wikipedia - vedas

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Vedas

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The Vedas (/̍ veɪdəz , ˈviː /!"#$ %anskrit& वदे véda, 'knoled)e'* are a lar)e +ody of tets ori)inatin) inancient -ndia. omposed in Vedic %anskrit, the tets constit0te the oldest layer of %anskrit literat0re

and the oldest script0res of 1ind0ism."2$ "3$ 1ind0s consider the Vedas to +e apauruṣeya, hich means

'not of a man, s0perh0man'"4$ and 'impersonal, a0thorless'."5$ "6$ "7$

Vedas are also called śruti ('hat is heard'* literat0re,"8$ distin)0ishin) them from other reli)io0s

tets, hich are called smṛti ('hat is remem+ered'*. The Veda, for orthodo -ndian theolo)ians, are

considered revelations, some ay or other the ork of the 9eity.":$ -n the 1ind0 ;pic the


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• 5.# ?i)veda

• 5.2 %amaveda

• 5.3 @aA0rveda

• 5.4 Btharvaveda

• 6 =rahmanas

•

7 Vedanta • 8 -n postVedic literat0re

• 8.# Vedan)a

• 8.2 Iarisista

• 8.3 I0ranas

• 8.4 Dpaveda

• 8.5 'Fifth' and other Vedas

• : Western -ndolo)y

• #> %ee also

• ## Jotes

• #2 ?eferences

• #3 F0rther readin)

• #4 ;ternal links

Etymology and usageThe %anskrit ord véda 'knoled)e, isdom' is derived from the root vid- 'to kno'. This is

reconstr0cted as +ein) derived from the Iroto-ndo;0ropean root *̯, meanin) 'see' or 'kno'.

"#8$

The no0n is from Iroto-ndo;0ropean *̯o, co)nate to Kreek (L*MNOPQ 'aspect', 'form' . Jot to +econf0sed is the homonymo0s #st and 3rd person sin)0lar perfect tense véda, co)nate to Kreek (L*PNOR

(w)ida '- kno'. ?oot co)nates are Kreek ἰ!" , ;n)lish wit , etc., Gatin vide# '- see', etc."#:$

The %anskrit term veda as a common no0n means 'knoled)e', +0t can also +e 0sed to refer to fields

of st0dy 0nrelated to lit0r)y or rit0al, e.). in a$ada-veda 'medical science', sasya-veda 'science of

a)ric0lt0re' or sarpa-veda 'science of snakes' (already fo0nd in the early Dpanishads*! durveda means

'ith evil knoled)e, i)norant'."2>$

B related ord %ede&a appears in hymn 8.#:.5 of the ?i)veda."2#$ -t as translated +y ?alph T. 1.

Kriffith as 'rit0al lore',"22$ as 'st0dyin) the Veda' +y the #4th cent0ry -ndian scholar %ayana, as'+0ndle of )rass' +y


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ChronologyThe Vedas are amon) the oldest sacred tets. The %amhitas date to ro0)hly #7>>C##>> =;,"27$ and

the 'circ0mVedic' tets, as ell as the redaction of the %amhitas, date to c. #>>>5>> =;, res0ltin)

in a Vedic period, spannin) the mid 2nd to mid #st millenni0m =;, or the Gate =ronze B)e and the

-ron B)e."28$ The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra tets, ith the

esta+lishment of the vario0s shakhas all over Jorthern -ndia hich annotated the mantra samhitas ith=rahmana disc0ssions of their meanin), and reaches its end in the a)e of =0ddha and Ianini and the

rise of the =; to c. 5>>4>> =;. Witzel makes special reference to the Jear ;astern

=; (IataSAali* as a termin0s ante 0em for all Vedic %anskrit

literat0re, and #2>> =; (the early -ron B)e* as termin0s post 0em for the Btharvaveda."2:$

Transmission of tets in the Vedic period as +y oral tradition alone, preserved ith precision ith the

help of ela+orate mnemonic techni0es. B literary tradition set in only in postVedic times, after the rise

of =0ddhism in the >> ;."3>$

90e to the ephemeral nat0re of the man0script material (+irch +ark or palm leaves*, s0rvivin)

man0scripts rarely s0rpass an a)e of a fe h0ndred years."3#$ The %amp0rnanand %anskrit Dniversity

has a ?i)veda man0script from the #4th cent0ry!"32$ hoever, there are a n0m+er of older Veda

man0scripts in Jepal that are dated from the ##th cent0ry onards."33$

Categories of Vedic texts

i$veda (padapatha* man0script in 9evana)ari

The term 'Vedic tets' is 0sed in to distinct meanin)s&

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Flood-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Warehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitannihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jalihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_post_quemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_post_quemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_post_quemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanvashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanvashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Flood-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87inihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Warehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitannihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata%C3%B1jalihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_post_quemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_post_quemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanvashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampurnanand_Sanskrit_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari


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#. Tets composed in Vedic %anskrit d0rin) the Vedic period (-ron B)e -ndia*

2. Bny tet considered as 'connected to the Vedas' or a 'corollary of the Vedas'"34$

Vedic Sanskrit corpus

The corp0s of Vedic %anskrit tets incl0des&

• The %amhitas (%anskrit sa+it,, 'collection'*, are collections of metric tets ('mantras'*. Thereare fo0r 'Vedic' %amhitas& the ?i)Veda, %amaVeda, @aA0rVeda, and BtharvaVeda, most of

hich are availa+le in several recensions (ś,+,*. -n some contets, the term %eda is 0sed to

refer to these %amhitas. This is the oldest layer of Vedic tets, apart from the ?i)vedic hymns,

hich ere pro+a+ly essentially complete +y #2>> =;, datin) to c. the #2th to #>th cent0ries

=;. The complete corp0s of Vedic mantras as collected in =loomfields %edi. 0&.rda&.e

(#:>7* consists of some 8:,>>> padas (metrical feet*, of hich 72,>>> occ0r in the fo0r

%amhitas."35$

• The =rahmanas are prose tets that comment and eplain the solemn rit0als as ell as epo0nd

on their meanin) and many connected themes. ;ach of the =rahmanas is associated ith one ofthe %amhitas or its recensions."36$ "37$ The =rahmanas may either form separate tets or can +e

partly inte)rated into the tet of the %amhitas. They may also incl0de the Branyakas and

Dpanishads.

