1. Introduction:

A Concrete canoe! How can stone float on water?, it was the words I thought about when I first saw the concrete canoe in the American University of Sharjah this summer, I surfed the net and investigated about it and I found out that it Concreting a Canoe is and international competition where students of the civil engineering departments of each university make a canoe using concrete by means of some techniques explained in my project, and then uses them to race other teams.The aim of a concrete canoe is not that we will use them for transportation! There will never be manufacturers that produce concrete canoes, these canoes will not be found in shops, as concrete is an expensive material to produce canoes from. The main aim of producing concrete canoes is only the application of physics and concrete technologies; such as Archimedes law, structural analysis, application of different materials and techniques in concrete technology like binders, admixtures, fibers, fiber reinforcing and light weight aggregate in order to produce low dense high strength in both directions compressive and tensile.

About the competition:

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Student Chapters and Clubs have been involved in constructing and racing concrete canoes on the local and regional level since the early 1970’s. The first National Competition came to fruition in the summer of 1988 after almost two years of discussion between representatives from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) andMaster Builders, Inc. (now known as Degussa Admixtures, Inc.).Each year the competition is held in a new location and hosted by an ASCE Student Chapter.

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is the oldest national engineering society in the United States.Founded in 1852 with 12 members, the Society was created to disseminate information among engineers who were building the roads, canals, bridges and railroads of a young nation.

The Committee of National Concrete Canoe Competition (CNCCC) is responsible for laying out the competition and set the rules of it.

2. General approach:

2.1 Production stages:

The production of concrete canoe follows five main stages, connected together as a chain; where the quality of one of them affects significantly on the quality of a concrete canoe.

The first step is the hull design which depends mainly on pure physics and dynamics and it has nothing to do with concrete technology.

The second step which is the main at any design of an engineering structure, which is the structural analysis which depends on Static and strength of materials courses, where the canoe is dealt with as a simply supported beam, and shear and bending moment diagrams are drawn to it.Figure(2.1)

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FLOOR LOAD

CONCRETE BEAM

PIER SUPPORTS

PADDLER LOCATIONS

CONCRETE CANOE

VARIED BOUYANCY FORCE

Figure (2.1), Dealing the canoe as a simply supported beam.

After that the third step which is the concrete mix design takes place, where we aim to produce concrete with low density and strong in compression and tension. The mix after hardening must be flexible enough to transport tensile stresses to the reinforcement.

The fourth step is reinforcing the concrete; fiber mesh reinforcement is the most suitable reinforcement for concrete canoe as it provides low density to the total composite.

Finally, the fifth step which is the construction process, it can be classified into three phases; Mold construction, casting and finishing.

Several tests are held on materials during the production of the canoe and will be mentioned when needed.

2.2 weight requirements of the canoe*:

According to Archimedes’s principle, a body in a liquid is acted on by two forces; the buoyant force and the weight of the body. And for a body to float on a fluid these two forces shall be equal:

B = W ρ1 v1 g = m g

ρ1 v1 = ρ2 v2 (1)

v1: The volume of displaced liquid which equals the volume of the submerged part of the object.v2: The volume of the object.ρ1: The density of the liquid.ρ2: the density of the object.

v1 < v2

To satisfy the relation of floating (1):

ρ1 > ρ2

So to make a concrete canoe float on water we have to parameters: Lowering the volume of the merged part of it. Lower the total density of the canoe.

The first parameter is difficult to control as it interacts with the demands of the hull design, so we control the floating factor using the second parameter which is the density of the canoe.The density of the canoe can be reduced by increasing the hollow part of it and by building it from low density materials (Concrete mix and reinforcement).

Figure (2.2) Racing

* Reference 6.

3. Hull design*: When designing the hull of a canoe, a designer cares of three parameters:

1. Straight line speed: This is obtained by the paddling force applied by paddlers to over come the total drag force. The total drag force applied on the canoe has two components:

A- Wave drag force; which depend on geometry under water.B- Skin drag force (Friction drag force); which depends on the wetted area of the hull.

