[william gunion rutherford] first greek grammar (m(bookos.org)

8/22/2019 [William Gunion Rutherford] First Greek Grammar (M(Bookos.org)

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^acmulan\s reck Course ,

FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

BY

MW.N GUNION RUTHERFORD, M.A., LLD.HEADMASTER OK WKSTMINSTEK

MILT^//0ILonfcon

MACMILLAN AND CO.AND NEW YUKK

1888All rights resetted


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First Edition 1878New Edition iSygReprinted 1881, 1884, /88j, 1886New Edition 1888


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PREFACEThis Grammar has been revised and in part re-written, butthe general arrangement remains as it was. To change thismight have done away with something that commended it toteachers ; for the success of a school-book is often due to thefortunate accident of one man's work happening to meet theviews of the majority.

If the book is larger, it is not that I have abandoned theidea from which it first sprang, namely, that the part of anelementary grammar is to state rules and leave exceptionsout ; but in response to the criticism of many who have usedthe book, the presentment of the matter has been made moreclear and attractive by printing on two pages what beforewa< printed on one. Indeed far from relinquishing the firstidea I have carried it out more faithfully, omitting suchforms as occur seldom and selecting as examples of inflexionthe most common words that I could find. As the grammar

written when men had but begun to urge the views towhich it was meant to give shape, I was glad of an oppor-tunity of incorporating in a new edition the latest results ofthe free discussion of the last ten or twelve years. And such;m opportunity came when it was proposed to publish I

k Course of which this First Greek Grammar should bethe starting point.


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VI PREFACEThe aim of the new series is to bring into the fore-

ground the great main lines of Greek accidence and syntax,in short to teach the regular and ordinary modes of expres-sion in use at the time when the most precise of languageshad reached its highest precision. Accordingly it was neces-sary carefully to revise the Grammar if it was to take itsproper place in the series.

I have to acknowledge a great deal of very generous andvalued help, not only from my colleagues and friends, butalso from many others who in using the book had detectederrors or observed ways of improving it. More especially Ihave to thank my colleague Mr. Heard for many suggestionsand much assistance.

Perhaps I ought to add that though I have " atticized "as far as possible, I have still remembered that the compilerof an elementary grammar must be governed more or less bythe texts which are in use, and have retained such spellingsas TcdeiKa and clpya^ofirjv even if stone records prove thatredrjKa and rjpya^ofxrjv are the true forms.

W. GUNION RUTHERFORD.

Westminster, 1888.


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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONThis First Greek Grammar differs from others in someimportant respects. It is compiled on a new principle, andcontains much matter which has hitherto not appeared inelementary books, and some facts that are the fruits ofindependent research.

The First Part comprises only such forms as it is necessaryfor a beginner to know, and these are put as clearly andsuccinctly as the nature of the case allows. Every effort wasmade to avoid the necessity of explanations in English,tomake in fact the lesson for the day appear as short aspossible to the jealous eye of the pupil, while at the sametime the local memory of the eye, which is so strong in youth,might be brought as largely as possible into play.

In the teaching of a synthetic language like Greek orLatin, practical schoolmasters are not likely to underestimatethe importance of drill in grammatical forms. In suchlanguages the relation between the different words of a

nee can never be clearly understood till the learnerbecomes thoroughly familiar with the principal inflexions.Familiarity with the accidence is the first step towards ap-

i -itive translation. It is true that some boys can learn


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vm PREFACEinflexions with ease who are never able to acquire facility intranslation, but it is equally true that without a precise

knowledge of grammatical forms even an intelligent boyloses much of the crispness of the thought.My original design was thus merely to provide a drill

book for beginners, more accurately compiled than thosegenerally in use. Further information each master mightimpart for himself. But the success of the book promptedme to add a Second Part which should supply remarks onthe forms included in the First Part, as well as additionalmatter of a more advanced kind. In this way much hasbeen added which is not to be found in ordinary Grammars,and the relegation of the paradigms to a separate part hasenabled me to discuss interesting points of Grammar in away which would otherwise have been impossible. SuchChapters as the Third, the Twelfth, and the Seventeenthwill, it is hoped, be specially useful in awakening an in-telligent interest in a subject too apt to become dull.

Different teachers will have different methods of teachingthe Second Part. My own system is gradually to impartadditional information contemporaneously with the drill ininflexions. If this is done the pupil finds that little is leftfor him to learn when he comes to the Second Part.

I have thought it prudent to leave unaltered many formswhich usually, though wrongly, find a place in Greek para-digms, as few Greek texts have yet been brought intoharmony with the latest results of critical scholarship. Ihave even retained for the sake of old association such absurd


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l'KKi ix

forms as the Imperative XcXimcc The time will come whenthey will disappear from Greek Grammars, but an elementaryGrammar is not the place in which first to omit them.

I regret that an accelerated -ale made it necessary toreprint the First Part before any corrections were made, butall errors will be carefully eliminated as soon as anotheropportunity occurs.

\V. GUNION RUTHERFORD.January 18S0.


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CONTENTSPART I.

battenFirst declension

I declension

Third declensionIrregular forms .

d of adjectives( 'oinparison of adjectives

Adverbs .Numerals .Pronouns .Tin- \vrl> .

Verbs in -11in -MIi lions

1

11

2533515454

6586

100


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Xll CONTENTS

PART II.Remarks on the letters and signsContraction, assimilation and dissimilationDual number

Vocative caseGender ....AccentuationRemarks on the first declension

Remarks on the second declensionRemarks on the third declensionRemarks on adjectivesRemarks on comparisonAdverbs .Numerals .Pronouns .General remarks on verbal formsThe tense-system of regular verbs in -12Verbs in -MI .List of irregular verbs

Verbs forming their tenses from different roots


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Oi at

PAET II. The Greek letters were twenty-four in numt

V AB 5 alphabeta = a.b.

1/

rAEZ

7er

gammadeltaepsllonzeta

= g. always hard.(1.e.z.

K/H ??_^r etatheta ^s e.tli.V IKAM

Kiotakappalambdamu =

i.

k.1.

m.N 1/ nu n.5 * xi = x(=ks).

\/ o omlcron = 0.np ? Pirho p-rli, r.5T T sigmat;iu ^ s. 9 only finiaLt.TX

upsilonphichi

ii.

ph.kh.V * psi = ps.

^/ a 0) omega 0.B


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2 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARII. Before kappa, gamma, chi, and xi the letter gamma

has the sound of n, as in ink, sing.

III. Vowels. The vowels are divided into open, a,e T), o co, and into narrow, i, v.

IV.- Consonants. The most important are the Mutes,which are so named because we are not able to pronouncethem without the help of a vowel. They are nine in number.Three are pronounced by contact of the tongue and hardpalate, three by the lips, and three by bringing the tongueagainst the teeth.

hard soft aspirated

palatals or palate-sounds K 7 Xlabials or lip-sounds . . IT p identals or tooth-sounds T 8 e

From this table we see that they are again divided intosets of three, each set containing a guttural, a dental, anda labial.The letters xi, psi, and zeta are called double lettersfor f= kg, ^ = 7rcr, and f= 8 with a soft o\

V. Signs. The Greeks had no letter like the Latin orEnglish h, but they had a sign l which served instead.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 3Thus Jj/Da was pronounced l'>m, and the sign is always sowritten over the vowel to which it belongs. This sign iscalled spiritus asper, or rough breathing. The letter rho isthe only consonant with which it is used, and when rhobegins a word it is never without it. If the vowel upsllonbegins a word it has always this sign.

