why study diet? utility for model building? food provides energy necessary to sustain life and allow...
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Why study Diet?Why study Diet?Utility for model building?
Food provides energy necessary to sustain life and allow for reproduction
Food provides energy necessary to sustain life and allow for reproduction
Main activity of most animals’ livesMain activity of most animals’ lives
Major component of natural selection: “obtain food and keep from becoming food”
Major component of natural selection: “obtain food and keep from becoming food”
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Why study teeth?Why study teeth?Utility for model building?
Indicate foods consumed Indicate foods consumed
Indicate size & behavior Indicate size & behaviorWell preserved in the fossil recordWell preserved in the fossil record
Growth & development patternsGrowth & development patternsSexual dimorphism characteristicsSexual dimorphism characteristicsNon-dietary indicatorsNon-dietary indicators
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Tooth
Typ
es
Tooth
Typ
es
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Human Dentition
Tooth TypesTooth Types
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Roles of the teethRoles of the teethDifferential use in heterodont dentition
Incisors & canines -- ingestion, get the food into the mouth seizing, stripping, squashing, puncturing
Incisors & canines -- ingestion, get the food into the mouth seizing, stripping, squashing, puncturing
Premolars & molars -- preparation of food for digestion food is chopped up to increase surface area molars are a series of cutting blades and crushing
basin
Premolars & molars -- preparation of food for digestion food is chopped up to increase surface area molars are a series of cutting blades and crushing
basin
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Extant vs ExtinctExtant vs ExtinctData collection from the living primates
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Diagnostic featuresDiagnostic features
Incisors & canines Incisors & canines
Features of the skull used to determine dietary category
Molars & premolarsMolars & premolars
Cusps & crestsCusps & crestsEnamel thicknessEnamel thicknessMassiter & temporalis musclesMassiter & temporalis musclesBody sizeBody size
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Anterior Dentition
• Get food in the mouth• Grooming• Scraping~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• Get food in the mouth• Grooming• Scraping~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Incisors & CaninesIncisors & Canines
• Large incisors indicate frugivore
• Small incisors = carnivore or insectivore
• Large incisors indicate frugivore
• Small incisors = carnivore or insectivore
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Incisors
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Can
ine
s
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Premolars & MolarsPremolars & MolarsPosterior Dentition
•Folivores = low or high•Folivores = low or high
•Insectivores = tall, pointed
•Insectivores = tall, pointed
•Carnivores = tall, pointed•Carnivores = tall, pointed
•Frugivores = low, rounded
•Frugivores = low, rounded
•Omnivore = low, rounded•Omnivore = low, rounded
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Premolars& MolarsPremolars& Molars
Premolars & MolarsPremolars & Molars
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Premolars & MolarsPremolars & Molars
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Cusps & CrestsCusps & CrestsMolar & premolar morphology
cusp
crest
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Enamel thicknessEnamel thicknessThickness of the hard mineral surface covering the teeth
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Dental AttritionDental AttritionEnamel wear
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Muscles of masticationMuscles of mastication
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Body sizeBody sizeDiet dictates primate body size
• Body-size tends to correlate w/ dietary regime
• Body-size tends to correlate w/ dietary regime
• Folivore = largest• Folivore = largest
• Insectivore = smallest• Insectivore = smallest
• Frugivore = medium to large
• Frugivore = medium to large
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Dietary strategiesDietary strategies
Folivore - plants Folivore - plants
Categories of Diet for the Primates
Frugivore - fruit Frugivore - fruit Carnivore - meat Carnivore - meat Insectivore - insects Insectivore - insects Omnivore - mixed Omnivore - mixed
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Age ChangesSubadult Dentition
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Human ChewingAnatomy of the TMJ
temporalis
massiter
1. Temporal bone2. Mandibular condyle
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Human ChewingMovement of the TMJ
• held in place by a sheath of tendon and muscles
• glides on cartilage
• Bursa helps absorb some forces
• Literal double joint
• held in place by a sheath of tendon and muscles
• glides on cartilage
• Bursa helps absorb some forces
• Literal double joint
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Human ChewingMotions of the Mandible
…but subject to very complex movements and forces.
…but subject to very complex movements and forces.
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Human Chewing“Disarticulation” of the TMJ
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Human ChewingNerves & Blood Vessels around TMJ
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Human ChewingDisorders of the TMJ & Associated Structures
DevelopmentalCondylar HyperplasiaHyperplasiaAgensis
Infectious SpreadTuberculosisSyphillisGonorrheaStaphylococcal InfectionStreptococcal Infection
Inflammatoryrheumatoid arthritisPsoriatic arthritisReiter’s syndromeSystemic lupus erthematosisFamilial Mediterranean fever
Degenerativeosteoporosis
TraumaticCondylar FractureAnkylosisInternal rearrangement
MetabolicGoutPseudogout
TMJ Pain Dysfunction
NeoplasticBenignTumors
Fibro-Osseous DisordersFibrous dysplasiaPaget’s disease
Luxation & Subluxation
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Human ChewingClinical Aspects
• Burt Reynolds• Burt Reynolds
• “In” malady• “In” malady
• drew attention to the extent of the disorder
• drew attention to the extent of the disorder
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Human ChewingTreatments
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Human ChewingMeasuring Mandibular Angle
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Human ChewingMolar & Incisal Chewing
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Human ChewingHylander’s Lever Action Model
• Trouble w/TMJ:Chew on the same side as pain
• Trouble w/TMJ:Chew on the same side as pain
• Trouble w/molar:Chew on the opposite side
• Trouble w/molar:Chew on the opposite side
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The Nubians
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Human Chewing
condyle pathology
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fossa pathologies
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Human ChewingCategories Studied
Age Sex Complete Socket Resorption Active Pathologies Dental Attrition
Age Sex Complete Socket Resorption Active Pathologies Dental Attrition
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Human ChewingAge Changes in the Mandible
Lateral ViewLateral View
Dorsal ViewDorsal View
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Human ChewingAge & Sex Relationships
35.12AGE
SEXmalefemale
TMJ PATHOLOGY- +
34.47
26.40
70.60
47.60
52.40
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Human ChewingComplete Socket Resorption
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Human ChewingComplete Socket Resorption
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
+ -TMJ Pathology
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caries
partial socket resorption
abcess
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Human ChewingDental Caries & Abcesses
0.79ABCESSCARIES
TMJ PATHOLOGY+ -
0.24
0.71
2.88
1.39
2.27PARTIALRESORPTION
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Human ChewingDental Attrition
tooth wear
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Human ChewingResults
• Significantly more females affected compared to males
• Significantly more females affected compared to males
• Greater wear found on the same side as TMJ damage
• Greater wear found on the same side as TMJ damage
• Greater wear found on side opposite carious lesions
• Greater wear found on side opposite carious lesions
• Trends similar to clinical findings• Trends similar to clinical findings