Private military company 1

Private military company

Blackwater Security guarding U.S. StateDepartment employees at the Republican Palace

in Baghdad.

A private military company (PMC) or (Private Military or SecurityCompanies) provides staff and services of military and sometimessecurity natures. The hiring of professional soldiers is a commonpractice in the history of armed conflict. Historically, these soldiers arecommonly known as mercenaries. However, modern-day PMCs preferto call their active staff security contractors, private militarycontractors or private security contractors, and prefer themselves tobe known as private military corporations, private military firms,private security providers or military service providers. PrivateMilitary Companies refer to their business generally as the privatemilitary industry, in order to avoid the negative stigma oftenassociated with mercenaries.

The services and expertise offered by PMCs are typically similar to those of governmental military or police forces,most often on a smaller scale. While PMCs often provide services to train or supplement official armed forces inservice of governments, they can also be employed by private companies to provide bodyguards for key staff orprotection of company premises, especially in hostile territories. However, contractors who use offensive force in awar zone could be considered unlawful combatants, in reference to a concept implied{wrong word?] in the GenevaConventions and explicitly specified by the US Military Commissions Act.[1]

Private military companies carry out many different missions and jobs. These include things such as supplyingbodyguards to the Afghan president Hamid Karzai and piloting reconnaissance airplanes and helicopters as a part ofPlan Colombia.[2] [3] They are also licensed by the United States Department of State, they are contracting withforeign governments, training soldiers and reorganizing militaries in Nigeria, Bulgaria, Taiwan, and EquatorialGuinea.[4] The PMC industry is now worth over $100 billion a year.[5]

United StatesThroughout US history, civilian contractors have supported the US Army on the battlefield and have become anessential part of its war fighting and peacekeeping capabilities.In 1985, LOGCAP was established primarily to preplan for contingencies and to leverage the existing civilianresources. However, it was not until three years later before it was first used. In support of a United States ThirdArmy mission, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) used LOGCAP to contract for the constructionand maintenance of two petroleum pipelines systems in Southwest Asia.Later, USACE awarded the first contract under LOGCAP umbrella concept to Brown and Root Services (now KBR)in August 1992 as a cost-plus-award-fee contract, which was used in December that year to support the UnitedNations forces in Somalia.Some contractors have served in advisory roles that help train local militaries to fight more than effectively insteadof intervening directly. Much of the peacekeeper training the United States provides to African militaries is done byprivate firms, and with the increasing absence of Western military support to international peace operations, theprivate sector is commonly utilized to provide services to peace and stability operations from Haiti to Darfur.The Center for Public Integrity reported that since 1994, the Defense Department entered into 3,601 contracts worth$300 billion with 12 U.S. based various PMCs within the United States, specifically during the initial response afterHurricane Katrina in New Orleans.

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Domestic operations are generally under the auspice of state or federal agencies such as the Department of Energy orthe Department of Homeland Security rather than the Department of Defense. Driven by increasingly greater fears ofdomestic terror attacks and civil unrest and disruption in the wake of disasters, more conventional securitycompanies are moving into operations arenas that would fall within the definition of a PMC.The United States State Department also employs several companies to provide support in danger zones that wouldbe difficult for conventional U.S. forces.

Bush Administration policy on PMCsOn December 5, 2005, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld held a lecture dubbed "The Future of Iraq" atJohns Hopkins Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.[6] During a Q&A session afterwards he wasasked a question by graduate student Kate Turner regarding PMCs:

Turner: "There are currently thousands of private military contractors in Iraq and you were justspeaking of rules of engagement in regards to Iraqi personnel and US personnel. Could you speak to,since the private contractors are operating outside the Uniform Code of Military Justice, can you speakto what law or rules of engagement do govern their behavior and whether there has been any studyshowing that it is cost effective to have them in Iraq rather than US military personnel. Thank you."Rumsfeld: "Thank you. It is clearly cost-effective to have contractors for a variety of things that militarypeople need not do, and that for whatever reason other civilians, government people, cannot be deployed to do.There are a lot of contractors, a growing number. They come from our country but they come from allcountries, and indeed sometimes the contracts are from our country or another country and they employ peoplefrom totally different countries including Iraqis and people from neighboring nations. And there are a lot ofthem. It's a growing number. Of course we've got to begin with the fact that, as you point out, they're notsubject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. We understand that. There are laws that govern the behaviorof Americans in that country. The Department of Justice oversees that.There is an issue that is current as to the extent to which they can or cannot carry weapons, and that's an issue.It's also an issue, of course, with the Iraqis. But if you think about it, Iraq’s a sovereign country. They havetheir laws and they're going to govern, the UN resolution and the Iraqi laws, as well as U.S. procedures andlaws govern behavior in that country depending on who the individual is and what he's doing. But I personallyam of the view that there are a lot of things that can be done for a short time basis by contractors thatadvantage the United States and advantage other countries who also hire contractors, and that any idea that weshouldn't have them I think would be unwise."[7]

Application of UCMJ to PMCsThe FY2007 Defense Budget appropriation bill, amended the UCMJ to allow for prosecution of military contractorswho are deployed in a "declared war or a contingency operation."

