WHO IS SANEDI?The energy sector across the globe is undergoing transformational change, driven by technological, political and socio-economic factors that vary by geography and market. In line with international trends, South Africa is seeing a large-scale shift to low-carbon energy supplies and solutions with associated changes in infrastructure requirements and the way utilities provide energy services. At the same time, South Africa continues the drive for universal energy access for all South Africans and addressing energy poverty in the country.

This rapid evolution presents both risks and opportunities, creating a context within which energy development and innovation is increasingly relevant. The opportunities in particular are pertinent to developing economies, where obsolete solutions can potentially be leapfrogged towards a more sustainable energy future. Fully utilising the opportunities for maximum developmental benefit would require taking note of the turn of events, anticipating the important shifts and skilfully moving with the changes. Being at the forefront of energy development and innovation will therefore be key for South Africa to proactively engage with the rapid changes in the energy sector.

The South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) was established in 2011 under the National Energy Act, 2008 (Act No. 34 of 2008). The Act provides for SANEDI to direct, monitor and conduct energy research and development, promote energy research and technology innovation as well as undertake measures to promote energy efficiency throughout the economy.

SANEDI’s energy development agenda is a key part of our country’s energy journey. SANEDI’s portfolio of initiatives are closely attuned to technology advancements, declining technology costs and continued innovation in the energy sector. As a whole, these can enable South Africa to take full advantage of our energy resources and the associated infrastructure development as a vehicle for economic growth, industrialisation, employment creation and sustainable development.

In terms of SANEDI’s mandate, two programmes have been established: • Applied energy research, development and innovation; and• Energy Efficiency

The applied energy research, development and innovation programme further consists of 6 sub-programmes that include:• Renewable Energy• Cleaner Fossil Fuels• Data and Knowledge Management• Cleaner Mobility• Smart Grids• Working for Energy

The innovation focus and development contribution from each of these sub-programmes are highlighted below.

Our VisionLeading clean energy solutions provider for a low carbon South Africa.

Our MissionUsing applied energy research and resource efficiency to develop innovative, integrated solutions that will catalyse growth and prosperity

Our Values• Team work • Responsibility/accountability• Commitment/dedication• Respect• Integrity• Creativity/innovation• Passion

South Africa is demonstrating its commitment to a more sustainable future growth path by supporting renewable energy and energy efficiency measures, together with skills development and job creation through fostering a green economy.

South Africa is among the highest emitters of carbon dioxide in the world, currently ranked 12th in terms of top emitters per capita, since more than 75% of primary our energy requirement is derived from fossil fuels.

The country responded to the urgent need to reduce fossil fuel dependency, diversify the energy mix and supply and reducing the country’s carbon footprint with a supportive policy and legislative framework to exploit the excellent local renewable energy resources, especially wind and solar.

South Africa’s renewable energy sector experienced explosive growth in the past few years with investment of more than $200 billion to date. This rapid investment in sector growth over the past years has made South Africa the ninth-leading destination for clean energy investment among the Group of 20 (G-20) of the world’s developed and emerging economies.

South Africa’s leading position has been secured through a supportive policy environment, coupled with a secure investment framework established by the Department of Energy’s (DoE) Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme or REIPPPP.

The contribution of a green economy to economic growth and job creation is furthermore promising and South Africa is preparing to play a leading role in renewable energy deployment.

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY

South Africa has abundant natural and renewable energy (RE) resources that can be harnessed for energy production:

• one of the best solar regimes in the world, measured at 4.5 to 6.6 kWh/m2 , one of the most abundant renewable energy resources in the country;

• a reasonable wind energy resource (an average of 8 m/s measured at 80 m) is available in geographically dispersed locations, allowing for security of supply;

• biomass for energy use is restricted due to water availability in South Africa, but energy from waste, utilising the estimated 60 – 70 million m3 of waste generated annually, is more readily available and exploitable;

• despite limited water availability, 1400 MW of pump storage is currently utilised by Eskom from two sites in South Africa, while micro-hydro applications at specific sites offer further opportunities; and

• a world-class wave energy (10 – 50 kW/m crest length) and ocean current (70 – 85 Sv peaking at 2 m/s) resource, is potentially exploitable upon the availability of commercially viable technologies.

One of SANEDI’s roles is to facilitate and co-ordinate renewable energy research, development and demonstration through international co-operation and information exchange, leading to the deployment and commercialisation of sustainable, efficient, reliable, cost-competitive and environmentally sound renewable energy technologies.

SANEDI therefore seeks to make optimal use of local resources that diversify energy production and create an environmentally sound energy sector. The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) and the Wind Atlas of South Africa (WASA) are examples of international collaboration. In order to accelerate research path of scientific innovation to market viable alternatives and grow the pool of energy scientists, SANEDI has established centres of research and development whose focus areas are coordination in the research, development and innovation space of the energy sector, promotion of technologies, skills development and collaboration. One of such centres is the Renewable Energy Centre Of Research and Development (RECORD).

1.1 Renewable Energy Centre Of Research and Development (RECORD)

RECORD, within the Renewables programme, is specifically focussed on support and coordination of RE research, development and innovation throughout South Africa and collaboration beyond. RECORD strives to be recognised as the foremost institution for renewable energy research coordination and collaboration in SA. This to be achieved through facilitating renewable energy research coordination, collaboration and dissemination of national and international RE knowledge contributing towards a sustainable low carbon energy future. RECORD achieves tis through a dual pronged approach:• RECORD Operational• Stakeholder Relations• Industry engagement• Reoccurring marketing• Government representation for RE sectorial activities• RECORD Implementational• Collaboration and coordination• RE Skills development and training

“RECORD operational” includes all duties that are performed in order achieve the implementational aspect of the centre. Collaboration and coordination of renewable energy research in South Africa is achieved through a variety of avenues. RECORD provides limited funding for applied renewable energy research conducted at various institutions in South Africa.

To ensure efficient use of funds, RECORD coordinates this RE research according to national priorities and stakeholder objectives through RECORD research platforms. These research platforms foster collaboration between renewable energy research and development stakeholders having common goals, through collaborative funding and sharing of resources to ensure that applied research is not duplicated within the same field.

RECORD facilitates mutually beneficial interaction and information exchange between stakeholders in the renewable energy sector in South Africa, as well as at an international level. This is achieved through collaboration with these stakeholders in order to assess their needs and then produce either information/knowledge in a specific sector and/or hosting sessions with experts that are able advise on key topics.

Through its website, RECORD endeavours to share studies, research results and other important documents in the public domain in order to support business development in the sector (www.record.org.za). RECORD strives through various virtual and face-to-face means to create both local and international awareness regarding renewable energy and South Africa’s policies pertaining to this.

Finally, RECORD places great focus on contributing towards renewable energy skills development in South Africa. RECORD recognises the importance of skills development to service the growing RE sector in South Africa and cooperates with a variety of actors providing training at different levels.

RECORD is involved in several collaborative projects:

1. Implementing the Solar Energy Research Development and Innovation plan on behalf of the Department of Science and Technology(Collaboration between SANEDI and DST)This project is envisaged to support South African innovations in solar energy that will assist government in dealing with the triple challenge (poverty, inequality and unemployment) through stimulating local manufacturing in the solar energy industry. The roadmap thematic areas are:• Strategic Planning• Energy Systems Integration• Solar Thermal• Solar Photovoltaic• Industry Stimulation

2. Solar resource measurement project (Collaboration between GIZ, SANEDI, SU, Eskom) • Construction of solar resource measurement stations in specific locations in South Africa, measuring

both DNI (direct normal irradiance) and GHI (global horizontal irradiance)• Monitoring and data collection has been occurring since 2013 and has produced a verified ground

measurement solar map of the resource available in SA. This can now be accessed at http://www.sauran.net/Page/About

3. Renewable Energy Testing, Training and Demo Facilities(collaboration SANEDI, GIZ, CSIR, TIA, Green Cape, CPUT, SU, NMMU)• The South African Renewable Energy Technology Centre (SARETEC) placed at Cape Peninsular

University of Technology (CPUT) is a National South African facility that trains graduates in technical service to the wind, solar and biogas industries of South Africa.