• The Branyakas, 'ilderness tets' or 'forest treaties', ere composed +y people ho meditated

in the oods as recl0ses and are the third part of the Vedas. The tets contain disc0ssions and

interpretations of ceremonies, from rit0alisitic to sym+olic metarit0alistic points of vie."38$ -t

is fre0ently read in secondary literat0re.

• lder $ The Vedas (sr0ti* are different from Vedic era tets s0ch as %hra0ta %0tras and Kryha %0tras, hich are

smriti tets. To)ether, the Vedas and these %0tras form part of the Vedic %anskrit corp0s."4>$ "4#$ "42$

While prod0ction of =rahmanas and Branyakas ceased ith the end of the Vedic period, additional

Dpanishads ere composed after the end of the Vedic period."43$

The =rahmanas, Branyakas, and Dpanishads, amon) other thin)s, interpret and disc0ss the %amhitas in

philosophical and metaphorical ays to eplore a+stract concepts s0ch as the B+sol0te (=rahman*, and

the so0l or the self (Btman*, introd0cin) Vedanta philosophy, one of the maAor trends of later 1ind0ism.

-n other parts, they sho evol0tion of ideas, s0ch as from act0al sacrifice to sym+olic sacrifice, and ofspirit0ality in the Dpanishads. This has inspired later 1ind0 scholars s0ch as Bdi %hankara to classify

each Veda into arma-a&da (कर ्खण , action/rit0alrelated sections* and 1&a&a-a&da (जन खण ,knoled)e/spirit0alityrelated sections*."#5$ "44$

Shruti literature

The tets considered 'Vedic' in the sense of 'corollaries of the Vedas' is less clearly defined, and may

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pada_(Hindu_mythology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(prosody)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kena_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kena_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_51-39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Flood_2003_69-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrauta_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrauta_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrauta_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)#Gryhasutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)#Gryhasutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Flood_2003_69-40https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-ab-15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recensionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pada_(Hindu_mythology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(prosody)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katha_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kena_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_51-39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Flood_2003_69-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrauta_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)#Gryhasutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Flood_2003_69-40https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedantahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-ab-15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-44


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incl0de n0mero0s postVedic tets s0ch as the later Dpanishads and the %0tra literat0re. Tets not

considered to +e s+ruti are knon as smriti (%anskrit& smṛti! 'the remem+ered'*, or tets of

remem+ered traditions. This indi)eno0s system of cate)orization as adopted +y


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ithin that school."56$

The Vedas ere likely ritten don for the first time aro0nd 5>> =;."57$ 1oever, all printed

editions of the Vedas that s0rvive in the modern times are likely the version eistin) in a+o0t the #6th

cent0ry ;."58$

Four VedasThe canonical division of the Vedas is fo0rfold (tur4ya* viz.,"6#$

#. ?i)veda (?V*

2. @aA0rveda (@V, ith the main division T% vs. V%*

3. %amaveda (%V*

4. Btharvaveda (BV*

f these, the first three ere the principal ori)inal division, also called 'tray4 vidy,', that is, 'the triple

science' of recitin) hymns (?i)veda*, performin) sacrifices (@aA0rveda*, and chantin) son)s

(%amaveda*."4:$ "62$ The ?i)veda is the oldest ork, hich Witzel states are pro+a+ly from #:>> =;to ##>> =; period. Witzel, also notes that it is the Vedic period itself, here incipient lists divide the

Vedic tets into three (tray* or fo0r +ranches& ?i), @aA0r, %ama and Btharva."4:$

;ach Veda has +een s0+classified into fo0r maAor tet types C the %amhitas (mantras and +enedictions*,

the Branyakas (tet on rit0als, ceremonies s0ch as ne+orn +a+ys rites of passa)e, comin) of a)e,

marria)es, retirement and cremation, sacrifices and sym+olicsacrifices*, the =rahmanas (commentaries

on rit0als, ceremonies and sacrifices*, and the Dpanishads (tet disc0ssin) meditation, philosophy and

spirit0al knoled)e*."##$ "#3$ "#4$ The Dpasanas (short rit0al orshiprelated sections* are considered

+y some scholars"#5$ "#6$ as the fifth part. Witzel notes that the rit0als, rites and ceremonies descri+ed

in these ancient tets reconstr0ct to a lar)e de)ree the -ndo;0ropean marria)e rit0als o+served in a

re)ion spannin) the -ndian s0+continent, Iersia and the ;0ropean area, and some )reater details are

fo0nd in the Vedic era tets s0ch as the Krhya %tras."63$

nly one version of the ?i)veda is knon to have s0rvived into the modern era."5>$ %everal different

versions of the %ama Veda and the Btharva Veda are knon, and many different versions of the @aA0r

Veda have +een fo0nd in different parts of %o0th Bsia."64$

Rigveda

Jasadiya %0kta (1ymn of non;ternity*&

Who really knos

Who can here proclaim it

Whence, hence this creation spran)

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-filliozat-p139-56https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelthreefour-49https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelthreefour-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-gflood-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-A_Bhattacharya_2006_pages_8-14-13https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Jan_Gonda_1975-14https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Jan_Gonda_1975-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-ab-15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Barbara_A._Holdrege_1995_pages_351-357-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-jamisonwitzelvedic-50https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Suktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Suktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-filliozat-p139-56https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-57https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-58https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelthreefour-49https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelthreefour-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyakashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-gflood-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-A_Bhattacharya_2006_pages_8-14-13https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Jan_Gonda_1975-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-ab-15https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Barbara_A._Holdrege_1995_pages_351-357-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-jamisonwitzelvedic-50https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta


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Kods came later, after the creation of this 0niverse.