2. Maneuverability: The quality of the canoe in turning and slalom racings.

3. Stability: Generally obtained by increasing the water plane area, i.e. the horizontal cross-sectional area at the water line.

Figure (3.1), Hull design of Grand Slam, Oklahoma state university’s canoe.

These three parameters are controlled by the following six variables:

Length Width Keel line (rocker) Cross-section Symmetry Longitudinal curvature

Length:

It is related directly to the straight line speed; the longer the canoe is, the more speed it can achieve. It also affects the maneuverability adversely the longest the canoe is the harder turning will be.

Width:

It is mainly related to stability, the wider the canoe is the more stable it is and vice versa.

Keel line (rocker):

The keel line or the rocker can be defined as the profile of the bottom of the boat from end to end, and it varies from straight to rockered.This variable is related to both speed and maneuverability, and it is measured by the curvature as follows:

Little or no rocker (0 1.5 in) Fast boat that resists turning.

Figure (3.2), No rocker

Moderate rocker (1.5 3 in) A compromise between maneuverability and speed.

Figure (3.3), Moderate rocker

Pronounced Rocker (3 in ++) A boat with high maneuverability but low speed.

Figure (3.4) Rounded rocker

Rocker can also be related to stability by that the increase in rocker provides instability but this effect is insignificant.

Cross-Section:

The cross-section is measured by its flatness and is related directly to straight line speed and to stability. The rounder the cross-section is the faster the canoe will be, but it will have less stability (figure 3.5). Flat bottomed canoe provides high stability with high drag force which in turn provides low speed (figure 3.6). Canoes with shallow arched bottom give a compromise between good stability and good speed (figure 3.7).

Figure (3.5), Rounded cross section Figure (3.6), Flat bottomed cross section Figure (3.7), Shallow cross section

Symmetry:

The canoe can be symmetry (Figure 3.8) and asymmetry (Figure 3.9), but canoes in the competition of CNCCC shall be symmetry because it is better for paddlers’ locations.

Figure (3.8), Symmetrical canoe Figure (3.9) asymmetrical canoe

Longitudinal curvature:

It can be defined as the change in width of the canoe hull from the bow and the stern to the amid ship.

Longitudinal curvature affects the three design variables as follows: Speed: Larger longitudinal curvature increases the wave drag force and so decreases the speed, and vice versa.

Maneuverability: Larger longitudinal curvature allows the paddlers to sit closer to the bow and stern of the canoe, this arrangement

produces longer moment arm from the pivot of the paddlers rudder to the stern paddlers resulting faster turns.

Stability: The larger the longitudinal curvature is the larger water plane there is, and so the stability increased.

* Reference: http://www.evergreencanoe.com/canoe_design.html

4. Structural analysis*:

Structural analysis is the process that precedes the design of any engineering structure.In the case of a concrete canoe, the structural analysis should at least determine the required compressive strength in the concrete and the required tensile strength in the reinforcement. Also it should address concrete’s reinforcement beneath paddlers’ locations, all that is done by the study of the external and internal loadings affecting the canoe during transportation and racing.Using the structural analysis results the choice of concrete mix and reinforcement materials is made.

The structural analysis involves the study of shear force and bending moment in the canoe besides the bearing forces at the paddlers’ location, using principles from static and strength of materials, and it varies from simple analysis where some assumptions that reduce the number of complex variables exist, to precise analysis where considerations are made very close to reality, for sure the more complex the analysis is, the better results we will get.

Structural analysis for a concrete canoe can be separated into two sections:

1. Study of external forces (global forces).2. Study of internal forces (local forces).

4.1 The study of global forces:

This studies the external static loadings acting on the canoe which are: buoyancy force, paddlers’ weight and canoe weight. From the knowledge of these forces shear and bending moment diagrams are drawn to the canoe. Then the stresses in the canoe are determined, and the maximum value of the stresses is taken which is usually at the middle of the canoe i.e. the widest cross section, and an analysis of the chosen cross section is done to determine the required strength in concrete and reinforcement. Then the determined strengths are multiplied by a safety factor and a dynamic safety factor before stating the required strength in concrete and reinforcement; depending on the structural assumption that concrete carries no tension and reinforcements carry no compression.Figure (4.1) shows a simple analysis of a canoe where the non linear buoyancy force was replaced with a simple uniform load, and the

weight of the four paddlers and the weight of the canoe are compiled together as two concentrated loads.Figure (4.2) shows a precise analysis of a canoe where the non linear buoyancy force is counted, the four paddlers weights are placed at locations as they are in reality and the canoe weight is taken as a distributed load.These analyses are shown as examples.