• The Centre for Energy Research (CER) at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) houses a PV testing and research facility largely supported by RECORD and the GIZ. One of the goals of this project is to continually map the performance of PV technologies and simulate their response to different climates under South African conditions.

• Microalgal Technology Development and Demonstration Centre (MTDDC) at Upington is managed by TIA (Technology Innovation Agency) and supported by RECORD and the Algal bioenergy platform.

RECORD platformsIn an effort to coordinate and drive research, RECORD has formed expert technology specific research platforms. These platforms are established on the basis of a scan report that determines all the researchers, stakeholders and role players in a certain sector, their skills and interests. The report is then used to bring these parties together in an effort to channel collaborative research towards agreed goals and to leverage funding towards this research. The current platforms are listed below and can be contacted through RECORD.• ABP (Algal Bioenergy Research Platform) – Established April 2013 o Collaborative research project: creating an characterised online and live culture database of algal species significant in the nioenergy space for South Africa• PVP (Photovoltaic Research Platform) - established July 2016 incorporates CPVP (Concentrated

Photovoltaic Research Platform) established November 2013 o Collaborative research project: to create a solar PV value-chain map for the sector• SHTTP (Solar High Temperature Research Platform) – Established August 2014 now internationally

partnered; linked to scan studies o Studies into high temperature solar for industrial or renewable fossil fuel hybrid processes• W2EP (Waste to Energy Research Platform) – Established November 2014 (now the research arm

of the DOE National Biogas Platform) o Collaborative research project: to characterise municipal solid waste streams for energy production• SWHP (Solar Water Heating Research Platform) – Established June 2016 (SOLTRAIN link) o Collaborative research project: 5. Data repository > solar water heating facts and advise based on lessons learned• WEP (Wind Energy Research Platform) – Established November 2016 at WindAc 2016 in a RECORD/

GIZ hosted Business meets Science session (WASA and SARETEC link)

A solar resource measurement station and resulting project map for South Africa

The NMMU solar PV test centre for PV panel measurement

Other recent achievements include: • RECORD in partnership with the GIZ launched the “State of Research” reports for solar water

heating and solar photovoltaic in 2016. These reports outline the policy space, technology of the sector and then the research being done across the sectors, the skills, the funding and the identified research gaps for South Africa.

• RECORD serves on the following councils/bodies: o South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) Strategic advisory Group for Energy (SAG-E) advising on the Energy Standardisation Roadmap o South African Coal Ash Council (SACAA) o Eskom Ash Utilisation working group advising on sustainable enevironmentally friendly ash utilisation

The SARETEC training centre at CPUT, construction has been completed (June 2016) and the second batch of wind turbine service technicians training courses

are almost complete (Oct 2016).

o South African Solar Energy Association (SASEA)• The annual RECORD Renewable Energy Research Excellence (RERE) award in partnership (as

platinum sponsor) the energy excellence awards given through the South African National Energy Association (SANEA).

• Hosts and takes part in strategic knowledge sharing events in collaboratipn with academia, small industry, the financial sector and renewable energy industry

• RECORD annually supports the Douglas Banks Renewable Energy Vision (DBREV) bursary.• RECORD and GIZ are supporting the training of wind turbine service technicians through bursaries

provided through SARETEC

Pic 1 SANEDI/RECORD Renewable Energy Research Excellence (RERE) Young Researcher Award 2016: Imke Meyer, Student at the University of Stellenbosch;

and a commendation of excellence to Toyosi Craig, PhD student at the University of Stellenbosch. From left to right: Dr Karen Surridge-Talbot, Toyosi Craig,

Dr Thembakazi Mali, Imke Meyer

Pic 2 SANEDI/RECORD Renewable Energy Research Excellence (RERE) Commercial Application Award 2016: Eternity Power Thermal Harvesting –

Vuselela Energy (Represented by Vernon Harding). From left to right: Dr Karen Surridge-Talbot, Vernon Harding, Dr Thembakazi Mali

PIC 1 PIC 2

Kyle Swartz Pillay is the recipient of the 2016 DBREV Scholarship. Originally from Cape Town, he is now undertaking an M Phil in Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Studies at Stellenbosch University.

1.2 Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) Phase 1 Project

The Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) Phase 1 Project (2009 – 2014) is an initiative of the South African Dept. of Energy (DoE) with the principal funders the South African Wind Energy Programme (SAWEP) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) (R8 million) and the Royal Danish Embassy (DKK9,985,441) with the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI) as the Executing partner and Implementation partners the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), University of Cape Town (Climate Systems Analysis Group) (UCT CSAG), South African Weather Services (SAWS) and Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Wind Energy).

The main objective of WASA through capacity development and research cooperation is to develop and employ numerical (modelled) wind atlas methods and to develop capacity to enable long term planning of large-scale exploitation of wind power in South Africa, including dedicated wind resource assessment and siting tools for planning purposes, i.e. a verified with physical wind measurements (see http://www.wasa.csir.co.za/) Numerical (modelled) Wind Atlas and database for South Africa (VNWA). The VNWA has been completed for the Western Cape Province and parts of the Northern and Eastern Cape Provinces and is in the process (WASA Phase 2) to be expanded to the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and parts of the Free Sate Provinces.

The Scope of work comprises of 6 work packages addressing the modelling, verification, application with guidelines and dissemination see; http://www.wasaproject.info/ (Project Scope)

Application of the VNWA enables and extends, beyond the 10 WASA mast areas to the entire WASA Phase 1 modelling domain with data available every 3 km x 3 km – corresponding to approximately 40 000 data points (“virtual masts”) that can be employed directly with most of the standard e.g. WAsP wind resource assessment software for wind farm planning, siting and wind resource assessment and is accessible through Tadpole using a Google Earth interface see

http://wasaclimates.eu/Tadpole/Viewer?gid=08aee5e5-e31f-416a-ad12-9a7a4d26f92e

Figure 1. 1st Verified Numerical Wind Atlas (VNWA) for South Africa- (generalised wind climate – flat terrain, 3km x 3km resolution) with WASA

masts sites

The Verified Numerical Wind Atlas (VNWA) is used together with the local terrain topography data to generate the Large Scale High Resolution (250 m grid spacing) Wind Resource Map. Metadata here: http://stel-apps.csir.co.za/wasa-data/grids/Metadata%20WASA%20wind%20resource%20map%20WRF.pdf

The High Resolution Wind Resource Map depicts the local wind climate that a wind turbine would encounter and offers the following important benefits for developers, policy makers, utilities and industry:• Saves time and costs as the bankability of a potential wind farm site can now be estimated and

physical wind measurements are only undertaken for bankable wind sites.• Levels the playing field between small and large industry players to identify and develop wind hot

spots.• Assists Government in estimating the real wind resource potential.• Identifies possible wind development zones in line with the strategic environmental assessment

(SEA) studies or in line with frameworks. The DEA’s SEA for solar photovoltaic and wind is an example of such an SEA study and is available at http://www.csir. co.za/nationalwindsolarsea/

• Long-term grid planning to connect with high-potential wind development areas.• Wind farm planning in positioning (micro siting) the wind turbines for optimal wind exposures

Wind makes up most of the essential environmental loading that affects the structural design of South Africa’s built environment. It follows that you also need information on extreme winds when you design wind farms, which are usually situated in places where there are relatively strong winds.

Figure 3 depicts the 1:50 years 10 min average wind speed (m/s) that can statistically be expected for the WASA Phase 1 domain

Figure 2. 1st Large Scale High Resolution Wind Resource map (local wind climate, 250 m grid spacing)

The WASA Phase 1 project confirmed independently that South Africa has an excellent wind resource. The data and access are not monopolized by any company or institution. It is all in the public domain (www.wasaproject.info) thereby levelling the playing field as it is free for all to use.