Who then knos hence it has arisen

Whether Kods ill created it, or hether 1e as m0te!

nly 1e ho is its overseer in hi)hest heaven knos,

1e only knos, or perhaps 1e does not kno.

?i) Veda #>.#2:.67"65$

The ?i)veda %amhita is the oldest etant -ndic tet."66$ -t is a collection of #,>28 Vedic %anskrit

hymns and #>,6>> verses in all, or)anized into ten +ooks (%anskrit& ma&daas*."67$ The hymns are

dedicated to ?i)vedic deities."68$

The +ooks ere composed +y poets from different priestly )ro0ps over a period of several cent0riesfrom ro0)hly the second half of the 2nd millenni0m =; (the early Vedic period*, startin) ith the

I0nAa+ (%apta %indh0* re)ion of the northest -ndian s0+continent."6:$ The ?i)veda is str0ct0red

+ased on clear principles C the Veda +e)ins ith a small +ook addressed to B)ni, -ndra and other )ods,

all arran)ed accordin) to decreasin) total n0m+er of hymns in each deity collection! for each deity

series the hymns pro)ress from lon)er to shorter ones! yet, the n0m+er of hymns per +ook increases!

finally, the meter too is systematically arran)ed from Aa)ati and trist0+h to an0st0+h and )ayatri as the

tet pro)resses."4:$ -n terms of s0+stance, the nat0re of hymns shift from praise of deities in early

+ooks to Jasadiya %0kta ith 0estions s0ch as, 'hat is the ori)in of the 0niverse, do even )ods

kno the anser',"65$ the virt0e of 9Ena (charity* in society,"7>$ and other metaphysical iss0es in itshymns."7#$

There are similarities +eteen the mytholo)y, rit0als and lin)0istics in ?i)veda and those fo0nd in

ancient central Bsia, -ranian and 1ind0k0sh (Bf)hanistan* re)ions."72$

Samaveda

The %amaveda %amhita"73$ consists of #54: stanzas, taken almost entirely (ecept for 75 mantras*

from the ?i)veda."3:$ "74$ The %amaveda samhita comprises to maAor parts. The first part incl0de

fo0r melody collections ()Ena, गन * and the second part three verse _+ooks` (Ercika, आ्क *."74$ Bmelody in the son) +ooks corresponds to a verse in the ar.ia +ooks. H0st like ?i)veda, the early

sections of %amaveda typically +e)in ith B)ni and -ndra hymns +0t shift to a+stract, and their meters

too shifts in a descendin) order. The later sections of the %amaveda have least deviation from s0+stance

of hymns they derive from ?i)veda into son)s."74$

-n %amaveda, some of the ?i)vedic verses are repeated more than once. -ncl0din) repetitions, there are

a total of #875 verses n0m+ered in the %amaveda recension translated +y Kriffith. "75$ To maAor

recensions remain today, the Ua0th0ma/?anayaniya and the Haiminiya. -ts p0rpose as lit0r)ical, and

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Vedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-nasadiyasukta-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapta_Sindhuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-69https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-69https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelthreefour-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Suktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-nasadiyasukta-65https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-nasadiyasukta-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81nahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81nahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-70https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_51-39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelsamaveda-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelsamaveda-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelsamaveda-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Vedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-nasadiyasukta-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-67https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deitieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapta_Sindhuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-69https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelthreefour-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_Suktahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-nasadiyasukta-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81nahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-70https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-71https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-73https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_51-39https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelsamaveda-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelsamaveda-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-witzelsamaveda-74https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-75


8/19

they ere the repertoire of the ud$,tṛ or 'sin)er' priests.

Yajurveda

The @aA0rveda %amhita consists of archaic prose mantras. While the %amaveda is +ased on ?i)veda

mantras, the earliest sections of the @aA0rveda are independent from it. The early part of @aA0rveda

samhitas are in prose and lin)0istically, they are different from earlier Vedic tets. "76$ The @aA0r Vedahas +een the primary so0rce of information a+o0t sacrifices d0rin) Vedic times and associated rit0als.

"77$

There are to maAor )ro0ps of tets in this Veda& the '=lack' ( 7ris+&a* and the 'White' (2+ua*. The

term '+lack' implies 'the 0narran)ed, motley collection' of verses in @aA0rveda, in contrast to the

'hite' (ell arran)ed* @aA0rveda."78$ The White @aA0rveda separates the %amhita from its =rahmana

(the %hatapatha =rahmana*, the =lack @aA0rveda intersperses the %amhita ith =rahmana commentary.

f the =lack @aA0rveda, tets from fo0r maAor schools have s0rvived ($ > =;, altho0)h some of

its material may )o +ack to the time of the ?i)veda,"82$ or earlier."8>$ The Btharvaveda is a

comparatively late etension of the 'Three Vedas' connected to priestly sacrifice to a canon of 'Fo0r

Vedas'. This may +e connected to an etension of the sacrificial rite from involvin) three types of

priest to the incl0sion of the =rahman overseein) the rit0al."83$

%everal versions of the Btharvaveda man0script s0rvives. To st0died recensions are the IaippalEda

and the a0naka."8>$ Bccordin) to Bpte it had nine schools (s+a+as*."84$ The Iaippalada tet, hich

eists in a Uashmir and an rissa version, is lon)er than the %a0naka one! it is only partially printed in

its to versions and remains lar)ely 0ntranslated.

