why we use effort tests:- - word memory testwordmemorytest.com/.../why_we_use_effort_tests.doc ·...

Why we use effort tests Paul Green

Two position papers encourage effort testing:-

http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/NAN_SVT_position_paper_2005.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/AACNConsensus2009.pdf

We know that effort has very large effects on test scores:-

http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/Effort_greater_effect_than_severeTBI.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/EFFORT_EFFECTS/EFFORT_GREATER_EFFECT_Stevens_2008_WMT_MSVT.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/EFFORT_EFFECTS/Effort_SVT_Meyers_indicators_mtbi.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/EFFORT_EFFECTS/pervasive_influence_of_effort.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/EFFORT_EFFECTS/SVT_Failure_invalidates_NP_Tests_FOX.pdf

We can avoid false positives even in those with severe cognitive impairment:-http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/WMT_MSVT_in_dementia_&_MCI.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/NV_MSVT_Henry_etal.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/MSVT_NV-MSVT_IN_SEVERE_IMPAIRMENT.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/pass_TOMM_fail_NV-MSVT_GREEN_2010.doc

We know that in general it is motivation and not low ability that causes effort test failure:-http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/CHAFETZ_Work-Motivation_SVT_failure.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/External_incentives_&_WMT_in_TBI.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/Effort_in_Fibromyalgia_paper_2001_J_Rheumatology_Gervais.pdf



http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/External_incentives_&_WMT_in_TBI.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/CHAFETZ_Work-Motivation_SVT_failure.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/CHAFETZ_Work-Motivation_SVT_failure.pdf





http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/NV_MSVT_Henry_etal.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/WMT_MSVT_in_dementia_&_MCI.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/RECENT_PAPERS_2010/WMT_MSVT_in_dementia_&_MCI.pdf









http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/Effort_greater_effect_than_severeTBI.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/AACNConsensus2009.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/NAN_SVT_position_paper_2005.pdf

http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/COACHING_&_CHRONIC_PAIN_copy(1).pdf

Look at these two lectures by Dr. Sweet from the London SVT conference last May. The evidence for SVTs is now overwhelming. He has some very strong words for the deniers of the need for SVTs.

http://wordmemorytest.com/DISCUSSIONS/EFFORT_EFFECTS/Sweet_SVT_lecture1.pdf


Here is his bibliography:-

Forensic Bibliography:

Effort/Malingering and Other Common Forensic Topics

Encountered by Clinical Neuropsychologists

Jerry J. Sweet, Ph.D., ABPP

Acknowledgments: Present and former residents of the NorthShore University HealthSystem Neuropsychology Service and research assistants who contributed to creation of this bibliography are Maria Bergman, Ph.D., Daniel Condit, Ph.D., Eric Ecklund-Johnson, Ph.D., John King, Ph.D., Nathaniel Nelson, Ph.D. Alan Simmons, Ph.D., and Penny Wolfe, Ph.D..

APPENDIX A: Measures Specifically Intended to Detect Insufficient Effort and Motivation: A Cross-Referenced Bibliography

APPENDIX B: Neuropsychological and Psychological Measures Used to Identify Insufficient Effort and Malingering: A Cross-Referenced Bibliography

APPENDIX C: Additional Articles Pertinent to Malingering

C1: Base Rates/Incidence of Malingering

C2: Event-Related Potentials

C3: Reviews/Theory Articles on Malingering

APPENDIX D: Topics Common to Forensic Neuropsychology Consultation

D1: Concussion & Post-Concussion Syndrome



http://wordmemorytest.com/PDF/COACHING_&_CHRONIC_PAIN_copy(1).pdf

D2: Traumatic Brain Injury (Outcome and Other Topics)

D3: Somatoform Disorders and Medically Unexplained Symptoms (Including Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance)

D4: Pain (Including Fibromyalgia and Whiplash)

D5: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

D6: Toxic Encephalopathy and Neurotoxic Exposure

D7: Self Report (e.g., Reliability, Effects of Emotional Conditions and Litigation)

D8: Ethical Issues (Including Objectivity and Bias)

D9: Evidentiary Rulings (e.g., Daubert Challenges)

D10: Neuroimaging in the Courtroom

D11: Third Party Observers

D12: Professional Practice Surveys Relevant to Forensic Neuropsychology

APPENDIX E: General Resources

E1: General Forensic Books and Additional Resources

E2: Online Resources

APPENDIX A: Measures Specifically Intended to Detect Insufficient Effort and Motivation: A Cross-Referenced Bibliography

21-Item Test

Frederick, R., Sarfaty, S., Johnston, J.D., & Powel, J. (1994). Validation of a detector of response bias on a forced-choice test of nonverbal ability. Neuropsychology, 8, 118-125.

Inman, T.H., & Berry, D.T.R. (2002). Cross-validation of indicators of malingering: A comparison of nine neuropsychological tests, four tests of malingering, and behavioral observations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 1-23.

Inman, T.H., Vickery, C.D., Berry, D.T.R., Lamb, D.G., Edwards, C.L., & Smith, G.T. (1998). Development and initial validation of a new procedure for evaluating adequacy of effort given during neuropsychological testing: The Letter Memory Test. Psychological Assessment, 10, 128-139.

Iverson, G.L., Franzen, M.D., & McCracken, L.M. (1991). Evaluation of an objective assessment technique for the detection of malingered memory deficits. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 667-676.

Iverson, G.L., Franzen, M.D., & McCracken, L.M. (1994). Application of a forced choice memory proceure designed to detect experimental malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9, 437-450.

Orey, S.A., Cragar, D.E., & Berry, D.T.R. (2000). The effects of two motivational manipulations on the neuropsychological performance of mildly head-injured college students. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 335-348.

Rose, F.E., Hall, S., Szalda-Petree, A.D., & Bach, P.J. (1998). A comparison of four tests of malingering and the effects of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 349-363.

Vickery, C.D., Berry, D.T.R., Inman, T.H., Harris, M.J., & Orey, S.A. (2001). Detection of inadequate effort on neuropsychological testing: A meta-analytic review of selected procedures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 45-73.

Wall, J.R., & Millis, S.R. (1998). Can motor measures tell us if someone is trying? An assessment of sincerity of effort in simulated malingering. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 4, 51-57.

Amsterdam Short Term Memory Test (ASTM test)

Bolan, B., Foster, J. K., Schmand, B., & Bolan, S. (2002). A comparison of three tests to detect feigned amnesia: The effects of feedback and the measurement of response latency. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 154-167.

Merten, T., Bossink, L., & Schmand, B. (2007). On the limits of effort testing: Symptom validity tests and severity of neurocognitive symptoms in nonlitigant patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 308-318.

Merten, T., Green, P., Henry, M., Blaskewitz, N., & Brockhaus, R. (2005). Analog validation of German-language symptom validity tests and the influence of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 719-726.

Schmand, R., Lindeboom, J., Schagen, S., Heijt, R., Koene, T., & Hamburger, H. (1998). Cognitive complaints in patients after whiplash injury: The impact of malingering. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 64, 339-343.

van der Werf, S., Prins, J., Jongen, P., van der Meer, J., & Bleijenberg, G. (2000). Abnormal neuropsychological findings are not necessarily a sign of cerebral impairment: A matched comparison between chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Medicine, 13, 199-203.

The b Test

Boone, K. B., & Lu, P. (2003). Noncredible cognitive performance in the context of severe brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 244-254.

Boone, K. B., Lu, P., Sherman, D., Palmer, B., Back, C., Shamieh, E., Warner-Chacon, K., & Berman, N. G. (2000). Validation of a new technique to detect malingering of cognitive symptoms: The b Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 227-241.

Gorny, I., & Merten, T. (2005). Symptom information-warning-coaching: How do they affect successful feigning in neuropsychological assessment? Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 71-98.

Nelson, N. W., Boone, K., Dueck. A., Wagener, L., Lu, P. & Grills, C. (2003). Relationships between eight measures of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 263-272.

Stone, D. C., Boone, K. B., Back-Madruga, C., & Lessr, I. M. (2006). Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive dysfunction in six cases of “toxic mold” exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 766-785.

Vilar-López, R., Santiago-Ramajo, S., Gómez-Río, M., Verdejo-García, A., Llamas, J.M., & Pérez-García, M. (2007). Detection of malingering in a Spanish population using three specific malingering tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 379-388.

Computerized Assessment of Response Bias (CARB)

Allen, L., Conder, R., Green, P., & Cox, D. (1999). CARB ’97: Computerized Assessment of Response Bias. A manual for computerized administration. Durham, NC: Cognisyst, Inc.

Allen, L. M. & Green, P. (2001). Declining CARB failure rates over six years of testing: What’s wrong with this picture? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 846.

Allen, L. M., Iverson, G. L., & Green, P. (2002). Computerized Assessment of Response Bias in forensic neuropsychology. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 205-225.

Dunn, T. M., Shear, P. K., Howe, S., & Ris, M. D. (2003). Detecting neuropsychological malingering: Effects of coaching and information. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 121-134.

Gervais, R.O., Green P., Allen, L.M., & Iverson, G.L. (2001). Effects of coaching on symptom validity testing in chronic pain patients presenting for disability assessments. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-19.

Gervais, R., Rohling, M., Green, P., & Ford, W. (2004). A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 475-487.

Green, P., & Iverson, G. (2001). Validation of the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias in litigating patients with head injuries. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 492-497.

Green, P., Iverson, G. L., & Allen, L. (1999). Detecting malingering in head injury litigation with the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury, 13, 813-819.

Henry, G.K., Heilbronner, R.L., Mittenberg, W., & Enders, C. (2006). The Henry-Heilbronner Index: A 15-item empirically derived MMPI-2 subscale for identifying probable malingering in personal injury litigants and disability claimants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 786-797.

Rohling, M. L., Green, P., Allen III, L. M., & Iverson, G. (2002). Depressive symptoms and neurocognitive test scores in patients passing symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 205-222.

Slick, D. J., Iverson, G. L., & Green, P. (2000). California Verbal Learning Test indicators of suboptimal performance in a sample of head-injury litigants. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 569-579.

Forced-Choice Sensory Detection

Binder, L. (1992). Malingering detected by forced choice testing of memory and tactile sensation: A case report. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 155-163.

Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., & Ameduri, C.J. (2003). Use of a forced-choice test of tactile discrimination in the evaluation of functional sensory loss: a report of 3 cases. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 1233-1236.

Greve, K.W., Love, J.M., Heinly, M.T., Doane, B.M., Uribe, E., Joffe, C.L., & Bianchini, K.J. (2005). Detection of feigned tactile sensory loss using a forced-choice test of tactile discrimination and other measures of tactile sensation. Jounal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 47, 718-727.

Haughton, P. Lewsley, A., Wilson, M., & Williams, R. (1979). A forced-choice procedure to detect feigned or exaggerated hearing loss. British Journal of Audiology, 14, 135-138.

Pankratz, L. (1983). A new technique for the assessment and modification of feigned memory deficit. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, 367-372.

Pankratz, L., Binder, L., & Wilcox, L. (1987). Evaluation of an exaggerated somatosensory deficit with symptom validity testing. Archivwes of Neurology, 44, 798.

Pankratz, L., Fausti, S., & Peed, S (1975). A forced choice technique to evaluate deafness in the hysterical or malingering patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 421-422.

Pritchard, D., & Moses, J. (1992). Tests of neuropsychological malingering. Forensic Reports, 5, 287-290.

Letter Memory Test (LMT)

Cragar, D., Berry, D., Fakhoury, T., Cibula, J., Schmitt, F. (2006). Performance of patients with epilepsy and non-epileptic seizures on four measures of effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 552-566.

Graue, L.O., Berry, D.T.R., Clark, J.A., Sollman, M.J., Cardi, M., Hopkins, J., & Werline, D. (2007). Identification of feigned mental retardation using the new generation of malingering detection instruments: Preliminary findings. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 929-942.

Greub, B. L., & Suhr, J. A. (2006). The validity of the letter memory test as a measure of memory malingering: Robustness to coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 249-254.




Schipper, L. J., Berry, D. T. R., Coen, E., & Clark, J. A. (2008). Cross-validation of a manual form of the Letter Memory Test using a known-groups methodology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 345-349.

Vagnini, V.L., Sollman, M.J., Berry, D.T.R., Granacher, R.P., Clark, J.A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.

Vickery, C., Berry, D.T.R., Dearth, C., Vagnini, V., Baser, R., Cragar, D., & Orey, S. (2004). Head injury and the ability to feign neuropsychological deficits. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 37-48.

Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT)

Chafetz, M.D. (2008). Malingering on the Social Security Disability Consultative Exam: Predictors and base rates. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 529-546.

Gill, D., Green, P., Flaro, L., & Pucci, T. (2007). The role of effort testing in independent medical examinations. Medico-Legal Journal, 75, 64-71.


Green, P. (2004). Green’s Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) for Microsoft Windows. User’s manual. Edmonston, Canada: Green’s Publishing.

Howe, L.L.S., Andersen, A.M., Kaufman, D.A.S., Sachs, B.C., & Loring, D.W. (2007). Characterization of the Medical Symptom Validity Test in evaluation of clinically referred memory disorders clinic patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 753-761.


Richman, J., Green, P., Gervais, R., Flaro, L., Merten, T., Brockhaus, R., & Ranks, D. (2006). Objective tests of symptom exaggeration in independent medical examinations. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 48, 303-311.

Stevens, A.,Friedel, E., Mehren, G., Merten, T. (2008). Malingering and uncooperativeness in psychiatric and psychological assessment: Prevalence and effects in a German sample of claimants. Psychiatry Research, 157, 191–200.

Vitacco, M.J., Rogers, R., Gabel, J., & Munizza, J. (2007). An evaluation of malingering screens with competency to stand trial patients: A known-groups study. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 249-260.

Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST)

Alwes, Y.R., Clark, J.A., Berry, D.T.R., & Granacher, R.P. (2008). Screening for feigning in a civil forensic setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 133-140.

Guy, L. S., & Miller, H. A. (2004). Screening for malingered psychopathology in a correctional setting: Utility of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 695–716.

Graue, L.O., Berry, D.T.R., Clark, J.A., Sollman, M.J., Cardi, M., Hopkins, J., & Werline, D. (2007). Identificatoin of feigned mental retardation using the new generation of malingering detection instruments: Preliminary findings. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 929-942.

Jackson, R. L., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (2005). Forensic applications of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (MFAST): Screening for feigned disorders in competency to stand trial evaluations. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 199-210.

Miller, H. A. (2001). MFAST: Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

Vagnini, V. L., Sollman, M., J., Berry, D. T. R., Granacher, R. P., Clark, J. A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.


Multi-Digit Memory Test (MDMT; Hiscock Forced-Choice)

Back, C., Boone, K., Edwards, C., Parks, C., Burgoyne, K., & Silver, B. (1996). The performance of schizophrenics on three cognitive tests of malingering, Rey 15-Item Memory Test, Rey Dot Counting, and Hiscock Forced-Choice Method. Assessment, 3, 449-457.

Cato, M.A., Brewster, J., Ryan, T. & Giuliano, A.J. (2002). Coaching and the ability to simulate mild traumatic brain injury symptoms. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 524-535.

Chiu, V.W.Y., & Lee, T.M.C. (2002). Detection of malingering behavior at different levels of task difficulty in Hong Kong Chinese. Rehabilitation Psychology, 47, 194-203.


Doane, B.M., Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2005). Agreement between the abbreviated and standard Portland Digit Recognition Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 99-104.

Ellwanger, J., Rosenfeld, J.P., Sweet, J., & Bhatt, M. (1996). Detecting simulated amnesia for autobiographical and recently learned information using the P300 event-related potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 23, 9-23.


Guilmette, T.J., Hart, K.J., & Giuliano, A.J. (1993). Malingering detection: The use of a forced-choice method in identifying organic versus simulated memory impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 59-69.

Guilmette, T., Hart, K., Giuliano, A., & Leininger, B. (1994). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Comparison of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test and the Hiscock forced-choice procedure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8, 283-294.

Guilmette, T., Whelihan, W., Hart, K., Sparadeo, F., & Buongiorno, G. (1996). Order effects in the administration of a forced-choice procedure for detection of malingering in disability claimants' evaluations. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 1007-1016.

Hilsabeck, R.C., & Gouvier, W.D. (2005). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Further validation of the Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1025-1041.

Hiscock, C.K., Branham, J.D., & Hiscock, M. (1994). Detection of feigned cognitive impairment: The two-alternative forced-choice method compared with selected conventional tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 16, 95-110.

Hiscock, M., & Hiscock, C. K. (1989). Refining the forced-choice method for the detection of malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 967-974.



Martin, R., Bolter, J., Todd, M, Gouvier, W.D., & Niccolls, R. (1993). Effects of sophistication and motivation on the detection of malingered memory performance using a computerized forced-choice task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 867-880.

Martin, R., Hayes, J., & Gouvier, W.D. (1996). Differential vulnerability between postconcussion self-report and objective malingering tests in identifying simulated mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 265-275.


Prigatano, G., & Amin, K. (1993). Digit Memory Test: Unequivocal cerebral dysfunction and suspected malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 537-546.

Prigatano, G., Smason, I., Lamb, D., & Bortz, J. (1997). Suspected malingering and the digit memory test: A replication and extension. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 609-619.

Rosenfeld, J.P., Ellwanger, J., Nolan, K., Bermann, R., & Sweet, J.J. (1999). P300 scalp amplitude distribution as an index of deception in a simulated cognitive deficit model. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 33, 3-19.

Rosenfeld, J.P., Sweet, J.J., Chuang, J., Ellwanger, J., & Song, L. (1996). Detection of simulated malingering using forced choice recognition enhanced with event-related potential recording. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 163-179.

Shum, D.H.K., O’Gorman, J.G., & Alpar, A. (2004). Effects of incentive and preparation time on performance and classification accuracy of standard and malingering-specific memory tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 817-823.



Woods, S.P., Conover, E., Weinborn, M., Rippeth, J., Brill, R., Heaton, R. Grant, I., & HIV Neurobehavioral Reseach Center Group (2003). Base rate of Hiscock Digit Memory Test failure in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 383-389.

Multidimensional Investigation of Neuropsychological Dissimulation (MIND)

Holmquist, L. A. & Wanlass, R. L. (2002). A multidimensional approach towards malingering detection. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 143-156.

Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT)

Bianchini, K.J., Curtis, K.L., & Greve, K.W. (2006). Compensation and Malingering in Traumatic Brain Injury: A dose-response relationship? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 831-847.

Bianchini, K., Houston, R., Greve, K., Irvin, R., Black, F.W., Swift, D., & Tamimie, R. (2003). Malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in neurotoxic exposure: An application of the Slick criteria. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1087-1099.

Bianchini, K., Love, J.M., Greve, K.W., & Adams, D. (2005). Detection and diagnosis of malingering in electrical injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 365-373.

Bianchini, K.J., Mathias, C.W., Greve, K.W., Houston, R.J., & Crouch, J.A. (2001). Classification accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test in traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 461-470.


Binder, L. (1993a). Assessment of malingering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 170-182.

Binder, L. (1993b). An abbreviated form of the Portland Digit Recognition Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 104-107.

Binder, L.M. (2002). The Portland Digit Recognition Test: A review of validation data and clinical use. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 27-41.

Binder, L., & Kelly, M. (1996). Portland Digit Recognition Test performance by brain dysfunction patients without financial incentives. Assessment, 3, 403-409.

Binder, L., Kelly, M., Villanueva, M., & Winslow, M. (2003). Motivation and neuropsychological test performance following mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 420-430.

Binder, L., Villanueva, M., Howieson, D., & Moore, R. (1993). The Rey AVLT recognition memory task measures motivational impairment after mild head trauma. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 137-147.

Binder, L., & Willis, S. (1992). Assessment of motivation after financially compensable minor head trauma. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 175-181.



Greiffenstein, M., Baker, W.J., & Gola, T. (1994). Validation of malingered amnesia measures with a large clinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 6, 218-224.

Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2006). Classification accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test in traumatic brain injury: Results of a known-groups analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 816-830.

Greve, K.W., Bianchin, K.J., Heinly, M.T., Love, J., Swift, D., & Ciota, M. (2008). Classification accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test in persons claiming exposure to environmental and industrial toxins. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 341-350.

Greve, K.W., Ord, J., Curtis, K.L., Bianchini, K.J., & Brennan, A. (2008). Detecting malingering in traumatic brain injury and chronic pain: A comparison of three forced-choice symptom validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 896-918.

Gunstad, J., & Suhr, J.A. (2001). Efficacy of the full and abbreviated forms of the Portland Digit Recognition Test: Vulnerability to coaching. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 397-404.

Gunstad, J., & Suhr, J.A. (2004). Use of the abbrievated Portland Digit Recognition Test in simulated malingering and neurological groups. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 33-48.


Rose, F., Hall, S., Szalda-Petree, A. (1995). Portland Digit Recognition Test-Computerized: Measuring response latency improves the detection of malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 124-134.

Rose, F., Hall, S., Szalda-Petree, A., & Bach, P. (1998). A comparison of four tests of malingering and the effects of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 349-363.

Rosen, G.M. & Powel, J.E. (2003). Use of a symptom validity test in the forensic assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 361-367.

Temple, R., McBride, A., Horner, M., & Taylor, R. (2003). Personality characteristics of patients showing suboptimal cognitive effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 402-409.


Rey Dot Counting

Arnett, P., & Franzen, M. (1997). Performance of substance abusers with memory deficits on measures of malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 513-518.


Beetar, J., & Williams, J. (1995). Malingering response styles on the Memory Assessment Scales and symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 57-72.

Binks, P., Gouvier, W. D., & Waters, W. (1997). Malingering detection with the Dot Counting Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 41-46.


Boone, K. B., Lu, P., Back, C., King, C., Lee, A., Philpott, L., Shamieh, E., & Warner-Chacon, K. (2002). Sensitivity and specificity of the Rey Dot Counting Test in patients with suspect effort and various clinical samples. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 625-642.

Boone, K. B., Savodnik, I., Ghaffarian, S., Lee, A., & Freeman, D. (1995). Rey 15-Item memorization and dot counting scores in a ‘stress’ claim worker’s compensation population: Relationship to personality (MCMI) scores. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 457-463.