"SEC. 552. CLARIFICATION OF APPLICATION OF UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICEDURING A TIME OF WAR.Paragraph (10) of section 802(a) of title 10, United States Code (article 2(a) of the Uniform Code of MilitaryJustice), is amended by striking 'war' and inserting 'declared war or a contingency operation'." [8] [9]

Farah Stockman of the Boston Globe, (7 January 2007) wrote:"Previously, the code applied to 'persons serving with or accompanying an armed force in the field' onlyduring a war, which US courts interpreted to mean a war declared by Congress. No such declaration was madein the Iraq conflict. Now, Congress has amended the code to apply to persons accompanying an armed forceduring a 'declared war or contingency operation.'

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But the provision might also have unintended consequences, if the military chooses to use its new power tocourt-martial civilians. For instance, the language in the law is so broad that it can be interpreted as saying thatembedded journalists and contract employees from foreign countries would also be liable under the militarycode. Other punishable offenses under the code include disobeying an order, disrespecting an officer, andpossession of pornography in a combat zone."[10]

International legal issuesIn October 2007, the United Nations released a two-year study that stated, that although hired as "security guards",private contractors were performing military duties. The report found that the use of contractors such as Blackwaterwas a "new form of mercenary activity" and illegal under International law. Many countries, including the UnitedStates and the United Kingdom, are not signatories to the 1989 United Nations Mercenary Convention banning theuse of mercenaries.[11]

RecruitmentDischarged military personnel make up the majority of Western contractors. The boom of the private securityindustry that took place in the 1990s can be traced back to the over 6 million military personnel that were dischargedin that decade. Post Cold War military reduction has also expanded the recruiting pool for PMCs. In some cases,entire elite units, such as the South African 32nd Reconnaissance Battalion and the former Soviet “Alfa” unit havebeen reorganized into private military companies.[12]

Some commentators have argued that there has been a recent exodus from many special operations forces across theglobe towards these private military corporations. Units that have allegedly been severely affected include TheBritish Special Air Service,[13] [14] the US Special Operations Forces [15] and the Canadian Joint Task Force 2.[16]

Finding work in the industry is not difficult for most former soldiers as their personal network of fellow andex-soldiers is enough to keep them informed of available contracts.

PMC activities in IraqIn December, 2006, in Iraq there are thought to be at least 100,000 contractors working directly for the United StatesDepartment of Defense which is a tenfold increase in the use of private contractors for military operations since thePersian Gulf War, just over a decade earlier.[17] The prevalence of PMCs has led to the foundation of trade group thePrivate Security Company Association of Iraq. In Iraq, the issue of accountability, especially in the case ofcontractors carrying weapons is a sensitive one. Iraqi laws do not hold over contractors. Just before leaving office ashead of the Coalition Provisional Authority, Paul Bremer signed Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17 where it isstated that:

Contractors shall not be subject to Iraqi laws or regulations in matters relating to the terms andconditions of their Contracts, including licensing and registering employees, businesses andcorporations; provided, however, that Contractors shall comply with such applicable licensing andregistration laws and regulations if engaging in business or transactions in Iraq other than Contracts.Notwithstanding any provisions in this Order, Private Security Companies and their employeesoperating in Iraq must comply with all CPA Orders, Regulations, Memoranda, and any implementinginstructions or regulations governing the existence and activities of Private Security Companies in Iraq,including registration and licensing of weapons and firearms.[18]

PMCs supply support to U.S. military bases throughout the Persian Gulf, from operating mess halls to providing security. They supply armed guards at a U.S. Army base in Qatar, and they use live ammunition to train soldiers at Camp Doha in Kuwait. They maintain an array of weapons systems vital to an invasion of Iraq. They also provide bodyguards for VIPs, guard installations, and escort supply convoys from Kuwait. All these resources are called

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upon constantly due to the war in Iraq.[5]

• Employees of private military company CACI and Titan Corp. were involved in the Iraq Abu Ghraib prisonscandal in 2003, and 2004. The U.S. Army "found that contractors were involved in 36 percent of the [AbuGhraib] proven incidents and identified 6 employees as individually culpable",[19] although none have facedprosecution unlike US military personnel.[19]