The sign ' simply marks the absence of the spiritusasper.

DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES ANDADJECTIVES.

VI.The inflexion of nouns and pronouns is calleddeclension. The fixed part of the word is called the stem,the changeable part is called the case-ending or termination.The nominative case must never be confounded with thestem.

VII.The Greeks distinguished in declension :(1) Three numbers :The singular for one, the dual for

two, or a pair, and the plural for several.(2) Five cases :nominative, vocative, accusative, geni-

tive, dative.

(3) Three genders :masculine, feminine, neuter.VIII.All these, except the vocative case, are seen inthe declension of the article " the."

Vowels long by nature, except ij and , are marked long, unless they carrytht circumflex u< i


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

THE DEFINITE AETICLEnumber case masculine feminine neuter

nom. rV / TOace. TOV rrjv tTO

t gen. TOV r?}? TOVa dat. TCOi ry TOOI1 nom. ace. TCO TCO TCOI gen. dat. TOLV TOLV Tolv

nom. 01 at tTO,1 ace. TOVS T? TCI

gen. TCOV TCOV TCOVdat. TOLS reus TOIS

Obs. 1.The iota written under the long vowel in thedative singular is called iota subscript. It is not pronounced.

Obs. 2.The dual number has only two forms to serve allgenders and cases.

IX.Declensions are arranged according to the lastletter of the stem. The First Declension includes allstems ending in alpha or eta : the Second Declension moststems in omicron or omega; the Third Declension stemsending in other letters.

Vowels long by nature, except r, and u, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

FIRST DECLENSIONX.A. Feminine Stems

Stems. %a)pa, land ; fia^a, battle ; OdXaTTa, sea

fOS

nom.voc.ace.gen.dat.

XcopdXcopdyu>pdvXd>pasXa>pa

fidxvfidxyvp,dxvsH>"XV

OaXarraOdXaTTaOdXaTTavOaXaTTrj?OaXaTTrf

1 n. v. a.g.d. Xa>pd

yoapaivfMdXdfxdxcuv

OaXaTTaOaXaTTaiv


X&paiX^P

aLXp&vX^pai?

p


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

XI.B. MASCULINE STEMSStems, veavia, young man ; 'JLp/jLTj, Hermes;

7ro\lra, citizen

1nom.voc.ace.gen.dat.

veavid?veavidveavldvveavlovveavid

r Ep/jLr)?

'Epfirf'TLp/jurjv'Ep/JLOV'Ep/if}

7T0\lT7j?iroXlraTroXirrjviroklrovTrdXtrrj

1n. v. a.g.d.

veavidveavlaiv

fEp/xa'TLp/ialv

TroXlrdTToXlratv

Inom.voc.ace.gen.dat

veavlaiveavlaiveavid?veavicovveavlai?

'JLp/iat'Ep/jual'Ep/xa?'Eipfjicov'Epfjuals

iroXlraiiroXlraiiroXird?7to\Zt(ov7roXiTai, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMARSECOND DECLENSION

XILA. UNCONTRACTED WORDSStems, Xoyo, m. speech; ipyo, n. deed

nom. \6yos epyov

11voc.

ace.

epyovepyov

gen. \6yov epyovdat. Xoyco epyco

I^O n. v. a. Xoyco epya)'S g.d. Xoyotv epyotv

nom. Xoyoc epya

>


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

XIIIB. CONTRACTED WORDSStems. tt\oo, m. voyage; bcrreo, n. bone

nom. 7r\6os 7tXo{)? 6(TTOV OCTTOVV

i voc.7tA0 7r\0V 6


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 9XIV.Words in -ov are always neuter. Words in -o?

are generally masculine j but names of trees, lands, cities,and islands are feminine. Also the following words :

pebbleTJrdjjLfjLossand brick


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10 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

ATTIC DECLENSIONXVII.A few stems instead of o have a>. This co takes

the case-endings as far as possible.

Stem.veco, m.nom. vecos

J voc. V(0


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 11

THIRD DECLENSIONI. Consonant Stems

A.STEMS IN PALATALS, *s 7, xXVIII. Stems, tyvkcuc, m. guard; irrepvy, f. wing

6vv%, m. nail

nom. (f)v\af; Trrepvi; owl;

1 voc.


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B.STEMS IN LABIALS, w, /3XIX. Stems, yvir, m. vulture ;


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FIRST GREEK cliA.MMAH 19

CSTEMS IN DENTALS t, B1. MASCULINE AND FEMININE

XX. Stem, ipcor, m. love ; TrarpcB, f . native land ;eptB, f. strife

nom. e/3ft>? TTCLTpl-S epi-$voc. p(o-


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2. NEUTERS

STEMS, acofiar, body ; icepdr, horn

11n. v. a.

gen.

croj/jua


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DENTAL STEMS IN vtXXLStems Klavr, m. Ajax; yepovr, m. old-man ;

o&ovt, m. tooth

nom. Ala-? yepcov 68ov-


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L6 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

STEMS IN DENTAL vXXII. Stems, 'EXA^i/, m. Greek ; 7toi/jLv, m. s,

nom. "E\\Vv TTOLfJLljvh voc. "EWrjv TTOLfJirjV1 ace. r EWr/v-a iroifxev-aCO gen. "EWrjv-os TroLfxev-os

dat. "EWrjv-t, irotfJuev-L

n. a. v. "EXkrjv-e 7rOL/jL6V-6| g.d. "EXkrjv-oiv 7T0l,/JLV'0CVnom. "EXkrjv-es TTOifjuev-es

^o voc. "EWrjv-es 7ro{,fiV-es1 ace. "EWrjv-as iroifjiev-as^ gen. 'EWljv-fDV TTOLfliv-OJV

dat. r EWr)-cn(v) iroL/jL6-cri(v)

Obs.With the exception of the poetical word pzv6s, f. heart, words of this class are masculine.