Dean, A.C., Victor, T.L., Boone, K.B., & Arnold, G. (in press). The relationship of IQ to effort test performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist.

Denney, R.L. (1996). Symptom validity testing of remote memory in a criminal forensic setting. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11,589-603.

Erdal, K. (2003). The effects of motivation, coaching, and knowledge of neuropsychology on the simulated malingering of head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 73-88.

Franzen, M. D., & Martin, N. (1996). Do people with knowledge fake better? Applied Neuropsychology, 3, 82-85.

Frederick, R.I. (2000). A personal floor effect strategy to evaluate the validity of performance on memory tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 720-730.

Frederick, R.I. (2002). A review of Rey’s strategies for detecting malingered neuropsychological impairment. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-25.



Hayes, J. S., Hale, D. B., & Gouvier, W. D. (1997). Do tests predict malingering in defendants with mental retardation? The Journal of Psychology, 131, 575-576.

Hayes, J. S., Hale, D. B., & Gouvier, W. D. (1998). Malingering detection in mentally retarded forensic populations. Applied Neuropsychology, 5, 33-36.

Lee, A., Boone, K. B., Lesser, I., Wohl, M., Wilkins, S. & Parks, C. (2000). Performance of older depressed patients on two cognitive malingering tests: False positive rates for the Rey 15-item memorization and the Dot Counting Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 303-308.

Marshall, P., & Happe, M. (2007). The performance of individuals with mental retardation on cognitive tests assessing effort and motivation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 826-840.

Martin, R., Hayes, J., & Gouvier, W. D. (1996). Differential vulnerability between postconcussion self-report and objective malingering tests in identifying simulated mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 265-275.

Nelson, N.W., Boone, K., Dueck. A., Wagener, L., Lu, P. & Grills, C. (2003). Relationships between eight measures of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 263-272.

Paul, D., Franzen, M., Cohen, S., & Fremouw, W. (1992). An investigation into the reliability and validity of two tests used in the detection of dissimulation. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 1-9.

Rose, F., Hall, S., Szalda-Petree, A., & Bach, P. (1998). A comparison of four tests of malingering and the effects of coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 349-363.

Strauss, E., Slick, D.J., Levy-Bencheton, J., Hunter, M., MacDonald, S.W.S., & Hultsch, D.F. (2002). Intraindividual variability as an indicator of malingering in head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 423-444.


Sumanti, M, Boone, K. B., & Savodnik, I. & Gorsuch, R. (2006). Noncredible psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in a worker’s compensation “stress” claim sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 754-765.


Rey Memory for 15 Item Test (Rey MFIT) and variants

Arnett, P., Hammeke, T., & Schwartz, L. (1995). Quantitative and qualitative performance on Rey's 15-Item Test in neurological patients and dissimulators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 17-26.



Bernard, L. (1990). Prospects for faking believable memory deficits on neuropsychological tests and the use of incentives in simulation research. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 5, 715-728.

Bernard, L. C., & Fowler, W. (1990). Assessing the validity of memory complaints: Performance of brain-damaged and normal individuals on Rey’s task to detect malingering. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 432-436.

Bernard, L., Houston, W., & Natoli, L. (1993). Malingering on neuropsychological memory tests: Potential objective indicators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 45-53.


Boone, K. B., Salazar, X., Lu, P., Warner-Chacon, K., & Razani, J. (2002). The Rey-15-item recognition trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey-15 item memorization test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 561-573.

Boone, K. B., Savodnik, I., Ghaffarian, S., Lee, A., & Freeman, D. (1995). Rey 15-Item memorization and dot counting scores in a ‘stress’ claim worker’s compensation population: Relationship to personality (MCMI) scores. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 457-463.



Denney, R.L. (1996). Symptom validity testing of remote memory in a criminal forensic setting. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11,589-603.

Erdal, K. (2003). The effects of motivation, coaching, and knowledge of neuropsychology on the simulated malingering of head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 73-88.

Farkas, M.R., Rosenfeld, B., Robbins, R., & van Gorp, W. (2006). Do tests of malingering concur? Concordance among malingering measures. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24, 659-671.

Fisher, H.L., & Rose, D. (2005). Comparison of the effectiveness of two versions of the Rey Memory Test in discriminating between actual and simulated memory impairment, with and without the addition of a standard memory test. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 840-858.




Goldberg, J., & Miller, H. (1986). Performance of psychiatric inpatients and intellectually deficient individuals on a task that assesses the validity of memory complaints. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 792-795.


Greiffenstein, M., Baker, W.J., & Gola, T. (1996a). Comparison of multiple scoring methods for Rey's malingered amnesia measures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 283-293.

Griffin, G. A. E., Glassmire, D. M., Henderson, E. A., & McCann, C. (1997). Rey II: Redesigning the Rey screening test of malingering. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 757-766.

Griffin, G.A., Normington, J., & Glassmire, D. (1996). Qualitative dimensions in scoring the Rey Visual Memory Test of malingering. Psychological Assessment, 8, 383-387.

Guilmette, T., Hart, K., Giuliano, A., & Leininger, B. (1994). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Comparison of the Rey Fifteen-Item Test and the Hiscock forced-choice procedure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8, 283-294.

Hayes, J. S., Hale, D. B., & Gouvier, W. D. (1997). Do tests predict malingering in defendants with mental retardation? The Journal of Psychology, 131, 575-576.

Hayes, J. S., Hale, D. B., & Gouvier, W. D. (1998). Malingering detection in mentally retarded forensic populations. Applied Neuropsychology, 5, 33-36.

Hays, J. R., Emmons, J., & Lawson, K. A. (1993). Psychiatric norms for the Rey-15 Item Visual Memory Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 1331-1334.

Hilsabeck, R. C., & Gouvier, W. D. (2005). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Further validation of the Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1025-1041.


Lee, A., Boone, K. B., Lesser, I., Wohl, M., Wilkins, S. & Parks, C. (2000). Performance of older depressed patients on two cognitive malingering tests: False positive rates for the Rey 15-item memorization and the Dot Counting Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 303-308.

Lee, G., Loring, D., & Martin, R. (1992). Rey's 15-Item visual memory test for the detection of malingering: Normative observations on patients with neurological disorders. Psychological Assessment, 4, 43-46.


McCaffrey, R., O’Bryant, S., Ashendorf, L., & Fisher, J. (2003). Correlations among the TOMM, Rey-15, and MMPI-2 validity scales in a sample of TBI litigants. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 45-53.


Millis, S., & Kler, S. (1995). Limitations of the Rey Fifteen Item test in the detection of malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 241-244.

Morgan, S. (1991). Effect of true memory inpairment on a test of memory complaint validity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 327-334.

Nelson, N.W., Boone, K.B., Dueck, A., Wagener, L., Lu, P., & Grills, C. (2003). Relationships between eight measures of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 263-272.

Pachana, N.A., Boone, K.B., & Ganzell, S.L. (1998). False positive errors on selected tests of malingering. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 16, 17-25.


Reinhard, M.J., Satz, P., Scaglione, C.A., D’Elia, L.F., Rassovsky, Y., Arita, A.A., Hinkin, C.H., Thrasher, D., & Ordog, G. (2007). Neuropsychological exploration of alleged mold neurotoxicity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 533-543.

Schretlen, D., Brandt, J., Krafft, L., & Van Gorp, W. (1991). Some caveats in using the 15-Item Memory Test to detect malingered amnesia. Psychological Assessment, 3, 667-672.

Shum, D.H.K., O’Gorman, J.G., & Alpar, A. (2004). Effects of incentive and preparation time on performance and classification accuracy of standard and malingering-specific memory tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 817-823.

Simon, M. (1994). The use of the Rey Memory Test to assess malingering in criminal defendants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 913-917.




Rey Memory for 16 Item Test (modification of Rey MFIT)

Arnett, P., & Franzen, M. (1997). Performance of substance abusers with memory deficits on measures of malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 513-518.


Iverson, G., & Franzen, M. (1996). Using multiple objective memory procedures to detect simulated malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 38-51.

Paul, D., Franzen, M., Cohen, S., & Fremouw, W. (1992). An investigation into the reliability and validity of two tests used in the detection of dissimulation. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 1-9.

Rey Word Recognition List (as described in Lezak, 1983)

Boone, K.B., & Lu, P. (2003). Noncredible cognitive performance in the context of severe brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 244-254.



Frederick, R. I. (2002). A review of Rey’s strategies for detecting malingered neuropsychological impairment. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-25.





Nitch, S., Boone, K. B., Wen, J., Arnold, G., & Alfano, K. (2006). The utility of the Rey Word Recognition Test in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 873-887.



Structured Interview of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS)

Alwes, Y.R., Clark, J.A., Berry, D.T.R., & Granacher, R.P. (2008). Screening for feigning in a civil forensic setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 133-140.

Edens, J.F., Poythress, N.G., & Watkins-Clay, M.M. (2007). Detection of malingering in psychiatric unit and general population prison inmates: a comparison of the PAI, SIMS, and SIRS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 33-42.

Rogers, R., Hinds, J. D., & Sewell, K. W. (1996). Feigning psychopathology among adolescent offenders:Validation of the SIRS, MMPI-A, and SIMS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 244–257.

Smith, G. P., & Burger, G. K. (1997). Detection of malingering: Validation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 183–189.


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Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)

Edens, J.F., Poythress, N.G., & Watkins-Clay, M.M. (2007). Detection of malingering in psychiatric unit and general population prison inmates: a comparison of the PAI, SIMS, and SIRS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 33-42

Lewis, J.L., Simcox, A.M., & Berry, D.T.R. (2002). Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology. Psychological Assessment, 14, 170-176.

Merckelbach, H., & Smith, G.P. (2003). Diagnostic accuracy of the Structured Interview of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) in detecting instructed malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 145-152.

Rogers, R., Hinds, J. D., & Sewell, K. W. (1996). Feigning psychopathology among adolescent offenders:Validation of the SIRS, MMPI-A, and SIMS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 244–257.

Vagnini, V.L., Sollman, M. J., Berry, D.T.R., Granacher, R.P., Clark, J.A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.


Wynkoop, T.F., Frederick, R.I., & Hoy, M. (2006). Improving the clinical utility of the SIRS cognitive items: Preliminary reliability, validity, and normative data in pretrial and clinical samples. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 651-656.

Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)

Ashendorf, L., Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. (2004). The effect of depression and anxiety on the TOMM in community-dwelling older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 125-130.

Bauer, L., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2006). Coverage of the Test of Memory Malingering, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, and Word Memory Test on the internet: Is test security threatened? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 121-126.

Bauer, L., O’Bryant, S.E., Lynch, J.K., McCaffrey, R.J., & Fisher, J.M. (2007). Examining the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 and Word Memory Test Immediate Recognition as screening tools for insufficient effort. Assessment, 14, 215-222.

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Bianchini, K.J., Curtis, K.L., & Greve, K.W. (2006). Compensation and malingering in traumatic brain injury: A dose-response relationship? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 831-847.


Bolan, B., Foster, J.K., Schmand, B., & Bolan, S. (2002). A comparison of three tests to detect feigned amnesia: The effects of feedback and the measurement of response latency. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 154-167.

Booksh, R.L., Aubert, M.J., & Andrews, S.R. (2007). Should the retention trial on the Test of Memory Malingering be optional? A Reply. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 87-90.


Colby, F. (2001). Using the binomial distribution to assess effort: Forced-choice testing in neuropsychological settings. NeurRehabilitation, 16, 253-265.

Constantinou, M., & McCaffrey, R. (2003). Using the TOMM for evaluating children’s effort to perform optimally on neuropsychological measures. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 81-90.

Constantinou, M., Bauer, L., Ashendorf, L., Fisher, J. M., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2005). Is poor performance on recognition memory effort measures indicative of generalized poor performance on neuropsychological tests? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 191-198.

Courtney, J., Dinkins, J., Allen, L., & Kuroski, K. (2003). Age-related effects in children taking the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias and the Word Memory Test. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 109-116.


DenBoer, J.W., & Hall, S. (2007). Neuropsychological test performance of successful brain injury simulators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 943-955.

Donders, J. (2005). Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering in a mixed pediatric sample. Child Neuropsychology, 11, 221-227.

Duncan, A. (2005). The impact of cognitive and psychiatric impairment of psychotic disorders on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Assessment, 12, 123-129.

Etherton, J. L., Bianchini, K. J., Greve, K. W., & Ciota, M. A. (2005). Test of Memory Malingering performance is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: Implications for clinical use. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 375-384.

Farkas, M. R., Rosenfeld, B., Robbins, R., & van Gorp, W. (2006). Do tests of malingering concur? Concordance among malingering measures. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24, 659-671.


Gierok, S. D., Dickson, A. L., & Cole, J. A. (2005). Performance of forensic and non-forensic adult psychiatric inpatients on the Test of Memory Malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 755-760.


Greiffenstein, M., Greve, K., Bianchini, K., & Baker, W.J. (2008). Test of Memory Malingering and Word Memory Test: A new comparison of failure concordance rates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 801-808.

Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2006). Should the retention trial of the Test of Memory Malingering be optional? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 117-119.

Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2007). Choosing to know less: A response to Booksh, Aubert, and Andrews. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 231-234.

Greve, K., Bianchini, K., Black, F.W., Heinly, M., Love, J., Swift, D., & Ciota, M. (2006). Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering in persons reporting exposure to environmental and industrial toxins: Results of a known-groups analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 439-448.

Greve, K., Bianchini, K., & Doane, R. (2006). Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering in traumatic brain injury: Results of a known-groups analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 1176-1190.


Greiffenstein, M.F., & Baker, W.J. (2006). Miller was (mostly) right: Head injury severity inversely related to simulation. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 11, 131-145.

Greiffenstein, M. F., & Baker, W. J. (2008). Validity testing in dually diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder and mild closed head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 565-582 .

Haber, A., & Fichtenberg, N. (2006). Replication of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in a traumatic brain injury and head trauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 524-532.


Hill, S.K., Ryan, L., Kennedy, C., & Malamut, B. (2003). The relationship between measures of declarative memory and the Test of Memory Malingering in patients with and without temporal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 1-18.

Iverson, G.L., Le Page, J., Koehler, B.E., Shojania, K, & Badii, M. (2007). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) scores are not affected by chronic pain or depression in patients with fibromyalgia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 532-546.



Moore, B., & Donders, J. (2004). Predictors of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 18, 975-984.

Nagle, A.M., Everhart, D.E., Durham, T.W., McCammon, S.L., & Walker, M. (2006). Deception strategies in children: Examination of forced choice recognition and verbal learning and memory techniques. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 777-785.

O’Bryant, S.E., Engel, L.R., Kleiner, J.S., Vasterling, J.J., & Black, W.F. (2007). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Trial 1 as a screening measure for insufficient effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 511-521.

O’Bryant, S. & Lucas, J. (2006). Estimating the predictive value of the Test of Memory Malingering: An illustrative example for clinicians. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 533-540.

Powell, M.R., Gfeller, J.D., Hendricks, B.L., & Sharland, M. (2004). Detecting symptom- and test-coached simulators with the Test of Memory Malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 693-702.

Rees, L.M., Tombaugh, T.N., & Boulay, L. (2001). Depression and the test of memory malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 501-506.

Rees, L., Tombaugh, T., Gansler, D., & Moczynski, N. (1998). Five validation experiments of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Psychological Assessment, 10, 10-20.


Ruocco, A. C., Swirsky-Sacchetti, T., Chute, D., Mandel, S., Platek, S. M., & Zillmer, E. A. (2008). Distinguishing between neuropsychological malingering and exaggerated psychiatric symptoms in a neuropsychological setting. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 547-564.

Simon, M.J. (2007). Performance of mentally retarded forensic patients on the Test of Memory Malingering. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 339-344.

Tan, J.E., Slick, D.J., Strauss, E. & Hultsch, D.F. (2002). How’d they do it? Malingering strategies on symptom validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 495-505.

Teichner, G., & Wagner, M. (2004). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 455-464.

Tombaugh, T. (1997). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. Psychological Assessment, 9, 260-268.

Tombaugh, T. N. (2002). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in forensic psychology. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 69-96.




Weinborn, M., Orr., T., Woods, S. P., Conover, E., & Feix, J. (2003). A validation of the Test of Memory Malingering in a forensic psychiatric setting. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 979-990.

Whitney, K., Davis, J., Shepard, P., & Herman S. (2008). Utility of the Response Bias Scale (RBS) and other MMPI-2 validity scales in predicting TOMM performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 777-786.

Willison, J., & Tombaugh, T. N. (2006). Detecting simulation of attention deficits using reaction time tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 41-52.

Wygant, D.B., Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y.S., Stafford, K.P., Freeman, D.B., & Heilbronner, R.L. (2007). The relation between symptom validity testing and MMPI-2 scores as a function of forensic evaluation context. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 489-499.

Yanez, Y. T., Fremouw, W., Tennant, J., Strunk, J., & Coker, K. (2006). Effects of severe depression on TOMM performance among disability-seeking outpatients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 161-166.

Yantz, C. L., Gavett, B. E., Lynch, J. K., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2006). Potential for interpretation disparities of Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery performances in a litigating sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 809-817.

Validity Indicator Profile


Frederick, R.I. (in press). Tests and techniques that detect malingering. In P. Halligan, Malingering and Illness Deception. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Frederick, R.I. (1997). Manual for the Validity Indicator Profile. Minnetonka, MN: NCS Assessments.


Frederick, R.I. (2002). Review of the Validity Indicator Profile. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 125-145.

Frederick, R.I. (2002). Teaching point on malingering detection. In K. Heilbrun, G. Marczyk, & D. DeMatteo, Forensic mental health assessment: A casebook. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frederick, R.I., Crosby, R.D., & Wynkoop, T.F. (2000). Performance curve classification of invalid responding on the Validity Indicator Profile. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 281-300.

Frederick, R.I., & Crosby, R.D. (2000). Development and validation of the Validity Indicator Profile. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 59-82.

Frederick, R. I., Sarfaty, S. D., Johnston, J. D., & Powel, J. (1994). Validation of a detector of response bias on a forced-choice test of nonverbal ability. Neuropsychology, 8, 118-125.

Frederick, R. I., & Foster, H. G. (1991). Multiple measures of malingering on a forced-choice test of cognitive ability. Psychological Assessment, 3, 596-602.

Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT)

Bauer, L., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2006). Coverage of the Test of Memory Malingering, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, and Word Memory Test on the internet: Is test security threatened? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 121-126.

Doss, R.C., Chelune, G.J., & Naugle, R.I. (1999). Victoria Symptom Validity Test: Compensation-seeking vs. non-compensation-seeking patients in a general clinical setting. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1, 5-20.

Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Naugle, R. I., Haggerty, K. A., & Busch, R. M. (2007). The latent structure of cognitive symptom exaggeration on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 197-212.

Grote, C.L., Kooker, E.K., Garron, D.C., Nyenhuis, D.L., Smith, C.A., & Mattingly, M.L. (2000). Performance of compensation seeking and non-compensation seeking samples on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test: Cross-validation and extension of a standardization study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 709-719.

Haggerty, K.A., Frazier, T.W., Busch, R.M., & Naugle, R.I. (2007). Relationships among Victoria Symptom Validity Test indices and Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales in a large clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 917-928.


Loring, D. W., Larrabee, G.J., Lee, G. P., & Meador, K. J. (2007). Victoria Symptom Validity Test performance in a heterogeneous clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 522-531.

Loring, D. W., Lee, G. P., & Meador, K. J. (2005). Victoria Symptom Validity Test performance in non-litigating epilepsy surgery candidates. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 610-617.

Macciocchi, S., Seel, R., Alderson, A., Godsall, R. (2006). Victoria Symptom Validity Test performance in acute severe traumatic brain injury: Implications for test interpretation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 395-404.


Slick, D., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., Hunter, M., & Pinch, D. (1994). Detecting dissumulation: Profiles of simulated malingerers, traumatic brain-injury patients, and normal controls on a revised version of Hiscock and Hiscock's forced-choice memory test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuroposychology, 16, 472-481.

Slick, D., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., & Spellacy, F. (1996). Victoria Symptom Validity Test: Efficiency for detecting feigned memory impairment and relationship to neuropsychological tests and MMPI-2 validity scales. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 911-922.

Slick, D., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., & Thompson, G.B. (1997). Victoria Symptom Validity Test version 1.0 Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Slick, D., Tan, J., Strauss, E., Mateer, C., Harnadek, M., & Sherman, E. (2003). Victoria Symptom Validity Test scores of patients with profound memory impairment: Nonlitigant case studies. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 390-394.


Strauss, E., Hultsch, D.F., Hunter, M., Slick, D., Patry, B., & Levy-Bencheton, J. (2000). Using intraindividual variability to detect malingering in cognitive performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 420-432.


Thompson, G.B. (2002). The Victoria Symptom Validity Test: An enhanced test of symptom validity. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 43-67.



Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT)


Hilsabeck, R.C., & Gouvier, W.D. (2005). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Further validation of the Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1025-1041.

Hilsabeck, R.C., LeCompte, D.C., Marks, A.R., & Grafman, J. (2001). The Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT): A test to detect sophisticated simulators. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 669-677.

Word Memory Test (WMT)

Bauer, L., & McCaffrey, R.J. (2006). Coverage of the Test of Memory Malingering, Victoria Symptom Validity Test, and Word Memory Test on the internet: Is test security threatened? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 121-126.

Bauer, L., O’Bryant, S.E., Lynch, J.K., McCaffrey, R.J., & Fisher, J.M. (2007). Examining the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 and Word Memory Test Immediate Recognition as screening tools for insufficient effort. Assessment, 14, 215-222.

Bowden, S.C., Shores, E.A., & Mathias, J.L. (2006). Does effort suppress cognition after traumatic brain injury? A re-examination of the evidence for the Word Memory Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 858-872.

Courtney, J., Dinkins, J., Allen, L., & Kuroski, K. (2003). Age-related effects in children taking the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias and the Word Memory Test. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 109-116.

Dunn, T.M., Shear, P.K., Howe, S., & Ris, M.D. (2003). Detecting neuropsychological malingering: Effects of coaching and information. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 121-134.