1.3 The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)

REEEP is a market catalyst for clean energy in developing countries and emerging markets. REEEP is a network of Regional Secretariats around the globe, ensuring that all activities are locally relevant and focused. SANEDI hosts the REEEP Regional Secretariat for Southern Africa. The Partnership develops sector-specific interventions, and has so far globally funded 154 clean energy projects in 57 countries disbursing €14.4 million and leveraging an additional €29.4 million in co-funding.

REEEP invests in clean energy markets to help developing countries expand modern energy services and improve lives; increase prosperity and economic dynamism; and keep CO2 emissions in check. REEEP’s tools are modern clean energy technologies – renewable energy and energy efficiency – market forces, and knowledge management. REEEP has developed a unique structure to meet the specific requirements of our approach. We operate in four key pillar activities which are interconnected and interdependent in its work to build sustainable markets in the developing world. These four pillars are the portfolio of Projects, the Investment Accelerator, the Policy Lab and the access to Open Data and access to information.

REEEP is working to address what the International Finance Corporation has termed “the missing middle” - the valley of death transition from concessional funding to growth-stage commercial investment. REEEP’s investment accelerator bridges the gap between early project viability and sustainable market success. The accelerator strengthens entrepreneurs – through business training, mentoring and best-practice consulting drawn from the project portfolio – and enterprises – through targeted financial injections to “de-risk” projects.

REEEP has taken up this challenge and brought in its first partner, CTI PFAN, a network of private investors active in the clean energy sector. Together we are running a “Phased Financing Facility.” Entrepreneurs selected for the REEEP portfolio are brought into a multi-year incubator program, including seed-level grants of up to €300,000 and access to the REEEP network. Entrepreneurs are provided with business training and mentoring by CTI PFAN, and best-practice consulting by REEEP drawn from our portfolio.

Figure 3 WASA Extreme Wind Atlas – 1:50 years average wind speed (m/s)

Projects are vetted by CTI PFAN investment professionals, and receive targeted “de-risking” support to ensure bankability.

REEEP have a strong focus on identifying realistic business propositions for clean energy (this includes both energy efficiency and renewable energy), defining the conditions needed to make particular propositions succeed (leading to policy provisions and investment), and on working with partners both in the public and private sector to implement these solutions. Through linking people and information, REEEP aims to improve the enabling environment particularly in developing and least developed countries; spearheading communications, information and data provision for clean energy solutions. To best support the growth of clean energy markets in developing countries, REEEP focuses on developing insights, nurturing networks and creating impact in several key areas.

REEEP SA has a focus on various focal areas including Smart Cities including energy efficiency in the housing sector (focused on energy positive buildings), linking open data in the transport sector, productive use of renewable energy and quantifying the benefits of access to energy and Cross Sector Systems, which looks at the Food Energy Water Nexus and connecting climate knowledge.

REEEP aims to facilitate the wide availability of reliable and coherent clean energy information, and to ensure that all information and learnings from REEEP activities are made available in useful and digestible forms. The clean energy info portal www.reegle.info is REEEP’s broadest information and data sharing tool which attracts 220 000 users per month and supports individual champions of clean energy with networking opportunities.

The portal targets the clean energy-interested public in emerging countries, RE and EE policy makers, and project implementers. In REEEP’s latest call for projects, nine projects in Africa were selected for funding including countries South Africa, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Cote D’Ivoire, Benin, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. In addition to these 9 new projects, there are currently a further ten projects on-going across Africa from previous funding calls.

Powering Water Supply in South Africa: A REEEP funded project under the 9th Call, identifying small hydro opportunities on existing water

reticulation infrastructure.

Stakeholders participating in the Energy Effi-ciency in the Housing Sector workshop held at

Liliesleaf, Johannesburg in March 2014, hosted by REEEP and SANEDI. The workshop focused on

identifying the EE landscape in the South African housing sector.

Mobility enables connection of people with each other, services and facilities. Together with the transportation of goods, mobility of people is fundamental to the economy of South Africa. Over the years, the transportation systems grew drastically and the negative impacts of our chosen modes and its propulsion energy became apparent to the extent that today we realise that this is not sustainable and needs an urgent change. The exhaust emissions produced by these vehicles are polluting the air in our cities and the environment. People’s health is at risk and our climate is compromised. The instability of the oil price and depletion of the world’s petroleum supplies are also risks to consider. Congestion in cities due to increasing car ownership and use only aggravates the problem.

Solutions that are clean in terms of exhaust emissions, efficient in terms of energy consumption and fit for purpose in terms of mobility objective are being designed and developed across the world.SANEDI strives to implement “cleaner mobility solutions” focussed mainly in cities and other niche markets.

THE ROLE OF CLEANER MOBILITYThe role of the Cleaner Mobility Programme is to investigate and demonstrate alternative ways of mobility that will lead to the improvement of the environmental, social and economic conditions. We have a responsibility to inform and communicate the world’s success stories and our findings to our stakeholders and the public, to motivate a change in policy and a change in behaviour.

In the process, we consult widely and work closely with stakeholders along the value chain to find planning, funding and implementing partners for strategic and demonstration projects we develop for implementation.

ACTIVITIESWe participate, share information and learn from projects globally, events and workshops, as well as with international and local support apply this knowledge and implement projects locally.

International ActivitiesSANEDI participates in the International Energy Agency’s Implementing Agreement on “Hybrid and Electric Vehicles”, as well as the Clean Energy Ministerial’s “Electric Vehicle Initiative” on a regular basis. We also support the European Commission, COP and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

Local ActivitiesSANEDI and UNIDO are collaborating on a Low Carbon Transport Project in South Africa. Together with the dti, we work on the alignment of policies that inform the introduction of alternative modes and alternative energy for transportation. With the City of Johannesburg and eThekwini Municipality, we support the development of non-motorized transport (NMT) plans and installation of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. We also support other cities to plan their green transport initiatives and developments.

SANEDI provides support to National Government Departments regarding research and policy development. With the Department of Transport, we are involved in the NMT and Green Transport strategy documents.

2. CLEANER MOBILITY

Mobility enables connection of people with each other, services and facilities. Together with the Other work we were involved in on a national level are: the IPAP with the dti and a study regarding the use of compressed biogas from waste as a fuel for vehicles with the Department of Environmental Affairs. The latter proved that the use of biogas for displacing petrol has an added value three times higher than using biogas for electricity generation.

As a follow-up to the South African Cities Network’s Green Transport Project, SANEDI, in partnership with UNIDO, installed two PV-solar charging stations in support of the 30 electric vehicles used in Tshwane. The charge station at the Mayoral Chambers in Centurion was unveiled during the opening ceremony of the 2016 Transport Month celebration by the MEC of Gauteng Transport.

Together with National Government and industry stakeholders, SANEDI and uYilo Electro-Mobility Technology Innovation Programme (a TIA initiative) have been instrumental in establishing EVIA – the Electric Vehicle Industry Association. This is a platform for information sharing, communication, standardisation and collaboration on promoting the use of electric vehicles in South Africa. The establishment of EVIA is commemorated on 1 November 2016.

Carbon is the element that forms the foundation upon which all life-forms are based. Not only in the constituents of the life-forms themselves, but also, in the case of the human species, comprises the major source of primary energy in the form of fossil fuels. Over the past few centuries, the global application of fossil fuels has facilitated a leap in technological development and improvement in the human condition unprecedented in human history.

However, nature has a way of balancing accounts. The rapid rise and continued use of fossil fuels have led to two matters of concern, namely the finiteness of fossil fuels and the impact of their use on the environment. The mission of the Cleaner Fossil Fuel Section of SANEDI is directed to the efficient use of a finite resource in an environmentally suitable manner. To this end, and within the resources available, a number of research and development thrusts have been initiated.

Clean coal technologies are an option to minimise environmental impacts from the use of coal. More recently the matter of shale gas is being investigated.