• On March 31, 2004, four American private contractors belonging to the company Blackwater USA were killed byinsurgents in Fallujah as they drove through the town. They were dragged from their car in one of the mostviolent attacks on U.S. contractors in the conflict. Following the attack, an angry mob mutilated and burned thebodies, dragging them through the streets before they were hung on a bridge. (See also: 31 March 2004 Fallujahambush, Operation Vigilant Resolve)

• On March 28, 2005, 16 American contractors and three Iraqi aides from Zapata Engineering, under contract to theUS Army Corps of Engineers to manage an ammunition storage depot, were detained following two incidents inwhich they allegedly fired upon U.S. Marine checkpoint. While later released, the contractors have leviedcomplaints of mistreatment against the Marines who detained them.

• On June 5, 2005, Colonel Theodore S. Westhusing committed suicide, after writing a report exonerating USInvestigations Services of allegations of fraud, waste and abuse he received in an anonymous letter in May.

• On October 27, 2005, a "trophy" video, complete with post-production Elvis Presley music, appearing to showprivate military contractors in Baghdad shooting Iraqi civilians sparked two investigations after it was posted onthe Internet.[20] [21] [22] The video has been linked unofficially to Aegis Defence Services. According to theposters, the man who is seen shooting vehicles on this video in Iraq was a South African employee of AegisVictory team named Danny Heydenreycher. He served in the British military for six years. After the incident theregional director for Victory ROC tried to fire Heydenreycher, but the team threatened to resign if he did. As ofDecember 2005, Aegis is conducting a formal inquiry into the issue, although some concerns on its impartialityhave been raised.

• On September 17, 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the Americansecurity firm Blackwater USA over the firm's involvement in the deaths of eight civilians in a firefight thatfollowed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade. Blackwater is currently one of the mosthigh-profile firms operating in Iraq, with around 1,000 employees as well as a fleet of helicopters in the country.Whether the group may be legally prosecuted is still a matter of debate.[23]

Legal positionTwo days before he left Iraq, L. Paul Bremer signed "Order 17"[24] giving all Americans associated with the CPAand the American government immunity from Iraqi law.[25] A July 2007 report from the American CongressionalResearch Service indicates that the Iraqi government still had no authority over private security firms contracted bythe U.S. government.[26]

The new status-of-forces agreement makes it clear that Contractors are under the jurisdiction of Iraqi law.

Plans for the futureAfter the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq the US State Department is reportedly planning to more than double thenumber of its private security guards, up to as many as 7,000. Defending five fortified compounds across thecountry, the security contractors would operate radars to warn of enemy rocket attacks, search for roadside bombs,fly reconnaissance drones and even staff quick reaction forces to aid civilians in distress. The State Department plansto acquire 60 mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles (MRAPs) from the US military to expand its inventory ofarmored cars to 1,320 and to create a mini-air fleet by buying three planes to add to its lone aircraft. Its helicopterfleet, which will be piloted by contractors, will grow from 17 to 29. [27]

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PMC activities elsewhere• In 1994 and 1995 South African based PMC Executive Outcomes was involved in two military actions in Africa.

In the first conflict, EO fought on the behalf of the Angolan government against UNITA after a UN brokeredpeace settlement broke down. In the second action EO was tasked with containing a guerrilla movement in SierraLeone called the Revolutionary United Front. Both missions involved personnel from the firm training 4-5thousand combat personnel for the Angolan government and retaking control of the diamond fields and forming anegotiated peace in Sierra Leone.

• In 1999, an incident involving DynCorp in Bosnia was followed by a Racketeer Influenced and CorruptOrganizations Act (RICO) lawsuit being filed against DynCorp employees stationed in Bosnia. It alleged that:"employees and supervisors from DynCorp were engaging in perverse, illegal and inhumane behavior and wereillegally purchasing women, weapons, forged passports and participating in other immoral acts."

• In 2000, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's ABC Television international affairs program "ForeignCorrespondent" broadcast a special report "Sierra Leone: Soldiers of Fortune", focusing on the exploits of SouthAfrican pilot Neall Ellis and his MI-24 Hind gunship.[28] The report also investigated the failures of the UNPeacekeeping Force, and the involvement of mercenaries/private military contractors in providing vital support toUN operations and British military Special Operations in Sierra Leone in 1999-2000.[29]