Flaro, L., Green, P., & Robertson, E. (2007) Word Memory Test failure 23 times higher in mild brain injury than parents seeking custody: The power of external incentives. Brain Injury, 21, 4, 373-383.

Gervais, R. O., Green P. , Allen, L. M., & Iverson, G. L. (2001). Effects of coaching on symptom validity testing in chronic pain patients presenting for disability assessments. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-19.

Gervais, R., Green, P. & Ford, W. (2001). Age effects on the WMT performance in disability-related assessments. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 809.


Gervais, R., Russell, A., Green, P., Allen, L., Ferrari, R., & Pieschl, S. (2001). Effort testing in patients with fibromyalgia and disability incentives. The Journal of Rheumatology, 28, 1892-1899.

Gorissen, M., Sanz, J.C., & Schmand, B. (2005). Effort and cognition in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 78, 199-208.

Greiffenstein, M., Greve, K., Bianchini, K., & Baker, W.J. (2008). Test of Memory Malingering and Word Memory Test: A new comparison of failure concordance rates. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 801-808.

Green, P., Gervais, R. & Allen, L. M. (2001). Word Memory Test in normal controls and clinical cases simulating impairment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 849-850.

Green, P., Iverson, G. L., & Allen, L. (1999). Detecting malingering in head injury litigation with the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury, 13, 813-819.

Green, P., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Allen, L. M. (2002). The Word Memory Test and the validity of neuropsychological test scores. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 97-124.

Green, P., Rohling, M. L., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Allen, L. M. (2001). Effort has a greater effect on test scores than severe brain injury in compensation claimants. Brain Injury, 15, 1045-1060.


Henry, G.K., Heilbronner, R.L., Mittenberg, W., & Enders, C. (2006). The Henry-Heilbronner Index: A 15-item empirically derived MMPI-2 subscale for identifying

probable malingering in personal injury litigants and disability claimants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 786-797.

Iverson, G., Green, P., & Gervais, R. (1999). Using the Word Memory Test to detect biased responding in head injury litigation. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, _, 2-6.


Morel, K. R. (2008). Comparison of the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to the Word Memory Test in neuropsychological evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 350-362.

Osmon, D. C., Plambek, E., Klein, L., & Mano, Q. (2006). The Word Reading Test of Effort in adult learning disability: A simulation study. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 315-324.

Rohling, M. L., Green, P., Allen III, L. M., & Iverson, G. (2002). Depressive symptoms and neurocognitive test scores in patients passing symptom validity tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 205-222.


Suhr, J., Hammers, D., Dobbins-Buckland, K., Zimak, E., & Hughes, C. (2008). The relationship of malingering test failiure to self-reported symtpoms and neuropsychological findings in adults referred for ADHD evaluation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 521-530.


Williamson, D. J., Green, P., Allen, L., & Rohling, M. (2003). Evaluating effort with the Word Memory Test and Category Test – or not: Inconsistencies in compensation-seeking sample. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 19-44.


Other Recall and Recognition Tasks and Symptom Validity Tests

Brandt, J., Rubinsky, E., & Lassen, G. (1985). Uncovering malingered amnesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 44, 502-503.

Chouinard, M., & Rouleau, I. (1997). The 48-Pictures Test: A two-alternative forced-choice recognition test for the detection of malingering. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 545-552.

Davis, H., King, J.H., Bloodworth, M., Spring, A., & Klebe, K. (1997). The detection of simulated malingering using a computerized category classification test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 191-198.

Davis, H., King, J.H., Klebe, K., Bajszar, G., Bloodworth, M., & Wallick, S. (1997). The detection of simulated malingering using a computerized priming test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 145-153.

Frederick R.I., & Speed, F.M. (2007). On the interpretation of below-chance responding in forced-choice tests. Assessment, 14, 3-11.


Iverson, G., Franzen, M., & McCracken, L. (1991). Evaluation of an objective assessment technique for the detection of malingered memory deficits. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 667-676.

Iverson, G., Franzen, M., & McCracken, L. (1994). Application of a forced-choice memory procedure designed to detect experimental malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9, 437-450.

Jelicic, M., Merckelback, H., & van Bergen, S. (2004). Symptom validity testing of feigned amnesia for a mock crime. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 525-531.


Morel, K. R. (2008). Comparison of the Morel Emotional Numbing Test for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to the Word Memory Test in neuropsychological evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 350-362.

Osmon, D. C., Plambek, E., Klein, L., & Mano, Q. (2006). The Word Reading Test of Effort in adult learning disability: A simulation study. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 315-324.


Wiggins, E., & Brandt, J. (1988). The detection of simulated amnesia. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 57-78.

APPENDIX B: Neuropsychological and Psychological Measures Used to Identify Insuficient Effort and Malingering: A Cross-Referenced Bibliography

California Verbal Learning Test

Ashendorf, L., O’Bryant, S. E., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2003). Specificity of malingering detection strategies in older adults using the CVLT and WCST. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 255-262.

Baker, R., Donders, J., & Thompson, E. (2000). Assessment of incomplete effort with the California Verbal Learning Test. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 111-114.


Coleman, R., Rapport, L., Millis, S., Ricker, J., & Farchione, T. (1998). Effects of coaching on detection of malingering on the California Verbal Learning Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 201-210.

Curtis, K.L., Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., & Brennan, A. (2006). California Verbal Learning Test indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Sensitivity and specificity in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 13, 46-61.

Demakis, G.J. (1999). Serial malingering on verbal and nonverbal fluency and memory measures: An analogue investigation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 401-410.

Demakis, G.J. (2004). Application of clinically-derived malingering cutoffs on the California Verbal Learning Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised to an analog malingering study. Applied Neuropsychology, 11, 220-226.

Martens, M., Donders, J.D., & Millis, S.R. (2001). Evaluation of invalid response set after traumatic head injury. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-18.

Millis, S., & Putnam, S. (1997). The California Verbal Learning Test in the assessment of financially compensable mild head injury: Further developments. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 225-226.

Millis, S., Putnam, S., Adams, K., & Ricker, J. (1995). The California Verbal Learning Test in the detection of incomplete effort in neuropsychological evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 7, 463-471.

Moore, B., & Donders, J. (2004). Predictors of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 18, 975-984.

Slick, D.J., Iverson, G.L., & Green, P. (2000). California Verbal Learning Test indicators of suboptimal performance in a sample of head-injury litigants. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 569-579.

Sweet, J.J., Wolfe, P., Sattlberger, E., Numan, B., Rosenfeld, J.P., Clingerman, S., & Nies, K.J. (2000). Further investigation of traumatic brain injury versus insufficient effort with the California Verbal Learning Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 105-113.

Trueblood, W., & Schmidt, M. (1993). Malingering and other validity considerations in the neuropsychological evaluation of mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 578-590.

Trueblood, W. (1994). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of malingered and other invalid WAIS-R and clinical memory data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 597-607.

California Verbal Learning Test-2 nd edition

Bauer, L., Yantz, C.L., Ryan, L.M., Warden, D.L., & McCaffrey, R.J. (2005). An examination of the California Verbal Learning Test II to detect incomplete effort in a traumatic brain-injury sample. Applied Neuropsychology, 12, 202-207.

Curtis, K.L., Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., & Brennan, A. (2006). California Verbal Learning Test indicators of Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction: Sensitivity and specificity in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 13, 46-61.

Donders, J. (2006). Performance discrepancies on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) in the standardization sample. Psychological Assessment, 18, 458-463.

Donders, J., & Boonstra, T. (2007). Correlates of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injry. Brain Injury, 21, 319-326.


Moore, B.A., & Donders, J. (2004). Predictors of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 18, 975-984.

Root, J.C., Robbins, R.M., Chang, L., & van Gorp, W.G. (2006). Detection of inadequate effort on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition: Forced choice recognition and critical item analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological society, 12 , 688-696.

Category Test and Booklet Category Test

Bolter, J.F., Picano, J.J., & Zych, K. (1985). Item error frequencies on the Halstead Category Test: An index of performance validity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Academy of Neuropsychology, Philadelphia, PA.

DiCarlo, M. A., Gfeller, J. D., & Oliveri, M . V. (2000). Effects of coaching on detecting feigned cognitive impairment with the Category Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 399-413.

Ellwanger, J., Tenhula, W., Rosenfeld, J.P., & Sweet, J.(1999). Identifying simulators of cognitive deficit through combined use of neuropsychological test performance and event- event-related potentials (ERPs). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 866-879.

Forrest, T., Allen, D., & Goldstein, G. (2004). Malingering indexes for the Halstead Category Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 334-347.

Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., & Roberson, T. (2007). The Booklet Category Test and malingering in traumatic brain injury: Classification accuracy in known groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 318-337.

Sweet, J., & King, J. (2002). Category test validity indicators: Overview and practice recommendations. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 241-274. (Also published as a book chapter in J. Hom & R. Denney (Eds.) (2002). Detection of response bias in forensic neuropsychology. New York: Haworth Medical Press.)

Tenhula, W., & Sweet, J. (1996). Double cross-validation of the Booklet Category Test in detecting malingered traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 104-116.

Williamson, D. J., Green, P., Allen, L., & Rohling, M. (2003). Evaluating effort with the Word Memory Test and Category Test – or not: Inconsistencies in compensation-seeking sample. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 19-44.

Yantz, C. L., Gavett, B. E., Lynch, J. K., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2006). Potential for interpretation disparities of Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery performances in a litigating sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 809-817.

Computerized Tests of Information Processing

Willison, J., & Tombaugh, T. N. (2006). Detecting simulation of attention deficits using reaction time tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 41-52.

Controlled Oral Word Association

Demakis, G. (1999). Serial malingering on verbal and nonverbal fluency and memory measures: An analogue investigation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 401-410.

Curtis, K.L., Thompson, L.K., Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2008). Verbal fluency indicators of malingering in traumatic brain injury: Classification accuracy in known groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 930-945.

Silverberg, N. D., Hanks, R. A., Buchanan, L., Fichtenberg, N., & Millis, S. R. (2008). Detecting response bias with performance patterns on an expanded version of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 140-157.

Dichotic Listening

Meyers, J.E., Galinsky, A.M., & Volbrecht, M. (1999). Malingering and mild brain injury: How low is too low. Applied Neuropsychology, 6, 208-216.

Meyers, J. E. & Volbrecht, M. E. (2003). Validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 261-276.

Digit Span (see also: Reliable Digit Span)

Axelrod, B., Fichtenberg, N., Millis, S., & Wertheimer, J. (2006). Detecting incomplete effort with Digit Span from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 513-523.

Babikian, T., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various digit span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 145-159.





Fisher, H. L., & Rose, D. (2005). Comparison of the effectiveness of two versions of the Rey Memory Test in discriminating between actual and simulated memory impairment, with and without the addition of a standard memory test. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 840-858.

Franzen, M. D., & Martin, N. (1996). Do people with knowledge fake better? Applied Neuropsychology, 3, 82-85.




Greve, K.W., Springer, S., Bianchini, K.J., Black, F.W., Heinly, M.T., Love, J.M., Swift, D.A., & Ciota, M.A. (2007). Malingering in toxic exposure: Classification accuracy of Reliable Digit Span and WAIS-III Digit Span scaled scores. Assessment, 14, 12-21.

Heaton, R., Smith, H., Lehman, R., & Vogt, A. (1978). Prospects for faking believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 892-900.

Heinly, M.T., Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., Love, J.L., & Brennan, A. (2005). WAIS Digit Span-based indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Classification accuracy in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 12, 429-444.

Iverson, G., & Franzen, M. (1994). The Recognition Memory Test, Digit Span, and Knox Cube Test as markers of malingered memory impairment. Assessment, 1, 323-334.


Iverson, G., & Tulsky, D. (2003). Detecting malingering on the WAIS-III: Unusual Digit Span performance patterns in the normal populations and in clinical groups. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 1-9.

Martin, R., Hayes, J., & Gouvier, W.D. (1996). Differential vulnerability between postconcussion self-report and objective malingering tests in identifying simulated mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 265-275.


Meyers, J., & Volbrecht, M. (1998). Validation of reliable digits for detection of malingering. Assessment, 5, 303-307.

Mittenberg, W., Theroux-Fichera, S., Zielinski, R., & Heilbronner, R. (1995). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 491-498.

Pachana, N. A., Boone, K. B., & Ganzell, S. L. (1998). False positive errors on selected tests of malingering. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 16, 17-25.

Rawling, P., & Brooks, D. (1990). Simulation Index: A method for detecting factitious errors on the WAIS-R and WMS. Neuropsychology, 4, 223-238. a

Ross, S. R., Putnam, S. H., Millis, S. R., Adams, K. M., & Krukowski, R. A. (2006). Detecting insufficient effort using the Seashore Rhythm and Speech-Sounds Perception Tests in head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 798-815.

Schwarz, L. R., Gfeller, J. D., & Oliveri, M. V. (2006). Detecting feigned impairment with the digit span and vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 741-753.

Shum, D. H. K., O’Gorman, J. G., & Alpar, A. (2004). Effects of incentive and preparation time on performance and classification accuracy of standard and malingering-specific memory tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 817-823.


Suhr, J., Tranel, D., Wefel, J., & Barrash, J. (1997). Memory performance after head injury: Contributions of malingering, litigation status, psychological factors, and medication use. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 500-514.



Vickery, C., Berry, D. T. R., Dearth, C., Vagnini, V., Baser, R., Cragar, D., & Orey, S. (2004). Head injury and the ability to feign neuropsychological deficits. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 37-48.


Finger Tapping

Arnold, G., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., Dean, A., Wen, J., Nitch, S. & McPherson, S. (2005). Sensitivity and specificity of finger tapping test scores for the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 105-120.



Greiffenstein, M.F. (2007). Chapter 6. Motor, sensory, and perceptual-motor pseudoabnormalities. In G.J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 100-130). New York: Oxford University Press.


Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., & Gola, T. (1996). Motor dysfunction profiles in traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 477-485.


Larrabee, G.J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 410-425.


Rapport, L., Farchione, T., Coleman, R., & Axelrod, B. (1998). Effects of coaching on malingered motor function profiles. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 89-97.


Tanner, B.A., Bowles, R.L., & Tanner, E.L. (2003). Detection of intentional sub-optimal performance on a computerized finger-tapping task. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 123-131.



Grip Strength (dynamometer)

Gilbert, J. C., & Knowlton, R. G. (1983). Simple method to determine sincerity of effort during a maximal isometric test of grip strength. American Journal Physical Medicine, 62(3), 135-144.

Greiffenstein, M.F. (2007). Chapter 6. Motor, sensory, and perceptual-motor pseudoabnormalities. In G.J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 100-130). New York: Oxford University Press.

Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J. (2006). Miller was (mostly) right: Head injury severity inversely related to simulation. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 11, 131-145.


Hamilton, A., Balnave, R., & Adams, R. (1994). Grip strength testing reliability. Journal of Hand Therapy, 7(3), 163-170.

Niebuhr, B.R., & Marion, R. (1987). Detecting sincerity of effort when measuring grip strength. American Journal Physical Medicine, 66(1), 16-24.


Smith, G.A., Nelson, R.C., Sadoff, S.J., & Sadoff, A.M. (1989). Assessing sincerity of effort in maximal grip strength tests. American Journal Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 68(2), 73-80.



Grooved Pegs



Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery

Faust, D. Hart, K. Guilmette, T. J., & Arkes, H. R. (1988). Neuropsychologists’ capacity to detect adolescent malingerers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 508-515.

Goebel, R. A. (1983). Detection of faking on the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 731-742.


McKinzey, R.K., & Russell, E.W. (1997). Detection of malingering on the Halstead-Reitan Battery: A cross-validation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 585-589.

Mittenberg, W., Rotholc, A., Russell, E., & Heilbronner, R. (1996). Identification of malingered head injury on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 271-281.

Reitan, R., & Wolfson, D. (1996). The question of validity of neuropsychological test scores among head-injured litigants: Development of a dissimulation index. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 573-580.

Reitan, R. & Wolfson, D. (2002). Detection and malingering and invalid test results using the Halstead-Reitan Battery. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 275-314.

Ross, S.R., Putnam, S.H., & Adams, K.M. (2006). Psychological disturbance, incomplete effort, and compensation – seeking status as predictors of neuropsychological test performance in head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 111-125.


Trueblood, W., & Binder, L. (1997). Psychologists' accuracy in identifying neuropsychological test protocols of clinical malingerers. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 13-27.

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R)


Judgment of Line Orientation Test

Iverson, G.L. (2001). Can malingering be identified with the judgment of line orientation test? Applied Neuropsychology, 8, 167.


Knox Cube Test


Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

Golden, C.J., & Grier, C.A. (1998). Detecting malingering on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. In C. R. E. Reynolds (Ed.), Detection of malingering during head injury litigation. New York: Plenum Press.

Mensch, A.J., & Woods, D.J. (1986). Patterns of feigning brain damage on the LNNB. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 59-63.

McKinzey, R., Podd, M., Krehbiel, M., Mensch, A., & Conley Trombka, C. (1997). Detection of malingering on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: An initial and cross-validation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 505-512.

Memory Assessment Scales


O’Bryant, S., Duff, K., Fisher, J., & McCaffrey, R. (2004). Performance profiles and cut-off scores on the Memory Assessment Scales. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 489-496.

Ross, S., Krukowski, R., Putnam, S., & Adams, K. (2003). The Memory Assessment Scales in the detection of incomplete effort in mild head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 581-591.

MCMI-III

Daubert, S.D., & Metzler, A.E. (2000). The detection of fake-bad and fake-good responding on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III. Psychological Assessment, 12, 418-424.


Rogers, R. (2003). Forensic use and abuse of psychological tests: Multiscale inventories. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 9, 316-320.


Schoenberg, M.R., Dorr, D., & Morgan, C.D. (2003). The Ability of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory—Third Edition to Detect Malingering. Psychological Assessment, 15, 198-204.

http://ruth.fuller.edu:2063/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+0E82BA00-E7DD-486E-B359-AEEE90A8DDC4@sessionmgr6+dbs+psyh+cp+1+F6F9&_us=sel+False+frn+1+sl+0+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1%3B2+or+Date+fh+False+ss+SO+sm+ES+mdbs+psyh+dstb+ES+mh+1+ri+KAAACBRC00047316+5933&_uso=hd+False+tg%5B2+-+tg%5B1+-KW+tg%5B0+-KW+st%5B2+-+st%5B1+-MMPI-2+st%5B0+-PAI+db%5B0+-psyh+op%5B2+-And+op%5B1+-And+op%5B0+-+0A27&fn=1&rn=2

MMPI/MMPI-2

Aguerrevere, L., Greve, K., Bianchini, K., & Meyers, J. (2008). Detecting malingering in traumatic brain injury and chronic pain with an abbreviated version of the Meyers Index for the MMPI-2. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 831-838.

Arbisi, P.A., Ben-Porath, Y.S., & McNulty, J. (2003). Refinement of the MMPI-2 F(p) scale is not necessary: A response to Gass and Luis. Assessment , 10 , 123-128.

Arbisi, P.A., Ben-Porath, Y.S., & McNulty, J. (2006). The ability of the MMPI-2 to detect feigned PTSD within the context of compensation seeking. Psychological Services, 3, 249-261.

Arbisi, P.A., Murdoch, M., Fortier, L., & McNulty, J. (2004). MMPI-2 Validity and award of service connection for PTSD during the VA Compensation and Pension Evaluation. Psychological Services, 1, 56-67.

Bacchiochi, J.R., & Bagby, R.M. (2006). Development and validation of the Malingering Discriminant Function Index for the MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 51-61.

Bagby et al. (2000). Can the MMPI-2 validity scales detect depression feigned by experts? Assessment, 7, 55-62.

Bagby, R.M., & Marshall, M.B. (2004). Assessing underreporting response bias on the MMPI-2. Assessment, 11, 115-126.

Bagby, R.M., Marshall, M.B., & Bacchiochi, J.R. (2005). The validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 malingering depression scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 304-311.

Bagby, R.M., Nicholson, R.A., Bacchiochi, J.R., Ryder, A.G., & Bury, A. (2002). The predictive capacity of the MMPI-2 and PAI validity scales and index to detect coached and uncoached feigning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 69-86.

Berry, D., Baer, R., & Harris, M. (1991). Detection of malingering on the MMPI: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 585-598.

Bianchini, K. J., Curtis, K. L., & Greve, K. W. (2006). Compensation and malingering in traumatic brain injury: A dose-response relationship? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 831-847.

Bianchini, K., Etherton, J., Greve, K., Heinly, M., & Meyers, J. (2008). Classification accuracy of MMPI-2 validity scales in the detection of pain-related malingering: A known-groups study. Assessment, 15, 435-449.

Bianchini, K., Houston, R., Greve, K., Irvin, R., Black, F. W., Swift, D., & Tamimie, R. (2003). Malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in neurotoxic exposure: An application of the Slick criteria. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1087-1099.

Binder, L. M., Storzbach, D., & Salinsky, M. C. (2006). MMPI-2 profiles of persons with multiple chemical sensitivity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 848-857.

Boone, K.B., & Lu, P.H. (1999). Impact of somatoform symptomatology on credibility of cognitive performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 414-419.

Braxton, L. E., Calhoun, P. S., Williams, J. E., & Boggs, C. D. (2007). Validity rates of the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 in a VA Medical Center Setting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 5-15.

Bury, A. S., & Bagby, R. M. (2002). The detection of feigned uncoached and coached posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims. Psychological Assessment, 14, 472-484.

Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A. & Kaemmer, B. (1989). MMPI-2 manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Clark, M. E., Gironda, R. J., & Young, R.W. (2003). Detection of back random responding: Effectiveness of MMPI-2 and Personality Assessment Inventory validity indices. Psychological Assessment, 15, 223-234.

Clifford, D., Byrne, M. K., & Allan, C. (2004). Getting caught in court: Base rates for malingering in Australasian litigants. Psychiatry, Psychology, & Law, 11, 197-201.

Cramer, K. M. (1995). The effects of description clarity and disorder type on MMPI-2 fake-bad validity indices. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 831-840.