Charge station at the IDC, Sandton

3. CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS

The South African Coal Road Map [now complete] was a collaborative project between the government, industry and research institutions, and in particular SANEDI. The Road Map identified the direction of the complete value chain of the coal industry for the next few decades. The Road Map also identifies research and development gaps that are necessary to ensure that the coal industry is able to achieve its goals.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the major activity of the Cleaner Fossil Fuel Programme of SANEDI. Moreover, CCS has been named as one of the eight national flagship priority programmes in the National Climate Change Response White Paper released during October, 2011. SANEDI’s work on CCS is executed through the South African Centre for Carbon Capture & Storage (SACCCS).

Shale gas has the potential to be a “game-changer” in the South African energy economy. SANEDI in cooperation with the DOE, has studied the viability of shale gas exploitation.

3.1 South African Centre for Carbon Capture & Storage (SACCCS)

OverviewSACCCS is leading authority for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) activities in South Africa and was established as a Division of SANEDI during 2009. Combining significant CCS experience and comprehensive capabilities across different business functions, SACCCS is mandated to undertake CCS research and development and capacity building (both human and technical) to better understand the technical potential for CCS in South Africa and to attain a state of “country readiness” for the implementation of CCS nationally. The work of SACCCS is undertaken in accordance with the South African CCS Roadmap that was endorsed by Cabinet during May, 2012.

Fig 3 The South African CCS Roadmap

Following the release of the South African Atlas on Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide in 2010 that identified CO2 storage potential of 150 Gt, the focus of SACCCS has moved towards the implementation of the Pilot CO2 Storage Project (PCSP).That PCSP is a “proof of concept” for CCS in South Africa and will entail the injection of ten to fifty thousand tonnes of CO2 into an appropriate geological formation.

Currently, SACCCS is working to accelerate the development of the PCSP which aims to:• demonstrate CO2 storage in South African conditions, • gain experience and develop South African capacity in handling and storing CO2, and • provide an educational facility for academia, the public and interested stakeholders.

CCS Capacity BuildingThe Carbon Capture and Storage technology is fairly new and there is need to build capacity in the country. In line with this requirement, SACCCS launched a bursary programme in 2010 which supports honours, Masters and PhDs with research topics that are relevant to CCS. The programme has supported 12 Masters and 3 PhDs so far. The bursary programme is complemented by a CCS non-bursary programme that aims to fund CCS projects by SACCCS bursars or non-bursars.

SACCCS Bursars Completed

1

SACCCS Bursars Completed

Name Research Topic Program University Violet Mookho Kholumo

Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide onto South African Ash.

Masters WITS

Thembane Kelvin Mlambo

Improving geological saline reservoir integrity through applied mineral carbonation engineering.

Masters Pretoria

Dustin Jooste Towards a South African emissions trading scheme: opportunities and challenges.

Masters Stellenbosch

Tshepo David Khoza Electromagnetic and geological modelling of potential carbon storage sites in South Africa.

Doctorate WITS

Yogandhri Naidoo Investigation into mineral carbonation as a form of geological sequestration of Carbon Dioxide.

Masters WITS

Mariana Erasmus The impact of CO2 sequestration in South Africa and the reactivity of the deep subsurface biome towards CCS.

Doctorate Free State

Nigel Hicks Basin-scale assessment of the potential CO2 storage of the offshore Durban Basin, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Doctorate KwaZulu-Natal

Fillsmith Ndongani Mineralogical and Geochemical investigations of the Saline aquifers reservoirs in Zululand Basin.

Masters Pretoria

Brandon Landman Investigations of the physical, mineralogical, chemical and morphological properties of the Zululand Basin through the study of the ZA borehole and core sample.

Masters Pretoria

Daniel Hugo Investigations of the physical, mineralogical, chemical and morphological properties of the Zululand Basin through the study of the ZC borehole and core sample.

Masters Pretoria

SACCCS Bursars Completed

SACCCS organises CCS conferences biennially as a way of building capacity and communicating the progress of the CCS roadmap to stakeholders.

The last conference was the 4th South African CCS Conference 2015 titled, “Capacitating South Africa for CCS”. The next conference will be held in 2017.

SACCCS has developed a Pilot CO2 Capacity Building Monitoring Project under the PCSP which aims to use studies of the Natural CO2 Release to inform the development of a detailed monitoring plan for the PCSP and to contribute to the global understanding of the geological controls on the development of leakage pathways from CO2 storage sites, the potential.

1

SACCCS Bursars Current

Name Research Topic Program University Devon Bowen An analysis of the depositional

environments and geological history of the Cretaceous geology in the Algoa Basin region and the implications for reservoir and seal distribution and the implications for the Pilot CO2 Storage Project.

Masters UCT

Rofhiwa Raselavhe Analysis of the impact of South African specific factors such as language, education level, political landscape and socio-economic challenges on the perception, understanding and communication methods of climate change and Carbon Capture and Storage in South Africa.

Masters part time

Monash

Mzikayise Nkwane Analysis of the impacts of CO2 leakage on groundwater and surface water, via assessing water chemistries at the Bongwana fault analogue with consideration of its application to the Zululand Basin PCSP area of interest.

Masters UKZN

Jade Holtman Investigation of CO2 storage in depleted gas wells in the Orange Basin located in the West Coast of South Africa.

Masters UWC

Rowen Abraham Geological, mineralogical and adsorption investigation of various rock types extracted from a borehole core extracted from the Willowvale area, Eastern Cape, in the context of carbon dioxide storage.

Masters UJ

SACCCS organises CCS conferences biennially as a way of building capacity and

communicating the progress of the CCS roadmap to stakeholders. The last

For CCS to be fully considered, stakeholders need to be provided with information from National, Provincial, Local level as well as traditionally excluded stakeholders such as the Environmental NGOs, Organised Labour and the community at large. The stakeholder engagement activities are guided by the National and Local (Nat-Loc) Stakeholder Engagement Plans developed by the national and international consortia as appointed by the World Bank Group (WBG) and approved by the Department of Energy (DoE). The Stakeholder Engagement outreach activities have progressed exponentially to an extent that SACCCS has held Introductory/iterative meetings with the following stakeholders:

Figure: EXCO Members of the National House of Traditional Leaders at one of the sites for Pilot CO2 Monitoring Project - natural CO2 releases.

Fig 4: Stakeholders Schematic graph.

3.2 Shale Gas

The shale gas investigation spans topics such as water requirements and waste water issues, the need for matching demand and supply , technical, economic and environmental risk evaluation, the option to use carbon dioxide during hydraulic fracturing instead of water and carbon dioxide emissions reduction by replacing coal and crude oil with gas in the economy and the effects on the local economy, road infrastructure and other surface issues.

Already it has been shown that if all planned new coal fired power stations would be replaced by natural gas fired power station the accumulated reduction in carbon dioxide until 2050 would be about 1.5 billion tonnes.

a. Objective and Mandate

The objective of the Working for Energy Programme (the Programme) is to provide sustainable clean energy solutions to rural and low income urban communities with special emphasis job creation, skills development and community enterprise development. The Programme targets the youth, women and people with disabilities in rural areas and low income urban communities.

The Programme is strategically aligned to the “New Growth Path” which was launched in November 2010 by the Minister of Economic Development. The latter articulates the need to leverage public procurement, in combination with other policy instruments of Government, to support local manufacturing, especially in value added, tradable and labour intensive industries.

Therefore, in line with Government’s commitment to making employment creation the main criterion for economic policy, and in support of the country’s Industrial Policy and Action Plan (IPAP), Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP), and National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF), the Programme is central to a number of identified jobs drivers in the Green Economy which will catalytically increase sustainable Enterprise Development, SMME creation and job creation plus job retention in associated sectors such as agriculture, rural development, social development, health, education, manufacturing, tourism, and other high-level services.