Dnlike @aA0rveda, the Btharvaveda has less connection ith sacrifice."8>$ "85$ -t has n0mero0s verses

on ma)ic spells and charms, s0ch as those to )ain +etter health,"86$ findin) a )ood h0s+and,"87$

peacef0l social and family relationships,"88$ and others."8#$ "8:$ The second part of the tet contains

spec0lative and philosophical hymns."8#$

The Btharva veda has +een the primary so0rce for information a+o0t Vedic c0lt0re, the c0stoms and+eliefs, the aspirations and fr0strations of everyday Vedic life, as ell as those associated ith kin)s

and )overnance. The tet also incl0des hymns dealin) ith the to maAor rit0als of passa)e C marria)e

and cremation. Finally, the Btharva Veda dedicates si)nificant portion of the tet askin) the meanin) of

a rit0al.":>$

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udgatrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-77https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-pauldeussen-78https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-pauldeussen-78https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiras_(sage)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiras_(sage)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-zaehnerlastav-81https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-82https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-82https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-83https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-84https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-85https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-88https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-88https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-zaehnerlastav-81https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-89https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-zaehnerlastav-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udgatrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurvedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-76https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-77https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-pauldeussen-78https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvavedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiras_(sage)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-zaehnerlastav-81https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-82https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-83https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-84https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Michaels_2004_56-80https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-85https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-88https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-zaehnerlastav-81https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-89https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-zaehnerlastav-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_no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9/19

rahmanasThe mystical notions s0rro0ndin) the concept of the one 'Veda' that o0ld floer in Vedantic

philosophy have their roots already in =rahmana literat0re, for eample in the %hatapatha =rahmana.

The Vedas are identified ith =rahman, the 0niversal principle (=< #>.#.#.8, #>.2.4.6*. VEc 'speech'

is called the 'mother of the Vedas' (=< 6.5.3.4, #>.5.5.#*. The knoled)e of the Vedas is endless,

compared to them, h0man knoled)e is like mere handf0ls of dirt (T= 3.#>.##.35*. The 0niverse itselfas ori)inally encaps0lated in the three Vedas (=< #>.4.2.22 has IraAapati reflectin) that 'tr0ly, all

+ein)s are in the triple Veda'*.

VedantaWhile contemporary traditions contin0ed to maintain Vedic rit0alism (ra0ta,


10/19

#arisista

=ariśiṣ5a 's0pplement, appendi' is the term applied to vario0s ancillary orks of Vedic literat0re,

dealin) mainly ith details of rit0al and ela+orations of the tets lo)ically and chronolo)ically prior to

them& the %amhitas, =rahmanas, Branyakas and %0tras. Jat0rally classified ith the Veda to hich

each pertains, Iarisista orks eist for each of the fo0r Vedas. 1oever, only the literat0re associated

ith the Btharvaveda is etensive.

• The $%val&yana '(hya #ari%i)*a is a very late tet associated ith the ?i)veda canon.

• The 'o+hila '(hya #ari%i)*a is a short metrical tet of to chapters, ith ##3 and :5 verses

respectively.

• The ,&tiya #ari%i)*as, ascri+ed to UEtyEyana, consist of #8 orks en0merated selfreferentially

in the fifth of the series (the araXavyha*and the ,&ty&yana -rauta S.tra #ari%i)*a.

• The UgXa @aA0rveda has 3 parisistas The $pastam+a /autra #ari%i)*a, hich is also fo0nd as

the second praś&a of the 2atyas,>+a ?rauta 29tra@A t+e Vārāha Śrauta Sūtra Pariśiṣṭa

• For the Btharvaveda, there are 7: orks, collected as 72 distinctly named parisistas.":2$

#uranas

B traditional vie )iven in the Vishn0 I0rana (likely datin) to the K0pta period":3$* attri+0tes the

c0rrent arran)ement of fo0r Vedas to the mythical sa)e Vedavyasa.":4$ I0ranic tradition also post0lates

a sin)le ori)inal Veda that, in varyin) acco0nts, as divided into three or fo0r parts. Bccordin) to the

Vishn0 I0rana (3.2.#8, 3.3.4 etc.* the ori)inal Veda as divided into fo0r parts, and f0rther fra)mented

into n0mero0s shakhas, +y Gord Vishn0 in the form of Vyasa, in the 9vapara @0)a! the Vay0 I0rana

(section 6>* reco0nts a similar division +y Vyasa, at the 0r)in) of =rahma. The =ha)avata I0rana

(#2.6.37* traces the ori)in of the primeval Veda to the sylla+le a0m, and says that it as divided into

fo0r at the start of Bvapara Cu$a, +eca0se men had declined in a)e, virt0e and 0nderstandin). -n adifferin) acco0nt =ha)avata I0rana (:.#4.43* attri+0tes the division of the primeval veda (aum* into

three parts to the monarch I0r0ravas at the +e)innin) of Treta @0)a. The 88* also mentions the division of the Veda into three in Dreta Cu$a.":5$

0paveda

The term upaveda ('applied knoled)e'* is 0sed in traditional literat0re to desi)nate the s0+Aects of

certain technical orks.":6$ ":7$ Gists of hat s0+Aects are incl0ded in this class differ amon) so0rces.

The haranavy0ha mentions fo0r Dpavedas&":8$

• Brchery (9han0rveda*, associated ith the ?i)veda

• Brchitect0re (%thapatyaveda*, associated ith the @aA0rveda.