• In 2001, AONN DSI interchangeably known as AONN DSIN and USDSIN (United States Defense SecurityIntelligence Network) materialized with an overtly secret charter enacted among numerous CIA Alumni, variousformer and active U.S. intelligence professionals, a cadre of private sector intelligence experts and Pentagonofficials at the C3I Command and Control Communications echelon level.[30] The counterintelligence and specialactivities divisions of the larger private military company focused on and engaged in foreign intelligencegathering activities in many countries and regions including but not limited to Africa, Oceania, the Middle East,China, Central Asia, both Eastern and Northern Europe and Russia. Several years later, AONN DSI came undermedia scrutiny for a relatively short period of time given the private military company's both overt and covertintelligence gathering activities which some members of the media had considered questionable.[31] RobertTaylor, CEO of a media company known as AONN Records turned out to be also one of the chief architects ofthe AONN DSI Special Access Program which involved such activities as foreign intelligence gathering, PSYOP(Pyschological Operations Warfare), Electronic Cyberwarfare, counterterrorism and defense scientific researchand development.

• On April 5, 2005, Jamie Smith, CEO of SCG International Risk announced the expansion of services from thetraditional roles of PMCs of protection and intelligence to military aviation support. SCG International Air [32]

would provide air support, medevac (medical evacuation), rotary and fixed-wing transportation, heavy-lift cargo,armed escort and executive air travel to "any location on earth." This marks a unique addition and expansion ofservices to rival the capabilities of some country's armies and air forces.

• On March 27, 2006, J. Cofer Black, vice chairman of Blackwater USA announced to attendees of a specialoperations exhibition in Jordan that his company could now provide a brigade-size force for low intensityconflicts. According to Black, "There is clear potential to conduct security operations at a fraction of the cost ofNATO operations".[33]

• In mid-May 2006, police in the Democratic Republic of the Congo arrested 32 alleged mercenaries of differentnationalities; 19 South Africans, 10 Nigerians and three Americans. Half of them worked for a South Africancompany named Omega Security Solutions and the Americans for AQMI Strategy Corp. The men were accusedof plotting to overthrow the government but charges were not pressed. The men were deported to their homecountries.[34] [35]

• In 2006, a U.S. congressional report listed a number of PMCs and other enterprises that have signed contracts to carry out anti-narcotics operations and related activities as part of Plan Colombia. DynCorp was among those contracted by the State Department, while others signed contracts with the Defense Department. Other companies

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from different countries, including Israel, have also signed contracts with the Colombian Defense Ministry tocarry out security or military activities.[3]

• In December 2009, the Congressional Research Service, which provides background information to members ofthe United States Congress, announced that the deployment of 30,000 extra U.S. troops into Afghanistan could beaccompanied by a surge of "26,000 to 56,000" contractors. This would expand the presence of personnel from theU.S. private sector in Afghanistan "to anywhere from 130,000 to 160,000". The CRS study said contractors madeup 69 percent of the Pentagon's personnel in Afghanistan in December 2008, a proportion that "apparentlyrepresented the highest recorded percentage of contractors used by the Defense Department in any conflict in thehistory of the United States." In September 2008 their presence had dropped to 62 percent, while the U.S. militarytroop strength increased modestly.[36] [37] [38]

• Also in December 2009, a House oversight subcommittee said that it had begun a wide-ranging investigation intoallegations that American private security companies hired to protect Defense Department convoys inAfghanistan would be paying off warlords and the Taliban to ensure safe passage. That would mean that theUnited States is unintentionally and indirectly engaged in a protection racket and may be indirectly funding thevery insurgents it were trying to fight. A preliminary inquiry determined that the allegations warranted a deeperinquiry, focused initially on eight trucking companies that share a $2.2 billion Defense Department contract tocarry goods and material from main supply points inside Afghanistan (primarily Bagram air base) to more than100 forward operating bases and other military facilities in the country.[39]

NGOs and Private Security ContractorsNGOs' rare use of private security contractors in dangerous regions is highly sensitive subject.[40] While rare, manyNGOs have sought the services of private security contractors in dangerous areas of operation, such as Afghanistan,Somalia and Sudan due to the following reasons[40] :• Lack of knowledge/skills and time to adequately meet the challenges of deteriorating security environments; and• Administrative costs of managing security in-house and potential to outsource the liability.Quite often the contractors hired are local companies and mostly are unarmed personnel guarding facilities, onlyvery rarely are international contractors used or mobile armed security personnel.[40]

Contracted security services used byhumanitarians

% of organizations contracting frominternational PSPs

% organizations contracting fromlocal PSPs

Unarmed guards for facilities/residences/projectsites

29% 77%

Physical security for premises 31% 55%

Security management consulting 37% 9%

Security training for staff 41% 4%

Risk assessment/threat analysis 36% 7%

Information services 26% 12%

Armed guards for facilities/residences/projectsites

17% 14%

Standby security 13% 16%

Mobile escorts (armed) 9% 13%

However, there are a great many voices against their use who cite the following problems[40] :• Outsourcing security left NGOs reliant on contractors and unable to develop their own security thinking and make

their own decisions

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• Perceived association of PSPs with state security, police or military services in turn compromises the ability ofNGOs to claim neutrality, leading to increased risk;