2.5’ 2.5’15’

375 lbs. 375 lbs.

50lbs./ft

-375 lbs.

375 lbs.SH

EAR

MOME

NT

-1406 lbs.*ft

LOAD

INGDetermination of Paddler Loads1 man –180 pounds1 woman –140 pounds½ of canoe – 55 poundsTotal –375 pounds

Determination of Buoyancy2 men –360 pounds2 women –280 pounds1 canoe –110 poundsTotal –750 poundsUniformly distributed over 15ft

750lbs./15ft = 50lbs./ft

Simple Analysis

2.5’ 2.5’15’

375 lbs. 375 lbs.

50lbs./ft

-375 lbs.

375 lbs.SH

EAR

MOME

NT

-1406 lbs.*ft

LOAD

INGDetermination of Paddler Loads1 man –180 pounds1 woman –140 pounds½ of canoe – 55 poundsTotal –375 pounds

Determination of Buoyancy2 men –360 pounds2 women –280 pounds1 canoe –110 poundsTotal –750 poundsUniformly distributed over 15ft

750lbs./15ft = 50lbs./ft

Simple Analysis

   

Figure (4.1), Simple analysis of a canoe

2.0’ 2.5’11.0’

140 lbs. 140 lbs.Precise Analysis

The submerged area of this cross-section is 85 square inches

180 lbs.Canoe total = 110 lbs

180 lbs.

2.5’ 2.0’

Buoyancy Total = 750 lbs

6 inches

Determination of incremental buoyancy force-(85sq-in/144)*.5(width of increment)=0.30 cubic feet displaced0.30cf*62.4pcf(unit weight of water)=18.4 pound buoyancy force.

Buoyancy=18.4 lbs.

Paddler=180 lbs.

Canoe=2.75 lbs.

Determination of incremental canoe weight-110lbs/40increments=2.75 pounds/inc

Figure (4.2), Precise analysis of a canoe

4.2 The study of local forces:

This study cares of loads that act within the canoe; the main force is the bearing force at the paddlers’ location.These bearing forces cause the canoe to compress at the interior of the canoe causing compressive stresses, and tension the exterior of the canoe. From our knowledge about concrete and its brittle characteristics we can see than the compressive strength at the interior of the canoe will make no problem, but the tension stresses at the exterior surface will cause the concrete to crack, these cracks will spread till they find something that can carry the tensile stresses from concrete, figure(4.3). These cracks can’t be canceled (every canoe will crack at the exterior surface) but the can be minimized as much as they won’t be noticed, by the proper placing or reinforcements beneath paddlers’ locations.

Reinforcement Placed near the Extreme Tension Fiber

Concrete Cracks until it reaches adequate tension reinforcement. Proper placement results in small cracks

that are typically invisible to the naked eye.

Improper reinforcement placement will result in large visible cracks and significantly decreases the effective

thickness of the concrete section

Once the bond is broken with the reinforcement these sections will spawl off

the outside of the canoe.

Figure (4.3), Placement of reinforcement

* Reference: http://members.cox.net/concretecanoe/index.shtml

5. Concrete Mix:

5.1 Objectives of the concrete mix:

The concrete mix used to produce the concrete canoe is light weight mix based on light weight aggregates and air entraining agents. It shall meet the following objectives:

1. To achieve the compressive strength specified by the structural analysis.

2. To be lightweight; i.e. have low density, for reasons of floating.3. To be flexible enough to transport the tension stresses to the

reinforcement.4. To be workable enough for construction.5. To have low permeability and absorption to avoid durability

problems, as the mix, in the form of canoe, will be emerged in water.