• $

1Fifth1 and other Vedas

%ome postVedic tets, incl0din) the


11/19

themselves as the 'fifth Veda'."#>2$ The earliest reference to s0ch a 'fifth Veda' is fo0nd in the

hando)ya Dpanishad in hymn 7.#.2."#>3$

Get drama and dance (JEtya, नट * +e the fifth vedic script0re. om+ined ith an epicstory, tendin) to virt0e, ealth, Aoy and spirit0al freedom, it m0st contain the si)nificanceof every script0re, and forard every art. Th0s, from all the Vedas, =rahma framed the

JEtya Veda. From the ?i) Veda he dre forth the ords, from the %ama Veda the melody,from the @aA0r Veda )est0re, and from the Btharva Veda the sentiment.

First chapter of E,tyaś,stra, ;8+i&aya Barpa&a FGHIJ FGHKJ

'9ivya Ira+andha', for eample Tir0vaymoli, is a term for canonical Tamil tets considered as

Vernac0lar Veda +y some %o0th -ndian 1ind0s."25$ "26$

ther tets s0ch as the =ha)avad Kita or the Vedanta %0tras are considered s+ruti or 'Vedic' +y some

1ind0 denominations +0t not 0niversally ithin 1ind0ism. The =hakti movement, and Ka0diya

Vaishnavism in partic0lar etended the term veda to incl0de the %anskrit ;pics and Vaishnavite

devotional tets s0ch as the Iancaratra."#>6$

2estern !ndologyThe st0dy of %anskrit in the West +e)an in the #7th cent0ry. -n the early #:th cent0ry, Brth0r

%chopenha0er dre attention to Vedic tets, specifically the Dpanishads. The importance of Vedic

%anskrit for -ndo;0ropean st0dies as also reco)nized in the early #:th cent0ry. ;n)lish translations

of the %amhitas ere p0+lished in the later #:th cent0ry, in the 2a.red 6s L t+e Mast series edited

+y ."#>7$ ?alph T. 1. Kriffith also presented ;n)lish translations of the

fo0r %amhitas, p0+lished #88: to #8::.Voltaire re)arded Vedas to +e eceptional, he remarked that&

The Veda as the most precio0s )ift for hich the West had ever +een inde+ted to the ;ast."#>8$ "#>:$

?i)veda man0scripts ere selected for inscription in DJ;%s >7."##>$

See also• 1ind0 philosophy

• 1istorical Vedic reli)ion

• Iandit

• %hakha

• Vedic chant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Vedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-104https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Prabandhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-John_Carman_1989_pages_259-261-25https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Vasudha_Narayanan_1994_pages_43.2C_117-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Epicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Epicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1caratrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1caratrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-108https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programmehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register_%E2%80%93_Asia_and_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register_%E2%80%93_Asia_and_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Vedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-103https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-104https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-105https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Prabandhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-John_Carman_1989_pages_259-261-25https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-Vasudha_Narayanan_1994_pages_43.2C_117-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sutrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Epicshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%B1caratrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-107https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffithhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltairehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-108https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-109https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programmehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register_%E2%80%93_Asia_and_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#cite_note-110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_chant


12/19

3otes#. 'Veda'. a&dm Nuse Oe8ster@s P&a8rid$ed Bi.ti&ary.

2. see e.). ?adhakrishnan 3, p. 68! >4, pp. 2:C3:! 2a&srit iterature (2>>3* in Ihilips ;ncyclopedia.

Bccessed 2>>7>8>:

3. %an0Ait Khose (2>##*. '?eli)io0s 9evelopments in Bncient -ndia' in ;&.ie&t Nistry M&.y.pedia.

4. Vaman %hivaram Bpte, D+e =ra.ti.a 2a&srit-M&$is+ Bi.ti&ary, see apa0r0%eya

5. 9 %harma, lassical -ndian Ihilosophy& B ?eader, ol0m+ia Dniversity Iress, -%=J , pa)es

#:6#:7

6. Han Westerhoff (2>>:*, Ja)arA0nas #:5384:63, pa)e 2:>

7. Warren Gee Todd (2>#3*, The ;thics of akara and Entideva& B %elfless ?esponse to an

-ll0sory World, -%=J :78#4>:4668#:, pa)e #28

8. Bpte #:65, p. 887:. .j q q uw x{ |}~•€ €•‚ q ƒq•„q• =r0ce , pa)es 353:

#2.=loomfield, >6*, 1ind0 9harma& -ntrod0ction to %cript0res and Theolo)y, -%=J :78>5:5384556, pa)es 8#4! Keor)e >3*, 1and+ook of 1ind0 #:53326#2, pa)e 285

#4.Han Konda (#:75*, Vedic Giterat0re& (%a]hitEs and =rEhmaXas*, tto 1arrassoitz Verla),

-%=J :783447>#6>32

#5.B =hattacharya (2>>6*, 1ind0 9harma& -ntrod0ction to %cript0res and Theolo)y, -%=J :78

>5:5384556, pa)es 8#4

#6.=ar+ara B. 1oldre)e (#::5*, Veda and Torah& Transcendin) the Tet0ality of %cript0re, %tate

Dniversity of Je @ork Iress, -%=J :78>7:#4#64>2, pa)es 35#357

#7.Flood #::6, p. 82

#8.>6, p. #>#5! Bpte #:65, p. 856

#:.see e.). Iokornys #:5: Q&d$erma&is.+es etym$is.+es ORrter8u.+ s.v. ̯ST…! ?i

UeVi& der i&d$erma&is.+e& %er8e&, ̯̯.

2>.