The Programme seeks to use available technologies and develop local skills to harness available renewable energy resources to produce useable energy for the benefit of low income communities. The Programme has the following focus areas:

b. Applied Research into clean energy technologies.The Programme continuously explores new ways to deploy small to medium scale technologies and renewable energy resources for the production of clean energy that supports livelihoods. The example below shows how available resources can be used to produce sustainability

4. WORKING FOR ENERGY (WFE)

The pictures show an example of “Energy, Water and Food Security Nexus” emanating from the use of animal and plant waste to produce energy through an anaerobic digestion process, supported by harvested

rain water. The biogas produced can be used for various thermal applications including, cooking, space heating including piglet and chicks incubation. The digestate can be used as an organic fertiliser for use in

the food/ feed production process.

Pictures, from the top left, clockwise are a biogas digester using agricultural waste (animal and plant waste), piglets warmed by biogas, meal cooked (or room illuminated) by biogas, rainwater harvesting and

food produced and supported by biofertiliser and rainwater

By using various interventios in a particular configuration, life in any setting (rural or urban) can be sustained. The Programme considers technologies singularly or in combination to produce a desired soultion or an input to a solution towards solving a sustainability challenge.The applied research component looks at best practices in clean energy policies, strategies and practices across the world with a view for innovation, adaptation and enrichment for South African application.

c. Provision of Renewable EnergyThe Programme investigates various ways to derive renewable energy from various sources. The following is not an exhaustive list of interventions considered under the Programme.• biomass to energy from invasive alien plants and bush encroachment;• charcoal derived in an environmentally friendly manner from invasive alien plants and grasses;• biogas to energy from agricultural waste;• biofuels development and implementation for rural applications;• mini-grid hybrid and smart grid systems fed from renewable based electricity supplies for rural

and low income areas’ applications;• mini-hydro systems and run of river schemes for off-grid applications;• solar power (concentrated Photo Voltaic systems) for off grid for rural and low income areas’

applications; • waste to energy from municipal solid waste or sewage treatment for off-grid and research

and development;• mini and micro wind energy generation for off grid rural and low income areas’ applications;

and alternative fuel sources for space heating, cooking and water heating in low cost housing.

Biogas is also used in the Education and Training institutions such as Fort Cox College of Agriculture for various applications, such as cooking, space heating, food processing and warming the piglets in incubation units,

Building one of 26 Digesters in Ndwedwe in the iLembe District, KwaZulu-Natal

Pic 1 Canteen at Fort Cox Agriculture College using biogas for cooking applicationsPic 2 Biogas digester under construction in Mpfuneko, Greater Giyani District Municipality, in Limpopo.

d. Energy Saving using renewable materialsTypical Roof in a rural or low income urban Early Childhood development Centre.

Typical dwelling structure in informal settlements in South Africa.The summer day temperature and winter morning and afternoon temperatures are unbearable to the users of the rural, informal and low income urban settlements facilities built out of metallic corrugated sheets and other poor insulation materials or barely roofed with metallic corrugated sheeting. The Programme is looking at various ways and means of regulating the ambient temperature to make dwellings as comfortable as possible.

Some of the options considered to provide thermal comfort through energy saving initiatives across the housing envelope (flooring, wall and ceilings) is to provide insulation using renewable materials such as processed biomass harvested from the Working for Water Programme. These materials are derived from the waste to energy initiative from the Value Added Industries through the National Resource Management Programme of the Department of Environmental Affairs.

Biomass insulation for thermal efficiency in low income housingUnder the Clean Energy Ministerial, SANEDI is spearheading the use of “cool paints” for application in various surfaces (walls, roofs) to reduce the ambient temperatures by reflecting most of the heat in the atmosphere. The Programme has commenced with the implementation of pilot projects in a number of public schools in Sharpeville.

Cool roofs coating at the Emmanuel Primary School i Sharpeville, in Gauteng.The project is also intended to reduce the electricity consumption of the beneficiary facility, thus reducing its CO2 footprint associated with heating, cooling and ventilation and air conditioning. South Africa has abundant sunshine and water is best heated through solar energy, using solar water heating technologies. The figure below shows solar water heating installed as part of an energy solution to Thusanang Early Childhood Development in Hammanskraal. This project is a partnership between SANEDI and the National Development Agency of the Department of Social Development.

In addition, the projects in public facilities also include retrofit of efficient lighting systems and anaerobic digesters.

e. Awareness, Skills Development and Capacity Building and Community OutreachIn order to sustain the Programme through implementation, expansion, maintenance and operation it is important to create awareness of the role of clean energy solutions in the public through strategic interventions. In this regard, awareness and capacity building programmes targeting schools, cooperatives and community structures are being implemented.

Working for Energy Outreach at Kwalata –Science Unlimited, Hammanskraal, Gauteng In order to begin and sustain the implementation of clean energy interventions in communities, it is important to build capacity and develop skills in targeted communities.

Thusanang Early Childhood Development Centre receiving biogas, solar water heating and efficient lighting, in Suurman, Hammanskraal, Gauteng.

Selected practitioners are provided with both accredited and non-accredited skills development interventions relevant to the technologies being provided.

The sustained implementation suggests local skills to build, maintain and operate provided clean energy interventions. The Programme promotes the development of community based cooperatives with the help of relevant departments and state owned companies.

SANEDI is working with the Department of Energy to better integrate the work dome for the betterment of beneficiary communities in which they operate under Community Upliftment, Integrated Energy Centres (IeC) and INEP Non-Grid

INVASIVE ALIEN VEGETATION CONVERTED TO GREEN COAL

SANEDI has partnered with Green Coal Energy to pilot a new patented technology called Torrefaction. Three different product lines are produced, using the technology to convert biomass from invasive alien vegetation, to produce woodchips, wood pellets, and bio-coal (green coal). The green coal is converted in literally 3 minutes, and has a calorific value of 25 MJ/Kg and higher.

An existing plant is operating in Namibia, and plans are under way to expand its current capacity, due to the growing demand from both local and overseas customers. Plans are also in process to design, construct and commission a new Torrefaction Plant in the Western Cape, which will source its raw material from the DEA Working For Water Programme, which is targets the eradication of vast tracts of invasive alien vegetation.

The Green Coal project is sustainable, because it reduces air emissions when burnt in coal-fired power stations. It also creates high numbers of jobs, in line with the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP). And it lends itself to future downstream manufacture of technology parts and supplies, thereby stimulating the local economy.

The uninterrupted supply and sustainable provision of electricity are critical components in economic growth and development. However, the challenges of providing secure, reliable and affordable electricity in support of socio- economic development through service delivery, has proven to be a monumental task, especially for municipalities.

The development of innovative strategies and technological advancements are needed to change the status quo in the availability of electricity, delivery of secure and affordable electricity whilst keeping the municipality sustainable.

The effective deployment of smart grids in the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) is recognised as a key business enabler. The implementation of appropriate technology contributes amongst others to improved customer service, improved business efficiency and business sustainability.

Thus, the positive results that are observed from the deployment of smart grids, provide an effective solution to address some of the challenges that municipalities and utilities are faced with.

The capital investment into smart grids takes a value inclusive approach to test solutions that transition a utility into becoming an efficient and effective, financially sustainable entity. SANEDI Smart Grids Programme stands in alignment with the strategic objectives of the Department of Energy (Electricity Chief Directorate) and is dedicated to carrying out Applied Research Projects to test and deploy various smart grids concepts within the South African Electricity Distribution Industry (EDI).

The Programme within its capacity, facilitates the implementation of nine pilot project, which are intended to improve the sustainability outlook of operating a utility. The Smart Grid Programme addresses the Government’s Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) objectives of Energy Transformation and Service Delivery. With regards to Energy Transformation, technology innovation is used as an enabler for change.

The introduction of Smart Grid technology is a key enabler for South Africa to achieve its energy mix. Without smart grids large scale integration is impossible. This allows South Africa to meet its climate change objectives at municipal level. With regards, to Service Delivery, Smart Grid Technology is enabling the use of integrated systems and processes in the municipal environment thus enabling efficiencies and effectiveness not seen before in the municipal environment.

5. SMART GRIDS

What is a Smart Grid? “A smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it- generators, consumers and those that do both- order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure supplies”

A definition that was articulated by the European Technology Platform Smart Grid (ETPSG) that has been incorporated into the South African Smart Gird Initiative (SASGI) documentation framework for smart grids.