5.2 Materials in the concrete mix:

The materials used in the canoe concrete mix can be classified into: cementitious materials (binders), aggregate, fibers and admixtures.CNCCC state the following rules for the concrete to be used in the canoe*:

One or more concrete mixtures can be used in the canoe.

The concrete mixture contains: i. A combination of Portland cement and other binders.ii. Contains a specific amount of aggregates that meets ASTM C 33 graduation.iii. Incorporates air entraining admixtures.iv. W/CM (Water to Cementitious materials ratio) not greater than 0.50.v. C/CM (Cement to Cementitious materials ratio) not less than 0.7.

5.2.1 Cementitious materials:

These materials are defined as Cement and Pozzolan used in concrete, and they include hydraulic cement, slag cement and Pozzolan (Such as fly ash and silica fume and Metakaolin).

Ordinary Portland cement (Type I) will be suitable for the purposes of a concrete canoe as no special cases are needed.The use of Pozzolan in concrete canoe provide high later strength and reduces the cost as they partially displace cement, they also were shown to reduce absorption and permeability in hardened concrete which is one of the main objectives of the concrete canoe mix.When choosing the Pozzolan material two parameters are taken in consideration: The strength they provide judged by PAI (Pozzolan Activity Index), and the workability properties.Some examples of Pozzolan material are shown in the table below with the standard they should meet:

Material Standard

Silica fume ASTM C 1240Slag ASTM C 989

Fly Ash ASTM C 618

The most preferable material is fly ash as it produces durable high strength and workable mix compared with slag.Silica fume was reported by Florida Institute of Technology to cause severe shrinkage cracks to their 2000 canoe Tropical Storm.

5.2.2 Aggregate:

The following parameters shall be used when the choice of aggregates is to be made:

1. Strength2. Light weight; Low specific gravity.3. The graduation shall comply with ASTM 33, as required by the

rules of CNCCC.

The choice of aggregates shall also take in consideration the problem that a specified aggregate type might cause during mixing and finishing; for example the use of Perlite (Specific gravity 0.7) was a bad choice by Florida Institute of Technology in 2000, as its SSD water is driven out of it producing a very wet mix, also extra

finishing was required due to individual grains popped out of the mix.Some common Products of light weight aggregate used in concrete canoe

Products name Description

Microlite-T Expanded volcanic mineral with a specific gravity of 0.41

Cenosphere Specific gravity 0.67

EccosphereAlso referred to as microspheres, the pass 100% a 200# sieve Used mainly to reduce

concretes weight.

5.2.3 Fibers:

They are defined as small randomly distributed materials to increase the energy absorption capacity and toughness of the material, theses fibers are dispersed within the concrete matrix and serve as a secondary reinforcement as they improve tensile and flexural strength.The used fiber shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 1116 as stated in the rules of CNCCC.

5.2.4 Admixtures:

According to CNCCC, admixtures are defined as materials other than water, aggregate, hydraulic cement and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient of a cementitious mixture to modify it freshly mixed, setting or hardened properties and is added to the batch before or during mixing.Admixtures usually used in the Canoe concrete mix are as follows:

Polymer Modifier; Such as Latex.They enhance many of the desired properties of the canoe mixes including workability and durability, they also reduces absorption and unit weight, and improve tensile and flexural strength as well as bonding properties, some time latexes are considered as binders.

The choice of Latex should consider the fact that many types of latex are water soluble and that the canoe will always affected to water.They should meet the requirements of ASTM C 1428,

Type II as stated in the rules of CNCCC.

Water Reducers;They are important for the fact that by reducing W/C (Water/Cement ratio) the compressive strength of the canoe will be increased and the absorption and shrinkage will be reduced, beside the increase of workability they provide.The main water reducer used is Super Plasticizer; it should meet the requirement of ASTM C 494 as stated by the rules of CNCCC.The used of super plasticizers reduce the workability duration of the mix, so the time need for construction with the workability duration of the Super Plasticizer must be considered.