Crawford, E. F., Greene, R. L., Dupart, T. M., Bongar, B., & Childs, H. (2006). MMPI-2 assessment of malingered emotional distress related to a workplace injury: A mixed group validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 217-221.

Cukrowicz, K. C., Reardon, M. L., Donohue, K. F., & Joiner, T. E. (2004). MMPI-2 F scale as a predictor of acute versus chronic disorder classification. Assessment, 11, 145-151.

Dearth, C. S., Berry, T. R., Vickery, C. D., Vagnini, V. L., Baser, R. E., Orey, S. A., & Cragar, D. E. (2005). Detection of feigned head injury symptoms on the MMPI-2 in head injured patients and community controls. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 95-110.

Downing, S.K., Denney, R.L., Spray, B.J., Houston, C.M., & Halfaker, D.A. (in press). Examining the relationship between the Reconstructed Clinical Scales and the Fake Bad Scale of the MMPI-2. The Clinical Neuropsychologist.

Dush, D., Simons, L., Platt, M., Nation, P., & Ayres, S. (1994). Psychological profiles distinguishing litigating and nonlitigating pain patients: Subtle and not so subtle. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 299-313.

Ethai, J.D., Gold, P. B., Frueh, B. C., & Gold, S. N. (2000). Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 449-463.

Elhai, J.D. (2001). “Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered post-traumatic stress disorder”: Errata. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 189.

Elhai, J.D., & Frueh, B.C. (2001). Subtypes of clinical presentations in malingerers of posttraumatic stress disorder: An MMPI-2 cluster anyalysis. Assessment, 8, 75-84.

Elhai, J.D., Gold, S.N., Sellers, A.H., & Dorfman, W.I. (2001). The detection of malingered posttraumatic stress disorder with MMPI-2 Fake Bad Indices. Assessment, 8, 221-236.

Elhai, J.D., Naifeh, J.A., Zucker, I.S., et al. (2004). Discriminating malingered from genuine civilian posttraumatic stress disorder: A validation of three MMPI-2 infrequency scales (F, Fp, and Fpstd): Erratum. Assessment, 11, 271-271.


Fox, D.D., Gerson, A, & Lees-Haley, P.R. (1995). Interrelationship of MMPI-2 validity scales in personal injury claims. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 42-47.

Gassen, M.D., Pietz, C.A., Spray, B.J., & Denney, R.L. (2007). Accuracy of Megargee's Criminal Offender Infrequency (FC) Scale in detecting malingering among forensic examinees. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 493-504.

Gervais, R.O., Ben-Porath, Y.S., Wygant, D.B., & Green, P. (2007). Development and validation of a Response Bias Scale (RBS) for the MMPI-2. Assessment, 14 (2), 196-208.


Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., Axelrod, B., Peck, E. A., & Gervais, R. (2004). The fake bad scale and MMPI-2 F-family in detection of implausible psychological trauma claims. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 573-590.

Greiffenstein, M. F., Baker, W. J., Gola, T., Donders, J. & Miller, L. J. (2002). The FBS in atypical and severe closed head injury litigants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1591-1600.

Greiffenstein, M. F., Gola, T., & Baker, J. W. (1995). MMPI-2 validity scales versus domain specific measures in detection of factitious traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 230-240.

Greiffenstein, M.F., Fox, D., & Lees-Haley, P.R. (2007). The MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale in detection of noncredible brain injury claims. In K.B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of Feigned Cognitive Impairment: A Neuropsychological Perspective (pp. 210-235). New York: Guilford Press.

Greve, K., Bianchini, K., Love, J., Brennan, A., & Heinly, M. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of MMPI-2 validity scales and indicators to malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 491-512.

Grillo, J., Brown, R., Hilsabeck, R., Price, J., R.,& Lees-Haley, P. (1994). Raising doubts about claims of malingering: Implications of relationships between MCM-II and MMPI-2 performances. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 651-655.

Guez, M., Brannstrom, R., Nyberg, L., Toolanen, G., & Hildingsson, C. (2005). Neuropsychological functioning and MMPI-2 profiles in chronic neck pain: A comparison of whiplash and non-traumatic groups. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 151-163.


Henry, G.K., Heilbronner, R.L., Mittenberg, W., Enders, C., & Roberts, D.M. (2008). Empirical derivation of a new MMPI-2 scale for identifying probable malingering in personal injury litigants and disability claimants: The 15-Item Malingered Mood Disorder Scale (MMDS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 158-168.

Henry, G.K., Heilbronner, R.L., Mittenberg, W., Enders, C., & Stanczak, S.R. (2008). Comparison of the Lees-Haley Fake Bad Scale, Henry-Heilbronner Index, and Restructured Clinical Scale 1 in identifying noncredible symptom reporting. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 919-929.

Iverson, G. L. & Binder, L. M., (2000). Detecting exaggeration and malingering in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15, 829-858.

Iverson, G. L., Henrichs, T. F., Barton, E. A., & Allen, S. (2002). Specificity of the MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale as a marker for personal injury malingering. Psychological Reports, 90, 131-136.

Larrabee, G.J. (1997). Neuropsychological outcome, post concussion symptoms, and forensic considerations in mild closed head trauma. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 2, 196-206.

Larrabee, G.J. (1998). Somatic malingering on the MMPI and MMPI-2 in personal injury litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 179-188.

Larrabee, G.J. (2003). Exaggerated pain report in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 395-401.


Larrabee, G.J. (2003). Detection of symptom exaggeration with the MMPI-2 in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 54-68.

Larrabee, G.J. (2003). Exaggerated MMPI-2 symptom report in personal injury litigants with malingered neurocognitive deficit. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 673-686.

Lees-Haley, P.R. (1992). Efficacy of MMPI-2 validity scales and MCMI-II modifier scales for detecting spurious PTSD claims: F, F-K, Fake Bad Scale, ego strength, subtle-obvious subscales, DIS, and DEB. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 681-689.

Lees-Haley, P. R. (1997). MMPI-2 base rates for 492 personal injury plaintiffs: Implications and challenges for forensic assessment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 745-755.

Lees-Haley, P. R., English, L. T., & Glenn, W. J. (1991). A Fake Bad Scale on the MMPI-2 for personal injury claimants. Psychological Reports, 68, 203-210.

Lees-Haley, P. R., Iverson, G. L., Lange, R. T., Fox, D. D., Allen, L. M. (2002). Malingering in forensic neuropsychology: Daubert and the MMPI-2. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 167-203.

Lewis, J. L., Simcox, A. M., & Berry, D. T. R. (2002). Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology. Psychological Assessment, 14, 170-176.

Marshall, M.B., & Bagby, R.M. (2006). The incremental validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 Infrequency Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Assessment, 13, 417-429.

Martens, M., Donders, J.D., & Millis, S.R. (2001). Evaluation of invalid response set after traumatic head injury. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-18.


Meyers, J. E., Millis, S. R., & Volkert, K. (2002). A validity index for the MMPI-2. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 157-169.

Miller, L. J. & Donders, J. (2001). Subjective symptomology after traumatic head injury. Brain Injury, 15, 297-304.

Nelson, N. W., Sweet, J. J., & Heilbronner, R. (2007). Examination of the new MMPI-2 Response Bias Scale (Gervais): Relationship with MMPI-2 validity scales. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology29, 67-72.

Nelson, N. W., Parsons, T. D., Grote, C. L., Smith, C. A., & Sisung, J. (2006). The MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale: Concordance and specificity of true and estimated scores. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1-12.

Nelson, N.W., Sweet, J.J., Berry, D.T.R., Bryant, F.B., & Granacher, R.P. (2007). Response validity in forensic neuropsychology: Exploratory factor analytic evidence of distinct cognitive and psychological constructs. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 3, 440-449.

Nelson, N.W., Sweet, J.J., & Demakis, G.J. (2006). Meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale: Utility in forensic practice. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 39-58.

Pope, K.S., Butcher, J.N., & Seelen, J. (2000). The MMPI, MMPI-2, & MMPI-A In Court. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Posthuma, A.B. & Harper, J.F. (1998). Comparison of MMPI-2 responses of child custody and personal injury litigants. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 437-443.

Rogers, R., Sewell, K.W., Martin, M.A., & Vitacco, M.J. (2003). Detection of feigned mental disorders: A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering. Assessment, 10, 160-177.

Rogers, R., Sewell, K.W., & Ustad, L.L. (1995). Feigning among chronic outpatients on the MMPI-2: A systematic examination of fake-bad indicators. Assessment, 2, 81-89.

Rogers, R. (2003). Forensic use and abuse of psychological tests: Multiscale inventories. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 9, 316-320.

Ross, S.R., Millis, S.R., Krukowski, R.A., Putnam, S.H., & Adams, K.M. (2004). Detecting incomplete effort on the MMPI-2: An examination of the Fake Bad Scale in mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 115-124.


Ross, S.R., Putnam, S.H., Millis, S.R., Adams, K.M., & Krukowski, R.A. (2006). Detecting insufficient effort using the Seashore Rhythm and Speech-Sounds Perception Tests in head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 798-815.

Rothke, S.E., Friedman, A.F., Dahlstrom, W.G., Greene, R.L., Arredondo, R., & Mann, A.W. (1994). MMPI-2 normative data for the F-K Index: Implications for clinical, neuropsychological, and forensic practice. Assessment, 1, 1-15.

Rothke, S.E., Friedman, A.F., Jaffe, A.M., Greene, R.L., Wetter, M.W., Cole, P. & Baker, K. (2000). Normative data for the F(p) Scale of the MMPI-2: Implications for clinical and forensic assessment of malingering. Psychological Assessment, 12, 335-340.

Slick, D.J., Hopp, G., Strauss, E. & Spellacy, F.J. (1996). Victoria Symptom Validity Test: Efficiency for detecting feigned memory impairment and relationship to neuropsychological tests and MMPI-2 validity scales. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 911-922.

Staudenmayer, H., & Phillips, S. (2007). MMPI-2 validity, clinical and content scales, and the Fake Bad Scale for personal injury litigants claiming idiopathic environmental intolerance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 61-72.

Stone, D.C., Boone, K.B., Back-Madruga, C., & Lesser, I. M. (2006). Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive dysfunction in six cases of “toxic mold” exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 766-785.

Strong, D.R., Glassmire, D.M., Frederick, R.I., & Greene, R.L. (2006). Evaluating the latent structure of the MMPI-2 F(p) Scale in a forensic sample: A taxometric analysis. Psychological Assessment, 18, 250-261.

Sweet, J., Malina, A., & Ecklund-Johnson, E. (2006). Application of the new MMPI-2 Malingered Depression Scale to individuals undergoing neuropsychological evaluation: Relative lack of relationship to secondary gain and failure on validity indices. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 541-551.

http://ruth.fuller.edu:2063/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+0E82BA00-E7DD-486E-B359-AEEE90A8DDC4@sessionmgr6+dbs+psyh+cp+1+F6F9&_us=sel+False+frn+1+sl+0+hd+False+hs+True+cst+0%3B1%3B2+or+Date+fh+False+ss+SO+sm+ES+mdbs+psyh+dstb+ES+mh+1+ri+KAAACBRC00047316+5933&_uso=hd+False+tg%5B2+-+tg%5B1+-KW+tg%5B0+-KW+st%5B2+-+st%5B1+-MMPI-2+st%5B0+-PAI+db%5B0+-psyh+op%5B2+-And+op%5B1+-And+op%5B0+-+0A27&fn=1&rn=2

Temple, R., McBride, A., Horner, M., & Taylor, R. (2003). Personality characteristics of patients showing suboptimal cognitive effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 402-409.

Tsushima, W.T. & Tsushima, V.G. (2001). Comparison of the Fake Bad Scale and other MMPI-2 validity scales with personal injury litigants. Assessment, 8, 205-212.

Vagnini, V.L., Sollman, M.,J., Berry, D.T.R., Granacher, R.P., Clark, J.A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.

Van Gaasbeek, J.K., Denney, R.L., & Harmon, J. (2001). Another look at an MMPI-2 neurocorrective factor in forensic cases: Utility of the Fake Bad Scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,

Whitney, K., Davis, J., Shepard, P., & Herman S. (2008). Utility of the Response Bias Scale (RBS) and other MMPI-2 validity scales in predicting TOMM performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 777-786.


Youngjohn, J., Davis, D., & Wolf, I. (1997). Head injury and the MMPI-2: Paradoxical severity effects and the influence of litigation. Psychological Assessment, 9, 177-184.

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

Bagby, R. M., Nicholson, R. A., Bacchiochi, J. R., Ryder, A. G., & Bury, A. (2002). The predictive capacity of the MMPI-2 and PAI validity scales and index to detect coached and uncoached feigning. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 69-86.

Baity, M. R., Siefert, C. J., Chambers, A., & Blais, M. A. (2007). Deceptiveness on the PAI: A study of naïve faking with psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 16-24.

Blanchard, D. D., McGrath, R. E., & Pogge, D. L. (2003). A comparison of the PAI and MMPI-2 as predictors of faking bad in college students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 197-205.

Boccacini, M., Murrie, D., & Duncan, S. (2006). Screening for malingering in a criminal-forensic sample with the Personality Assessment Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 18, 415-423.

http://ruth.fuller.edu:2096/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+72AA6E13-B8E8-4EBC-82D4-1CD3B5791219@sessionmgr5+dbs+pbh%2Cpdh%2Cpsyh%2Cpxh+3A59&_us=sel+False+frn+1+sl+-1+hd+False+hs+False+or+Date+fh+False+ss+SO+sm+ES+mdbs+pbh%2Cpdh%2Cpsyh%2Cpxh+dstb+ES+mh+1+ri+KAAACBVA00000650+90D6&_uso=hd+False+tg%5B2+-+tg%5B1+-KW+tg%5B0+-KW+st%5B2+-+st%5B1+-forensic+st%5B0+-Personality++Assessment++Inventory+db%5B3+-pxh+db%5B2+-psyh+db%5B1+-pdh+db%5B0+-pbh+op%5B2+-And+op%5B1+-And+op%5B0+-+05D6&fn=1&rn=3


Braxton, L. E., Calhoun, P. S., Williams, J. E., & Boggs, C. D. (2007). Validity rates of the Personality Assessment Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 in a VA Medical Center Setting. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 5-15.

Clark, M. E., Gironda, R. J., & Young, R. W. (2003). Detection of back random responding: Effectiveness of MMPI-2 and Personality Assessment Inventory validity indices. Psychological Assessment, 15, 223-234.

Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., & Kropp, R. P. (2001). Validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory for forensic assessments. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45, 183-197.

Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G., & Watkins-Clay, M. M. (2007). Detection of malingering in psychiatric unit and general population prison inmates: A comparison of the PAI, SIMS, and SIRS. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 33-42.

Haggerty, K.A., Frazier, T.W., Busch, R.M., & Naugle, R.I. (2007). Relationships among Victoria Symptom Validity Test indices and Personality Assessment Inventory validity scales in a large clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 917-928.

Hopwood, C. J., Morey, L. C., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. (2007). Malingering on the Personality Assessment Inventory: Identification of specific feigned disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 43-48.

Kucharski, L. T., Toomey, J. P., Fila, K., & Duncan, S. (2007). Detection of malingering of psychiatric disorder with the Personality Assessment Inventory: An investigation of criminal defendants. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 25-32.

Kurtz, J. E., Shealy, S. E., & Putnam, S. H. (2007). Another look at paradoxical severity effects in head injury with the Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 66-73.

Peebles, J., & Moore, R.J. (1998). Detecting socially desirable responding with the Personality Assessment Inventory. The Positive Impression Management Scale and the Defensiveness Index. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 621-628.

Rogers, R., Sewell, K.W., & Cruise, K.R. (1998). The PAI and feigning: A cautionary note on its use in forensic-correctional settings. Assessment, 5, 399-405.

Scragg, P., Bor, R., & Mendham, M. (2000). Feigning post-traumatic stress disorder on the PAI. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 155-160.






Paced Auditory Serial Attention Task

Bernstein, D.M., & de Ruiter, S.W. (2000). The influence of motivation on neurocognitive performance long after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain and Cognition, 44, 50-58.

Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices

Gudjonsson, G.H., & Shacleton, H. (1986). The pattern of scores on Raven’s matrices during fake bad. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 35-41.

McKinzey, R.K., et al. (1999). Detection of malingering on Raven’s standard progressive matrices. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 435-439.

Reliable Digit Span


Babikian, T., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various digit span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 145-159.





Duncan, S.A. & Ausborn, D.L. (2002). The use of reliable digits to detect malingering in a criminal forensic pretrial population. Assessment, 9, 56-61.

Etherton, J., Bianchini, K., Ciota, M., & Greeve, K. (2005). Reliable digit span is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain. Assessment, 12, 101-106.

Etherton, J.L., Binachini, K.J., Ciota, M.A., & Greve, K.W. (2005). Reliable digit span is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain. Implications for clinical use. Assessment, 12, 101-106.

Etherton, J.L., Bianchini, K.J., Greve, K.W., & Heinly, M.T. (2005). Sensitivity and specificity of reliable digit span in malingered pain-related disability. Assessment, 12, 130-136.





Iverson, G.I., & Tulsky, D.S. (2003). Detecting malingering on the WAIS-III: Unusual Digit Span performance patterns in the normal population and in clinical groups. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 1-9.




Mathias, C.W., Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.B., Houston, R.J. & Crouch, J.A. (2002). Detecting malingered neurocognitive dysfunction using the Reliable Digit Span in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 9, 301-308.

Meyers, J.E., & Volbrecht, M. (1998).Validation of reliable digits for detection of malingering. Assessment, 5, 303-307.

Meyers, J.E., & Volbrecht, M.E. (2003). Validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 261-276.


Schwarz, L.R., Gfeller, J.D., & Oliveri, M.V. (2006). Detecting feigned impairment with the digit span and vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 741-753.


Stone, D.C., Boone, K.B., Back-Madruga, C., & Lessr, I.M. (2006). Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive dysfunction in six cases of “toxic mold” exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 766-785.

Suhr, J., & Barrash, J. (2007). Performance on standard attention, memory, and psychomotor speed tasks as indicators of malingering. In G. Larrabee (Ed.) Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits. New York: Guilford.

Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)

Silverberg, N.D., Wertheimer, J.C., & Fichtenberg, N.L. (2007). An effort index for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 841-854.

Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and variants

Barrash, J., Suhr, J., & Manzel, K. (2004). Detecting poor effort and malingering with an expanded version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLTX): Validation with clinical samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 125-140.


Bernard, L. (1991). The detection of faked deficits on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: The effect of serial position. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 81-88.


Binder, L., Villanueva, M., Howieson, D., & Moore, R. (1993). The Rey AVLT recognition memory task measures motivational impairment after mild head trauma. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 137-147.


Boone, K.B., Lu, P., & Wen, J. (2005). Comparison of various RAVLT scores in the detection of noncredible memory performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 301-320.



Frederick, R. I. (2000). A personal floor effect strategy to evaluate the validity of performance on memory tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 720-730.



Haines, M.E., & Norris, M.P. (2001). Comparing student and patient simulated malingerers’ performance on standard neuropsychological measures to detect feigned cognitive deficits. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 171-182.

King, J.H., Gfeller, J.G., & Davis, H.P. (1998). Detecting simulated memory impairment with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Implications of base rates and study generalizability. The Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 603-612.

Meyers, J. E., Morrison, A. L., & Miller, J. C. (2001). How low is too low, revisited: Sentence repetition and AVLT-Recognition in the detection of malingering. Applied Neuropsychology, 8, 234-241.



Pachana, N. A., Boone, K. B., & Ganzell, S. L. (1998). False positive errors on selected tests of malingering. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 16, 17-25.

Powell, M. R., Gfeller, J. D., Oliveri, M. V., Stanton, S., & Hendricks, B. (2004). The Rey AVLT serial position effect: A useful indicator of symptom exaggeration? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 465-476.

Sherman, D. S., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Razani, J. (2002). Re-examination of a Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test/Rey Complex Figure discriminant function to detect suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 242-250.

Silverberg, N., & Barrash, J. (2005). Further validation of the expanded Auditory Verbal Learning Test for detecting poor effort and response bias: Data from temporal lobectomy candidates. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 907-914.


Suhr, J. A. (2002). Malingering, coaching, and the serial position effect. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 69-77.

Suhr, J. A. & Gunstad, J. (2000). The effects of coaching on the sensitivity and specificity of malingering measures. Archives of Clinical Neurpsychology, 15, 415-424.

Suhr, J., Gunstad, J., Greub, B., & Barrash, J. (2004). Exaggeration Index for an expanded version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test: Robustness to coaching. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 416-427.

Suhr, J., Tranel, D., Wefel, J., & Barrash, J. (1997). Memory performance after head injury: Contributions of malingering, litigation status, psychological factors, and medication use. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 500-514.

Sullivan, K., Deffenti, C. & Keane, B. (2002). Malingering on the RAVLT part II. Detection strategies. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 223-233.

Sullivan, K., Keane, B., & Deffenti, C. (2001). Malingering on the RAVLT Part I. Deterrence strategies. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 627-641.

Rey Complex Figure





Lu, P., Boone, K.B., Cozolino, L., & Mitchell, C. (2003). Effectiveness of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Meyers and Meyers recognition trial in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 426-440.


Meyers, J. E. & Volbrecht, M. (1999). Detection of malingering using the Rey Complex Firgure and Recognition Trial. Applied Neuropsychology, 6, 201-207.



Sherman, D. S., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Razani, J. (2002). Re-examination of a Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test/Rey Complex Figure discriminant function to detect suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 242-250.

Ruff Figural Fluency


Seashore Rhythm Test

Gfeller, J., & Cradock, M. (1998). Detecting feigned neuropsychological impairment with the Seashore Rhythm Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 431-438.

Ross, S.R., Putnam, S.H., Millis, S.R., Adams, K. M., & Krukowski, R. A. (2006). Detecting insufficient effort using the Seashore Rhythm and Speech-Sounds Perception Tests in head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 798-815.


Yantz, C.L., Gavett, B.E., Lynch, J.K., & McCaffrey, R.J. (2006). Potential for interpretation disparities of Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery performances in a litigating sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 809-817.