Vowels long by nature, except y and ai, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK CRAM MAR 17

Stems, aycov, m. contest; yyefiov, m. leader; 8e\iv,m. dolphin

nom. dycov rjye/JLcov 8e\(f)i


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18 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARSTEMS IN LIQUID p

XXIII. Stems prjrop, m. oratory Kpdrrjp, m. wine howldrjp, m. wild-beast.

nom. prjTwp Kpdrrjp Hp*--S

voc. prjrop Kparrjp 6r)p

1 ace. prjTOp-a Kpdrijp-a 6r)p-aOS gen. prjrop-o? Kpdrf}p-os drjp-os

dat. pr)TOp-L Kpdrr)p-i Orjp-l

1 n. v.a. prjrop-e Kpdrrjp -e 6r)p-e

g.d. prjrop-oiv Kparrjp-oiv drjp-olv

nom. pr/rop-es Kpdrrjp-es Orjp-esr^i>

voc. pr}rop-e


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STEM IN LIQUID X AND SPECIAL CLASS INp

XXIV. Stems, aX, m. salt; firjrep, f. mother

315

nora.

voc.ace.gen.dat.

aX-9aX-?ak-aaX-09ak-L

firJTr)p

firjrepfirjrep-afJLTjTp-OSflT)Tp-l

V

1n. v. a.

g.d.aX-eak-olv

/jLT)T6p-

JJL7]Tep-OlV


aX-69aX-69aX-a9ak-wvak-ari(y)

fiTjrep-e^

fJL7]T6p-


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20 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARSTEMS IN

XXVStems, A^oaQevea, m.n. race

; yeveo;


Ar)/M)(rOevr), are marked long, unless tney carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GBAMMAB 21

II. VOWEL STEMSXXVI. Stems in narrow vowels i and v

MASCULINES AND FEMININESStems, irokt, f. city ; av, m. or f . pig ; ir^v, m. forearm.

lyô1?nom. TToXl-S ads irrj^y-s

5 voc. iroXt (TV wifav6, ace. iroXi-v av-v Trr/xy-v% gen. 7roX,ea)? (TV-OS irrjêcos

dat. iroXei av-i i 7T7JXC

*C n. v. a. ttoXtj (TV-6 irrjxn^ g.d. TTOke-OLV av-olv ir^ê-OLV

nom. iroXets, eru-e? irr)yeis


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NEUTERS

Stem, acrrv, city

1n. v. a.

gen.dat.

acrrva


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

XXVII.STEMS IX evStems, ftaaiXev, m. king ; Acopiev, m. Dorian

nom. ySao-tXeu-? Acopiev-sb voc. (SacriXev Awpiev1 ace. /3aaiXi-d Acopta55 gen. /3acrt\e(i)9 AodplOiS

dat. ftacrcXel Aooptel

>-o n. v. a. (Saaikri Awpirj*e g.4 ftaaCke-oiv AcDpLOLV

nom. /3aaL\fc or -efc Aaypiijs or -et?*>o voc. /3acrA% or -et? Acopcrjs or -et?

ace.gen.

/3a


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2 4 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

XXVIII.Stems in o and w7T6C0O, f. persuasion ; alBo, f. shame; rjpo), m. hero

nom. iretOca alSoos T}p(D-S

10voc.

ace.

gen.

iretOol

ireiOco

alBocal&coal&ovs

r/pco-s

r/pco-a, rfpeo

ijpeo-os

dat. iretOol alBoc vp


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

XXIX.OTHER IRREGULAR FORMS IN ALPHA-BETICAL ORDER

IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Stem dvep, m. /3ov, m. f. yovar, n.

English man ox, cow knee

nom. avqp /3ov-


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26 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARIRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES

IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Stem yaXa/cr, n. yepa? yrjpacr ypav, f.

English milk privilege old age old woman

nom. yaXa yepas yrjptv; ypav-sN voc. yaXa yepa? yrjpcvi ypav

I ace. yaXa yepas yrjpas ypav-v'< gen.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 27IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES

IX ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Stem yvvaitc, f. Bopar, n. iap, and Zev,At, m.

English woman spear spring Zeus

nom.voc.

yvvrjyvvai

BopvJBopv "

eapeap

Zev- ?Zev

. ace. yvval/c-a Bopv 4 Veap At-a

! gen.dat.

yvvai/c-6s

yvvaiic-i

Bopar- o?,Bopos

Bopar-i,Bopl\ orBope^

r)p-os

vp-i

At-o?

n.v. a. yvvaiK-e Bopar-e4s g.d. yvvaiK-olv Bopdr-oiv

n. v. yvval/c-es Bopar-a115,

ace.gen.

yvvaiic-asyvvacK-wv

Bopar-aBopdr-(ov

dat. yvvai^i{y) B6pa-(Ti(v)

Vowels long by nature, exeqt r and *, r/rr marled Zony, un/ess Mry carry*A circumflex accent.


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28 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARIRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES

IN ALPHABETICAL ORDERKveacr,KVa or Kopvv gen. /c\et,8-6ov


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVESIN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Stemkvov andkvv, ni.and f

fiaprv, futprvp,m. f. vav, f.

English dog witness ship

|8


KVCOVKVOVKvv-aKVV-6?KVV-L

fidprv-


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Stem opvlO, opvl, m. f. cor, n.

English bird ear

nom. opvi-s ov-s

1voc.ace.

OpVLopvl-v, rarely

ov-sOV-S

*l gen.opvlOa

SpvlO-os COT-OSdat. opvlO-c COT-I

n. a. v. opviv-e wT-ei g.d. opvfd-ocv COT-OLVn. v. opvlO-es, opvets d)T-a

1 ace. opvl6-as, payees coT-aSs gen.dat.

OpvfO-COV, 6pV-(OVopvl-o~i(y)

COT-COVco-crC{v)

Vowels long by nature, except j and u, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK CRAM MAR 81

IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVESIX ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Stem ttoB, m. Trvp, irvpon.vBar forvBapr, n.

English foot fire, pi. =watcli-fires icater


7TOU-97TOV-9ir6B-a7ToS-09TToB-L

TTVpTTVpTTVp7TV/3-09irvp-i

vBcopvBcopvBcop/8ar-09vBar-L

1n. a. v.g.d.

iroB-eTTOB-Olv

1In. v.ace.gen.dat.

7ToS-697ro8-a9TToB-OJViTo-ai{y)

irvpdTTVpdTTVpCOV7TVpOL


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Stem vlo, vie, m. (j)pedr for(ppeapr, n. XeiP> XP

f.

English son cistern hand

I1nom.voc.ace.gen.dat.

1VlO-pear-o?typedr-L

XdPX'PXetp-axeLP-*Xetp-L

1n. a. v.g.d.

vlrj

vle-otv(f>pedr-e(ppedr-oiv

Xelp-exep-lv

n. v.ace.gen.dat.

vlels

vle-cavvle-cn(v)

(j>pedr-a(j)pedr-a(f)pedr-(ov$>pedcr-i(v)

xelp-^Xelp-asXeip-MVXep-al(y)

Vowels long by nature, except *i and a, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVESA.ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION

XXX.SIMPLETHE MOST COMMON CLASS OF ADJECTIVES

dyados, good

33

masculine feminine neuter

nom. ayados dyadrj dyadovr- voc. dyade ayadr) dyadovI ace. dyadop dyadrjv dyadovv gen. dyadov dyadi]? dyaOov

dat. ayaOco dyadfi dyadco

1 n. v. a. dyadco dyadco dyadco8 g.d. dyadolv dyadolv dyadolvn. v. dyaOol dyadat, dyada

i ace. ayadov? dyadd


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0tXto?, friendly


nom. /\to? tyiKia (piXiov

b voc. i\i6 (f)i\id (j>l\lOV1I1 ace. (j>t\,COV (f)l\L(iv (f)l\lOV3 gen. (f>i\lov tyikias (f>Lklov

dat. (f)l\i(p tyikia (f>iXil\lOV$ c^tXta? (f)iXiai gen. ^CklCOV (f)l\l(OV (f)t\l(DVdat. (pLkloiS (f)L\iai and a, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION

XXXLCONTRACTEDXpvareo*;, golden


nom. ^/juctoO? Xpvo-rj Xpvaovv1

voc. Xpvaovs Xpvarj Xpvaovv1 ace. yjpvGOW XpV and *, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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86 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARtt7r\oo?, simple


nom. a7r\o0? airXrj difkovv

1voc. a7rXo{)? aifXrj difkovvace. airkovv aTrXfjv a,7r\ovv

1 gen. difkov a7rA,?)? difkovdat. dirXS a7r\y airXo)

1 n. v. a. airXw aifkd) dirXoo1 g.d. airkolv dirXoiv difkolv

n. v. airkol dirXal dirkaace. airXovs a7rXa? air\d

1 gen. aifkwv a.7r\cov dirXcavdat. clttKoZs a7rXat? airXol?