• Outsourcing may not necessarily lead to lower costs, and the cost of middlemen may result in more poorly paidand poorly trained personnel who turn over frequently and cannot adequately perform the job; and

• NGOs have obligations beyond strictly legal liability that include political, ethical and reputational implications -if the organisation’s responsibility to prevent and mitigate any possible negative outcomes is better achievedthrough in-house security, this should be their choice.

The result is that many NGOs are not open about their use of PSPs and researchers' at the Overseas DevelopmentInstitute studies have found that sometimes statements at NGOs central headquarters contradict those given by localstaff.[40] This prevents informative knowledge-sharing and debate on the subject needed to improve NGOs decisionsregarding this issue, though there have been some notable exceptions (Afghanistan NGO Security Office (ANSO)and the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq (NCCI)).[40]

List of PMCs

U.S.A. & Inter Americans companies

Name HQ Portfolio Notes

Africor LLC Pretoria Africor LLC, Pretoria, South Africa. Specializes in Securityoperations, missionoperational, training,logistical support in Africa.

AirScan Titusville,FL

US Department of Defense, US Air Force, NASA, US Forest Service, NationalTest Pilot School, National Response Corporation, US Department of theInterior, Bureau of Land Reclamation, Maximum Protective Services, Ecopetrol:the national oil company of Colombia, Occidental Petroleum Corporation,Cabinda Gulf Oil Company (Angola), SONANGOL: national oil company ofAngola

Provides airbornesurveillance and security

AONN USDSINDBA AONNRecords

McLean, VA United States Intelligence Community Operates in conjunctionwith oversight from variousCIA Alumni

Custer Battles McLean, VA Iraq and oil sector (at present, have ceased operations in Iraq) Extinct?

DefionInternacional

Peru company

DynCorp Falls Church,VA

Iraq, Afghanistan

GlobalEnforce,Inc.

Wilmington,DE

IANO Group Inc New Jersey Consulting, Electronics, R & D

ITT Corporation White Plains,NY

Kosovo

KBR Houston, TX Formerly a Division ofHalliburton

MPRI, Inc. Alexandria,VA

MTCSC, Inc. Chula Vista,CA

Department of Defense, Marine Corps Systems Command, Marine CorpsIntelligence Agency, SPAWAR, NAVSEA Warfare Centers, DISA, NationalSecurity Agency

Provides flexibleengineering and systemsintegration services.

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MVM, Inc. Vienna, VA CIA and NSA contractor

NorthbridgeServices Group

Turkmenistan, Somalia, Nigeria Dominican Republic, officesin United Kingdom &Ukraine

NorthropGrumman

Los Angeles,CA

Pathfinder SecurityServices

Casper, WY Oil, gas and mining sector; mainly in the US

Raytheon Cambridge,MA

Red Star Aviation QuonsetPoint, RI

Military Aircraft Operator

Triple Canopy,Inc.

Herndon, VA South America, Iraq

Sharp EndInternational

Mainly uses Australian and New Zealand ex-special forces instructors

Titan Corporation San Diego,CA

VinnellCorporation

Fairfax, VA Turkey, Saudi Arabia

Versar, Inc Springfield,VA

Iraq, Afghanistan

Xe Services LLC Moyock, NC Iraq & Afghanistan Formerly BlackwaterWorldwide

Xeros Services Lexington,KY

Belize, Kuwait, South Korea, Pakistan-Iran border International operationsspecialising in security,logistics, surveillance,intelligence, and militarysupport.

UK companies

Name HQ Portfolio Notes

Aegis Defence Services London Iraq, Afghanistan, andothers

ArmorGroup International London Branch of G4S plc

Blue Hackle London

Control Risks Group London Provider of security and armed guards for British Embassies andConsulates

Edinburgh Risk Edinburgh

Erinys International Dubai Joint South African-British company

Hart Security London

International IntelligenceLimited

Eastington,Stroud

Specialist contracts

Sandline International London Ceased operations on April 16, 2004

Tecnodef London

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Others• Asia Security Group, Afghanistan• BlueSky, Australia• Compass ISS, Switzerland• Executive Outcomes, South Africa (ceased operations on January 1, 1999)• PinPoint Security Group, Security Operations,Close Protection Services and Humanitarian emergency rapid

response.• Орёл, Russia [41]