Sensory-Perceptual Exam (selected portions)








Stroop Color-Word Test

Lu, P., Boone, K. B., Jimenez, N., & Razani, J. (2004). Failure to inhibit the reading response on the Stroop Test: A pathognomonic indicator of suspect effort. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 180-189.



Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA)

Leark, R.A., Dixon, D., Hoffman, T., & Huynh, D. (2002). Fake bad test response bias effects on the test of variables of attention. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 335-342.

Henry, G.K. (2005). Probable malingering and performance on the Test of Variables of Attention. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 19, 121-129.

Token Test


Meyers, J.E. & Volbrecht, M.E. (2003). Validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 261-276.

Trail Making Test

O’Bryant, S., Hilsabeck, R., Fisher, J., & McCaffrey, R. (2003). Utility of the Trail Making Test in the assessment of malingering in a sample of mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 69-74.


Haines, M.E., & Norris, M.P. (2001). Comparing student and patient simulated malingerers’ performance on standard neuropsychological measures to detect feigned cognitive deficits. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 171-182.

Iverson, G.L., Lange, R.T., Green, P., Franzen, M.D. (2002). Detecting exaggeration and malingering with the Trail Making Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 398-406.

Lange, R.T., Iverson, G.L., Green, P.l, & Franzen, M.D. (2001). Clinical base rates on the Trail Making Test in a TBI sample: Examination of the malingering hypothesis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 852.


Ruffolo, L.F., Guilmette, T.J., & Willis, W.G. (2000). Comparison of time and error rates on the Trail Making Test among patients with head injuries, experimental malingerers, patients with suspect effort on testing, and normal controls. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 223-230.


Vagnini, V.L., Sollman, M., J., Berry, D.T.R., Granacher, R.P., Clark, J.A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.


Trauma Symptom Inventory

Edens, J., Otto, R., & Dwyer, T. (1998). Susceptibility of theTrauma Symptom Inventory to malingering. Journal of Personality Assessment, 71, 379-392.

Rosen, G., Sawchuk, C., Atkins, D., Brown, M., Price, J.R., Lees-Haley, P. (2006). Risk of false positives when identifying malingered profiles using the Trauma Symptom Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86 , 329-333.

Visual Form Discrimination


Warrington Recognition Memory Test

Bianchini, K., Greve, K., & Love, J. (2003). Definite malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in moderate/severe traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 574-580.


Cradock, M., Gfeller, J., & Falkenhain, M. (1994, November). Detecting feigned memory deficits with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and the Recognition Memory Test (RMT). Presented at the Annual Conference of the National Academy of Neuropsychology, Orlando, Florida.


Hilsabeck, R. C., & Gouvier, W. D. (2005). Detecting simulated memory impairment: Further validation of the Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1025-1041.


Iverson, G., & Franzen, M. (1998). Detecting malingered memory deficits with the Recognition Memory Test. Brain Injury, 12, 275-282.

Millis, S. (1992). The Recognition Memory Test in the detection of malingered and exaggerated memory deficits. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 406-414.

Millis, S. (1994). Assessment of motivation and memory with the Recognition Memory Test after financially compensable mild head injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 601-605.

Millis, S.R. (2002). Warrington’s Recognition Memory Test in the detection of response bias. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 147-166.

Millis, S., & Putnam, S. (1994). The Recognition Memory Test in the assessment of memory impairment after financially compensable mild head injury: A replication. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 384-386.



Ross, S.R., Putnam, S.H., & Adams, K.M. (2006). Psychological disturbance, incomplete effort, and compensation – seeking status as predictors of neuropsychological test

performance in head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 111-125.


Stone, D.C., Boone, K.B., Back-Madruga, C., & Lessr, I.M. (2006). Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive dysfunction in six cases of “toxic mold” exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 766-785

Tardif, H.P., Barry, R.J., Fox, A.M., & Johnstone, S.J. (2000). Detection of feigned recognition memory impairment using the old/new effect of the event-related potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 1-9.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised

Demakis, G.J. (2004). Application of clinically-derived malingering cutoffs on the California Verbal Learning Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised to an analog malingering study. Applied Neuropsychology, 11, 220-226.

Demakis, G.J., Sweet, J.J., Sawyer, T.P., Moulthrop, M., Nies, K., & Clingerman, S. (2001). Discrepancy between predicted and obtained WAIS-R IQ scores discriminates between traumatic brain injury and insufficient effort. Psychological Assessment, 13, 240-248.

Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., Mathias, C.W., Houston, R.J., & Crouch, J.A. (2003). Detecting malingered performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Validation of Mittenberg’s approach in traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 245-260.

Milanovich, J., Axelrod, B., and Millis, S. (1996). Validation of the Simulation Index-Revised with a mixed clinical population. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 53-59.

Millis, S., Ross, S., & Ricker, J. (1998). Detection of incomplete effort on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: A cross-validation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 167-173.

Mittenberg, W., Theroux-Fichera, S., Zielinski, R., & Heilbronner, R. (1995). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 491-498.

Trueblood, W. (1994). Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of malingered and other invalid WAIS-R and clinical memory data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 597-607.

Rawling, P., & Brooks, D. (1990). Simulation Index: A method for detecting factitious errors on the WAIS-R and WMS. Neuropsychology, 4, 223-238.a



Williams, R. W. & Carlin, M. (1999). Malingering on the WAIS-R among disability claimants and applicants for vocational assistance. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 17, 35-45.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3 rd Edition



Etherton, J.L., Bianchini, K.J., Ciota, M.A., Heinly, M.T., & Greve, K.W. (2006). Pain, malingering, and the WAIS-III Working Memory Index. The Spine Journal, 6, 61-71.

Etherton, J., Bianchini, K., Heinly, M., & Greve, K. (2006). Pain, malingering, and performance on the WAIS-III Processing Speed Index. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1218-1237.


Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Mathias, C.W., Houston, R.J., & Crouch, J.A. (2003). Detecting malingered performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Validation of Mittenberg’s approach in traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 245-260.

Iverson, G.I. & Tulsky, D.S. (2003). Detecting malingering on the WAIS-III: Unusual Digit Span performance patterns in the normal population and in clinical groups. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 18 , 1-9.


Miller, L., Ryan, J., Carruthers, C., & Cluff, R. (2004). Brief screening indexes for malingering: A confirmation of Vocabulary-Digit Span from the WAIS-III and the Rarely Missed Index from the WMS-III. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 327, 333.

Mittenberg, W., Theroux, S., Aguila-Puentes, G., Bianchini, K., Greve, K., & Rayls, K. (2001). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-3rd Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 440-445.

Schwarz, L. R., Gfeller, J. D., & Oliveri, M. V. (2006). Detecting feigned impairment with the digit span and vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 741-753.


Wechsler Memory Scale

Rawling, P., & Brooks, D. (1990). Simulation Index: A method for detecting factitious errors on the WAIS-R and WMS. Neuropsychology, 4, 223-238.a

Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised



Bernard, L., McGrath, M., & Houston, W. (1993). Discriminating between simulated malingering and closed head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 539-551.

Denney, R. L. (1999). A brief symptom validity testing procedure for Logical Memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised which can demonstrate verbal memory in the face of claimed disability. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1, 5-26.

Hilsabeck, R., Thompson, M., Irby, J., Adams, R., Scott, J., & Gouvier, W.D. (2003). Partial cross-validation of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) General Memory-Concentration malingering index in a nonlitigating sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 71-79.

Iverson, G.L., Slick, D.J., & Franzen, M.D. (2000). Evaluation of WMS-R malingering index in a non-litigating clinical sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 191-197.




Hilsabeck, R.C., Thompson, M.D., Irby, J. W., Adams, R. L., Scott, J. G., & Gouvier, W. D. (2003). Partial cross-validation of the Wechlser Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) general memory-attention/concentration malingering index in a nonlitigating sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 71-79.

Martin, R., Franzen, M., & Orey, S. (1998). Magnitude of error as a strategy to detect feigned memory impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 84-91.

Mittenberg, W., Azrin, R., Millsaps, C., & Heilbronner, R. (1993). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale- Revised. Psychological Assessment, 5, 34-40.

Suchy, Y., & Sweet, J.J. (2000). Information/Orientation subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised as an indicator of suspicion of insufficient effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 56-66.

Wechsler Memory Scale-3 rd Edition

Boaz, L. (2003). About the power for detecting severe impairment in older adults with the Faces Test from the Wechsler Memory Scale-III: Simply guess and save face. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 376-381.

D’Amato, C.P., & Denney, R.L. (2008). The diagnostic utility of the Rarely Missed Index of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition in detecting response bias in an adult male incarcerated setting. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 553-562.

Glassmire, D.M., Bierley, R.A., Wisniewski, A.M., Greene, R.L., Kennedy, J.E., & Date, E. (2003). Using the WMS-III Faces subtest to detect malingered memory impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 465-481.

Killgore, W.D., & Dellapietra, L. (2000). Using the WMS-III to detect malingering: Empirical validation of the rarely missed index (RMI). Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 761-771.

Lange, R.T., Iverson, G.L., Sullivan, K., & Anderson, D. (2006). Suppressed working memory on the WMS-III as a marker for poor effort. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 294-305.

Lange, R.T., Sullivan, K., & Anderson, D. (2005). Ecological validity of the WMS-III rarely missed index in personal injury litigation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 412-424.

Langeluddecke, P.M. & Lucas, S.K. (2003). Quantitative measures of memory malingering on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition in mild head injury litigants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 181-197.

Langeluddecke, P.M., & Lucas, S.K. (2004). Validation of the rarely missed index (RMI) in detecting memory malingering in mild head injury litigants. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 49-64.

Langeluddecke, P.M., & Lucas, S.K. (2005). WMS-III findings in litigants following moderate to extremely severe brain trauma. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 576-590.


Miller, L., Ryan, J., Carruthers, C., & Cluff, R. (2004). Brief screening indexes for malingering: A confirmation of Vocabulary-Digit Span from the WAIS-III and the Rarely Missed Index from the WMS-III. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 327, 333.

Ord, J.S., Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2008). Using the Wechsler Memory Scale-III to detect malingering in mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 689-704.

Swihart, A. A., Harris, K. M., & Hatcher, L. L. (2008). Inability of the Rarely Missed Index to identify simulated malingering under more realistic assessment conditions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 120-126.

Vagnini, V.L., Sollman, M., J., Berry, D.T.R., Granacher, R. P., Clark, J. A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Ashendorf, L., O’Bryant, S.E., & McCaffrey, R.J. (2003). Specificity of malingering detection strategies in older adults using the CVLT and WCST. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 255-262.

Bernard, L., McGrath, M., Houston, W. (1996). The differential effects of simulating malingering, closed head injury, and other CNS pathology on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Support for the "pattern of performance" hypothesis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 231-245.


Donders, J.D. (1999). Brief report: Sensitivity of a malingering formula for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1, 34-43.

Greve, K.W. & Bianchini, K.J. (2002). Using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to detect malingering: An analysis of the specificity of two methods in nonmalingering normal and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 48-54.

Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., Mathias, C.W., Houston, R.J., & Crouch, J.A. (2002). Detecting malingered performance with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A preliminary investigation in traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 179-191.

King, J.H., Sweet, J.J., Sherer, M., Curtiss, G., & Vanderploeg, R. (2002). Validity indicators within the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Application of new and previously researched multivariate procedures in multiple traumatic brain injury samples. The Clinical Neuropsychlogis, 16, 506-523.

Miller, A., Donders, J., & Suhr, J. (2000). Evaluation of malingering with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A cross-validation. Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment, 2, 141-149.

Suhr, J.A., & Boyer, D. (1999). Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in the detection of malingering in student simulator and patient samples. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 701-708.


Multiple Ability Tests


Bianchini, K., Houston, R., Greve, K., Irvin, R., Black, F. W., Swift, D., & Tamimie, R. (2003). Malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in neurotoxic exposure: An application of the Slick criteria. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1087-1099.

Binder, L.M., Kelly, M.P., Villanueva, M.R., & Winslow, M.M. (2003). Motivation and neuropsychological test performance following mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 420-430.

Boone, K.B., & Lu, P. (2003). Noncredible cognitive performance in the context of severe brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 244-254.


Green, P., Rohling, M., Lees-Haley, P., Allen, L.M. (2001). Effort has a greater effect on test scores than severe brain injury in compensation claimants. Brain Injury, 15, 1045-1060.

Greiffenstein, M.F., Baker, W.J., & Gola, T. (1996). Motor dysfunction profiles in traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 477-485.

Haines, ME., & Norris, MP. (2001). Comparing student and patient simulated malingerers’ performance on standard neuropsychological measures to detect feigned cognitive deficits. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 171-182.

Harrison, A.G., Edwards, M.J., & Parker, K.C.H. (2007). Identifying students faking ADHD: Preliminary findings and strategies for detection. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 577-588.


Larrabee, G.J. (in press). Aggregation across multiple indicators improves the detection of malingering: Relationship to likelihood ratios. The Clinical Neuropsychologist.

Meyers, J.E. & Volbrecht, M.E. (2003). Validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 261-276.





Schwarz, L.R., Gfeller, J.D., & Oliveri, M.V. (2006). Detecting feigned impairment with the digit span and vocabulary subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 741-753.

Sherman, D.S., Boone, K.B., Lu, P., & Razani, J. (2002). Re-examination of a Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test/Rey Complex Figure discriminant function to detect suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 242-250.

Shum, D.H.K., O’Gorman, J. G., & Alpar, A. (2004). Effects of incentive and preparation time on performance and classification accuracy of standard and malingering-specific memory tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 817-823.

Stone, D.C., Boone, K.B., Back-Madruga, C., & Lesser, I.M. (2006). Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive dysfunction in six cases of “toxic mold” exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 766-785.

Vagnini, V.L., Sollman, M., J., Berry, D.T.R., Granacher, R. P., Clark, J. A., Burton, R., O’Brien, M., Bacon, E., & Saier, J. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.

Van Gorp, W.G., Humphrey, L.A., Kalechstein, A., Brumm, V.L., McMullen, W.J., Stoddard, M., Pachana, N.A. (1999). How well do standard clinical neuropsychological tests identify malingering? A preliminary analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 245-250.



Other

Andrikopoulos , J. (2001). Malingering disorientation to time, personal information, and place in mild head injured litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 393-396.

Ashton, V.L., Donders, J., & Hoffman, N.M. (2005). Rey Complex Figure Test performance after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 55-64.

Bender, S., & Rogers, R. (2004). Detection of neurocognitive feigning: Development of a multi-strategy assessment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 49-60.

Borckardt, J.J., Engum, E.S., Lambert, E.W., Nash, M., Bracy, O.L., & Ray, E.C. (2003). Use of the CBDI to detect malingering when malingerers do their “homework.” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 57-69.

Chafetz, M.D., Abrahams, J.P., & Kohlmaier, J. (2007). Malingering on the Social Security Disability Consultative Exam: A new rating scale. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 1-14.

Chiu, V.W.Y., & Lee, T.M.C. (2002). Detection of malingering behavior at different levels of task difficulty in Hong Kong Chinese. Rehabilitation Psychology, 47, 194-203.

Cima, M., Merckelbach, H., Hollnack, S., Butt, C., Kremer, K., Schellback-Matties, R., & Muris, P. (2003). The other side of malingering: Supernormality. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 235-243.

Curtis, K.L., Thompson, L.K., Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2008). Verbal fluency indicators of malingering in traumatic brain injury: Classification accuracy in known groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 930-945.

Denney, R.L. (1996). Symptom validity testing of remote memory in a criminal forensic setting. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11, 589-603.

DeMonte, V. E., Geffen, G., M., May, C. R., McFarland, K., Heath, P., & Neralic, M. (2005). The acute effects of mild traumatic brain injury on finger tapping with and without word repetition. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 224-239.

Frederick R.I , & Speed, F.M. (2007). On the interpretation of below-chance responding in forced-choice tests. Assessment, 14, 3-11.

Green, P. (2001). Why clinicians often disagree about the validity of test results. Neurorehabilitation, 16, 231-236.

Green, P., Allen, L.M., & Iverson, G.L. (1999). Utility of the Memory Complaints Inventory for identifying symptom exaggeration in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14,

Green, P. & Iverson, G.L. (2001). Effects of injury severity and cognitive exaggeration on olfactory deficits in head injury compensation claims. Neurorehabilitation, 16, 237-243.

Hanley, J., Baker, G., & Ledson, S. (1999). Detecting the faking of amnesia: A comparison of the effectiveness of three different techniques for distinguishing simulators from patients with amnesia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 59-69.

Harrison, A.G., Edwards, M.J., & Parker, K.C.H. (2007). Identifying students faking ADHD: Preliminary findings and strategies for detection. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 577-588.

Meyers, J.E., & Diep, A. (2000). Assessment of malingering in chronic pain patients using neuropsychological tests. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 133-139.


Robinson, M.E., & Dannecker, E.A. (2004). Critical issues in the use of muscle testing for the determination of sincerity of effort. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 392-398.

Rogers, R., Sewell, K.W., Grandjean, N.R., & Vitacco, M.J. (2002). The detection of feigned mental disorders on specific competency measures. Psychological Assessment, 14, 177-183.

Sbordone, R.J., Seyranian, G.D., & Ruff, R. (2000). The use of significant others to enhance the detection of malingerers from traumatically brain-injured patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 465-477.

Schexnayder, M.M., Creveling, C.C., Nemeth, D.G., & Hannie T.J, Jr. (2000). Consideration of latency/slowed performance rate when malingering and chronic pain are at issue during a neuropsychological evaluation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(8), 836.

Spencer, J., & Kinoshita, S. (2007). The use of indirect and opposition tests to detect simulated amnesia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 442-455.

Stone, D.C., Boone, K.B., Back-Madruga, C., & Lesser, I. M. (2006). Has the rolling uterus finally gathered moss? Somatization and malingering of cognitive dysfunction in six cases of “toxic mold” exposure. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 766-785.

Sullivan, K. & Richer, C. (2002). Malingering on subjective complaint tasks: An exploration of the deterrent effects of warning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 691-708.



APPENDIX C: Additional Articles Pertinent to Malingering

C1: Base Rates/Incidence of Malingering

Ardolf, B.R., Denney, R.L., & Houston, C.M. (2007). Base rates of negative response bias and malingered neurocognitive dysfunction among criminal defendants referred for neuropsychological evaluation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 899-916.

Backhaus, S.L., Ficther, N.L., Hanks, R.A. (2004). Detection of sub-optimal performance using a floor effect strategy in patients with traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 591-603.




Fishbain, D., Cole, B., Cutler, R., Lewis, J., Rosomoff, H., & Rosomoff, R. (2003). A structured evidence-based review on the meaning of nonorganic physical signs: Waddell signs. Pain Medicine, 4, 141-181.


Gold, P.B. & Frueh, B.C. (1999). Compensation-seeking and extreme exaggeration of psychopathology among combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 680-684.

Greiffenstein, M.R., & Baker, W.J. (2006). Miller was (mostly) right: Head injury severity inversely related to simulation. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 11, 131-145.

Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K.J., Black, F.W., Heinly, M.T., Love, J.M., Swift, D.A., & Ciota, M. (2006). The prevalence of cognitive malingering in persons reporting exposure to occupational and environmental substances. NeuroToxicology, 27, 940-950.

Martens, M., Donders, JD., & Millis, S.R. (2001). Evaluation of invalid response set after traumatic head injury. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 1-18.

Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E.M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Baserates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102.

Pollock, P.H., Quigly, B., Worley, K.O., & Bashford, C. (1997). Feigned mental disorders in prisoners referred to forensic mental health services. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 4, 9-15.

Rissimiller, D.A., Steer, R.A., Friedman, M. & DeMercurio, R. (1999). Prevalence of malingering in suicidal psychiatric inpatients: A replication. Psychological Reports, 84, 726-730.

Rissmiller, D.J., Wayslow, A., Madison, H., Hogate, P., Rissmiller, F. R., & Steer, R.A. (1998). Prevalence of malingering in inpatient suicide ideators and attempters. Crisis, 19, 62-66.

Rogers, R. (1990). Development of a new classificatory model of malingering. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 18, 323-333.

Rosen, G.M. (2004). Litigation and reported rates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1291-1294.

Rosenfeld, B., Sands, S.A., & Van Gorp, W.G. (2000). Have we forgotten the base rate problem? Methodological issues in the detection of distortion. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 349-359.

Ruiz, M.A., Drake, E.B., Glass, A., Marcotte, D., & van Gorp, W. (2002). Trying to beat the system: Misuse of the Internet to assist in avoiding the detection of psychological symptom dissimulation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 294-299.

Slick, D., Tan, J., Strauss, E., & Hultsch, D. (2004). Detecting malingering: A survey of experts’ practices. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 465-473.


Sullivan, K., Lange, R.T., & Dawes, S. (2005). Methods of detecting malingering and estimated symptom exaggeration base rates in Australia. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 49-70.

Sumanti, M, Boone, K.B., & Savodnik, I. & Gorsuch, R. (2006). Noncredible psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in a worker’s compensation “stress” claim sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 754-765.

Woods, S.,P., Weinborn, M., & Lovejoy, D. (2003). Are classification accuracy statistics underused in neuropsychological research? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 431-439.

Yates, B.D., Nordquist, C.R., & Schultz-Ross, R.A. (1996). Feigned psychiatric symptoms in the emergency room. Psychiatric Services, 47, 998-1000.

C2: Event-Related Potentials

Ellwanger, J., Rosenfeld, J.P., & Sweet, J. (1997). P300 event-related brain potential as an index of recognition response to autobiographical and recently learned information in closed-head-injury patients. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 428-432.

Ellwanger, J., Rosenfeld, J.P., Sweet, J., & Bhatt, M. (1996). Detecting simulated amnesia for autobiographical and recently learned information using the P300 event-related potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 23, 9-23.

Ellwanger, J., Tenhula, W., Rosenfeld, JP., & Sweet, J.J., (1999). Identifying simulators of cognitive deficit through combined use of neuropsychological test performance and event-related potentials. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 866-879.

Orey, S.A., Cragar, D.E., & Berry, D.T. (2000). The effects of two motivational manipulations on the neuropsychological performance of mildly head-injured college students. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 335-348.