Air entraining admixture; are used to lower the weight of the canoe by lowering the density of the concrete mix, beside their benefits in increasing the workability and lowering the risk of segregation.These admixtures shall meet the requirements of ASTM C 260 as stated in the rules of CNCCC.

5.3 Tests held on the concrete mix:

Testing the chosen materials is an important procedure in engineering design in general, and the following tests are held on the concrete mix used in the Canoe:

5.3.1. Compression testing:

To assure that the mix have the compressive strength calculated from the structural analysis, this famous test is done by making specimens of the mix (Cubes or cylinders according to the standards followed), then by using the compression testing machine specified by ASTM C 39-86 the compressive strength is determined.

5.3.2. Absorption test**: This test is held on the different trials of concrete mixtures, the best mix is the one with the lowest absorption so that durability problems in the canoe will be reduced. This test is held by a

method modified by ASTM C 642, the main idea of the test is placing a sample in water for 48 hours and the weights are taken after 5, 10, 20, 40, 90, 180 and 360 min and a final reading is taken after 48 hours, then the unit weight of each reading is calculated, the more the unit weight is during time the more absorption the mix does.Figure (5.1) shows the results of the absorption test of Oklahoma State University, note from the same figure how using polymer modified admixtures, latex, decreased the absorption of the mix.

Figure (5.1), Absorption test

5.3.3. The effect of rewetting on compressive strength test**: In this test the specimens of the mix are immersed in water for 24 hours, and then retested for their compressive strength.

* Reference 1** Reference: Oklahoma State University design report. (On the CD)

6. Reinforcement of a concrete canoe:

6.1. Objective of reinforcement:

From the structural analysis it was obvious that the concrete canoe is subjected to bending moment which causes tensile stresses. From this point the need for reinforcing the concrete canoe was important to improve concrete’s ductility and to make it stiff enough for transporting and during racing.

The primary reinforcement of the concrete canoe shall be strong, thin and lightweight, and from here the choice of fiber reinforcement was chosen.

6.2 Materials of reinforcement:

Fiber reinforcing of the concrete canoe is divided into two types:

1. Woven mesh to serve as the main reinforcement through the canoe.

2. Individual strand reinforcement to add strength to the gunwales of the canoe.

These reinforcing fibers must be distinguished from the fibers mixed in the concrete matrix to provide toughness and tensile strength of the mix, the later fiber serve as a secondary reinforcement.

Figure (6.1), Fiber meshes

The first criterion in fiber reinforcing the canoe is the choice of the material; CNCCC set the following rules on the reinforcement used in

the canoe*:

1. To use materials that contains sufficient open space so that it passes the compliance test.

2. Total thickness of the reinforcement layers is equal to or less than 50% of the total thickness of the reinforced concrete composite.

3. The reinforcing materials do not have post manufacturer applied coatings that enhance the properties of reinforcement.

The reinforcement material should have high modulus and strength to allow stresses in the concrete to be transferred to the reinforcement, while the reinforcement it self contributes little to the over all weight of the canoe. The choice of a strong reinforcement material provides that less number of layers and that reduces the thickness of reinforcement used and this enters under rule number 2 in the rules of CNCCC, i.e. total thickness of the reinforcement layers is equal to or less than 50% of the total thickness of the reinforced concrete composite.

The reinforcement material should contain sufficient opening spaces to allow for the mechanical bonding of the concrete composite. The use of solid plates reinforcing is not permitted in concrete canoes as these materials require additional bonding agents to keep them from separating from the concrete composite, because of the lack of open spaces between the reinforcement sufficient for a mechanical bonding to the concrete composite.

Examples of material used in reinforcing the canoe are fiber glass meshes, graphite fibers, polypropylene fibers and carbon fiber meshes.