• Omega Group, Norway• SIRAS Group, Denmark• Tundra Security, Canada• Unity Resources Group, Australia, based in Dubai - Special Forces and law enforcement veterans from Australia,

the US, New Zealand and Great Britain• Watan Risk, Afghanistan• Africor LLC, Africa, based in Pretoria, Nairobi,- Africor.com African Security Operations and Humanitarian

emergency rapid response• Secopex, France, based in Carcassonne

Resources

Academic publications• Arnold, Guy. Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. ISBN 9780312222031• Brooks, Doug/ Rathgeber, Shawn Lee: The Industry Role in Regulating Private Security Companies, in:

Canadian Consortium on Human Security - Security Privatization: Challenges and Opportunities, Vol. 6.3,University of British Columbia, March 2008. [42]

• The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, by Deborah D. Avant, George WashingtonUniversity, August 2005. ISBN 0-521-61535-6

• Armies Without States: The Privatization of Security, by Robert Mandel, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002.• Private Armies and Military Intervention, David Shearer, April 1998. ISBN 0-19-829440-9• Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Peter W. Singer, Cornell University Press,

March 2004. ISBN 0-8014-8915-6• Brillstein, Arik: Antiterrorsystem. Engel Publishing 2005 - ISBN 393854700• Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. 1532. See ch. 12.• "Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies" [43] by Fred

Schreier and Marina Caparini, DCAF Occasional Paper 6, The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control ofArmed Forces, March 2005.

• "Private Military Firms and the State: Sharing Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights and HumanitarianLaw", Filipa Guinote, Collection Ricerche, "Series E.MA Awarded thesis", Vol. VII, Marsilio Editori Srl.,Venice, Italy, 2006

• "Soldiers of Misfortune – Is the Demise of National Armies a Core Contributing Factor in the Rise of PrivateSecurity Companies?" by Maninger, Stephan in Kümmel, Gerhard and Jäger, Thomas (Hrsg.) Private Securityand Military Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften,Wiesbaden, 2007. ISBN 978-3-531-149011

• "Leashing the Corporate Dogs of War: The Legal Implications of the Modern Private Military Company" byHin-Yan Liu, 15(1) Journal of Conflict and Security Law 141-168, 2010. (doi:10.1093/jcsl/krp025)

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• Woolley, Peter J. “Soldiers of Fortune [44],” The Common Review, v. 5, no. 4 (2007), pp. 46–48.

Non-academic publications• Making A Killing, James Ashcroft. Virgin Books. ISBN 1-85227-311-9• Licensed to Kill : Privatizing the War on Terror, Robert Young Pelton ISBN 1-4000-9781-9• Three Worlds Gone Mad: Dangerous Journeys through the War Zones of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific,

Robert Young Pelton, August 2006. ISBN 1-59228-100-1• An Unorthodox Soldier, Tim Spicer, September 2000. ISBN 1-84018-349-7• Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, Jeremy Scahill, Nation Books. February

2007. ISBN 978-1560259794• Contractor, Giampiero Spinelli Mursia Editore 2009 ISBN 978-88-425-4390-9• Guns For Hire: The Inside Story of Freelance Soldiering, Tony Geraghty, Portrait. 2007. ISBN 978-0749951450• Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues [45], Jennifer K. Elsea, Congressional

Research Service, January 7, 2010• Irak, terre mercenaire : les armées privées remplacent les troupes américaines [Iraq, mercenary land: private

armies replace US troops], by Georges-Henri Bricet des Vallons, Favre (Lausanne:Switzerland), January 2010.ISBN 978-2828910952. Only in French.

References[1] Barnes, Julian E.. (2007-10-15). "America's own unlawful combatants?" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ printedition/ front/

la-na-blackwater15oct15,1,6804674,full. story?coll=la-headlines-frontpage& ctrack=2& cset=true). Los Angeles Times. .[2] Vieira, Constanza (2007-07-17). "COLOMBIA-ECUADOR: Coca Spraying Makes for Toxic Relations" (http:/ / www. ipsnews. net/ news.

asp?idnews=38576). IPS. .[3] Private Security Transnational Enterprises in Colombia (http:/ / www. colectivodeabogados. org/ article. php3?id_article=1253) José Alvear

Restrepo Lawyers' Collective February, 2008.[4] Shishkov, Viktor (2009-03-02). "Private military companies to supersede regular armies" (http:/ / www. informationliberation. com/

?id=26599). informationliberation. .[5] Yeoman, Barry (2003-06-01). "Soldiers of Good Fortune" (http:/ / www. motherjones. com/ news/ feature/ 2003/ 05/ ma_365_01. html).