Based on ETPSG definition, Smart Grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies to: • Better facilitate and manage the connection and operation of all sources of energy.• Give consumers more choice so they can help to optimise energy use;• Provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply; • Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system;• Deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply.

5.1. Our Projects 5.1.1. EU Donor Funded Smart Grids ProgrammeThe Department of Energy identified four areas within the Electricity Distribution Industry (EDI) that require policy and regulatory input.

These four areas resulted in the selection of nine (9) municipalities to participate in projects that are aimed at addressing issues within a municipality. With what was envisioned by the DoE, these projects would serve as a stepping stones in defining the future smart grids policy for South Africa.

The aim and intention of these pilot projects is to demonstrate the value proposition of smart grid within each priority areas and also in allowing us to understand the business case and implementation lessons learned.

Through an approved business plan between the DoE and SANEDI, the EU Programme builds into the DoE’s policy development in the following areas:1. Distributed generation2. Municipality revenue enhancement3. Energy Efficiency Demand side management4. Asset management

The table below illustrate the DoE priority areas, projects and participating municipalities;

DoE Priorities Smart Grid Projects Participating municipalities

5.1.2. Projects in Detail

a. Active Network Management Project (1 Municipality)There is a growing change in customer behaviour relative to the energy challenges faced by South Africa. Embedded generation is real and would inevitably take place within the boundaries of municipalities, there will be implications to the stability of the grid and an impact on the already depleting revenue of municipalities. The Active Network Management is the demonstration of the systems and processes needed to effectively manage the integration of IPP’s onto the distribution grid and the bi-directional metering and billing of such services. The objective of this project is to document the systems and process required by utilities to manage small scale embedded generators within their grid.

b. Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Residential and Commercial Customer Base Project (1 Municipality)The Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in Residential and Commercial Customer Base Project focuses on piloting the systems and processes to:• Dispense Free Basic Electricity (FBE) to a 1000 indigent customers. • Implement Inclining Block Tariff (IBT) with the selected indigent customers. • Implement a Time of Use (TOU) tariff in both customer base.• Load Limiting as a preferred method to manage demand as it allows households in a wider area to

run essential loads as opposed to applying total blackouts in smaller areas on a rotational basis. The effectiveness of the method is also another way to mitigate widespread load shedding.

Distributed generation Active Network Management eThekwini

Monitoring and Evaluation of IPP’s DoE implemented

Revenue enhancement Revenue Enhancement Nala Naledi Govan Mbeki Thabazimbi Mogale City Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Residential and Commercial customer base

Asset management Advanced Asset Management Msunduzi Nelson Mandela Bay

Energy Efficiency Demand

Side Management Energy Efficiency in Public buildings DoE Implemented

City Power

c. Advanced Asset Management Project (2 Municipalities)The Advanced Asset Management (AAM) project originates from the DoE- Electricity Chief Directorate, which is intended to address the maintenance and refurbishment backlogs within the distribution grid of municipalities. The Smart Grids concept addresses maintenance and refurbishment in a very advanced way. The Advanced Asset Management (AAM) project complements the national efforts to address the maintenance and refurbishment backlogs within the distribution grid in South Africa. This challenges must be addressed in a smarter and more economical way than the business as usual approach.

d. Revenue Enhancement Project (5 Municipalities)With the growing debt owed to Eskom by municipalities, the Programme places a strong emphasis on the revenue enhancement by using technology as an enabler for change. The present crisis Eskom finds itself in a combination of various issues but significant is the outstanding debts owed by municipalities and their inability to address the root cause and remain sustainable.

The Revenue Enhancement Projects are focused on using an advanced metering infrastructure/Smart Grids concepts to address revenue challenges within municipalities. The objectives of this project is to give the municipality the technical ability to manage its customer base effectively, thereby reducing technical and non-technical losses. As a result, this will improve revenue collection and will over time place the municipality in a more sustainable position.

Image 1: Recently commissioned asset management control room at Nelson Mandela Bay

Image 2: A Kiosk containing a Data Concentrator Unit (DCU) at Naledi Local Municipality acting as a central point for smart meters within a geograph-

ical location

Image 2: A Kiosk containing a Data Concentrator Unit (DCU) at Naledi Local Municipality acting as a central point for smart meters within a geograph-

ical location

e. University of Pretoria CollaborationThe University of Pretoria in collaboration with SANEDI Smart Grids Team is taking the lead on the review of South Africa’s metering code into a more advanced smart metering code. The purpose of this collaboration is to make an investment into advancing critical skills in South Africa and provide funding for students within the Engineering Field. The essence of this research project is to advance the realisation of objectives that were underlined in the South African Smart Grid Vision document, to identify the gaps in the industry, new standard requirements, and system modification and to establish new standards for the accuracy and reliability of metering data at the distribution level of electricity.

For all intents and purposes, the collaboration is targeted at developing the knowledge output Smart Grids through Training and Development on the basis of a South African perspective. This was realised by the selection of students from Undergrad level to PhD level. A total number on eleven (11) students were selected with the inclusion of those who are previously disadvantaged. Furthermore, the Programme encourages the upliftment of female students in the field of Engineering.

5.2. SANEDI leading the South African Smart Grids Initiative SASGI is a stakeholder participation driven initiative. The SASGI industry representation reflects an all-inclusive stakeholder grouping of relevant government departments, utilities and industry related representative organisations. The main objectives of SASGI are to facilitate cooperation, to contribute to policy formulation, to provide guidance in the establishment of standards, identify technology functionality and to provide leadership in the deployment of appropriate technology.

SASGI continuously holds its quarterly meeting throughout the year, hosting stakeholders ranging from policy makers, technical experts, researchers, utilities and municipal officials in the industry. The discussions that take place in the meetings are valuable through the dissemination of information and the contribution of ideas and practices that brought to the table for discussion.

Image 4: Mr George Debbo presenting on the Internet of Things (IoT) at a SASGI Meeting

5.3. International Smart Grid Action Network (ISGAN) South Africa, under the representation of SANEDI, has been accepted s full member of the International Smart Grid Action Network (ISGAN). As a member of ISGAN, the aim is to promote the requirements of South Africa and to leverage the international experience to the benefit of the local ESI.

South Africa participation in the international arena is of extreme importance especially to the globally competitive world of a modern society. South Africa’s involvement in ISGAN provides the opportunity to leverage on international case studies and lessons learned. Through our participation in ISGAN we are able to contribute to the development of standards and the identification policies and regulations that are aligned to the objectives of sustainable energy and clean energy solutions.

5.4. SA-EU Dialogue Facility South Africa and the EU consider each other as strategic partners. SANEDI Smart Grids Programme is presently implementing a project funded by the SA-EU Dialogue Facility (Bridging Phase). The significance of the project is to set on South Africa on the path of developing a National Smart Grids Vision that is relevant to South Africa’s energy context and the National roll out of Smart Grids.

In conclusion, there are four ultimate deliverables to be achieved by the implementation of the EU Donor Funded Smart Grids Programme. These deliverables are the basis and foundation upon which future projects that relate to smart grids will be determined and informed.

For further information: www.sasgi.org.za; minneshb@sanedi.org.za; teslimy@sanedi.org.za; nombulelof@sanedi.org.za

6. ENERGY DATA & KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

6.1. Centre for Energy Systems Analysis and Research (CESAR) A Department of Science and Technology (DST) Funded Programme

6.5.1. BackgroundCESAR was established in May 2009 with the stated aim of being the authority in the field of Energy Data for the purpose of Modelling and Planning. CESAR is one of the Centre’s that previously resided with SANERI, but is incorporated under the South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI). The CESAR programme managed by SANEDI, after the restructuring, remains a Department of Science and Technology (DST) funded programme.

The CESAR programme’s was initiated to provide a mechanism for energy modelling and planning to support the alignment of national and local government energy objectives. The aim is to develop an energy data repository and technical capacity to support national and local energy planning and policy. In addition, CESAR aims to provide an energy platform where national and local decision makers are assisted in energy planning and to meet the objectives of the Integrated Energy Plan (IEP) and National Climate Change Response Strategy.

