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    7.................................................................................................. /

    ....................................................................9

    /

    ..........................................................................................59/...................101

    / ..................................................................................117

    153.....................//...........................................181

    199.............................................../

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    * .** .

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    11

    1.

    .

    .13

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    :. .

    .

    1. superstitious

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    13

    :

    :

    )1371:5.(

    1.:

    )Ingersoll, 2002:12.(

    .

    1. Robert Ingersoll

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    :

    )( .

    )kohler, 2000.(

    .

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    1. Peter Kohler

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    ).

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    18

    412 --

    1 .

    (Griffiths & Bingham, 2003).

    73.

    (Bukhari and etal, 2002).

    4-

    1-4-

    . .

    1. Bingo Players

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    20

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    1

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    ...

    :1(

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    )9 )1377:111.(

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    .(Inkeles & Smith, 1974: 84)

    (Ibid).

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    --

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    ).241:(

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    .)-(

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    ).82:1370( :

    .

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    1. constract

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    2:

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    26

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    3-4-

    . . .

    . 1

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    .3

    4

    21.

    1. Social Learning Theory2. Albert Bandura3. Attention4. Retention

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    3 4 56

    .

    3:

    7

    .

    1. Reproduction

    2. Motivation

    3. Reduction of tension4. Gaining financial reward

    5. Gaining the praise of others6. Building self-steem7. Social Conformity Theory

  • 7/28/2019 Whole.khorafat.8 Black

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    28

    .

    .

    4:

    -51:

    1

    2

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    1. Encyclopedia of Britannica

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    4).(

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    1 2- 3-

    4-

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    1017.

    Spss11/5

    1 2 3.

    1. Cross tables2. Pearson Correlation3. Compare Mean

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    8-

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    -1-1-8

    14/49

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    6/321/119/281/604/676/321/509/49

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    2-1-8-

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    3/92

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    84 7/79

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    59 2/91

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    42/1

    40/11237/137/1

    321/1.

    1...23.

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    .41/1 .21/1

    63/1..26/1

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    47133

    471675100 .

    )(

    .min

    Range

    x

    -1-2-8

    . 25/7399/76.

    F.48/13001/0

    1. Recode2. Compute

  • 7/28/2019 Whole.khorafat.8 Black

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    48

    .Eta2013/0

    1)

    (.

    :9

    NMeanFsigEta2

    50825/7348/13000/0013/0

    50599/76

    101311/75

    2-2-8-

    60/4745/75

    F606/077/161:.05/0

    .:

    .

  • 7/28/2019 Whole.khorafat.8 Black

    49/225

    49

    10:

    NMeanStd.

    DeviationFSigEta2

    32660/7435/14606/0437/0001/0

    67445/7522/17

    100017/7534/16

    3-2-8-

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    -4-2-8

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    258/0

    .001/0

    .

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    13:

    923269/-000/0

    930258/-000/0

    62-8-

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    966111/-001/0

    -7-2-8

    .

  • 7/28/2019 Whole.khorafat.8 Black

    52/225

    52

    .

    .

    :15

    NMeanFsigEta2

    62377/7374/11001/0012/0

    37738/77

    100013/75

    8-2-8-

    84/7320/86

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    Eta210: .

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    :16

    NMeanFsigEta2

    25254/7333/38000/010/0

    9620/86

    34803/77

    9-2-8-

    95/77

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    95/7055/7091/77.

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  • 7/28/2019 Whole.khorafat.8 Black

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    54

    :17

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    6995/7785/5000/0057/0

    30292/78

    6693/697312/76

    12464/72

    11855/69

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    2354/70

    4391/77

    3264/69

    88191/74

    10-2-8-

    18 65/86 1

    .87/64 :

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    55

    250/75423/6958/75

    648/71729/74877/73

    937/791011/70111/65

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    1588/831681/761758/78

    1960/842057/802198/78

    2250/67.

    68/38552F.2/232016

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    14.

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    56/225

    56

    :18

    NMeanFsigEta2

    15087/6427/8000/0143/0

    24150/7548023/69

    5688/75

    65948/71

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    85077/73

    92037/79

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    11201/65

    122211/73136046/69

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    1510088/83

    164081/76

    175058/78

    185165/86

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    212098/78

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    101716/75

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    57

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    (

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    3. :

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    87909192(1384-1383.

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    :1370.

    (

    1. Alex Inkeles, David Horton Smith, Becoming Modern: Indivitual

    Change in Six Developing Countries (1974), Harvard University Press.

    2. Ingersol, Robert Green, Superstition, (2002) Published by KessingerPublishing.

    3. Peter Kohler, What is Superstition? About.com(http://urbanlegends.about.com/cs/folklore/f/superstition1.htm)

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    * .* .

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    1 .

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    )1377:11.(.

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    .

    1. Superstition2.Modernism

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    ...

    :

    1.A. Inkeless2. D.H.Smith

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    1384.(

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    1.Branislaw Malinowski

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    1.Vilfredo Pareto2.August Comte

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    1. Scientific Orientation2. Equalitarian Orientation3.Universalistic Orientation4. Achievement Orientation

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    (

    1. Bukhari SS; Pardhan A; Khan A. S; Ahmed A; Choudry F. J;Pardhan K; Nayeem K; and Khan M. Superstitions regarding healthproblems in different ethnic groups in Karachi, Journal PakistanMedical Association, NO, 52 (8), 2002.2. Griffiths, M, D. and Bingham, C. A study of superstitious beliefs

    among bingo players. Journal of Gambling Issues, NO, 13 (1), 2005.

    3. Irwin, H. J. A study of the measurement and the correlates ofparanormal belief. The Journal of the American Society for PsychicalResearch, NO, 79, 1985.

    4. Peltzer (A), K. Magical thinking and paranormal beliefs amongsecondary and university students in South Africa. Personality andIndividual Differences, NO, 35, 2002.5. Peltzer (B), K. Paranormal beliefs and personality among black

    South African Students. Social Behavior and Personality, NO, 30 (1),2002.

    6. Peltzer, K. & Renner, W. Superstition, risk-taking and riskperception of accidents among South African taxi drivers. AccidentAnalysis and Prevention, NO, 35 (1), 2001.7. Thalbourne, M. A, and Hensley, J. H. Religiosity and belief in the

    paranormal. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, NO, 2001 .

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    Disorders, NO, 17 (1), 2003 .

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