XXXII.Many adjectives belong solely to the seconddeclension having only two endings, -o? for the masculineand feminine and -ov for the neuter. This is the case withall compound adjectives.

Vowels long by nature, except j and a, are marked long, uidess they carrythe circumflex accent.


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PIBST GREEK GRAMMAR ^7

XXXIII.ADJECT1 \ is OF THEATTIC DECLENSIONtXecos, gracious

masc. and fern. neuter

nom. ZXecos tXecovvoc. tX.0)9 ZXecov

singul ace.gen.

ZXewvZXeco

ZXecoviXeco

dat. ZXetp ZXeco

n. v. a. ZXeco ZXeco1 g.4 ZXecpv ZXecovn. v. ZXeco ZXecoace. ZXecos ZXeco

5< gen. ZXecov ZXecovdat. ZXecps ZXeco?

Obs.There are very few adjectives of this class.Vowels long by nature, except v and *, are marked long, unless they

the circumflex accent.


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38 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARB.ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD AND FIRST

DECLENSIONXXXIV.Some adjectives follow the third declension

in the masculine and neuter and form a feminine in thesuffix -ta, which combines with the stem in various ways.

rjSvs, sweet


nom. r)8v


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fieXds, bhvk


nom. fAe\d


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Xapieis, graceful


nom. XaP^ yapie


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FIRST GREEK CRAMMAR 11

XX xv.PARTICIPIAL STEMS IN -vr.Xvaas, loosing (with reference to past time)


n. v. Xvaas Xvadaa Xvaav1 ace. Xvaavra Xvadaav Xvaav

gen. Xvaavros Xvadarjs Xvaavrosdat Xvaavrc Xvaaarj Xvaavrc

1n. v. a. Xvaavre Xvaaad Xvaavrag.d. Xvadvroiv Xvaaaaiv Xvadvroiv

n. v. Xvaavres Xvadaat Xvaavraace. Xvaavras Xvaaad


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XvOek, loosed (with reference to past time)


n. v. XvOeis XvOelaa XvOev

1$ace. XvOevra XvOelaav XvOev

1 gen. XvOevros XvOelar]


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

Xvcov, loosing (ofpi'escnt time)

1

siiK/ular


n. v.

ace.

gen.dat.

XvcovXvovraXvovrosXvovtl

XvovcraXvovcravXvovarjfXvovcrrj

XvovXvovXvovro


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BlBov?, offering (present time)


1On. v.

ace.

gen.dat.

BlBov


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FIRST ORKKK GRAMMAR i:

Seitcvvs, showing (present time)


n. v. &LtCVVS Sei/cvvcra heaevvv

4 ace. BetKvvvra heuevvcrav heiKvvv1 gen. $IKVVVT0


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XXXVLPARTICIPIAL STEMS IN -orXeXvtccos, liaving loosed


n. v. XeXvKGos XeXvKvla XeXvicos11

ace. XeXvKora XeXvKvlav XeXvfco?gen. XeXv/coros XeXv/evids XeXv/coro?dat. XeXv/COTL XeXvfcvid XeXvKOTi

n. v. a XeXv/core XeXvicvia XeXvKora*s g.d. XeXvieoToiv XeXvKvlaw XeXvKOTOLV

n. v. XeXvicores XeXvKvZaL XeXvKora

1 ace. XeXvKOTCLS XeXvKvLa? XeXvKoragen. XeXvKorwv XeXvKViSiv XeXvKorwvdat. XeXvKoai{v) XeXvKviais XeXvKO(Tc(y)

Obs.In the dual number XeXvKorc and XcXvkotolv maybe used as feminine.

Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless tlvey carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR I?

CADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSIONXXXVILSome adjectives follow the third declension

entirely.evyevrji;, well-horn

masculine andfeminine neuter

i

IL V.

acc.

gen.dat.

evyevrj? \evyevrj \evyevovs \evyevel J

evyeve? \evyevey)evyevov?evyevel

1n. v. a.

g.d.evyevrjevyevolv

evyevrj

evyevolv

a v.acc.

gen.dat

evyevel?evyevel?

evyeve-


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4S FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

ev(f>p(ov, kindly

masculine andfeminine neuter

JiO

n. v.

ace.

gen.dat.

eveppcovevpov-cov

ev(j)po-cri(v)

Vowels long by nature, except r, and u, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 49fietfav, greater

masculine and feminine neuter

n. v. fiei^cov fjLl%OV

fiel^op1CO gen. /j,eiovo


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50 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARXXXVIII.Many adjectives have only one termination,

the neuter being alien to their meaning, or not compatiblewith their stem. Thus as there are no neuter substantiveswith a palatal stem, so the adjectives in palatal stems haveno neuter forms. t/Ai^, of the same age (st. iJAwc); dpna^,rapacious (st. apiray).

XXXIX.Certain adjectives are irregular in declension.Of these the two following are most commonly met with :

iroXvs, much, stems tto\v and iroXXo


nom.ace.gen.dat.

TToXv?IToXllVTToXXoV7ToXXojl

iroXkrjirdXkrjVirdXXrj^iroXXrj

iroXvttoXvTToXXoViroXXco

Obs.The plural meaning many is quite regular ttoXXoi,7toAAcu, ttoXXol.

fieyas, great, stems fjueya and fieyaXomasculine feminine neuter

nom. fjueyas fieyaXr) fieyavoc. fieyas fjieyaXr) fieyaace. /Jieyav /jueyaXrjv fieyagen. fieyaXov fieyaXr)*; fieyakovdat. fieyakcp fieyaXr) fieyaXcp

Obs.The plural is quite regular fxcyaXot, /xeyaAat, jxeydXa.Tmvcls long by nature, except vand a>, arc marked long, unless they carry



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XL.COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES(1.) The most common method is to add to the stem the

suffix -Tcpos, -repa, -repov to form the comparative, and -raros,-ra-n/, -TaTov to form the superlative degree. In omicronstems the stem-vowel is lengthened to omega, if the pre-ceding syllable is short or common.

positive stem comparative superlative

/covo0 /cov


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52 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARXLI.(2) Stems in -ov, and a very few others, have

-eo-repos and -eo-raTos.

