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