Mother Jones. . Retrieved 2007-05-08.[6] Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld to Speak at JHU SAIS (http:/ / www. sais-jhu. edu/ pubaffairs/ media_events/ Media_Advisories/

MA2005/ rumsfeld05. html), press release December 2, 2005[7] Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks to the Johns Hopkins, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (http:/ / www. defenselink. mil/

transcripts/ transcript. aspx?transcriptid=1361)[8] Bill Number H.R.5122 for the 109th Congress (http:/ / thomas. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ z?c109:h5122:)[9] H.R. 5122 109th: John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (http:/ / www. govtrack. us/ congress/ billtext.

xpd?bill=h109-5122)[10] Farah Stockman (01-07-2007). "Contractors in war zones lose immunity" (http:/ / www. boston. com/ news/ world/ middleeast/ articles/

2007/ 01/ 07/ contractors_in_war_zones_lose_immunity/ ). The Boston Globe. .[11] Higgins Alexander G. US rejects UN mercenary report (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ news/ world/ 2007-10-17-3392316246_x. htm) USA

Today, October 17, 2007 (syndicated article by Associated Press)[12] Zabiki, Feliz "Private Military Companies: Shadow Soldiers of Neo-colonialism" (http:/ / web. ebscohost. com/ ehost/ pdf?vid=5& hid=9&

sid=4d40ba1c-96af-446e-ad9b-13cd8366bc88@sessionmgr12), Capital & Class, Summer 2007, issue 92 p1-10, Retrieved on 2010-3-22.[13] Crisis as SAS men quit for lucrative Iraq jobs (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ main. jhtml?xml=/ news/ 2005/ 02/ 14/ nsas14. xml),

The Daily Telegraph article dated 15/02/2005[14] Soldiers to be allowed a year off to go to Iraq to earn £500 a day as guards (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ main. jhtml?xml=/ news/

2004/ 05/ 23/ nirq123. xml), The Daily Telegraph article dated 23/05/2004[15] $150,000 incentive to stay in US elite forces (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ main. jhtml?xml=/ news/ 2005/ 02/ 07/ welite07. xml),

The Daily Telegraph article dated 07/02/2005[16] Special forces get pay raise (http:/ / www. canada. com/ nationalpost/ story. html?id=1109da57-944c-45a4-962d-9f89d591341a), National

Post article dated August 26, 2006

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[17] Merle, Renae (2006-12-05). "Census Counts 100,000 Contractors in Iraq" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/2006/ 12/ 04/ AR2006120401311. html). Washington Post. .

[18] "Coalition Provisional Authority Order 17 (revised)" (http:/ / www. cpa-iraq. org/ regulations/20040627_CPAORD_17_Status_of_Coalition__Rev__with_Annex_A. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2008-12-30.

[19] P. W. Singer (March/April 2005) Outsourcing War. Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. New York City, NY[20] A movieclip containing the behavior of alleged Aegis Defence Services driving in Iraq (http:/ / movies. crooksandliars. com/ Aegis-PSD.

mov)[21] 'Trophy' video exposes private security contractors shooting up Iraqi drivers (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ main. jhtml?xml=/ news/

2005/ 11/ 27/ wirq27. xml& sSheet=/ news/ 2005/ 11/ 27/ ixworld. html), Daily Telegraph article from 26/11/2005.[22] Discussion on a blog about Aegis trophy video (http:/ / thedanreport. blogspot. com/ 2005/ 11/ clearing-up-supposed-aegis-video. html)[23] Blackwater license being revoked in Iraq (http:/ / news. yahoo. com/ s/ ap/ 20070917/ ap_on_re_mi_ea/ iraq)[24] http:/ / www. cpa-iraq. org/ regulations/ 20040627_CPAORD_17_Status_of_Coalition__Rev__with_Annex_A. pdf[25] Hirch, Michael (2007-09-20). "Blackwater and the Bush Legacy" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071001161845/ http:/ / www. msnbc.

msn. com/ id/ 20892483/ site/ newsweek/ ). Newsweek: p. 2. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 20892483/ site/newsweek/ ) on 2007-10-01. . Retrieved 2007-09-23.

[26] "Blackwater staff face charges" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2007/ WORLD/ meast/ 09/ 23/ blackwater. probe/ index. html). CNN.com.2007-09-23. . Retrieved 2007-09-23.

[27] MICHAEL R. GORDON (August 18, 2010). "Civilians to Take U.S. Lead as Military Leaves Iraq" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 08/19/ world/ middleeast/ 19withdrawal. html?_r=1& ref=private_military_companies). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2 September 2010.