The following table shows the ratings (not values) for different materials used as reinforcement for the canoe, from the view of Clemson Concrete Canoe Team 2002

Material Tensile strength

Modulus of elasticity Constructability Bond

strength Cost

Carbon Fiber 8 12 10 8 16Aramid 10 20 10 10 4

Fiberglass 7 8 12 8 28Polypropylene 2 4 20 6 40 The other criterion in reinforcing the canoe is there placement in the canoe. As noted from the structural analysis, that the weight of paddlers causes the exterior part of sections beneath them to crack, these crack (due to tension) will continue to move in the concrete till they reach something that can resist the tension which is the fiber reinforcement, from here the importance of properly placed reinforcement can be seen.

Constructability is also an important criterion in choosing the material, the easier the construction; the preferable the material is.

Figure (6.2), constructability of fiber textiles Figure (6.3), constructability of fiber textiles 2

The work of fiber reinforcement of the canoe can be understood from the following example; when holding a bed sheet from its four corners firmly, and a load is applied to the center of the sheet, the sheet will not carry any bending or shear but it will resist the loading by deflecting and put the whole sheet in tension. The bed sheet in the example is the fiber reinforcement.

6.3 Tests done on the reinforcement of a concrete canoe:

Direct tensile test: It is a measure to the strength of the raw material used as reinforcement.

Pullout test: This test measures the bonding strength between the reinforcement and the concrete. This test is conducted according to a modifiedASTM C 900-87, if fiber reinforcement fractured rather than pulled out of the concrete then the bonding strength between the concrete and the reinforcement is sufficient.

Plate Testing: A test to determine the strength of the composite section of concrete and reinforcement. It is done by accordance with ASTM C 78-94.

Compliance test*: This test determines whether the open spaces in the reinforcement are sufficient or not. This test is done by using a cylindrical mold cut into 2 halves, the fiber mesh is placed between the 2 halves, and a standard amount of a standard sand is poured into the cylinder, and the time needed for the sand to pass the reinforcement is measured. This time must not be more than 5 seconds. The compliance test is held by judges from the CNCCC. See figure (6.4) for the method of compliance test.

Figure (6.4), Compliance test tools

Figure (6.5) Compliance test method

* Reference 1

7. Construction:

The process of constructing the canoe is divided to three stages; Mold construction, Placement of reinforcement and concrete and finally the finishing process.

7.1 Mold construction:

The mold construction starts with drawing the hull with true scale on the computer using AutoCAD®, then the formation of cross section templates takes place. Suitable interval of cross section templates formation must be chosen, the smaller the interval is the more precise the mold, this is offset by increase in material requirements and higher cost.

The chosen cross sections on the drawing are then inserted to a computer controlling a milling machine to from the template using a material that can be steel or plywood.After the formation of the cross section templates, they are placed on a table with the chosen intervals between them along the length of the canoe. See figure (7.2). After that the intervals between the templates are sandwiched with polystyrene, the polystyrene is formed along the templates by the use of hot wires. See figure (7.3).To improve the rigidity and durability of the mold, it is coated with fiberglass cloth and resin.Before the placement process starts the mold shall be covered with a thin sheet of plastic to serve as a release agent. Figure (7.1)

Figure (7.1) Covering the mold.

Figure (7.2), Cross sections of the mold. Figure (7.3), Concrete canoe mold

7.2 Placement of materials:

The placement of materials is done by placing alternating layers of concrete and reinforcement by hand.At first we start with placing a concrete layer with predetermined thickness, the thickness is monitored by using nylon spacers that are remove once the desired thickness is achieved. The pretension strands are placed within concrete layer, but usually not in the exterior layers. The strands are tensioned by turnbuckles and the amount of tension is monitored by measuring the extension of calibrated spring attached between the end of the tendon and the turn buckles. See figure (7.6) on the next page.

Figure (7.4), Placing the concrete Figure (7.5), Placing the reinforcement

Figure (7.6), Pretension of fiber strands

7.3 Finishing:

The finishing process contains sanding of the canoe and painting it. The exterior of the canoe is sanded first and after it took the shape, the canoe was removed from the mold and the interior of the canoe is sanded. The sanding is done bye the use of grit sand papers and it aims to smooth the surface of the canoe. Figure (7.7).Patching the canoe exterior requires the use of acid stains that penetrate and react with chemicals in cured concrete to produce insoluble colour deposits in the pores.