13/19

22.U.F. Keldner, 9er ?i)Veda, 1arvard riental %eries 3337, am+rid)e #:5#

23.11 Wilson, ?i)veda %anhita %ith Bshtaka, First Bdhayaya, %0kta V-- (8.#:.5*, pa)e 2:#,

Tr0+ner Gondon

24.Vas0dha Jarayanan (#::4*, The Vernac0lar Veda& ?evelation, ?ecitation, and ?it0al,

Dniversity of %o0th arolina Iress, -%=J :78>8724::652, pa)es #:4

25.Hohn arman (#:8:*, The Tamil Veda& Iillans -nterpretation of the Tir0vaymoli, Dniversity ofhica)o Iress, -%=J :78>226>:3>55, pa)es 25:26#

26.Vas0dha Jarayanan (#::4*, The Vernac0lar Veda& ?evelation, ?ecitation, and ?it0al,

Dniversity of %o0th arolina Iress, -%=J :78>8724::652, pa)es 43, ##7##:

27.G0cas F. Hohnston, Whitney =a0man (2>#4*. 2.ie&.e a&d ei$i&W X&e =a&etA 'a&y

=ssi8iities. ?o0tled)e. p. #7:.

28.Kavin Flood s0ms 0p mainstream estimates, accordin) to hich the ?i)veda as compiled

from as early as #5>> =; over a period of several cent0ries. Flood #::6, p. 37

2:.Witzel, >3, p. 68

3>.For the possi+ility of ritten tets d0rin) the #st cent0ry =; see& Witzel, >3, p. 6:! For oral composition and oral transmission for 'many

h0ndreds of years' +efore +ein) ritten don, see& Bvari 2>>7, p. 76.

3#.=rodd, Hefferey (2>>3*, Ord ei$i&s, Winona, #4*. D+e i$veda. vol. #. ford Dniversity Iress.

p. #8. -%=J :78>#::72>78#.

33.'0lt0ral 1erita)e of Jepal'. Eepa-Yerma& 'a&us.ript =reservati& =r1e.t . Dniversity of

1am+0r). ?etrieved 4 Jovem+er 2>#4.

34.accordin) to -%UJ, 1ind0 %acred Tets, '1ind0s themselves often 0se the term to descri+e

anythin) connected to the Vedas and their corollaries (e.). Vedic c0lt0re*'.35.37,575 are ?i)vedic. f the remainin), 34,857 appear in the other three %amhitas, and #6,4>5

are knon only from =rahmanas, Dpanishads or %0tras

36.Ula0s Ulostermaier (#::4*, B %0rvey of 1ind0ism, %econd ;dition, %tate Dniversity of Je

@ork Iress, -%=J :78>7:#42#>:3, pa)es 676:

37.=rahmana ;ncyclopedia =ritannica (2>#3*

38.Han Konda (#:75*, Vedic Giterat0re& (%a]hitEs and =rEhmaXas*, tto 1arrassoitz Verla),

-%=J :783447>#6>32, pa)e 424426

3:.>4, p. 5#.

4>.Witzel, >3, p. 6:.4#.For a ta+le of all Vedic tets see Witzel, >3,

pp. #>>C#>#.

42.The Vedic %anskrit corp0s is incorporated in ; %edi. Ord 0&.rda&.e (%aidia-

=ad,&urama-7ṣa* prepared from #:3> 0nder Vishva =andh0, and p0+lished in five vol0mes

in #:35#:65. -ts scope etends to a+o0t 4>> tets, incl0din) the entire Vedic %anskrit corp0s

+esides some 's0+Vedic' tets. Vol0me -& %amhitas, Vol0me --& =rahmanas and Branyakas,

Vol0me ---& Dpanishads, Vol0me -V& Vedan)as! B revised edition, etendin) to a+o0t #8>>

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Oriental_Serieshttps://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc04wils#page/290/mode/2uphttps://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc04wils#page/290/mode/2uphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872499652https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226093055https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872499652https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood1996https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood1996https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5http://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18http://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972078-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972078-1http://www.uni-hamburg.de/ngmcp/about_ngmpp_e.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousnesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousnesshttp://hinduism.iskcon.com/tradition/1105.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791421093https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791421093http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77126/Brahmanahttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77126/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFMichaels2004https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vedic_Word_Concordancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vedic_Word_Concordancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Oriental_Serieshttps://archive.org/stream/rigvedasanhitc04wils#page/290/mode/2uphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872499652https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226093055https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872499652https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood1996https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5http://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972078-1http://www.uni-hamburg.de/ngmcp/about_ngmpp_e.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousnesshttp://hinduism.iskcon.com/tradition/1105.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791421093http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77126/Brahmanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFMichaels2004https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Vedic_Word_Concordance


14/19

pa)es, as p0+lished in #:73#:76.

43.Flood 2>>3, pp. #>>C#>#

44.;dard ?oer (Translator*, 2+a&ara@s Q&trdu.ti& at Koo)le =ooks to 6ri+ad ;ra&yaa

Ppa&is+ad at pa)es #5! †0ote 'The Vedas are divided in to parts, the first is the karma

kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called* p0rvakanda, and treats on ceremonies! the second part

is the Anana kanda, the part hich contains knoled)e, also named 0ttarakanda or posteriorpart, and 0nfolds the knoled)e of =rahma or the 0niversal so0l.'

45.Wendy 9oni)er (#::>*, Tet0al %o0rces for the %t0dy of 1ind0ism, #st ;dition, Dniversity of

hica)o Iress, -%=J :78>2266#847>, pa)es 23! 4uote5 'The Dpanishads s0pply the +asis of

later 1ind0 philosophy! they alone of the Vedic corp0s are idely knon and 0oted +y most

elled0cated 1ind0s, and their central ideas have also +ecome a part of the spirit0al arsenal of

rankandfile 1ind0s.'