6.5.2. Programme VisionThe long term vision of CESAR is to build energy modelling capacity of both people and tools so that a fully functional modelling group can be housed within SANEDI.

6.5.3.Objectives• To develop technical know-how, knowledge, and human capacity in energy modelling and planning• To collect and maintain an open central database of energy research and related data• To research and develop suitable models for the South African energy system• To provide research support and advice on government initiatives regarding energy data collection,

energy modelling and planning• To collaborate with international bodies regarding research on energy data, energy modelling,

planning and policy development

To develop the necessary skills and resources to support the following• Energy modelling• Planning• Analysis• Energy Technology innovation• Contribute towards the development of a centralised energy planning database which is up to date

and can support the requirements of multiple government institutions (national and local).

6.5.4. Energy Research Centre (ECR), University of Cape Town (UCT) Collaborations

6.5.4.1. Historical (2009 – 2012)The CESAR programme within SANEDI contracted ERC to undertake research during the period of 2009 to 2012. The study produced two data rich working papers which were extensively referenced in the transport sections of two major national government reports, the 2012 IEP and the 2013 Mitigation Potential Study.

The study input data, assumptions, methodologies and results were disseminated in presentations to the South African National Energy Association (SANEA), the 16th Annual IUAPPA World Clean Air Conference and to students and staff of the University of Stellenbosch’s Mechanical Engineering Faculty as a research lecture. The 2nd working paper was accepted for the 2013 International Energy Workshop in Paris.

The aim of this project was to perform a comprehensive analysis of regional transport demand in South Africa in the medium to long term under different scenario assumptions. In addition, considering what the resulting demand for liquid fuels would be and the associated projected CO2 emissions.

The project focused on the development of a number of models which, when combined, can be used to develop scenarios around the likely future energy and infrastructure requirements of the transport sector and its major influences in terms of both energy and emissions. The future energy demand of the transport sector was calculated in terms of services performed (‘useful’ energy) as well as the amount of energy supplied (‘final’ energy).

This allows analysis of the substitution between alternative energy forms and modes as well as an appraisal of the evolution of the technological improvements in vehicles. A number of modelling techniques were combined to provide a novel and rigorous methodology for estimating the current and future vehicle parc as well as the associated energy demand. In the end; five models were developed for this study:

• A vehicle parc model, • A time budget model, • A computable general equilibrium model, • A freight demand model and, • A fuel demand model.

A detailed report consisting of an executive summary, two ‘papers’ and a report on two stakeholder workshops that were held during the course of the project was completed as deliverables. The ‘papers’ are stand-alone data rich documents currently part of the ERC ‘working paper series’.

The first paper focuses on the characterisation of the current vehicle parc of South Africa by province. The second paper focused on the projection of the future demand under different scenario assumptions. The complete data set required to replicate the results of the model are provided in spreadsheet format.

6.5.4.1.1. Summary of Outputs • The International Energy Workshop (IEW) 2012 held in Cape Town had over 180 participants, 40 of

which were South African participants and over 94 papers were presented, of which 10 were from South Africa.

• The ERC programme produced 5 masters in 2009 and 8 masters in 2010 – 2011• The UP programme produced 2 PHD’s, one of the PHD’s has joined the university as a lecturer• An open database for energy research data was implemented with data providers Statistics South

Africa, DoE & NERSA. This initiative is sponsored by SANEDI, DST and UCT. New user registrations are managed by SANEDI & the ERC.

• Data rich working papers and five models were developed in the study: a vehicle parc model (in Analytica); a time budget model (spreadsheet); a computable general equilibrium model (in GAMS, used to project income growth and GDP growth in a consistent manner); a freight demand model (spreadsheet); and a fuel demand model (spreadsheet). Data with which to populate transport sector models is sparse in South Africa, and a broad range of input assumptions were discussed in detail.

• Modelling of regional liquid fuels demand in the transport sector study was completed as a direct input into the IEP process for the transport sector and the 2013 Mitigation Potential Study.

• Provision of research support and advice on government initiatives regarding energy data collection, energy modelling and planning

• SANEDI supports the DoE and international bodies regarding research on energy data, energy modelling, planning and policy development

6.5.5. Current (2014 – 2017)In order to meet the mandate of CESAR, a collaboration agreement between the ERC, University of Cape Town and SANEDI was concluded in 2014 for the period from 2014 - 2017. The collaboration agreement specifies that the ERC will capacitate and train SANEDI appointed energy modellers with relevant technology skills and knowledge. The long term vision for the DST is to develop a fully functioning energy modelling group at CESAR within SANEDI.

6.5.5.1. Transport Study Phase 2 The Transport Phase 2 Study follows up on the previous study highlighted above to build on the foundation that was developed, refine areas that had gaps and focus on a new set of aspects that were not covered under the transport study phase 1. The main question of how to meet the energy needs of the transport sector in the future considering the uncertainty in future fuel prices and technology costs compared to performance. Continuing from the previous study an update of the current Vehicle Parc Model with key assumptions as user inputs will be published publically on ERC and SANEDI websites. All datasets will be in compatible form so that it can be integrated for IEP purposes or other public databases (Open Energy Database, Data First, UCT). This would include technology assumptions for the vehicle parc and future technologies as well as a focus on more detail within the road freight and rail categories. Inclusion of a transport sector link between CGE model and energy system model in SATMGE.

The following are potential working papers to be considered during the period of the study:• Update of base year assumptions• Methodology for projections• Transition scenarios, shocks and their implications

7.1.5.2. Future Projects

Together with CESAR (SANEDI), DoE & ERC (UCT) the following projects are under consideration: • Heavy Industry Study - Development of energy efficiency targets in heavy industry (Nonferrous

Metals, Iron and Steel, Non-metallic Minerals, Chemical Sector based on the long range analysis of technology choices in the industrial sector.

o Calibrated model for each of the industrial sectors in TIMES o Validated data stored in a database o Economic model which can project future production for key industrial sectors

• Light Industry Study o Calibrated model for each of the sectors in TIMES o Validated data stored in a database o Economic model which can project future production for key sectors

6.6. ConclusionThe energy sector is facing serious challenges, such as climate mitigation, universal access to energy, energy security and energy efficiency. These challenges and uncertainties in turn threaten the economy, investment decisions, investor confidence, economic development and environmental commitments, amongst others.

The DST’s interest in energy related data and modelling relates to the prioritisation of the direction for research and technology development, the multitudes of science and technology related development opportunities that could potentially stem from the energy sector and the enormous opportunity for technology and science skills incubation within priority focus areas.

The DST funded programme CESAR aims to provide this mechanism for energy modelling and planning to support the alignment of national and local government energy objectives. These objectives can only be achieved by an appropriate level of funding, dedicated specialised skills and relevant tools.

SANEDI continues to play a catalytic role in the Energy Efficiency field, through effective participation with both the public and private sector to find new, innovative and cost-effective solutions for the accelerated uptake of energy efficiency in the country.

These efforts are reflected through a number of examples which support the notion of co-operative governance, innovation and cost-effective solutions that include the work SANEDI is executing in collaboration with its stakeholders by implementing projects such as Standards and Labelling of Appliances, National Energy Efficiency Hub, bigEE and 12L Income Tax Incentive among many other energy efficiency projects. These projects are tackled in partnership with both international and national stakeholders who contribute extensively in funding and knowledge support. Of these critical projects, bigEE and 12L Income Tax Incentives are the leading in terms of implementation.

Bridging Information Gap of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (bigEE)bigEE is an international initiative of research institutes for technical and policy advice and public agencies in the field of energy and climate, co-ordinated internationally by the Wuppertal Institute of Germany and implemented nationally by South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI). Its aim is to develop the international web-based knowledge platform called www.bigee.net for energy efficiency in buildings, building-related technologies, and appliances in the world’s main climatic zones.