Rosenfeld, J.P., Ellwanger, J., Nolan, K., Bermann, R., & Sweet, J.J. (1999). P300 scalp amplitude distribution as an index of deception in a simulated cognitive deficit model. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 33, 3-19.

Rosenfeld, J.P., Ellwanger, J., & Sweet, J.J. (1995). Detecting malingered amnesia with event-related brain potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19, 1-11.

Rosenfeld, J. P., Reinhart, A., Bhatt, M., Ellwanger, J., Sekera, M., & Sweet, J. J. (1998). P300 correlates of simulated malingered amnesia on a simple matching-to-sample task: Topographic analyses of deception versus truthtelling responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 28, 233-247.

Rosenfeld, J.P., Sweet, J.J., Chuang, J., Ellwanger, J., & Song, L. (1996). Detection of simulated malingering using forced choice recognition enhanced with event-related potential recording. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 163-179.

Tardif, H.P., Barry, R J., Fox, A. M., & Johnstone, S.J. (2000). Detection of feigned recognition memory impairment using the old/new effect of the event-related potential. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 3, 1-9.

C3: Reviews/Theory Articles on Malingering

Arbisi, P.A., & Butcher, J.N. (2004). Psychometric perspective on detection of malingering of pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 383-391.

Aronoff, G.M., Mandel, S., Genovese, E., Maitz, E.A., Dorto, A.J., Klimek, E.H., & Staats, T.E. (2007). Evaluating malingering in contested injury or illness. Pain Practice, 7, 178-204.

Bender, S., & Rogers, R. (2004). Detection of neurocognitive feigning: Development of a multi-strategy assessment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 49-60.

Bianchini, K.J., Etherton, J.L., & Greve, K.W. (2004). Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: Four cases. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65-85.

Bianchini, K.J., Greve, K.W., & Glynn, G. (2005). On the diagnosis of malingered pain-related disability: Lessons from cognitive malingering research. The Spine Journal, 404-417.

Bianchini, K.J., Houston, R.J., Greve, K.W., Irvin, T.R., Black, F.W. & Swift, D.A. (2003). Malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in neurotoxic exposure: An application of the Slick criteria. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1087-1099.

Bianchini, K.J., Mathias, C.W., & Greve, K.W. (2001). Symptom validity testing: A critical review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 19-45.

Binder, L.M. & Rohling, M.L. (1996). Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 7-10.

Brown, R.J. (2004). Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: An integrative conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 793-812.

Boone, K. (Ed.) (2007). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective. New York: Guilford.

Boone, K.B. (2007). A reconsideration of the Slick et al. (1999) criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction. In K.B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective. New York: Guilford Press.

Bourg, S., Connor, E.J., & Landis, E.E. (1995). The impact of expertise and sufficient information on psychologists’ ability to detect malingering. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 13, 505-515.

Bowden, S.C., Shores, E.A., & Mathias, J.L. (2006). Does effort suppress cognition after traumatic brain injury? A re-examination of the evidence for the Word Memory Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 858-872.

Bush, S.S., Ruff, R.M., Troster, A.I., Barth, J.T., Koffler, S.P. Pliskin, N.H., Reynolds, C.R., & Silver, C.H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN Policy and Planning Committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419-426.

Essig, S.M., Mittenberg, W., Petersen, R.S., Strauman, S., & Cooper, J.T. (2001). Practices in forensic neuropsychology: Perspectives of neuropsychologists and trial attorneys. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 271-291.

Etcoff, L.M., & Kampfer, K.M. (1996). Practical guidelines in the use of symptom validity and other psychological tests to measure malingering and symptom exaggeration in traumatic brain injury cases. Psychology Review, 6, 171-201.


Faust, D., & Guilmette, T. J. (1990). To say it’s not so doesn’t prove that it isn’t: Research on the detection of malingering. Reply to Bigler. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 248-250.

Faust, D. Hart, K. Guilmette, T. J., & Arkes, H. R. (1988). Neuropsychologists’ capacity to detect adolescent malingerers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 508-515.


Fishbain, D.A., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H.L., & Rosomoff, R.S. (1999). Chronic pain disability exaggeration/malingering and submaximal effort research. Clinical Journal of Pain, 15, 244-274.

Fishbain, D.A., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H.L., & Rosomoff, R.S. (2004). Is there a relationship between nonorganic physical findings (Waddell signs) and secondary gain/malingering? Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 399-408.


Frederick, R.I. & Denney, R.L. (1998). Minding your “ps and qs” when using forced-choice recognition tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 193-205.

Frederick R.I., & Speed, F.M. (2007). On the interpretation of below-chance responding in forced-choice tests. Assessment, 14, 3-11.

Gill, D., Green, P., Flaro, L., & Pucci, T. (2007). The role of effort testing in independent medical examinations. Medico-Legal Journal, 75, 64-71.

Greiffenstein, M.F., Baker, W.J., & Johnson-Greene, D. (2002). Actual versus self-reported scholastic achievement of litigating postconcussion and severe closed head injury claimants. Psychological Assessment, 14, 202-208.

Greve, K., & Bianchini, K. (2004). Setting empirical cut-offs on psychometric indicators of negative response bias: A methodological commentary with recommendations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 533-541.

Guilmette, T.J., Kennedy, M.L., Weiler, M.D., & Temple, R.O. (2006). Investigation of biases in the general public in evaluating mild head injury using neuropsychological and CT scan results: Forensic implications. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 305-314.

Guriel, J., & Fremouw (2003). Assessing malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 881-904.

Haines, M.E. & Norris, M.P. (1995). Detecting the malingering of cognitive deficits: An update. Neuropsychology Review, 5, 125-148.

Hall, R.C.W., & Hall, R.C.W. (2006). Malingering of PTSD: Forensic and diagnostic considerations, characteristics of malingerers and clinical presentations. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28, 525-535.

Hayes, J.S., Hilsabeck, R.C., & Gouvier, W.D. (1999). Malingering traumatic brain injury: Current issues and caveats in assessment and classification. In N. R. Varney & R. J. Roberts, (Eds.) The evaluation and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Heilbonner, R. (2004). A status report on the practice of forensic neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 312-326.

Heilbronner, R.L., Sweet, J.J., Morgan, J.E., Larrabee, G.J., Millis, S.R., & Conference Participants (2009). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on the neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1093-1129.

Iverson, G.L. & Binder, L.M. (2000). Detecting exaggeration and malingering in neuropsychological assessment. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15, 829-858.

Larrabee, G.J. (2005). Assessment of malingering. In G.J. Larrabee (Ed.), Forensic neuropsychology: A scientific approach (pp. 115-158). New York: Oxford University Press.

Larrabee, G.J. (Ed.) (2007). Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits. New York: Oxford University Press.

Larrabee, G.J., Greiffenstein, M.F., Greve, K.W., & Bianchini, K.J. (2007). Refining diagnostic criteria for malingering. In G.J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 334-371). New York: Oxford University Press.

Lees-Haley, P.R., Greiffenstein, M.F., Larrabee, G.J., & Manning, E.L. (2004). Methodological problems in the neuropsychological assessment of effects of exposure to welding fumes and manganese. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 449-464.

Lynch, W.J. (2004). Determination of effort level, exaggeration, and malingering in neurocognitive assessment. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 19, 277-283.

McDermott, B.E., & Feldman, M.D. (2007). Malingering in the medical setting. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 30, 645-662.

Mendelson, G., & Mendelson, D. (2004). Malingering pain in the medicolegal context. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 423-432.

Miller, W.G., & Miller, E.S. (1992). Malingering and neuropsychological assessment. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 6, 547-563.

Millis, S.R., & Volinsky, C.T. (2001). Assessment of response bias in mild head injury: Beyond malingering tests. The Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 809-828.

Mittenberg, W., Aguila-Puentes, G., Patton, C., Canyock, E.M., & Heilbronner, R.L. (2002). Neuropsychological profiling of symptom exaggeration and malingering. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 3, 227-240.

Mossman, D. (2003). Daubert, cognitive malingering, and test accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 229-249.

Nies, K., & Sweet, J.J. (1994). Neuropsychological assessment and malingering: A critical review of past and present strategies. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9, 501-552.

Nelson, N.W., Sweet, J.J., Berry, D.T.R., Bryant, F.B., & Granacher, R.P. (2007). Response validity in forensic neuropsychology: Exploratory factor analytic evidence of distinct cognitive and psychological constructs. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 3, 440-449.

Price, D.R., Burke, W.H., & Price, D.C. (1993). Identification of fictitious closed head injury claims. Personal Injury, 37-40.

Richman, J., Green, P., Gervais, R., Flaro, L., Merten, T., Brockhaus, R., & Ranks, D. (2006). Objective tests of symptom exaggeration in independent medical examinations. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 48, 303-311.

Robinson, M. E., & Dannecker, E. A. (2004). Critical issues in the use of muscle testing for the determination of sincerity of effort. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 392-398.

Rogers, R., & Payne, J. (2006) Damages and rewards: Assessment of malingered disorders in compensation cases. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 24, 1–14.

Rohling, M. (2004, Summer/Fall). Who do they think they are kidding: A review of the use of symptom validity tests with children. Newsletter 40 (Division of Clinical Neuropsychology), 22, 1 & 21-26.

Rohling, M. L., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. & Miller, L. S. (2003). Actuarial assessment of malingering: Rohling’s Interpretive method. In R. D. Franklin (Ed.), Prediction in forensic and neuropsychology. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Rogers, R., Harrell, E., & Liff, C. (1993). Feigning neuropsychological impairment: A critical review of methodological and clinical considerations. Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 255-274.

Sharland, M.J., & Gfeller, J.D. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 213-224.

Slick, D.J., Sherman, E.M.S., & Iverson, G.L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 545-561.



Sullivan, M. (2004). Exaggerated pain behavior: By what standard? Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 433-439.

Sweet, J.J. (1999). Malingering: Differential diagnosis. In J.J. Sweet (Ed.) Forensic neuropsychology: Fundamentals and practice. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Sweet, J.J., King, J.H., Malina, A.C., Bergman, M.A., & Simmons, A. (2002). Documenting the prominence of forensic neuropsychology at national meetings and in relevant professional journals from 1990 to 2000. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 481-494.

Vallabhajosuola, B., & van Gorp, W.G. (2001). Post Daubert admissibility of scientific evidence on malingering of cognitive deficits. Journal of the Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 29, 207-215.

Vanderploeg, R.D. & Curtiss, G. (2001). Malingering assessment: Evaluation of validity of performance. NeuroRehabilitation, 16, 245-251.

Vanderploeg, R.D. & Curtiss, G. (2000). Neuropsychological validity and malingering assessment: A crititcal review and discussion. Brain Injury Source, 4, 14-16 & 43-45.


Wetter, M., & Corrigan, S. (1995). Providing information to clients about psychological tests: A survey of attorneys’ and law students’ attitudes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 474-477.


Youngjohn, J.R., Lees-Haley, P.R., & Binder, L.M. (1999). Comment: Warning malingerers produces more sophisticated malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 511-515.

Youngjohn, J.R., Spector, J., & Mapou, R.L. (1998). Failure to assess motivation, need to consider psychiatric disturbance, and absence of objectively verified physical pathology:

Some common pitfalls in the practice of forensic neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 233-236.

APPENDIX D: Topics Common to Forensic Neuropsychology Consultation

D1: Concussion and Post-Concussion Syndrome (for mild TBI, also see Traumatic Brain Injury section)

Ferguson, R.J., Mittenberg, W., Barone, D.F., & Schneider, D. (1999). Postconcussion syndrome following sports-related head injury: Expectation as etiology. Neuropsychology, 13, 582-589.

Greiffenstein, M.F., & Baker, W.J. (2003). Premorbid clues? Preinjury scholastic performance and present neuropsychological functioning in late postconcussion syndrome. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 561-573.

Greiffenstein, M.F., & Baker, W.J. (2006). Miller was (mostly) right: Head injury severity inversely related to simulation. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 11, 131-145.


Iverson, G.L. (2006). Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 303-310.

Landre, N., Poppe, C. J., Davis, N., Schmaus, & B., Hobbs, S.E. (2006). Cognitive functioning and postconcussive symptoms in trauma patients with and without mild TBI. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 255-274.

Larrabee, G.J. (1997). Neuropsychological outcome, post concussion symptoms, and forensic considerations in mild closed head trauma. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 2, 196-206.

Meares, S., Shores, A., Batchelor, J., Baguley, I., Chapman, J., Gurka, J., & Marosszeky, J. (2006). The relationship of psychological and cognitive factors and opiods in the development of the postconcussion syndrome in general trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 792-801.

McCrea, M.A. (Ed.) (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome: The new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Putnam, S.H., & Millis, S.R. (1994). Psychosocial factors in the development and maintenance of chronic somatic and functional symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 7, 1-22.

Sheedy, J., Geffen, G., Donnelly, J., & Faux, S. (2006). Emergency department assessment of mild traumatic brain injury and prediction of post-concussion symptoms at one month post-injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 755-772.

Stulemeijer, M., Vos, P.E., Bleijenberg, G., & van der Werf, S.P. (2007). Cognitive complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: Things are not always what they seem. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 637-645.

Wang, Y., Chan, R.C.K., & Deng, Y. (2006). Examination of postconcussion-like symptoms in healthy university students: Relationships to subjective and objective neuropsychological function performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 339-348.

Whittaker, R., Kemp, S., & House, A. (2007). Illness perceptions and outcome in mild head injury: A longitudinal study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 78, 644-646.

Youngjohn, J. R., Burrows, L., & Erdal, K. (1995). Brain damage or compensation neurosis? The controversial post-concussion syndrome. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(2), 112-123.

D2: Traumatic Brain Injury (Outcome and Other Topics)


Axelrod, B.N., Fichtenberg, N.L., Liethen, P.C., Czarnota, M.A., & Stucky, K. (2001). Performance characteristics of postacute traumatic brain injury patients on the WAIS-III and WMS-III. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 516-520.

Belanger, H.G., Curtiss, G., Demery, J.A., Lebowitz, B.K., & Vanderploeg, R.D. (2005). Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 215-227.

Bell, B., Primeau, M., Sweet, J., & Lofland, K. (1999). Neuropsychological functioning in migraine headache, nonheadache chronic pain, and mild traumatic brain injury patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 389-399.

Binder, L.M., Rohling, M.L., & Larrabee, G.J. (1997). A review of mild head trauma. Part I: Meta-analytic review of neuropsychological studies. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 421-431.

Binder, L.M. (1997). A review of mild head trauma. Part II: Clinical implications. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 3, 432-457.

Bryant, R.A. (2008). Disentangling mild traumatic brain injuries and stress reactions. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 525-527.

Carroll, L.J., Cassidy, J.D., Peloso, P.M., Borg, J., von Holst, H., Holm, L., Paniak, C., & Pepin, M. (2004). Prognosis for mild traumatic brain injury: Results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 43 (Supplement), 84-105.

Dikmen, S.S., Machamer, J.E., Winn, H.R., & Temkin, N.R. (1995). Neuropsychological outcome at 1-year post head injury. Neuropsychology, 9, 80-90.

Dikmen, S.S., Temkin, N.R., Machamer, J.E., Holubkov, A.L., Fraser, R.T., & Winn, R. (1994). Employment following traumatic head injuries. Archives of Neurology, 51, 177-186.

Feinstein, A., Hershkop, S., Ouchterlony, D., Jardine, A., & McCullagh, S. (2002). Posttraumatic amnesia and recall of a traumatic event following traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinucal Neurosciences, 14, 25-29.

Ferrari, R., Obelieniene, D., Russell, A. S., Darlington, P., Gervais, R., & Green, P. (2001). Symptom expectation after minor head injury. A comparative study between Canada and Lithuania. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 103, 184-190.

Frencham, K.A.R., Fox, A.M., & Mayberry, M.T. (2005). Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review of research since 1995. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 334-351.

Goldstein, F.C., Levin, H.S., Goldman, W.P., Clark, A.N., & Altonen, T.K. (2001). Cognitive and neurobehavioral functioning after mild versus moderate traumatic brain injury in older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 373-383.


Guilmette, T.J., Kennedy, M.L., Weiler, M.D., & Temple, R.O. (2006). Investigation of biases in the general public in evaluating mild head injury using neuropsychological and CT scan results: Forensic implications. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 305-314.

Heilbronner, R.L., & Karavidas, T. (1997). Presenting neuropsychological evidence in traumatic brain injury litigation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 445-453.

Hoge, C.W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J.L., Cox, A.L., Engel, C.E., & Castro, C.A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 453-463.

Iverson, G.L. (2005). Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 301-317.

Iverson, G., King, R., Scott, J., & Adams, R. (2001). Cognitive complaints in litigating patients with head injuries or chronic pain. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 19-30.

Kashluba, S., Paniak, C., & Casey, J. E. (2008). Persistent symptoms associated with factors identified by the WHO Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 195-208.

Krpan, K.M., Levine, B., Stuss, D.T., & Dawson, D.R. (2007). Executive function and coping at one-year post traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 36-46.

Lange, R. T., Iverson, G. L., & Franzen, M. D. (2008). Comparability of neuropsychological test profiles in patients with chronic substance abuse and mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 22, 209-227.

Langeluddecke, P.M., & Lucas, S.K. (2003). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition findings in relation to severity of brain injury in litigants. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 273-284.

Larson, M.J., Perlstein, W.M., Demery, J.A., & Stigge-Kaufman, D.A. (2006). Cognitive control impairments in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 968-986.

Levin, H.S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R.M., Eisenberg, H.M., Marshall, L.F., et al. (1987). Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: A three-center study. J. Neurosurg., 66, 234-243.

Machamer, J., Temkin, N., Fraser, R. Doctor, J., & Dikmen, S. (2005). Stability of employment after traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 807-816.

McFarland, K. Jackson, L., & Geffen, G. (2001). Post-traumatic amnesia: Consistency-of-recovery and duration-to-recovery following traumatic brain impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 59-68.

McLean, A.J. (1995). Brain injury without head impact? Journal of Neurotrauma, 12, 621-625.

McCrea, M.A. (Ed.) (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome: The new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Miller, L.J., & Donders, J. (2001). Subjective symptomatology after traumatic head injury. Brain Injury, 15, 297-304.

O’Jile, J.R., Ryan, L. M., Betz, B., Parks-Levy, J., Hilsabeck, R. C., Rhudy, J.L., & Gouvier, W.D. (2006). Information processing following mild head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 293-296.

Paniak, C., Reynolds, S., Phillips, K., Toller-Lobe, G., Melnyk, A., & Nagy, J. (2002). Patient complaints within 1 month of mild traumatic brain injury: A controlled study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 319-334.

Paniak, C., Reynolds, S., Toller-Lobe, G., Melnyk, A., Nagy, J., & Schmidt, D. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between financial compensation and symptoms after treated mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 187-193.

Ponsford, J., Willmott, C., Rothwell, A., Cameron, P., Kelly, A-M., Nelms, R., Curran, C., & Ng, K. (2000). Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 568-579.

Raz, S., Lauterbach, M.D., Hopkins, T.L., & Porter, C.L. (1995). Severity of perinatal cerebral injury and developmental outcome: A dose-response relationship. Neuropsychology, 9, 91-101.

Ryan, L.M., O’Jile, J.R., Parks-Levy, J., Betz, B., Hilsabeck, R.C., & Gouvier, W.D. (2006). Complex partial seizure symptom endorsement in individuals with a history of head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 287-292.

Schretlen, D.J., & Shapiro, A.M. (2003). A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 341-349.

Sherer, M. Novack, T.A., Sander, A.M., Struchen, M.A., Alderson, A., & Thompson, R.N. (2002). Neuropsychological assessment and employment outcome after traumatic brain injury: A review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 157-178.

Stulemeijer, M., Vos, P.E., Bleijenberg, G., & van der Werf, S.P. (2007). Cognitive complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: Things are not always what they seem. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 637-645.

Suhr, J., & Gunstad, J. (2002). Diagnosis threat: The effect of negative expectations on cognitive performance in head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 448-457.

Sweet, J.J. (2000). The role of neuropsychologists in brain injury litigation. Brain Injury Source, 4, 14-16.

Sweet, J.J., & Kuhlman, R. (1995). Evaluating malingering in brain injury claims: Genuine injury versus proven malingerer. Trial Diplomacy Journal, 18, 1-7.

Tiersky, L.A., Cicerone, K.D., Natelson, B.H., & DeLuca, J. (1998). Neuropsychological functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome and mild traumatic brain injury: A comparison. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 503-512.

Van der Naalt, J. (2001). Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury: A review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23, 837-851.

Whittaker, R., Kemp, S., & House, A. (2007). Illness perceptions and outcome in mild head injury: A longitudinal study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 78, 644-646.

Wood, R.L., & Rutterford, N.A. (2006). The effect of litigation on long term cognitive and psychological outcome after severe brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 239-246.

Youngjohn, J., Davis, D., & Wolf, I. (1997). Head injury and the MMPI-2: Paradoxical severity effects and the influence of litigation. Psychological Assessment, 9, 177-184.

D3: Somatoform Disorders and Medically Unexplained Symptoms (Including Multiple Chemical Sensitivity/Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance)

Bailer, J., Rist, F., Witthöft, M., Paul, C., & Bayerl, C. (2004). Symptom patterns and perceptual and cognitive styles in subjects with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 517-525.

Bailer, J., Witthoft, M., Paul, C., Bayerl, C., & Rist, F., (2005). Evidence for overlap between idiopathic environmental intolerance and somatoform disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 921-929.

Barsky, A.J., & Klerman, G.L. (1983). Overview: Hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and somatic styles. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 273-283.

Bianchini, K.J., Houston, R.J., Greve, K.W., Irvin, T.R., Black, F.W., & Swift, D.A. (2003). Malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in neurotoxic exposure: An application of the Slick criteria. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1087-1099.

Binder, L.M. (2007). Commentary on Cogniform Disorder and Cogniform Condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 681-682.

Binder, L.M., & Campbell, K.A. (2004). Medically unexplained symptoms and neuropsychological assessment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 369-392.

Binder, L.M., Storzbach, D., & Salinsky, M.C. (2006). MMPI-2 profiles of persons with multiple chemical sensitivity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 848-857.