46.Wiman 9issanayake (#::3*, %elf as =ody in Bsian Theory and Iractice (;ditors& Thomas I.

Uas0lis et al.*, %tate Dniversity of Je @ork Iress, -%=J :78>7:#4#>8>6, pa)e 3:! 4uote&

'The Dpanishads form the fo0ndations of 1ind0 philosophical tho0)ht and the central theme of

the Dpanishads is the identity of Btman and =rahman, or the inner self and the cosmic self.'!

:*, World ?eli)ions, Ien)0in, -%=J :78

#5:2578467, pa)es 2>82#>

47.Iatrick livelle (2>#4*, The ;arly Dpanisads, ford Dniversity Iress, -%=J :78>#:535242:,

pa)e 3! 4uote& ';ven tho0)h theoretically the hole of vedic corp0s is accepted as revealed

tr0th "shr0ti$, in reality it is the Dpanishads that have contin0ed to infl0ence the life and tho0)ht

of the vario0s reli)io0s traditions that e have come to call 1ind0. Dpanishads are the

script0res par ecellence of 1ind0ism'.

48.Flood #::6, p. 3:.

4:.Witzel, .Hamison and Witzel (#::2*, Vedic 1ind0ism, 1arvard Dniversity, pa)e 6

5#.H. , pp #:

ith footnotes (in Kerman*! For a translation, Xri$i&a 2a&srit DeVts at Koo)le =ooks, pa)e #4

53.For an eample, see %arvEn0kramaX VivaraXa Dniv of Iennsylvania rare tets collection

54.‡̂ }u‰‚}•Š‹Œ{ ŽŠ‹‹•Š}•‹•Š‹Œ{ ‘ ƒq‰x•€€•‰}•‘

G ##54:5:5 55.(%taal #:86*

56.(Filliozat 2>>4, p. #3:*

57.Bvari 2>>7, pp. 6:C7>

58.>3, p. 6:, †0ote& '... almost all printed

editions depend on the late man0scripts that are hardly older than 5>> years'

5:.Jair 2>>8, pp. 84227.

6>.Hoshi #::4, pp. :#:3.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226618470https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791410806https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592578467https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592578467https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195352429https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195352429https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood1996http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFWitzel1997http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Bi8JAAAAQAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttp://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/3178027https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11549595https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFStaal1986https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFilliozat2004https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFNair2008https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFNair2008https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFJoshi1994https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226618470https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791410806https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592578467https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592578467https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195352429https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood1996http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFWitzel1997http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://books.google.com/books?id=Bi8JAAAAQAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttps://books.google.com/books?id=HRYAAAAAYAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bookshttp://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/3178027https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11549595https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFStaal1986https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFilliozat2004https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFNair2008https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFJoshi1994


15/19

6#.?adhakrishnan 3,

p. 68

62.>4, pp. 2:C3:

63.Hamison and Witzel (#::2*, Vedic 1ind0ism, 1arvard Dniversity, pa)e 2#

64.Witzel, .#2: Wikiso0rce!

• 6ranslation 7& :#278#4.

• 6ranslation 9& 9avid hristian (2>##*. 'aps L DimeW ;& Q&trdu.ti& t 6i$ Nistry.

Dniversity of alifornia Iress. pp. #7C#8. -%=J :78>52>:5>672.

65.see e.). Bvari 2>>7, p. 77.

66.For #,>28 hymns and #>,6>> verses and division into ten mandalas, see& Bvari 2>>7, p. 77.

67.For characterization of content and mentions of deities incl0din) B)ni, -ndra, Var0na, %oma,

%0rya, etc. see& Bvari 2>>7, p. 77.

68.see e.). Bvari 2>>7, p. 77 C##>> =;, #35>

=; as termi&us ad [uem.

6:.ri)inal tet translated in ;n)lish& The ?i) Veda, , 1ymn ##7, ?alph T. 1. Kriffith

(Translator*!

hatterAee (#::5*, Val0es in the -ndian ;thos& Bn vervie, Ho0rnal of 10man Val0es, Vol #,

Jo #, pa)es 3#2

7>.For eample,

/ymn 7:7;>3*, #6>32, pa)es #34#35!

?i)veda =ook #, 1ymn #64 Wikiso0rce

7#.>4*,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFMacDonell2004http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFWitzel1997https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mullerhttps://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/564/mode/2uphttps://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/564/mode/2uphttps://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/564/mode/2uphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2781-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_117http://jhv.sagepub.com/content/1/1/3.shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595269259https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/courses/51/Witzel2002.pdfhttp://www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/courses/51/Witzel2002.pdfhttp://www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/courses/51/Witzel2002.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFFlood2003https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFMacDonell2004http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttp://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFWitzel1997https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mullerhttps://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/564/mode/2uphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2781-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedas&printable=yes#CITEREFAvari2007https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_117http://jhv.sagepub.com/content/1/1/3.shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595269259https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Gondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/courses/51/Witzel2002.pdfhttp://www.ling.upenn.edu/~rnoyer/courses/51/Witzel2002.pdf


16/19

=rill Bcademic, -%=J :78:>6:8>#4:>, pa)es 58#627

72.(from sāman, the term for a melody applied to metrical hymn or son) of praise, Bpte #:65,

p. :8#.

73.Witzel,

74.For #875 total verses, see n0m+erin) )iven in ?alph T. 1. Kriffith. Kriffiths introd0ctionmentions the recension history for his tet. ?epetitions may +e fo0nd +y cons0ltin) the cross

inde in Kriffith pp. 4:#::.

75.Witzel, C27#

76.Witzel, 4, p. 52 Ta+le 3

7:.>4, p. 56.