The www.bigee.net platform informs users about energy efficiency options and saving potentials, net benefits and how policy can support achieving those savings. Targeted information is paired with recommendations and examples of good practice. To ensure that there is targeted, quick and easy access, information about buildings, appliances and policies is presented in three different intuitive guides.

The declared goal, and a distinctive feature of bigEE, is to address decision makers, being private or public investors as well as policy makers in administration and parliament. The processing and presentation of information via www.bigee.net is focused towards the background and practical needs of these target groups. These needs are grouped in terms of appliances and building categories.

Appliances CategoryTo date, the South African component of bigEE that is implemented by SANEDI has consolidated an extensive data on the best available technologies in the appliances sector of South Africa. The project has collected data depicting the efficiency level of the most purchased and used appliances in the country. The data informs on the highest level of efficiency at which the appliances are found in the entire country but further indicates possible improvements on the efficiency.

The data provides information on the most inefficient and most efficient appliances of particular technologies so that consumers may be able to make comparison amongst similar technologies.

Following is the list of appliances from which the efficiency data was collected:• Geysers• Ovens• Air Conditioners• Fans• Television

7. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Television• Pool pumps• Washing Machines• Refrigerators• Washer Dryer• Dishwashers

In-depth detailed information pertaining the best efficiency levels of these technologies and which are the most recommended is obtainable from www.bigee.net

In addition to the appliances, the page reflects provides policy data on appliances covering the following policy topics:• Residential Mass Rollout Program• 12L Tax Policy information• SANS 10400XA • Solar Water Heater rebate program and• An overall South African Policy packageFurther information on best available technologies in other appliances and policies is available on the web and addition is data on the best available technologies in buildings.

12L Tax Incentives

12L Tax IncentiveThe 12L Tax incentive, according to Income Tax Act, 1962 (Act No. 58 of 1962) provides an allowance for businesses to implement energy efficiency savings. The savings allow for tax deduction of 45c/kwh saved on energy consumption.

Fig 5 The South African bigee.net page on appliances.

The incentive allows tax deduction for all energy carriers (not just electricity) with the exception of renewable energy sources. For the eligibility to claim the deductions, measurements must be kWh equivalent. The verified and measured energy efficiency saving must be over a period of 12 months known as implementation/assessment period which is compared in contrast with the 12 months of baseline measurement. The baseline measurement and savings are verified and measured by a SANAS accredited Measurement and Verification (M&V) Body which assigns an M&V professional.

Institutions involvedFor the efficient and successful implementation of the incentive, the government has put in place a number of institutions to ensure transparency, cohesion and efficiency. Amongst these institutions are South African National Energy Development Institute (SANEDI), South African National Accreditation Systems (SANAS), South African Revenue Services (SARS), The Department of Energy (DOE) and National Treasury. Of these Four Institutions SANEDI plays the role of implementing and overseeing the application process of the incentive claimant to the issuing of the 12L Tax Incentive certificate at the application approval.

12L to-date The incentive was promulgated 1st of November 2013 and is claimable until the 1st of January 2020. On the 25th of February 2015 the Minister of Finance, He Honorable Mr. NM Nene at his annual budget speech vote announced the increase from 45c/kWh to 95c/kWh increase of the incentive. However the increase will only become effective once it has been amended in the Income Tax Act which normally happens at the end of the year.

Further to the changes is the inclusion of co-generation. Where previously only waste heat recovery was claimable as savings in co-generation, the Minister has announced that co-generation in terms of combined heat and power are now claimable with the addition of captive power plant at energy conversion efficiency of the plant greater than 35%.

The second example relates to the remarkable achievements of the SANEDI Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management Hub at the University of Pretoria. The activities of the Hub are jointly funded by the DST and DoE and they have produced over 100 Master and Doctoral students who have specialised and graduated in Energy Management and who are now playing a pivotal role in filling the skills gap for this sought-after expertise in the country.

Going forward, SANEDI will play an even more important role in the co-ordination, integration and reporting on the consolidated performance of the various fragmented energy efficiency initiatives in the country.

THE COOL SURFACES PROJECTThe Cool Surfaces Project began as a collaboration between the South African and United States of America’s respective Departments of Energy under the Clean Energy Ministerial. The Cool Surfaces Project is the response to South Africa’s need for an energy passive, low cost, low maintenance cooling technology for buildings.

The Cool Surfaces Project roadmap is as follows:1. Establish a Cool Surfaces association to regulate and promote the industry. SACSA – South African

Cool Surfaces Association has been launched.energy (i.e., white roofs, light-colored pavements. Cool surfaces are measured by how much light they reflect (solar reflectance) and how long they hold heat (thermal emittance).

2. Adopt the standards from CRRC- Cool Roof Rating Council, against which Cool Surfaces products are to be measured. These have adopted and published.

3. Establish a laboratory to test products. Laboratory space has been established at SABs.4. Certify each tested product, rate its efficacy, label the product for consumers to easily understand.5. Establish a database of all approved Cool Surfaces products that comply with the criteria. 6. Conduct demonstration projects to assess the suitability of Cool Surfaces for mass application

under South African climatic conditions in retrofit - building projects, as well as to promoting the highest quality of products at the most affordable prices.

Funding for the equipment to furnish the laboratories remains a challenge. The manufacture of further Cool Surfaces Products within South Africa remain stalled until credible, affordable testing, rating and labelling can allow Cool Surfaces products to be listed as certified on the database. Without these controls, quality and trust in the technology will be in question, damaging the industry.

What is a cool surface?Cool Surfaces refers to all materials and technologies used in the construction of the building envelope that improve thermal comfort. Our current focus is on the Cool Coatings applied to roofs and walls by painting the prepared surface. Surfaces that reflect lots of solar energy and release lots of stored heat energy (i.e., white roofs, light-colored pavements. Cool surfaces are measured by how much light they reflect (solar reflectance) and how long they hold heat (thermal emittance).

HOW COOL, REFLECTIVE ROOFS WORK

Fig 5 (Info)

Partners and FundingInitially the Cool Surfaces project was a cost share initiative between the USA DOE and RSA DOE that contributed to kick starting it. SANEDI is in partnership with the Department of Public Works and the National Development Agency, is funding the project. Two SANEDI programmes (Energy Efficiency Programme and Working for Energy) are collaborating to implement Cool Surfaces.

Demonstration ProjectsBroadly, demonstration project sites were selected from those located in extremely hot climatic zones, with no access to electricity for cooling and are Public buildings (schools, clinics etc) owned by the state.

The Focus has been on Low-Income Housing: Where applied, this technology dramatically improves the thermal comfort of low-income housing without using electricity, thus improving the quality of life and forestalling the need for air conditioning. However, it is also very valuable in buildings where HVAC systems have already been installed; Cool surfaces can cut AC energy use by up to 20% on the top floor of air conditioned buildings, avoiding cooling loads at peak times. Cooler intake air means AC works less, and EE contributes to downsizing the AC units.

Every attempt was made to include the communities in the intervention. Before the project begins, an advance team from TEPRASM, informs the community in door to door campaign conducted in the vernacular, to secure community buy-in and feedback. A percentage of the cool surfaces application work force is drawn from the local community members. They are trained in various skills related to the cool coating application and the hired for the duration. The communities are most receptive.

Benefits of Cool Surfaces • Cooler surface temperatures help the roof and the equipment on it last longer. • Cool roofs allow less heat into the building, making unconditioned buildings much cooler. • Cooling effects vary by city but studies indicate a cooling from 2 – 4 degrees. • Whitening 100sqm roofing cancels the warming effect of 10 tons of CO2 emissions (or 0.6 tons per

year for the life of the roof.) • Globally cool surfaces cancels 500 medium sized coal power plants worth of greenhouse gas

emissions; this is more effective than even CFL deployment.

Address: 2nd Floor, Block E, 150 Linden Street, Strathavon, SandtonTel: +27 011 038 4300, E-mail: information@sanedi.org.za

Web: www.sanedi.org.za