who krzyzanowski air pollution eng · 2.1: reduction of urban air pollution problems identified by...

Progress in Progress in achievingachieving thethe objectivesobjectives of of thethe EECCA EECCA EnvironmentEnvironment StrategyStrategyRegional Meeting, Regional Meeting, KiyvKiyv, 18, 18--19 May 2000619 May 20006

Key objective 2: Pollution PreventionKey objective 2: Pollution Prevention

2.1: Reduction of urban air pollution2.1: Reduction of urban air pollution

Michal Krzyzanowski

Regional Adviser, Air Quality and Health

WHO/Europe

http://www.euro.who.int/air


2.1: Reduction of urban air pollution

Planned actions:

a) Optimization of standards, accounting for environmental and combined health impacts (based on WHO criteria)

b) Introduction of standards for products that directly affect the environment in the course of their use (road vehicles, fuel, etc.)

c) Implementation of Best Available Techniques and best practices.

d) Development of a mechanism for accounting for local conditions and technological capacity in the course of setting emission limit values.

Facilitator: WHO/Euro, UNECECooperating institutions: UNEP, EEA


Cumulated distribution of population exposure to suspended particulate matter in R ussian Federation, mean 2002-2004

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0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000

pollutant concentration (milligram/m3)

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min

max

Cumulated distribution of population exposure to NO2 in R ussian Federation, mean 2002-2004

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0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000

pollutant concentration (milligram/m3)

mean

min

max

Mean = 244 g/m3No. of cities 2002/3/4 = 57 / 98 / 92Population (million) = 30 / 45 / 40

Mean = 79 g/m3No. of cities 2002/3/4 = 70/ 111 / 105Population (million) = 34 / 47 / 45

Source: Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Moscow


Source: IIASA

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2000 CLE2020

MTFR2020

2000 CLE2020

MTFR2020

2000 CLE2020

MTFR2020

kilotons/year

PM2.5 PM coarse

Projected PM emissions in Europe, 2000-2020

EU15 EU10 Non-EU

CLE: current legislation; MTFR: Maximum technically feasible reductions


Assessment of actions in EECCA (1)

National policy frameworks for air quality management updated by the parliaments and/or governments in all participating EECCA countries in the recent years

Additional regulatory acts issued by the ministries in several countries

Objectives of the update:- reduction of population exposure to air pollution - harmonize national legislation with international approaches - address air quality standards - mention air quality monitoring

BUT: implementation mechanisms insufficiently covered

http://www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20050624_1




Level of pollution: high in many locations

The methods used in monitoring were often obsolete and equipmentoutdated

Emission inventories: unsatisfactory in most countries

No country conducted an assessment of energy efficiency or of transition to “clean” technologies





The main problems identified – organizational issues:

Incompleteness of the legislation;

Declamatory style of the action plans, not accompanied by implementation tools;

Common violation of the law, especially by enterprises;

Lack of implementation mechanisms of the legislation related to air quality;

Weak intersectorial coordination and lack of collaboration between various sectors of administration / ministries.





The main problems identified – technical issues

Apparent inability to reduce emissions from road transport;

Use of old technologies by industry;

Lack of funds for relevant, contemporary research;

Insufficient state monitoring of air quality:- financing, - technical equipment, - personnel capacity building;- information processing.

Lack of PM10 / PM2.5 monitoring http://www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20050624_1




Problems identified by the Strategy:

- Health impacts of urban air pollution

- Weakness of air quality control systems

- Excessively strict ambient air quality standards

- Weak technological capacity, resulting in higher emissions

- Lack of economic incentives to reduce emissions

- Inadequacies of regulation of road transport emissions

WHO workshop assessment 2005: problems persist


Further information needs for the assessment

An update on:

- AQ standards’ development;

- Emission standards;

- Implementation of Best Available Technologies and practicies.


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who krzyzanowski air pollution eng · 2.1: reduction of urban air pollution problems identified by...

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