positive stem comparative superlative

o-axfrpcov, prudentevvovs, kindly

crcocfrpovevvoo

cra)(f)pov-ecrT6posevvovo-Tepo? (for

evvo-eo~T6po


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XLILIRREGULAR COMPARISON

positive comparative superlative

dyado?, gooddfielvcov apKTTO?fteXrfcov fieXTio-rosKpeiTTcov (superior) KparuTTOs

tea/cos, bad /caKLWV KVLKLGTO^^etpcov (deterior) XeLpLcrros (deterrimus)fJTTcov (inferior) r/tacTTa n.pl. as adv.

fii/cpos, small fMKpOTpO


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54 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARXLIV. Adverbs. Adverbs are derived from adjectives

by affixing -&>? to the stem. Stems in omicron drop thisvowel : i'Ao-s, adv. tA-ws. In stems of the third declensionthe -a)? is affixed to that form of the stem which occursin the genitive singular, raxv-s, genitive Ta^e-os, swift;adverb ra^e-ws ;


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMARXL VI I.The Personal Pronouns

7, me; ice, us thou, thee; younom. eya) /av

1 voc.ace. eyLte, fieav

i gen. ifiov, fiov 0~OVdat. fJLOl, fJLOL (TOL

-o n. a. v(6 acf>coi g.d. vu>v acfxpv

nom. ^e?9 vfAel?* voc. V/JL61Sg ace. 77/^a? vfias$ gen. r/fioiv VflWV

dat. rj/JLLV V/JUV

XLVI1I.There is no true personal pronoun of the thirdperson in Greek. The nominative is expressed in variousways, and for the accusative, genitive, and dative we find thefollowing :

singular plural

avrov avT7]v avroavrov avr?)


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56 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARXLIX.The possessive pronouns are e/xos, epj, Ifxov, my,

mine; rjfxeTepos, a, ov, our ; cros, cr-q, crov, thy, thine ; vfierepos,d, ov, your. They are declined like adjectives, but o-6


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FIRST CREEK GRAMMAR

LI.The reflexive pronouns are declined as follows :First and second persons

sing, myselfpi. ourselves

sing, thyselfpi. yourselves

ace.

gen.dat.

ifiavrov, -7)vifiavrov, -779ifiavro), -fj

creavrov, -i\vaeavrov, -779(TeavTQ), -fj

Iace.

gen.dat

r)ia


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58 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARThird Person

sing, himself, herself itself ; pi. themselves

DIRECT REFLEXIVE INDIRECTREFLEXIVE

s eavrov eavrrjv eavroa?e

a?

1 eavrwv eavroiv eavrcov o-({>coveavroLS eavracs eavro is o-(pLcn(v)

Obs. 1.The contracted forms avrov, avrrfv, ai>To{>, avTrjs,etc., are in Attic writers the more usual.

Obs. 2.For plural eavrov has sometimes these forms :ace. o~(fias avrovs, avrds.gen. o-(/>gjv avrwv.dat. crcfiio-iv avTots.

Obs. 3.The indirect reflexive pronoun is used, e.g. whena person speaks of somebody else doing something to him.The singular forms when not in an emphatic position areenclitics.

Vowels long by nature, except *j and a, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK G RAMMAR 59LIT.The forms of the reciprocal pronoun each other arc :

ace.g.d.

acc.gen.dat.

dXXrjXco dXXrjXa) oXXijXg)dXXrjXoiv dXX-rjXoiv dXXrjXoiv

uXXjjXovs dXXrjXds aXXrjXadXXrjXcov dXXrfXcov dXXrjXcovdXXrjXots dXXijXais dXX /rjXoL


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LIV.The interrogative pronoun has the same stem asthe indefinite pronoun, from which it is distinguished onlyby the accent. Interrogative, rts, m. and f. ; ti, n. Inde-finite, TiSj m. and f. ; ti, n.

nom. Tt? Ti T? TLJ*t1

ace.

gen.TLVCL TL

twos or TOVTLvd TLtlvos or tov

dat. TLVL Or Tft) TLVL Or T(p

dual

n. a.g'd.

TLV6TLVOLV

TLvkTLVolv

nom. TtVe? tlvcl TLves tlvcl or CLTTCL

1 ace. tlvcls tlvcl TLvds TLvd or CLTTCLgen. TLVCOV TLVWVdat. tl, are marlced long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR


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62 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARTHE VERB

LV.There are two conjunctions in Greekverbs in -co,and verbs in -fxi.

The verb-stem is that simple form which is modified toexpress relations of time and mood.

The tenses, moods, and verbal nouns are classifiedaccording to the stems (tense-stems) from which they arederived.

LVI.A complete Greek verb has :(1) three numbers : singular, dual, and plural.(2) three voices :active, eAvera, / loosed, middle, eXvo-aLi-qv, / loosed for

myself, passive, iXvd-qv, I was loosed.(3) two classes of tenses, e.g.Principal

present, Xvu, I loose.future, Aio-w, / shall loose.perfect, XkXvKa I have loosed.

Historicalimperfect, e'Awv, / was loosing or used to loose.aorist, cAvcra, / loosed.pluperfect eAeAvx^, / had loosed.

(4) four moods, e.g.indicative, Xvio, I loose.subjunctive, Xvco ) The meaning of these moods canoptative, Xvol/jll, J only be learnt by use.imperative, Ave, loose.

(5) three verbal nouns, e.g.infinitive, Xveiv, to loose, participle, Avcoi/, loosing, verbal

adjective, Xvreos, that must be loosed.Vowels long by nature, except /> and u, are marked long, unless they carry



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FIRST GREEK citAMMAK u:j

LVII.The following forms of eTvai, to be, will serve as anexample of the conjunction in -/zi.

TEN IM)1< AT1VK

present imperfectpresent S 1 y /L-fML Tj Or 7]Vand 2 1 rja-da

iutjjerf. 3 ia-rl(v) rjvD2 ia-rov rj-Tov3 ia-TOV T]-T7]V

P 1


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TENSE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVEpresent S 1 CO 6L7JVand 2 $-? etfy?

imperf 3 tV L7JD2 Tj-TOV elrov3 Tj-TOV ecrrjvP 1 co-fiev elfjuev2 r)-re elre3 (b-ari(v) elev

future S 1 ia-olfJLrjv2 ea-oLo3 6CT-0LT0D 2 efr-oicrdov3 Icr-oicrQrjv

P 1 i(T-oi/j,eda2 ecr-oicrOe3 ea-OLvro

presentei-vai

Infinitive

ecr eaOaiParticiples

present futurecov ovo~a ov I icr-o/Mevo^, tj, ov

Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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VEKBS IN nLVIII.Verbs in -&> are classified according to the final

letter of the verb-stem in the same way as we arrangedthe substantives. Thus we can form at once two greatgroups, e.g.

(1) Verbs whose verb-stems end in a vowel(2) Verbs whose verb-stems end in a consonant.The former of these classes is much more simple than

the latter. Consonant stems are often so altered in thepresent and imperfect tenses that you will not be able atfirst to assign them to their proper classes. The succeedingpages will give you examples of verbs in -cd arranged ingroups of which the following is a synopsis.