Figure (7.7), Sanding the canoe

Figure (7.8), Painting the canoe

8. Cost:

As in any engineering project the cost is an important point in the production of concrete canoes. The cost mainly comes from the material used and tools purchased, the following table shows some of the universities in USA involved in the concrete canoe competition and the money they spent on their projects.

University Year Cost

Clemson university 2002 120,401 $University of Alabama in Huntsville 2001 105,270 $

Oklahoma State University 2000 45,384.75$University of California Berkeley 2002 62,229 $

9. Conclusion:

As I said at the beginning of this project, concrete canoes production is not an investment profits can be gained through, and this can be noticed clearly from the cost section. It is just an application of sciences including pure physics, statics, strength of materials and concrete technology which is the main objective of the concrete canoe competition. A main problem in concrete faced the designers of concrete canoes, which is the compromise between two or more qualities of the structure. In the concrete canoe designers needed both strength and low density which was the main objective, so when choosing materials of the concrete mix and the reinforcement this target was in the eyes of designers.Also the hull design had the same problem where the needed compromise was between speed, maneuverability and stability.Constructing a canoe that could float on water, made me to conclude that concrete is a material that can be used in any engineering field and under any circumstances.

10. References:

10.1 Data References:

1. 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, National concrete canoe competition, Rules and Regulations. (On the CD)

2. School Reports: Oklahoma state university design reports. (On the CD)UAH design reportClemson university design reportFlorida Institute of technology design reportUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison design report

3. The internet:

Evergreen canoe CO. http://www.evergreencanoe.com/canoe_design.html

Concrete Canoe Design Guide - Scott Rutledge

& Ryan McKasklehttp://members.cox.net/concretecanoe/index.shtml

UAH guide for build a concrete canoe

http://www.uah.edu/student_life/organizations/ASCE/Articles/Just%20Getting%20Started/

justgettingstarted.htm

World's largest and most comprehensive data base on concrete

canoeing.

http://www.ConcreteCanoe.org

3D- Canoe http://canoe.gci.ulaval.ca/2004/Viewpoint/Iceberg2004.html

Fiber Reinforced concrete http://ceaspub.eas.asu.edu/concrete/ACBM_Faculty_1999/

sld002.htm

ASTM standards http://www.techstreet.com/info/astm.tmpl

4. Concrete technology, A.M. Neville CBE 1994.

5. Doctor Basil Hanayne lecture notes.

6. Physics for scientists and engineers, Serway and Beichner.

10.2 Figures References:

3.1 The design report of Oklahoma state university (Included in the CD)5.13.2

Evergreen canoe CO. http://www.evergreencanoe.

com/canoe_desine.html

3.33.43.53.63.73.83.94.1

http://members.cox.net/concretecanoe/index.shtml4.24.32.16.2

http://www.ces.clemson.edu/~canoe/canoe1995/index95.html6.37.77.8

6.4 http://www.uah.edu/student_life/organizations/ASCE/Articles/Hot%20Tip%20No.%204/compliancetesting.htm

7.1 http://www.ces.clemson.edu/~canoe/canoe2002/Regionals_2002/2002_3CT_Pics1.html7.4

7.57.66.1 UAH design report (Included in the CD)

6.5 2006, American Society of Civil Engineers, National concrete canoe competition, Rules and Regulations. (On the CD)

2.2 http://www.ces.clemson.edu/

Appendix:Standard Description

ASTM C 33 graduation Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates

ASTM C 1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures

ASTM C 989 Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars

ASTM C 618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete

ASTM C 1116 Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete

ASTM C 494 Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C 260 Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete

ASTM C 642 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete

ASTM C 900-87 Standard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete

ASTM C 78-94 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)

ASTM C 1428 Standard Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Uranium Hexafluoride by Single-Standard Gas Source Multiple Collector Mass Spectrometer Method

ASTM C 39-86 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

Reference: http://www.techstreet.com/info/astm.tmpl