8>.'The latest of the fo0r Vedas, the BtharvaVeda, is, as e have seen, lar)ely composed of

ma)ical tets and charms, +0t here and there e find cosmolo)ical hymns hich anticipate the

Dpanishads, hymns to %kam+ha, the %0pport, ho is seen as the first principle hich is +oth

the material and efficient ca0se of the 0niverse, to IrEna, the =reath of Gife, to VEc, the Word,

and so on.' ’aehner #:66, p. vii.

8#.Flood #::6, p. 37.

82.'There ere ori)inally only three priests associated ith the first three %a]hitEs, for the

=rahman as overseer of the rites does not appear in the \$ %eda and is only incorporated later,

there+y shoin) the acceptance of the ;t+arva %eda, hich had +een somehat distinct fromthe other %a]hitEs and identified ith the loer social strata, as +ein) of e0al standin) ith

the other tets.'Flood #::6, p. 42.

83.Bpte #:65, p. 37.

84.Flood #::6, p. 37, ?adhakrishnan >3, p. 76.

85.Btharva Veda 2.32 =haisha)ykni, harm to sec0re perfect health , 5.3>, #:.26 etc of Btharva veda

86.Btharva Veda 4.2.36 %triAaratani chapters to love relationships,

se0ality and for conceivin) a child, see e.). chapters #.#4, 2.3>, 3.25, 6.6>, 6.78, 6.82, 6.#3>

6.#32, etc

87.Btharva Veda 6.3.3>


17/19

8:.Witzel, .Bpte #:65, p. 387.

:#.=? 6>77

:2.Flood #::6, p. ### dates it to the 4th cent0ry ;.:3.Vishn0 I0rana, translation +y 1orace 1ayman Wilson, #84>, h -V, http&//.sacred

tets.com/hin/vp/vp>78.htm

:4.C3#

:5.>6, p. 2>7. "#$ Bccessed 5 Bpril 2>>7.

:6.Bpte #:65, p. 2:3.

:7.'Dpaveda'. ford Dniversity Iress. ?etrieved 7 9ecem+er 2>#4.

:8.'?-K-J BJ9 9;V;GI>#*. ;yurvedaA Eature@s 'edi.i&e. Got0s Iress. p. ##.

?etrieved 6 Han0ary 2>#5.

#>>.Ia0l U0ritz (#:88*, The #354786#5,

pa)e 68

#>#.%0llivan #::4, p. 385

#>2.%anskrit ori)inal& hando)ya Dpanishad, Wikiso0rce!

;n)lish translation& hando)ya Dpanishad 7.#.2, K Hha (Translator*, riental =ook B)ency,

pa)e 368

#>3.'Jatyashastra' (I9F*. %anskrit 9oc0ments.

#>4.oormarasamy and 90))irala (#:#7*. 'The


18/19

• 90ndas, Ia0l (2>>2*, D+e ^ai&s, ?o0tled)e, -%=J :78>4#5266>55

• Flood, Kavin (#::6*, ;& Q&trdu.ti& t Ni&duism, am+rid)e Dniversity Iress, -%=J >52#

43878>

• Flood, Kavin, ed. (2>>3*, D+e 6a.we 0mpa&i& t Ni&duism, 7:#4#63::

• 4*, ; Nistry L 2a&srit

Uiterature, Uessin)er I0+lishin), -%=J #4#7:>6#:7

• >4*, Ni&duismW =ast a&d =rese&t , Irinceton Dniversity Iress, -%=J >6:#

>8:53#

• 6*, '&ier-Oiiams 2a&srit Bi.ti&ary, JataraA =ooks,

-%=J #88#338584.

• 3#25.

• %0llivan, =. #, doi>.#>:3/Aaarel/G“--.2.377.

• Witzel, 32.• H. B. %ant0cci, ;& Xuti&e L %edi. Uiterature (#:76*.

• %. %hrava, ; 0mpre+e&sive Nistry L %edi. Uiterature _ 6ra+ma&a a&d ;ra&yaa Ors,

Iranava Irakashan (#:77*.

oncordances

• 7*

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dundashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5http://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA497http://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA497https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1639-9https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sanskrit_Literaturehttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sanskrit_Literaturehttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sanskrit_Literaturehttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sanskrit_Literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-0619-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08953-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08953-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881338-58-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881338-58-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir_(indologist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir_(indologist)http://books.google.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoChttp://books.google.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttp://books.google.com/?id=J8Zo_rtoWAEChttp://books.google.com/?id=J8Zo_rtoWAEChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1062753?uid=3738776&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103820818351http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1062753?uid=3738776&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103820818351http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1062753?uid=3738776&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103820818351https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLXII.2.377https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dundashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26605-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Floodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5http://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA497https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1376-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1639-9https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sanskrit_Literaturehttps://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sanskrit_Literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-0619-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08953-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08953-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881338-58-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir_(indologist)http://books.google.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoChttp://books.google.com/?id=_VCXTBk-PtoChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCllerhttp://books.google.com/?id=J8Zo_rtoWAEChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1062753?uid=3738776&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103820818351http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1062753?uid=3738776&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103820818351https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Academy_of_Religionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FLXII.2.377https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Witzelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Charles_Zaehnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447016032


19/19

• Vishva =andh0, =him 9ev, %. =haskaran Jair (eds.*, %aidia-=ad,&urama-7ṣaW ; %edi.

Ord-0&.rda&.e, Vishveshvaranand Vedic ?esearch -nstit0te, 1oshiarp0r, #:63C#:65,

revised edition #:73#:76.

onference proceedin)s

•

Kriffiths, Brlo and 1o0+en, Han ;. ,

Kronin)en & Forsten, (2>>4*, -%=J :>6:8>#4:3.

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