[28] "SL:SoF Synopsis" (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ foreign/ s220036. htm). Foreign Correspondent (ABC Television). .[29] "Sierra Leone: Soldiers of Fortune, Script" (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ foreign/ stories/ s433773. htm). Foreign Correspondent (ABC

Television). .[30] "CIA Correspondence" (https:/ / sites. google. com/ site/ intelligenceoperations/ home/ cia-correspondence). True Origins of AONN DSI.

United States Defense Security Intelligence Network. . Retrieved November 9, 2010.[31] "Feds pull suspicious .gov site" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ Feds-pull-suspicious-. gov-site/ 2100-1028_3-983384. html). True Origins of

AONN DSI. CNET News. . Retrieved November 9, 2010.[32] http:/ / www. scgair. com/ index. html[33] U.S. firm offers 'private armies' for low-intensity conflicts (http:/ / www. worldtribune. com/ worldtribune/ 06/ front2453824. 0319444444.

html), WorldTribune article from March 29, 2006[34] Congo Holding 3 Americans in Alleged Coup Plot (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 05/ 24/

AR2006052401591. html), Washington Post article from May 25, 2006[35] Congo Deports Nearly 3 Dozen Foreigners (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 05/ 29/ AR2006052900556.

html), Washington Post article from May 29, 2006.[36] "Projected contractor surge in Afghanistan: Up to 56,000" (http:/ / www. federaltimes. com/ article/ 20091216/ DEPARTMENTS01/

912160309/ 1009/ ACQUISITION)[37] "Up to 56,000 more contractors likely for Afghanistan, congressional agency says" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/

article/ 2009/ 12/ 15/ AR2009121504850. html?hpid=topnews)[38] "Projected contractor surge in Afghanistan: Up to 56,000" (http:/ / www. federaltimes. com/ article/ 20091216/ DEPARTMENTS01/

912160309/ -1/ )[39] "Congress investigating charges of 'protection racket' by Afghanistan contractors" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/

article/ 2009/ 12/ 16/ AR2009121604126. html)[40] Abby Stoddard, Adele Harmer and Victoria DiDomenico (2009) Private security providers and services in humanitarian operations (http:/ /

www. odi. org. uk/ resources/ details. asp?id=2844& title=private-security-providers-humanitarian-operations) Overseas DevelopmentInstitute

[41] (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=afLLkEd_4pU)[42] http:/ / www. humansecurity. info/ #/ vol-63-brooks-rathgeber/ 4527827401[43] http:/ / www. dcaf. ch/ publications/ kms/ details. cfm?lng=en& id=18346& nav1=4[44] http:/ / www. thecommonreview. org/ fileadmin/ template/ tcr/ pdf/ WoolleyRev54. pdf[45] http:/ / assets. opencrs. com/ rpts/ R40991_20100107. pdf

Private military company 12

External links• Privatisation of war and international humanitarian law (http:/ / www. icrc. org/ web/ eng/ siteeng0. nsf/ html/

privatisation-war)• Shadow Company (http:/ / www. shadowcompany. com) award winning documentary on PMCs with footage of

Blackwater, 2007• Riding Shotgun in Baghdad with Blackwater's Security Detail (http:/ / www. popularmechanics. com/ science/

defense/ 1506812. html) Robert Young Pelton's article in Popular Mechanics about his month spent withBlackwater running Route Irish between the Green Zone and Baghdad International Airport.

• " Making a Killing: The Business of War (http:/ / www. icij. org/ report. aspx?aid=177& sid=100)", Center forPublic Integrity, October 2002.

• " The Private Military Industry and Iraq : What Have We Learned and Where To Next? (http:/ / www. dcaf. ch/publications/ kms/ details. cfm?lng=en& id=18405& nav1=4)", DCAF Policy Paper 6, 2005

• The Strategic Contractor - op-ed 19 September 2007 by The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (http:/ / www.hcss. nl/ en/ publication/ 389/ The-Strategic-Contractor---Iraq,-Blackwater-and-Pr. html)

• U.S. Army Sustainment Command. A site to accumulate and offer materials helpful to the resolution of legalissues arising from the in-theater use of contractor support to military operations (http:/ / www. aschq. army. mil/gc/ battle2. asp).

• The UK Foreign Affairs Select Committee agreed to the following (Ninth) Report: On Private MilitaryCompanies (http:/ / www. publications. parliament. uk/ pa/ cm200102/ cmselect/ cmfaff/ 922/ 92202. htm) on 23July 2002.

• Human Rights First; Private Security Contractors at War: Ending the Culture of Impunity (2008) (http:/ / www.humanrightsfirst. info/ pdf/ 08115-usls-psc-final. pdf)

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