L VOWEL-STEMSnarrow vowels i, v, av, eu, ov uncontracted.open vowels a, e, o contracted.

II. CONSONANT-STEMSpalatal mutes, k, y, %.dental mutes, t, 8, 6.labial mutes, it, /3, .liquids and nasals, \, p, /x, v.

Note.The expressions strong and weak which you will find appliedto tenses may be best explained by examples from English. Thus bore,tat) sank, are the strong past tenses of bear, take, sink ; but neared,baked, linked, are the weak pu.st tenses of near, bake, link.

Vowels long by nature, except r, and *, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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66 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARVERBS

Vowel-Stems. I. Uncontracted\vo), I loose

TENSES INDICATIVE

present imperfectpresent S 1 \v-co e-Xii-ovand 2 \v-eis e-Xu-e?

imperfect, 3 Xv-ec e-Xv-e(v)stem \i) D2 \v-erov i-Xv-erov

3 Xv-erov i-Xv-irrjvPI Xv-ofiev e-Xv-ofiev2 Xv-T -Xv-T3 \v-ov(7(,{y) e-Xv-ov

future, S 1 Xv-cr-wstem Xvcr 2 \v-(T-l,$

3 Xv-a-eiD2 \v-a-6TOV3 Xv-


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR '-7in nActive Voiceverb-stem Xv

SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE

Xv-G)Xv-T)$Xv-r^Xv-TfTOVXij-TJTOVXv-(DfJLVXv-7JT6Xv-(octl{v)

Xv-OlfliXv-OLSXv-ot,Xv-OLTOVXv-OLTTjVXv-oifxevXv-OLreXv-OLVXv-a-oi/it,XV-


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68 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR VERBSVowel-Stems. I Uncontracted

Xvco, ITENSES INDICATIVE

weak S 1imperfect

e-Xv-a-aaorist, 2 e-Xv-cr-a?

stem Xvcr 3D2 e-Xv-cr-e(v)i-Xv-a-arov3

P 12

i-Xv-a-drrjve-Xv-a-afieve-Xv-a-are

3 e-Xv-a-av

weak S 1perfect

Xe-Xv-K-apluperfect

i-Xe-Xv-K-rjperfectand

pluperfect,

23D2

Xe-Xv-K-a?Xe-Xv-/c-e(v)Xe-Xv-K-arov

i-Xe-Xv-/c-7)$e-Xe-Xv-K-ei(v)e-Xe-Xv-K-erov

stem 3 Xe-Xv-K-arov e-Xe-Xv-K-errjvXeXv/c P 1

2Xe-Xv-K-afievXe-Xv-K-are

i-Xe-Xv-K-efieve-Xe-Xv-K-ere

3 Xe-Xv-K-d, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMARIN 11 Active Voice filwrit-stem Xv S

SUBJUNCTIVE optative

Xv-cr-w Xv-a-aifiLXv-a-rj^ Xv-a-eia^Xv-a-rj Xv-a-eieiv)\V-


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VERBSVowel-Stems. I. Uncontracted

Xvo/jlcll, I looseTENSES INDICATIVE

present imperfectpresent SI \v-ofMac i-\v-6/JL7)Vand 2 X,i1-jg#. e-Xv-qv

)

imperfect, 3 Xv-erai e-Xi7-eTOstem Xv D2 \V-6(T0OV i-Xv-ea6ov

3 Xv-ea6ov i-Xv-eadrjvPI Xv-ofieda i-Xv-o/xeOa2 Xv-eaOe -Xv-(T063 Xv-ovrat i-Xv-ovro

future, SI Xv-a-ofiaustem Xva 2 Xv-a-ei

3 Xv-o-eraiD2 Xv-cr-eaOov3 , Xv-cr-ea6ovPI Xv-a-ofieda2 Xv-a-eaOe3 Xv-cr-ovrcu

singutar2 Xv-ov3 Xv-eaOco

Imperativedual

Xv-ecrOovXv-ecrdcov

pluralXv-ecr6eXv-eotfcov

Vowels long by nature, except r, and &>, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK (.KAM.MAR 7i

INMiddle Voicefor myself

MIJI'M TlYi: OPTATIVE

Xv-couai-

Xv-tjtcllXv-t](t6ovXv-rjadovXv-aofiedaXv-rjaOeXv-covrat

Xv-olin]i>Xv-oloXv-OLTOXv-oia6ovXv-oia6rivXv-oifieOaXv-oiadeXv-otvroXv-a-qijiTjvXv-a oioXv-cr-oiToXv-o~-oia0ovXv-a-oladifjvXv-ar-ol/JLedaXv-cr-oiaOeXv-a-otvro

InfinitivejrresentXv-eaOac

fvtXv-cr-cr6ai

PARTICin.F.spre

Xv-6/jLevos, -rj,future

-ov Xv-a-ofievos, -rj, -ovh>ug tj nature, rxcr]>t r, and u, are marled long, unless they carry



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72 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR VERBSVowel-Stems. I. Uncontracted

Xvofjuau, I loose,TENSES INDICATIVEweakaorist,

stem XvcrS 1

23

D2

imperfecti-Xv-a-d/jbrjvi-Xv-a-aL,e-Xv-a-aroi-Xv-cr-acrOov3

P 12

e-Xv-a-dcrdrjve-Xv-o~-d/j,edae-Xv-a-aade

3 e-Xv-a-avro

perfectand

pluperfect,stem

S 123D 2

perfectXe-Xv-fiaiXe-Xv-aaiXe-Xv-raiXe-Xv-a6ov

pluperfecti-Xe-Xv-/jL7]ve-Xe-Xv-g-i-Xe-Xv-roe-Xe-Xv-adov

XeXv 3P 1

2

Xe-Xv-crdovXe-Xv-fiedaXe-Xv-crOe

i-Xe-Xv-cr07jve-Xe-Xv-fie6ai-Xe-Xv-


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR toIN QMiddle Voicefor myself

SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE

Xv-(T-(0fiaiXv-cr-rjXv-


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71 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARVERBS

Vowel-Stems. I Uncontractedidentical with the middle except in

Xvofjbai,TENSES INDICATIVEweakaorist,stemXvd

S 123

D 23P 1

23

i-Xv-6-rjvi-\v-0-f)


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FIRST GREEK QRAJOIABin nPABSIYB Voiceaorist and tenses derived from aoristI a in I

75

8UBJUNCTIVK OPTATIVEXv-B-o)Xv-0-fjsXv-O-rjXv-6-fjTOVXv-6-f)TOVXv-6-(t)/J,VXv-d-ijreXv-d-u)


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76 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARVERBS IN 11

Vowel-Stems. II. ContractedActive Voice

rl/judco, contracted tI/jlw, 1 honour ; Trotico, contractediroioiy I make ; BrjXoco, contracted BrjXoi), I show

Present and Imperfect Tenses

S 1 rlfj,(o irom BrjXa)2 Tt/xa? 7T0iel% $lj\,OLS3 rlfia 7T016L SrjXol

D2 rl/jidrov iroielrov StjXovtov3 tI/jlcltov Trouelrov BrfKovrovPI TL/JL(OfJLP TTOLOVfJLeV BrjXovfjLev2 rlfxare 7TOiLT6 8t)\0VT63 tI/jlcoctl^v) iroiovcniv) &r)\ov