Bolla, K.I. (2000). Use of neuropsychological testing in idiopathic environmental testing. Occupational Medicine State of the Art Reviews, 15, 617-624.

Boone, K.B. (2007). Commentary on “Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms” by Dean C. Delis and Spencer R. Wetter. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 675-679.

Boone, K.B. (in press). Fixed belief in cognitive dysfunction despite normal neuropsychological scores: Neuropsychological hypochondriasis? The Clinical Neuropsychologist,

Boone, K.B., & Lu, P.H. (1999). Impact of somatoform symptomatology on credibility of cognitive performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(4), 414.

Brown, R.J. (2004). Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: An integrative conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 793-812.

Carson, A.J., Ringbauer, B., MacKenzie, L., Warlow, C., & Sharpe, M. (2000). Neurological disease, emotional disorder, and disability: they are related: a study of 300 consecutive new referrals to neurology outpatient department. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 68, 202-206.

Carson, A.J., Ringbauer, B., Stone, J., McKenzie, L., Warlow, C., & Sharpe, M. (2000). Do medically unexplained symptoms matter? A prospective cohort study of 300 new referrals to neurology outpatient clinics. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 68, 207-210.


Delis, D.C., & Wetter, S.R. (2007). Cogniform Disorder and Cogniform Condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 589-604.


Grubaugh, A.L., Elhai, J.D., Monnier, J., & Freuh, C. (2004). Service utilization among compensation-seeking veterans. Psychiatric Quarterly, 75, 333-341.

Harris, I., Mulford, J., Solomon, M., van Gelder, J. M. & Young, J. (2005). Association between compensation status and outcome after surgery: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 1644-1652.

Labarge, A.S., & McCaffrey, R.J. (2000). Multiple chemical sensitivity: A review of the theoretical and research literature. Neuropsychology Review, 10, 183-211.

Larrabee, G.J. (2007). Commentary on Delis and Wetter, “Cogniform disorder and cogniform condition: Proposed diagnoses for excessive cognitive symptoms.” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 683-687.

Locke, D.E.C., Berry, D.T.R., Fakhoury, T.A., & Schmitt, F.A. (2006). Relationship of indicators of neuropathology, psychopathology, and effort to neuropsychological results in patients with epilepsy or psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 325-340.

Mechanic, D, (1972). Social psychologic factors affecting the presentation of bodily complaints. New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 1132-1139.

Ochoa, J.L. (1999). Truths, errors, and lies around "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and "complex regional pain syndrome". Journal of Neurology, 246(10), 875-879.

Petrie, K.J., Broadbent, E.A., Kley, N., Moss-Morris, R., Horne, R., , & Rief, W. (2005). Worries about modernity predict symptom complaints after environmental pesticide spraying. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 778-782.

Poonai, N.P., Antony, M.M., Binkley, K.E., Stenn, P., Swinson, R.P., Corey, P., Silverman, F.S., & Tarlo, S.M. (2001). Psychological features of subjects with idiopathic environmental intolerance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 5, 537-541.

Putnam, S.H., & Millis, S.R. (1994). Psychosocial factors in the development and maintenance of chronic somatic and functional symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 7, 1-22.


Richardson, R.D., & Engel, C.C. (2004). Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms. The Neurologist, 10, 18-30.

Rogers, R., Jackson, R.L., & Kaminski, P.L. (2005). Factitious psychological disorders: The overlooked response style in forensic evaluations. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 5, 21-41.

Schrag, A., Brown, R.J., & Trimble, M.R. (2004). Reliability of self-reported diagnoses in patients with neurological unexplained symptoms. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 75: 608-611.


Suhr, J. A., & Gunstad, J. (2002). “Diagnosis threat”: The effect of negative expectations

on cognitive performance in head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 448-457.

Suhr, J. A., & Gunstad, J. (2004). Further exploration of the effect of “diagnosis threat”

on cognitive performance in individuals with mild head injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11. 23-29.

Sumanti, M, Boone, K.B., Savodnik, I. & Gorsuch, R. (2006). Noncredible psychiatric and cognitive symptoms in a worker’s compensation “stress” claim sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 754-765.

Tiersky, L. A., Cicerone, K. D., Natelson, B. H., & DeLuca, J. (1998). Neuropsychological functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome and mild traumatic brain injury: A comparison. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 503-512.

Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254.

Witthöft, M., Gerlach, A.L., & Bailer, J. (2006). Selective attention, memory bias, and symptom perception in idiopathic environmental intolerance and somatoform disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 397-407.

D4: Pain (Including Fibromyalgia and Whiplash)


Arbisi, P. A., & Butcher, J. N. (2004). Psychometric perspective on detection of malingering of pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 383-391.

Bell, B., Primeau, M., Sweet, J., & Lofland, K. (1999). Neuropsychological functioning in migraine headache, nonheadache chronic pain, and mild traumatic brain injury patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 389-399.

Bianchini, K.J., Greve, K.W., & Glynn, G. (2005). On the diagnosis of malingered pain-related disability: Lessons from cognitive malingering research. The Spine Journal, 5, 404-417.

Etherton, J., Bianchini, K., Ciota, M., & Greeve, K. (2005). Reliable digit span is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain. Assessment, 12, 101-106.

Etherton, J.L., Bianchini, K.J., Greve, K.W., & Heinly, M T. (2005). Sensitivity and specificity of reliable digit span in malingered pain-related disability. Assessment, 12, 130-136.

Etherton, J., Bianchini, K., Heinly, M., & Greve, K. (2006). Pain, malingering, and performance on the WAIS-III Processing Speed Index. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1218-1237.

Cassidy, J.D., Carroll, L.J., Cote, P., Lemstra, M., Berglund, A., & Nygren, A. (2000). Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury. New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 1179-1186.

Gervais, R., Green, P., Allen, L., & Iverson, G. (2001). Effects of coaching on symptom validity testing in chronic pain patients presenting for disability assessments. Joural of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2(2), 1-19.

Gervais, R., Russell, A., Green, P., Allen, L., Ferrari, R., & Pieschl, S. (2001). Effort testing in fibromyalgia patients with disability incentives. Journal of Rheumatology, 28, 1892-1899.

Goldberg, R., & Goldstein, R. (2000). A comparison of chronic pain patients and controls on traumatic events in childhood. Disability and Rehabilitation, 22, 756-763.

Goldberg, R., Pachas, W., & Keith, D. (1999). Relationship between traumatic events in childhood and chronic pain. Disability and Rehabilitation, 21, 23-30.


Guez, M., Brannstrom, R., Nyberg, L., Toolanen, G., & Hildingsson, C. (2005). Neuropsychological functioning and MMPI-2 profiles in chronic neck pain: A comparison of whiplash and non-traumatic groups. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 151-163.

Iverson, G., King, R., Scott, J., & Adams, R. (2001). Cognitive complaints in litigating patients with head injuries or chronic pain. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 2, 19-30.

Iverson, G.L., Le Page, J., Koehler, B.E., Shojania, K, & Badii, M. (2007). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) scores are not affected by chronic pain or depression in patients with fibromyalgia. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 532-546.

Karlin, B., Creech, S., Grimes, J., Clark, T., Meagher, M., & Morey, L. (2005). The Personality Assessment Inventory with chronic pain patients: Psychometric properties and clinical utility. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 1571-1585.

Kessels, R., Aleman, A., Cerhagen, W., & Van Luijtelaar, E. (2000). Cognitive functioning after whiplash: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 271-278.

Kwan, O., & Friel, J. (2003a). A review and methodologic critique of the literature supporting chronic whiplash injury: Part I Research articles. Medical Science Monitoring, 9, 203-215.

Kwan, O., & Friel, J. (2003b). A review and methodologic critique of the literature supporting chronic whiplash injury: Part II Reviews, editorials, and letters. Medical Science Monitoring, 9, 203-215.


Meyers, J.E., & Diep, A. (2000). Assessment of malingering in chronic pain patients using neuropsychological tests. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 133-139.

McGuire, B.E., Harvey, A.G., & Shores, E.A. (2001). Simulated malingering in pain patients: A study with the Pain Patient Profile. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 71-79.

McGuire, B., & Shores, E.A. (2001). Pain Patient Profile and the assessment of malingered pain. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 401-409.

Munoz, M., & Esteve, R. (2005). Reports of memory functioning by patients with chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 5, 287-291.

Obelieneiene, D., Bovim, G., Schrader, H., Surkiene, D., Mickeviaiene, D., Miseviaiene, I., & Sand, T. (1998). Headache after whiplash: A historical cohort study outside of the medico-legal context. Cephalagia, 18, 559-564.

Obelieniene D, Schrader H, Bovim G, Miseviciene I, Sand T. (1999). Pain after whiplash: a prospective controlled inception cohort study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 66, 279-83.

Pearce, J. (1999). A critical appraisal of the chronic whiplash syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 66, 273-276.

Pobereskin, L.H. (2005). Whiplash following rear end collisions: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 1146-1151.

Radanov, B., Bicik, I, Dvorak, J., Antinnes, J., von Schulthess, G., & Buck, A. (1999). Relation between neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in patients with late whiplash syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 66, 485-489.

Radanov, B., Di Stefano, G., Schnidrig, A., Sturzenegger, M., & Augustiny, K. (1993). Cognitive functioning after common whiplash: A controlled follow-up study. Archives of Neurology, 50, 87-91.

Schmand, R., Lindeboom, J., Schagen, S., Heijt, R., Koene, T., & Hamburger, H. (1997). Cognitive complaints in patients after whiplash injury: The impact of malingering. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 64, 339-343.

Schrader, H., Obelieniene, D., Bovim, G., Surkiene, D., Mickeviciene, Miseviciene, I., & Sand, T. (1996). Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context. Lancet, 347, 1207-1211.

D5: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Andrews, B., Brewin, C., Philpott, R., & Stewart, L. (2007). Delayed onset Posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1319–1326.

Bryant, R.A. (2008). Disentangling mild traumatic brain injuries and stress reactions. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 525-527.

Calhoun, P.S., Earnst, K.S., Tucker, D.D., Kirby, A.C., & Beckham, J.C. (2000). Feigning combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 338-350.

Demakis, G.J., Gervais, R.O., & Rohling, M.L. (2008). The effect of failure on cognitive and psychological symptom validity tests in litigants with symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 879-895.

Elhai, J.D., Gray, Matthew, J., Naifeh, J.A., Butcher, J.J., Davis, J.L, Falsetti, S.A., & Best, C. L. (2005). Utility of the Trauma Symptom Inventory’s atypical response scale in detecting malingered post-traumatic stress disorder. Assessment, 12, 210-219.

Frueh, B.C., Lehai, J.D., Grubaugh, A.L., Monnier, J., et al. (2005). Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 467-472.


Guriel, J., & Fremouw, W. (2003). Assessing malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 881-904.

Hall, R. C. W., & Hall, R. C. W. (2006). Malingering of PTSD: Forensic and diagnostic considerations, characteristics of malingerers and clinical presentations. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28, 525-535.

Hoge, C.W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J.L., Cox, A.L., Engel, C.E., & Castro, C.A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 453-463.

Koch, W.J., O’Neill, M., & Douglas, K.S. (2005). Empirical limits for the forensic assessment of PTSD litigants. Law & Human Behavior, 29, 121-149.

Rosen, G.M. (2004). Litigation and reported rates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1291-1294.

Rosen, G.M. (2006). DSM’s cautionary guideline to rule out malingering can protect the PTSD database. Anxiety Disorders, 20, 530-535.

Rosen, G.M., & Powel, J.E. (2003). Use of a symptom validity test in the forensic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 361-367.

Rosen, G.M., & Taylor, S. (2007). Pseudo-PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 201-210.

Shapinsky, A.C., Rapport, L.J., Henderson, M.J., & Axelrod, B.N. (2005). Civilian PTSD scales: Relationships with trait characteristics and everyday distress. Assessment 12, 220-230.

Taylor, S., Frueh, B.C., & Asmundson, G.J.G. (2007). Detection and management of malingering in people presenting for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Methods, obstacles, and recommendations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 22-41.

Wessely, S. (2005). War stories: Invited commentary on…Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 473-475.

D6: Toxic Encephalopathy and Neurotoxic Exposure

Albers, J.W., & Berent, S. (2005). Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives, Vol. II, Peripheral Nervous System. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.

Berent S., & Albers, J.W. (2005). Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives, Vol. I, Foundations and Methods. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.

Berent S., & Albers, J.W. (2007). Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives, Vol. III, Central Nervous System. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.

Bianchini, K.J., Houston, R.J., Greve, K.W., Irvin, T.R., Black, F.W. & Swift, D.A. (2003). Malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in neurotoxic exposure: An application of the Slick criteria. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1087-1099.

Greve, K.W., Bianchin, K.J., Heinly, M.T., Love, J., Swift, D., & Ciota, M. (2008). Classification accuracy of the Portland Digit Recognition Test in persons claiming exposure to environmental and industrial toxins. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 341-350.

Hartman, D.E. (Ed.) (1995). Neuropsychological Toxicology: Identification and Assessment of Human Neurotoxic Syndromes (2nd Ed.). New York: Plenum Press.

Khalili, B., & Bardana, E.J., Jr. (2005). Inhalation mold toxicity: Fact or fiction? A clinical review of 50 cases. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology, 95, 239-246.

Petrie, K.J., Broadbent, E.A., Kley, N., Moss-Morris, R., Horne, R., , & Rief, W. (2005). Worries about modernity predict symptom complaints after environmental pesticide spraying. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 778-782.



van Hout, M.S., Schmand, B., Wekking, E.M., Hageman, G., & Deelman, B. G. (2003). Suboptimal performance on neuropsychological tests in patients with suspected chronic toxic encephalopathy. Neurotoxicology, 24, 547-551.

van Hout, M.S., Schmand, B., Wekking, E.M., & Deelman, B.G. (2006). Cognitive functioning in patients with suspected chronic toxic encephalopathy: Evidence for

neuropsychological disturbances after controlling for insufficient effort. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 77, 296-303.

Van Reekum, R., Streiner, D. L., & Conn, D.K. (2001). Applying Bradford Hill’s criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 318-325.

D7: Self Report (e.g., Reliability, Effects of Emotional Conditions and Litigation)

Brennan, A.M., Stewart, H.A., Jamhour, N., Businelle, M.S., & Gouvier, W.D. (2005). An examination of the retrospective recall of psychological distress. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 99-110.

Christodoulou, C., Melville, P., Scheri, W.F., Morgan, T., MacAllister, W.S., Canfora, D.M., Berry, S.A., & Krupp, L.B. (2005). Perceived cognitive dysfunction and observed neuropsychological performance: Longitudinal relation in persons with multiple sclerosis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 614-619.

Fargo, J.D., Schefft, B.K., Szaflarski, J.P., Dulay, M.F., Testa, S.M., Privitera, M.D., & Yeh, H.-S. (2004). Accuracy of self-reported neuropsychological functoining in individuals with epileptic or psychogenic noneplileptic seizures. Epilepsy and Behavior, 5, 143-150.

Farias, S.T., Mungas, D., & Jagust, W. (2005). Degree of discrepancy between self and other-reported everyday functoining by cognitive status: Dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy elders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 827-834.

Ferguson, R.J., Mittenberg, W., Barone, D.F., & Schneider, B. (1999). Postconcussion syndrome following sports related head injury: Expectation as etiology. Neuropsychology, 13, 582-589.

Gouvier, D.W., Cubic, B., Jones, G., Brantley, P., & Cutlip, Q. (1992). Postconcussional symptoms and daily stress in normal and head injured college populations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 193-212.

Gouvier, D.W., Uddo-Crane, M., & Brown, L.M. (1988). Base rates of postconcussion symptoms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 273-278.


Gunstad, J., & Suhr, J.A. (2001). 'Expectation as Etiology' versus 'The Good Old Days': Postconcussion syndrome symptom reporting in athletes, headache sufferers, and

depressed individuals. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 323-333.

Hilsabeck, R.C., Gouvier, W.D., & Bolter, J.F. (1998). Reconstructive memory bias in recall of neuropsychological symptomatology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 328-338.

Iverson, G.L., & McCracken, L.M. (1997). 'Postconcussive' symptoms in persons with chronic pain. Brain Injury, 11, 783-790.

Jungwirth, S., Fischer, P., Weissgram, S., Kirchmeyr, W., Bauer, P., & Tragl, K.-H. (2004). Subjective memory complaints and objective memory impairment in the Vienna-Transdanube aging community. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 263-268.

Lees-Haley, P., Williams, C., Zasler, N., Marguilies, S., English, L., & Stevens, K. (1997). Response bias in plaintiffs' histories. Brain Injury, 11, 791-799.

Martin, R., Hayes, J., & Gouvier, W. D. (1996). Differential vulnerability between postconcussion self-report and objective malingering tests in identifying simulated mild head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 265-275.

Meador, K.J., Loring, D.W., Vahle, V.J., Ray, P.G., Werz, M.A., Fessler, A.J., Ogrocki, P., Schoenberg, M.R., Miller, J.M., & Kustra, R.P. (2005). Subjective perception of cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs is more related to mood than to objective performance. Epilepsia, 46, 261-262.

Mittenberg, W., DiGiulio, D.V., Perrin, S., & Bass, A.E. (1992). Symptoms following mild head injury: Expectation as aetiology. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 55, 200-204.

Otto, M.W., Bruder, G.E., Fava, M., Delis, D.C., Quitkin, F.M., & Rosenbaum, J.F. (1994). Norms for depressed patients for the California Verbal Learning Test: Associations with depression severity and self-report of cognitive difficulties. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9, 81-88.

Rutherford, W. H. (1989). Postconcussion symptoms: Relationship to acute neurological indices, individual differences, and circumstances of injury. In H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, & A.L. Benton (Eds.). Mild head injury (pp. 217-228). New York: Oxford University Press.

Schrag, A., Brown, R.J., & Trimble, M.R. (2004). Reliability of self-reported diagnoses in patients with neurological unexplained symptoms. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 75: 608-611.

Suhr, J., Hammers, D., Dobbins-Buckland, K., Zimak, E., & Hughes, C. (2008). The relationship of malingering test failiure to self-reported symtpoms and

neuropsychological findings in adults referred for ADHD evaluation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 521-530.

Williams, C., Lees-Haley, P., & Djanogly, S. (1999). Clinical scrutiny of litigants’ self-reports. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 361-367.

Zandi, T. (2004). Relationship between subjective memory complaints, objective memory performance, and depression among older adults. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 19, 353-360.

D8: Ethical Issues (Including Objectivity and Bias)

Adams, K.M. (1997). Comment on ethical considerations in forensic neuropsychological consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 294-296.

American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (2001). Policy Statement on the Presence of Third Party Observers in Neuropsychological Assessments. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 433-439.

American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (2003). Official position of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology on ethical complaints made against clinical neuropsychologists during adversarial proceedings. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 443-445.

American Psychological Association Committee on Legal Issues (2006). Strategies for private practitioners coping with subpoenas or compelled testimony for client records or test data. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37, 215-222.

Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy (2006). Neuropsychological Testing: Ethical Applications for Law and Public Policy. Annapolis, MD: J.D. Seward & M. Welner.

Binder, L. & Thompson, L. (1995). The ethics code and neuropsychological assessment practices. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10, 27-46.

Borum, R., Otto, R., & Golding, S. (1993). Improving clinical judgement and decision making in forensic evaluation. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 21, 35-76.

Bush, S. (2005). A casebook of ethical challenges in neuropsychology. New York: Taylor & Francis

Bush, S. (Guest Editor) (2005). Ethical issues in forensic neuropsychology. Special issue in the Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4(3).

Bush, S. et al. (2005). NAN position paper: Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419–426.

Bush. S. et al. (2005). Independent and court-ordered forensic neuropsychological examinations: Official statement of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 997-1007.

Bush, S. S., Grote, C. L., Johnsone-Greene, D. E., & Macartney-Filgate, M. (2008). A panel interview on the ethical practice of neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 321-344.

Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists (1991). Specialty guidelines for forensic psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 655-665.

Essig, S.M., Mittenberg, W., Petersen, R. S., Strauman, S., & Cooper, J.T. (2001). Practices in forensic neuropsychology: Perspectives of neuropsychologists and trial attorneys. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 271-291.

Fishbain, D.A., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H.L., & Rosomoff, R.S. (1999). Chronic pain disability exaggeration/malingering and submaximal effort research. Clinical Journal of Pain, 15, 244-274.

Fishbain, D.A., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H.L., & Rosomoff, R. S. (2004). Is there a relationship between nonorganic physical findings (Waddell signs) and secondary gain/malingering? Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 399-408.

Garb, H. (1998). Studying the clinician: Judgement research and psychological assessment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Garb, H. & Schramke, C. (1996). Judgment research and neuropsychological assessment: A narrative review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 140-153.

Greiffenstein, M.F. & Cohen, L. (2005). Principles of productive neuropsychologist-attorney interactions. In G. Larrabee (Ed.), Forensic neuropsychology. A scientific approach (29-91). New York: Oxford.

Grote, C. (2005). Ethical practice of forensic neuropsychology. In G.J. Larrabee (Ed.), Forensic neuropsychology: A scientific approach (pp. 92-114). New York: Oxford University Press.

Grote, C., Lewin, J., Sweet, J.J., & van Gorp, W. (2000). Responses to perceived unethical practices in clinical neuropsychology: Ethical and legal considerations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 119-134.

Guilmette, T. & Hagan, L. (1997). Ethical considerations in forensic neuropsychological consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 287-290.

Gutheil, T.G., Schetky, D.H., & Simon, R.I. (2006). Pejorative testimony about opposing experts and colleagues: “Fouling one’s own nest.” The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 34, 26-30.

Johnson-Greene, D. & Bechtold, K.T. (2002). Ethical considerations for peer review in forensic neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 97-104.

Kaufman, P. (2005). Protecting the objectivity, fairness, and integrity of neuropsychological evaluations in litigation: A privilege second to none? Journal of Legal Medicine, 26, 95-131.

Malina, A., Nelson, N., & Sweet, J.J. (2005). Framing the relationships in forensic neuropsychology: Ethical issues. In S. Bush (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Ethics in forensic neuropsychology. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 21-44.