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FIRST GREEK CRAMMAR 77VERBS IN O

Vowel-Stems. II. ContractedPassive Voice

Tifidofiai, contracted Tt/xw/xat ; iroikoyuii contractediroLovfiai ; 8r)\6ofjLcu contracted B^Xovfiat

Present and Imperfect Tenses

S 1 rlfJL(t)flOLi TTOLOVfJULl hrfkovfiai2 tI/jlo, .>7T0ll hrfkol3 rlfjidraL irotelraL &7)\0VTCU

D2 rlfida-Oov TrotelcrOov Srj\ov


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78 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARVERBS IN H

Vowel-Stems. II. ContractedActive Voice

TL/jbdcD, contracted rlfico, I honour ; iroiew, contracted ttocw,I make ; Sr]\6(o, contracted BrjXco, I showSubjunctive and Optative Moods

SI tI/jlco TTOIW &7)\(02 Ti/JLas iroLrjs StjXols3 rlfia iroifj Bt]\ol

D2 rlfiarov iroiTJrov hrfKoirov3 rl/jbdrov 7TOC7JTOV $7)\(x)TOV

PI TlfJL&fieV Troiwfiev hrfKoi/Jiev2 rl/jbdre iroirjTe hrjXoyre3 tI/jlco(tl(v) iroLwaiiv) &7)\co


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAK 7:'VERBS IX n

Vowel-Stems. II ContractedPassive Voice

Tifidofuu, contracted ri/jLco/jLai, &c. &c.Subjunctive and Optative Moods

SI tI/jlco/jlcu TTOLOi^iai hrfKajiiai_ rlfia TTOifj BtjXol3 Ti/jLarac Trocrjrat BrjXcorai

D2 rlfid


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so FIRST GREEK GRAMMARVERBS IN n

Vowel-Stems. II ContractedActive Voice

rlfidco, contracted rlfiw, I honour ; Troceca, contracted iroiw,I make ; BrjXoco, contracted &r)X


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VERBS IX nYnwi:!. Sikm.s. II Contracted

Passive VoiceTifido/jiai, contracted rl/jLajfiat, &

Imperative Mood

rl/j.(o iroLoit BtjXov3 Ti/idaOfo TTOieiaOb) hrfkovo-Qw

D2 rlfjudadov TTOieloOov &T)\0VO-d0V3 TLfJidadcDV irocetadcDv hrfkovo-Owv

P2 rlfxaaOe Troielo-Qe SrjXovaOe3 rlfidadcap iroieio-Qayv BrjXovadtov

InfinitiveTl/jbdadat, TTOLelaOai BrjXovadat

ParticipleTlfLW/JLeVOS, TTOIOVIL6VOS, SijXovfjLevos,

7], OP 7}, OP V, ov

ftdureperfed

TLfir)aofiairerffirjfiai

TTOlTjO-OfMatTreTTOLrj/iiaL

hrjkdio-ofiaiSeBjjXoy/JLcu

Vowel. -"lit, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent. G


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rI-

1

HaH

[

(D CO CD

8 ^T sx x ?'8 fc N h

COCOPhh"& 5 X s

fc: fc h

COCOC cj 2 | %

co

1PhH P\-T^pHCO COPS "5 vs Q.

xn 43 ** >* CoO ^N ^k ^h13 III a CO -JJ3Is 2 CO s5 M 2 S s8 ti Ss. s, 5"

cs g 3a HSO Uj>*-U> 8 o> p4t> PS

& PhO O i

gCO

5o>

k fc S*VU *Vl> U/ gCOCO31

Ph N t= hv w wN b I-m ~s ^> 8PQ

HH

shh O 3

oWfai >: ;i-lit

PhP ve s Ph52

o r -t^.4' QQV N V h&. P"CO

ftoOi

bfa fc k hps 541^^8 . i1 i-t"V **> ^w

H 1113BHPh

s, 8. -

s | N N hs< co ^ h SVJ2 v^ Q. ^ sS H ^ P- V =* H 2 s a.PS N fe h fc a 3.3* PhCO T h %ve n ^ h -8Ph

Ph ^ -8 Q_^ ^. 8N 1 t: k W


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAROO3.oA gEa

H:?73 HI

a6 s H w v o

1 7 w 3 *HE

1

ECO

OW W O

!3B>

go ? ^ o ^* CJ >5Si

oo>sO-4 BSo3 5 illI 5 2 1N"-i i-h Q >i t: K^ H

H3o < ^ P

JISl-3-HaEHE

!'5 9 sO

IIIw ow ***/ ~ws

3 -i ~*s a S afit

^i aw w o3 | ^M*

iO1 &X ofc X 1

1 III6-5-

w w o


94/198


8

i

a 3

3t

CO*CO lit-? O bsl 3HQP

8-3H fitw w 8

PM >CO*3 MPM


95/198

FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR B6

!

I' vfuv ko-riv, it is in your power;

kiri tovtols, on these conditions ; kirl /xicrOu) o-Tparevea--Oai, to serve for hire = t'va [iio-Bov Tvyuo-i.

III. With the accusative(a) Of place : (1) motion to, upon dva/3atvcv e J

lirKovy to get on to horse-back ; (2) motion overIttIirao-av rrjv 'EAAaSa, over all Greece.

(b) Of time : kirl 7roXvv \povov, for a long time.(c) Of aim or object : k-irl v\a 7re/x7reiv, to send forwood; 7rt /Aa^ryv eievcu, to go out to fight = a>s

fidxuvTcu.Compounded with verbs it adds the ideas of rest

on, motion over, motion against, of sequence in time,feeling at, etc. It also often gives a transitive senseto an intransitive verbiVx^etv, to be strong ; kirur-X^etv, to make strong.

(3) irapd.I. With the genitive : from the side of. napa twv

'Adrjvaiuiv rJKLv, to be come from the Athenians. napatov irarpbs Aa/*/3avei tov ittttov, he receives the horse fromhis father.

II. With the DATIVE : by the side of. irapa to? /3a


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FIRST BREKK (iKAM.MAR 105(a) Of place, pasty by: irapa Tyv irokiv Trapyatn-, tin i,

H' nt /> iehas a ring on his arm ; ScSuvai ircpl t ^piy, to fearfor the place.

III. With the accusative(a) Of place : ircpl to tci\os ^d.yca-8ai, i0 fi^t round

the wall.(b) Of time : ircpl p.ccrds vvKras, about midnight.(c) With numbers : ircpl ra cgyKovra, about sixty.

Compounded with verbs it adds the notion ofround, or of exceedingly.

(5) *P6s.I. With the genitive : (1) of directions, our wards7iy>osfioppa, northwards; irpbs rrjs OaXd-rrys, seawards;(2) in adjurations irpbs tQ>v 0cG>v, by the gods.