Martelli, M.F., Bush, S.S., & Zasler, N.D. (2003). Identifying, avoiding, and addressing ethical misconduct in neuropsychological medicolegal practice. International Journal of Forensic Psychology, 1, 26-44.

Martelli, M.F., Zasler, N.D., & Johnson-Greene, D. (2001). Promoting ethical and objective practice in the medicolegal arena of disability evaluation. Disability Evaluation, 12, 571-584.

McCaffrey, R. (Guest Editor). (2005). Third Party Observers. Special issue in the Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4(2).

McSweeney, A.J. (1997). Regarding ethics in neuropsychological consultation: A comment on Guilmette and Hagan. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 291-293.

McSweeney, A.J., Becker, B.C., Naugle, R.I., Snow, W.G., Binder, L.M., & Thompson, L.L. (1998). Ethical issues related to presence of third party observers in clinical neuropsychological evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 552-560.

Nagy, T. (2000). Ethics in plain English: An illustrative casebook for psychologists. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Sweet, J.J.(2005). Ethical challenges in forensic neuropsychology, Part V. In S. Bush, (Ed.) A casebook of ethical challenges in neuropsychologys. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Sweet, J.J., Grote, C., & vanGorp, W. (2002). Ethical issues in forensic neuropsychology. In S. Bush & M. L. Drexler (Eds.) Ethical Issues in Clinical Neuropsychology. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Sweet, J.J., & Moulthrop, M. (1999). Self-examination questions as a means of identifying bias in adversarial assessments. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1(1), 73-88.

Sweet, J.J. & Moulthrop, M.A. (1999). Response to Lees-Haley’s commentary: Debiasing techniques cannot be completely curative. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1(3), 49-57.

van Gorp, W., & McMullen, W. (1997). Potential sources of bias in forensic neuropsychological evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 180-187.

Van Reekum, R., Streiner, D.L., & Conn, D.K. (2001). Applying Bradford Hill’s criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 318-325.

Weissman, H., & DeBow, D. (2003). Ethical principles and professional competencies. In A. Goldstein (Ed.) Volume 11: Forensic Psychology, Handbook of Psychology, I. Weiner (Ed. in Chief), (pp. 33-53). New York: Wiley.

Wettstein, R. (2005). Quality and quality improvement in forensic mental health evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33, 158-175.

Youngjohn, J. (1995). Confirmed attorney coaching prior to neuropsychological evaluation. Assessment, 2, 279-284.

D9: Evidentiary Rulings (e.g., Daubert Challenges)

Dahir, VB., Richardson, J.T., Ginsburg, G.P., Gatowski, S.I., Dobbin, S.A., & Merlino, M.L. (2005). Judicial application of Daubert to psychological syndrome and profile evidence: A research note. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11, 62-82.

Cheng, E.K., & Yoon, A.H. (2005). Does Frye or Daubert matter? A study of scientific admissibility standards. Virginia Law Review, 91, 471-513.

Groscup, J.L., Penrod, S.D., Studebaker, C.A., Huss, M.T., & O'Neil, K.M. (2002). The effects of Daubert on the admissibility of expert testimony in state and federal criminal cases. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 8, 339-372.

Kaufmann, P. (2008). Admissibility of neuropsychological evidence in criminal cases: Competency, insanity, culpability, and mitigation. In R. Denney (Ed.) Clinical neuropsychology in the criminal forensic setting. New York: Guilford.

Sweet, J.J., Ecklund-Johnson, E., & Malina, A. (2008). Overview of forensic neuropsychology. In J. Morgan & J. Ricker (Eds.) Textbook of clinical neuropsychology. New York: Taylor & Francis.

D10: Neuroimaging in the Courtroom

Brakel, S. J., Gonzalez, E. R., & Cavanaugh, J. L., Jr. (1996). Neuropsychiatry at the courtroom gates: Selective entry or anything goes? Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 1, 215-221.

Bufkin, J. L., & Luttrell, V. R. (2005). Neuroimaging studies of aggressive and violent behavior: current findings and implications for criminology and criminal justice. Trauma Violence Abuse, 6, 176-191.

Jackson, G.E. (2006). A curious consensus: "Brain scans prove disease?" Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry: An International Journal of Critical Inquiry, 8, 55-60.

Kulynych, J. (1997). Psychiatric neuroimaging evidence: A high-tech crystal ball? Stanford Law Review, 49, 1249-1270.

Mayberg, H.S. (1996). Medical-legal inferences from functional neuroimaging evidence. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 1, 195-201.

Mehr, S. H., & Gerdes, S. L. (2001). Medicolegal applications of PET scans. NeuroRehabilitation, 16(2), 87-92.

Pratt, B., & Johnson, K. (2005). “Soft” science in the courtroom?: The effects of admitting neuroimaging evidence into legal proceedings. Penn Bioethics Journal, 1, 1-3.

Reeves, D., Mills, M. J., Billick, S. B., & Brodie, J. D. (2003). Limitations of brain imaging in forensic psychiatry. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law, 31(1), 89-96.

Ricker, J. H., & Zafonte, R. D. (2000). Functional neuroimaging and quantitative electroencephalography in adult traumatic head injury: clinical applications and interpretive cautions. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 15(2), 859-868.

Weiss, Z. (1996). The legal admissibility of positron emission tomography scans in criminal cases: People v. Spyder Cystkopf. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 1, 202-210.

D11: Third Party Observers

Axelrod B, Barth J, Faust D, Fisher J, Heilbronner R, Larrabee G, Pliskin N, Silver C; Policy and Planning Committee, National Academy of Neuropsychology. (2000). Presence of third party observers during neuropsychological testing: Official statement of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 379-80.

American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (2001). Policy statement on the presence of third party observers in neuropsychological assessments. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 433-9.

Binder, L.M., & Johnson-Greene, D. (1995). Observer effects on neuropsychological performance: A case report. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9, 74–78.

Constantinou, M., Ashendorf, L., & McCaffrey, R. (2002). When the Third Party Observer of a Neuropsychological Evaluation is an Audio-Recorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 407–412.

Constantinou, M., Ashendorf, L., & McCaffrey, R. (2005). Effects of a third party observer during neuropsychological assessment: When the observer is a video camera. In R. McCaffrey (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Third party observers. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 39-48.

Gavett, B., Lynch, J., & McCaffrey, R. (2005). Third party observers: The effect size is greater than you might think. In R. McCaffrey (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Third party observers. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 49-64.

Duff, K., & Fisher, J. (2005). Ethical dilemmas with third party observers. In R. McCaffrey (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Third party observers. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 65-82.

Kehrer, C., Sanchez, P., Habif, U., Rosenbaum, J.G., & Townes, B. (2000) Effects of a Significant-Other Observer on Neuropsychological Test Performance. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 67-71.

Lambert, L. (2007). Why third-party observers should be excluded from Rule 1.360 Psychological Examinations. Trial Advocate Quarterly, 27 (4), 6-12.

Lynch, J. (2005). Effects of a third party observer on neuropsychological test performance following closed head injury. In R. McCaffrey (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Third party observers. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 17-26.

McCaffrey, R., Lynch, J., & Yantz, C. (2005). Third party observers: Why all the fuss? In R. McCaffrey (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Third party observers. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 1-16.

McCaffrey, R.J., Fisher, J.M., Gold, B.A., & Lynch, J.K. (1996). Presence of third parties during neuropsychological evaluations: Who is evaluating whom? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 1–15.

McSweeny, A.J., Becker, B.C., Naugle, R.I., Snow, W.G., Binder, L.M., & Thompson, L.L. (1998). Ethical issues related to the presence of third party observers in clinical neuropsychology evaluations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 12, 552–559.

Spelliscy, R.J., with Suffield, J.B. (October 2008) Psychological Evaluations and Third Party Observers. College of Alberta Psychologists Third Party Observer Guideline. Online at http://www.cap.ab.ca

Yantz, C., & McCaffrey (2005). Effects of a supervisor’s observation on memory test performance of the examinee: Third party observer effect confirmed. In R. McCaffrey (Guest Ed.) Special Issue: Third party observers. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 4, 27-38.

D12: Professional Practice Surveys Relevant to Forensic Neuropsychology

Archer, R.P., Buffington-Vollum, J.K., Stredny, R.V., & Handel, R.H. (2006). A survey of psychological test use patterns among forensic psychologists. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87, 84-94.

Guilmette, T. J., Hagan, L. D., & Giuliano, A. J. (2008). Assigning qualitative descriptions to test scores in neuropsychology: Forensic implications. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 122-139.

Lally, S.J. (2003). What tests are acceptable for use in forensic evaluations? A survey of experts. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 491-498.

Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E.M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Baserates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1102.

Rabin, L., Barr, W., & Burton, L. (2005). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members. Archives of Clincial Neuropsychology 20, 33-65.

Sharland, M.J., & Gfeller, J.D. (2007). A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 213-224.


Sweet, J., King, J., Malina, A., Bergman, M., & Simmons, A. (2002). Documenting the prominence of forensic neuropsychology at national meetings and in relevant professional journals from 1990-2000. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 481-494.

Sweet, J., Nelson, N., & Moberg, P. (2006). The TCN/AACN “Salary Survey”: Professional practices, beliefs, and incomes of U.S. neuropsychologists. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 325-364.

http://www.cap.ab.ca/

Trueblood, W., & Binder, L. (1997). Psychologists' accuracy in identifying neuropsychological test protocols of clinical malingerers. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 13-27.

Victor, T., & Abeles, N. (2004). Coaching clients to take psychological and neuropsychological tests: A clash of ethical obligations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 373-379.

Wetter, M., & Corrigan, S. (1995). Providing information to clients about psychological tests: A survey of attorneys' and law students' attitudes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 474-477.

APPENDIX E: General Resources

E1: General Forensic Books and Additional Resources

American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (2003). Official position of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology on ethical complaints made against clinical neuropsychologists during adversarial proceedings. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 443-445.

American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (2007). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 209-231.

American Bar Association (1998). National Benchbook on psychiatric and psychological evidence and testimony (reference book for judges)

Annapolis Center for Science-Based Public Policy (2006). Neuropsychological Testing: Ethical Applications for Law and Public Policy. Annapolis, MD: J.D. Seward & M. Welner.

American Medical Association (1999). Patient-physician relationship in the context of work-related and independent medical examinations. [On-line]. Available: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category.8326.html.

American Medical Association (1999). Patient-physician relationship in the context of work-related and independent medical examinations. [On-line]. Available: http://www.amaassn.org/apps/pf_online/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc=policyfiles/HOD/H-140.928.htm.

American Psychological Association (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57, 1060-1073.

Barsky, A., & Gould, J. (2002). Clinicians in Court. New York: Guilford.

Berger, M.A. (2000). The Supreme Court's Trilogy on the admissibility of expert testimony. In Reference manual on scientific evidence (2nd ed., pp. 9-38). Washington, DC: Federal Judicial Center.

Bick, R.L. (1999). The expert witness in litigation and legal matters. In M.A. Shiffman (Ed.) Ethics in forensic science and medicine: Guidelines for the forensic expert and the attorney (pp. 19-28). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Boccaccini, M.T., & Brodsky, S.L. (1999). Diagnostic test usage by forensic psychologists in emotional injury cases. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 253-259.

Bordini, E.J., Chaknis, M.M., Ekman-Turner, R.M., & Perna, R.B. (2002). Advances and issues in the diagnostic differential of malingering versus brain injury. Neurorehabilitation, 17, 93-104.

Brodsky, S.L., & McKinzey, R.K. (2002). The ethical confrontation of the unethical forensic colleague. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 307-309.

Bush, S.S., Barth, J.T., Pliskin, N.H., Arffa, S., Axelrod, B.N., Blackburn, L. A., Faust, D., Fisher, J.M., Harley, J.P., Heilbronner, R.L., Larrabee, G.J., Ricker, J.H., & Silver, C.H. (2005). Independent and court-ordered forensic neuropsychological examinations: Official NAN position. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 997-1007.

Canadian Academy of Psychologists in Disability Assessment. (2000). Practice standards for the psychological assessment of disability and impairment. [On-line]. Available: http://www.capda.ca/mainstandardspractice/htm.

Dixon, L., & Gill, B. (2002). Changes in the standards for admitting expert evidence in federal civil cases since the Daubert decision. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 8, 251-308.

Dunn, J.T., Lees-Haley, P.R., Brown, R.S., Williams, C.W., & English, L.T. (1995). Neurotoxic complaint base rates of personal injury claimants: Implications for neuropsychological assessment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 577-584.

Faigman, D.L., & Monahan, J. (2005). Psychological evidence at the dawn of the law’s scientific age. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 631-659.

Fisher, M. (1997). The psychologist as “hired gun.” The American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 15, 25-30.

Foster, K., & Huber, P. (1997). Judging science: Scientific knowledge and the federal courts. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Franklin, R.D. (Ed.). (2003). Prediction in Forensic and Neuropsychology: Sound Statistical Practices. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Goldstein, A. (Ed.) (2003). Forensic neuropsychology. In Volume 11 of Handbook of Psychology, I. Weiner, (Ed. in Chief). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.

Grisso, T. (2003). Evaluating competencies: Forensic assessments and instruments (2nd Ed.). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Grote, C.L., Lewin, J.L., Sweet, J.J., & van Gorp, W.G. (2000). Responses to perceived unethical practices in clinical neuropsychology: Ethical and legal considerations. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 14, 119-134.

Grove, W.M., & Barden, R.C. (1999). Protecting the integrity of the legal system: The admissibility of testimony from mental health experts under Daubert/Kumho analyses. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 224-242.

Guilmette, T.J., & Hagan, L.D. (1997). Ethical considerations in forensic neuropsychological consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 11, 287-290.

Gutheil, T.G., Commons, M.L., & Miller, P.M. (2001). Withholding, seducing, and threatening: A pilot study of further attorney pressures on expert witnesses. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 29, 336-339.

Gutheil, T.G., & Simon, R.I. (1999). Attorneys’ pressures on the expert witness: Early warning signs of endangered honesty, objectivity, and fair compensation. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 27, 546-553.

Hall, H.V., & Poirier, J.G. (2001). Detecting malingering and deception (2nd ed.) Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Hartman, D.E. (1995). Neuropsychological toxicology: Identification and assessment of neurotoxic syndromes. New York: Plenum.

Hartman, D.E. (1998). Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of environmental toxicant exposure. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 659-670.

Hartman., D.E. (1999). Neuropsychology and the (neuro)toxic tort. In Sweet, J.J. (Ed.) Forensic neuropsychology: Fundamentals and practice (pp. 339-367). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Heilbronner, R.L. (Ed.) (2005). Forensic neuropsychology casebook. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Heilbronner, R.L. (Ed.) (2008). Neuropsychology in the courtroom: Expert analysis of reports and testimony. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Heilbrun, K. (2001). Principles of forensic mental health assessment. New York: Kluwer.

Hess, A.K. (1998). Accepting forensic case referrals: Ethical and professional considerations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29, 109-114.

Huber, P.W. (1991). Galileo’s revenge: Junk science in the courtroom. New York: Basic Books.

Johnston, M.T., Krafka, C. & Cecil, J.S. (2000). Expert testimony in federal and civil trials: A preliminary analysis. Federal Judicial Center.

Johnson-Greene, D. & Bechtold, K.T. (2002). Ethical considerations for peer review in forensic neuropsychology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 97-104.

Joint Committee on Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. (1999). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington DC: American Educational Resource Association.

Kareken, D.A. (1997). Judgment pitfalls in estimating premorbid intellectual function. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 701-709.

Kaufman, P. (2005). Protecting the objectivity, fairness, and integrity of neuropsychological evaluations in litigation: A privilege second to none? Journal of Legal Medicine, 26, 95-131.

Kassirer, J.P., & Cecil, J.S. (2002). Inconsistency in evidentiary standards for medical testimony: Disorder in the courts. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1382-1387.

Knapp, S. & VandeCreek, L. (2001). Ethical issues in personality assessment in forensic psychology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 242-254.

Koch, W.J., Douglas, K.S., Nicholls, T.L., & O’Neill, M.L. (Eds.) (2005). Psychological injuries: Forensic assessment, treatment, & law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Krafka, C., Dunn, M.A., Treadway Johnson, M., Cecil, J.S., & Miletich, D. (2002). Judge and attorney experiences, practices, and concerns regarding expert testimony in federal civil trials. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 8, 309-332.

Laing, L.C., & Fisher, J.M. (1997). Neuropsychology in civil proceedings. In R.J. McCaffrey, A.D. Williams, J.M. Fisher, & L.C. Laing (Eds.) The Practice of Forensic Neuropsychology: Meeting Challenges in the Courtroom (pp. 117-133). New York: Plenum Press.

Larrabee, G.J. (Ed.) (2005). Forensic Neuropsychology: A Scientific Approach. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Lees-Haley, P.R. (1997a). Attorneys influence expert evidence in forensic psychological and neuropsychological cases. Assessment, 4, 321-324.

Lees-Haley, P.R. (1997b). Neurobehavioral assessment in toxic injury evaluations. Applied Neuropsychology, 4, 180-190.

Lees-Haley, P., & Cohen, L. (1999). The neuropsychologist as expert witness: Toward credible science in the courtroom. In J. Sweet (Ed.) Forensic neuropsychology: Fundamentals and practice (pp. 443-184). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Lewin, J. (1998). The genesis and evolution of legal uncertainty about “reasonable medical certainty.” Maryland Law Review, 57, 380-504.

Marson, D.C., Ingram, K.K., Cody, Heather, & Harrell, L.E. (1995). Assessing the competency of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease under different legal standards. Archives of Neurology, 52, 949-954.

Martell, D.A. (1992). Forensic neuropsychology and the criminal law. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 313-336.

Melton, G.B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N.G., & Slobogin, C. (1997). Psychological evaluations for the courts: A handbook for mental health professionals and lawyers. (2nd Ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Millis, S.R. (2004). Evaluation of malingered neurocognitive disorders. In M. Rizzo & P. J. Esslinger (Eds.), Principles and practice of behavioral neurology and neuropsychology (pp. 1077-1089). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

NAN Policy and Planning Committee. (2000). Test security: Official position statement of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 383-386.

Nestor, P.G., Dagett, D., Haycock, J., & Price, M. (1999). Competence to stand trial: A neuropsychological inquiry. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 397-412.

Perlo, S. (1996). The ABCs of psychiatric disability evaluations. Occupational Medicine, 11, 747-765.

Roesch, R., et al. (1999). Psychology and law: The state of the discipline. New York: Kluwer.

Rogers, R. (Ed.) (1997). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford.

Rogers, R. (Ed.) (2008). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd Edition). New York: Guilford.

Sparta, S. & Koocher, G. (2006). Forensic mental health assessment of children and adolescents. New York: Guilford.

Shuman, D.W., & Sales, B.D. (1999). The impact of Daubert and its progeny on the admissibility of behavioral and social science evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 3-15.

Sweet, J.J. (Ed.) (1999). Forensic neuropsychology: Fundamentals and practice. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Sweet, J.J. (2003). Ethics cases: Forensic neuropsychology. In S. Bush (Ed.). Ethics Casebook for Neuropsychologists (pp. 51-61). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Sweet, J.J., Grote, C., & van Gorp, W. (2002). Ethical issues in forensic neuropsychology. In S.S. Bush & M. L. Drexler (Eds.). Ethical Issues in Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 103-133). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Sweet, J.J., & Moulthrop, M. (1999). Self-examination questions as a means of identifying bias in adversarial assessments. Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology, 1, 73-88.

Taylor, J.S. (1999). The legal environment pertaining to clinical neuropsychology. In J. Sweet (Ed.) Forensic neuropsychology: Fundamentals and practice. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Tenopyr, M.L. (1999). A scientist-practitioner’s viewpoint on the admissibility of behavioral and social scientific information. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 194-202.

Van Reekum, R., Streiner, D.L., & Conn, D.K. (2001). Applying Bradford Hill’s criteria for causation to neuropsychiatry: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13, 318-325.

Wetter, M.W., & Corrigan, S.K. (1995). Providing information to clients about psychological tests: A survey of attorneys’ and law students’ attitudes. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 474-477.

Wettstein, R. (2005). Quality and quality improvement in forensic mental health evaluations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 33, 158-175.

Wills, K., & Sweet, J. (2006). Neuropsychological considerations in forensic child assessment. In J. Sparta & G. Koocher (Eds.). Forensic mental health assessment of children and adolescents (pp. 260-284). New York: Guilford Press.

Youngjohn, J. (1995). Confirmed attorney coaching prior to neuropsychological evaluation. Assessment, 2, 279-284.

E2: Online Resources

American Bar Association: http://www.abanet.org/

International Journal of Forensic Psychology: http://ijfp.psyc.uow.edu.au/index2.html

Issues available online.

Professional Expert Registry: http://www.mdexonline.com/experts_pr.cfm

(Experts.com) Internet directory of experts and consultants. Experts include authors, consultants, engineers, physicians, professors, scientists, specialists, and many more professionals in over 1075 categories of expertise. A resource for attorneys, reporters, insurance companies, judges, librarians, the media, and a variety of businesses.

The Daubert Tracker: http://www.dauberttracker.com/

Key features: all federal and state evidentiary gatekeeping standards tracked, all reported and numerous unreported cases, country's largest repository of 'Daubert' documents, 14,000+ case records, 21,000+ expert records, updated daily, full text opinion search.

Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute: http://supct.law.cornell.edu/

Provides: Supreme Court rulings; updates for Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure, Bankruptcy Procedure, and Evidence; etc.

Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, Archive of All Online Issues: http://www.jaapl.org/archive/

Articles, Research, and Resources in Psychology (Ken Pope’s website): http://www.kspope.com/

Includes free access to a variety of journal articles.

Indiana School of Law Library, Bloomington, General Legal Resources: http://www.law.indiana.edu/library/onlineresources/gen_leg.shtml

http://www.law.indiana.edu/library/onlineresources/gen_leg.shtml

http://www.jaapl.org/archive/

http://supct.law.cornell.edu/

http://www.dauberttracker.com/

http://ijfp.psyc.uow.edu.au/index2.html

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