II. With the dative : (1) of place at irpbs Ba/3vAwvt, atBabylon ; (2) in addition to irpbs tovtois, besides this.

III. With the accusative(a) Of place : irpbs rbv poppav, northwards (as with the

genitive) ; fjkOov irpbs ijp-ois, they came to us ; irpbsrbv &Tjp.ov kcyciv, to speak to the people.

(b) Of time : irpbs t?)j> i)pkpav fjv, it was towards day.(c) In other relations : irokcfioikri irpbs tovs 'AOrjvaiovs,

Vovxls long by nature, except % and at, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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106 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARthey make war against the Athenians. Of comparisoncocnrep 7rVTe 7rpb


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PART IICHAPTER Ion I_V

1. The torms which you have learned in the preceding partof this book belong to the Attic dialect of the Greek language.Other dialects were the Doric, the Ionic, and the Aeolic.The poems of Homer are written in the Ionic dialect, and inthe history of Herodotus we see a later form of the same.The Attic is really an offshoot of the Ionic, as the Athenianswho inhabited Attica belonged to the Ionian race. ButAttic writers struck out a path for themselves, and by thenumber and excellence of their writings, gave so great im-portance to the refined Ionic in which they wrote that theAttic must be regarded as distinct from the Ionic. Thechief writers in the Attic dialect, taken in its widest sense,were the orators Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates,Isaeus, Aeschines, and Demosthenes, the historians Thucydidesand Xenophon, the Philosopher Plato, and the Comic poetAristophanes. The Tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, andKuripides, wrote in Attic ; but in Tragedy, as in imaginativepoetry generally, many words and forms of words wereallowed which would have been rejected by any pure writerof prose.

Vowels long by nature, except tj and m, are marked long, unless theythe circumflex accent.


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108 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR2. A very small portion of Attic literature has come down

to us, but it is surprising that so much should have beenpreserved. For the difficulty of multiplying the copies of anancient book was very great. All books had to be copiedby scribes, and the only letters known were the large andclumsy capitals which could not be written quickly. Thesmall or cursive letters in which Greek books are printed didnot come into general use among manuscript copyists till theeighth century after Christ, or about twelve hundred yearsafter the great Attic authors named above wrote.

3. The Alphabet.You will observe that, although thereare twenty-four letters, there are not twenty-four distinctsounds in the Greek alphabet. There is no essential differenceof sound between epsilon and eta, omicron and omega. Infact 7] and w did not exist in the early Attic alphabet, but Eand served to represent both the long and the short soundof the two letters. The other three vowels have each onlyone letter-sign, which is used indifferently for their long andtheir short sound. Moreover xi is simply ko- and psi is 7ro-,and the sound of zeta might probably have been given by &r,while tt, which is as much a double letter as xi, psi, or zeta,has no separate character. On the other hand, gamma hastwo distinct soundsa palatal and a nasal. When usedas a nasal [ayyeAos, dyKvpa, Ayx"7"7/5] ** *s sometimes calledayfjia.

One letter which was in use when the Iliad and Odysseywere composed disappeared at a later time from the Greekalphabet. Its existence is proved by the metre, and in oldstone records it is represented by the symbol F. It waspronounced like our F ov V and has received the namedigamma.

The distinction now made between o- and s was notknown till books began to be printed in Greek. The form

Vowels long by nature, except j and u, are marked long, unless tliey carrythe circumflex accent


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FIRST GREEK CKAMMAR 1095 is of course only the ordinary [irpos, ayio]. The form 3, which is often used fortheta, is only a shorter way of writing 0.

4. Vowels.Attic Greek had twenty-two vowel sounds,namely, a, a ; c, 7; ; 1, 1 ; o, a> ; v, v ; at, ct, ot ; av, ev, ova, y, w ; av, rjv ; vi. The diphthongs were produced by theunion of the open vowels a, e, rj, o, u> with the narrow vow\ Ist and v. When the open vowel is long the diphthong iscalled improper, and if the narrow vowel is iota it is writtenunderneath the hard (iota subscript), as , y, w. Whenwritten in capitals, a, y, o> appear as AI, HI, 121 ; or if aword beginning with such a diphthong requires a capital, theiota is still brought into line, as "AiSrjs for ^St/s. Indeed inall but the latest manuscripts the iota which we now writesubscript was written in line with the other letters (adscript).By the union of the two narrow vowels the diphthong vl isproduced.

5. Consonants.The dentals are also called Unguals,which is a wider term, and in a wide sense may be said toinclude not only the mutes, but also


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110 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARkcli ltol. In the first case it is called apostrophe, in thesecond coronis.

In writing Greek we use the same marks as in Englishfor diaeresis, the full stop, and the comma; but in Greekthere is no note of exclamation, and the colon or semicolonis represented by ' as Tain-a Aeyw, the accent of thefirst word is the grave, of the second the circumflex, and ofthe third the acute. Accents are written to the left ofcapitals, and on the second vowel of a diphthong, as "Ofxrjpos,cvcrTOfAos. It must be understood that all this last paragraphrefers only to Greek as now written, and not at all toancient Greek, which had no system of punctuation, anddid not mark accents.

CHAPTER IIon VI

7. The real difficulty of inflexion consists in the collisionof the stem and the ending. Vowels collide with vowels,and consonants with consonants to form discordant sounds.Such discordancy is removed by the four methods of con-traction, assimilation, dissimilation, and vowel compensationfor consonantal loss. Contraction is used in the case ofvowels ; by the other three methods consonants are broughtinto harmony.

8. Contraction.The Attic dialect used contractionwherever it was possible, and in a natural way. If you

Vowels long by nature, except r, and a>, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 111know the first part of this Grammar well, you will have nofurther difficulty with contraction. But you will have noticeda few inconsistencies, and some apparent difficulties. Onestriking inconsistency is that in the plural of the first declen-sion, and in neuter nouns of the second, ca contracts to aand not to t] : as xpvaeas xpucras ; cxrrca, ocrra. In othercases, as in the third declension, this happens only whenthe a is preceded by a vowel or rho, as vynjs, healthy,accusative vyia for vyt&a. In ca?, of the accusative pluralof the third declension, we find ea contracted to u, as 7n)\L $ 7 & x> t r, and , art narked long, unlets theythe


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112 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARExamples of these changes are

Terpi/3-Tai to Terpiir-Taiie/jLLy-rac to /Ae/xtfc-rat,e^-Teo? to ifc-rio?7r\e/e-8r)v to irXey-hrjvvv^-Srjv to vvy-Srjveir\eK-dr)V to eirXe^-Orjvi^evy-Orjp to i^ev^-Orjv

TreTrXe/c-fJLcurerv^-fiaoXeXeiir-fiaiypafy-fir)rjvvT-ficu

7re7T6i0-/iaiV'irKeK(oiv-/3dXX(0V-(f>VQ)iv-fiiyvv/jLCev-KpaTTjsiv-ypdiv-Xelircoavv-peco

yeypacf)-rai to yeypair-rat\6L7T-BrjV tO \i/3-$7)VKpvcj)-Sr)V to tcpv/3-8r}viirefiir-Or^v to iirefi^-O^virplft-Orjv to irpic^-drjv

7T7r\ey-ficuTeTvy-ficuXiXec/jb-fjLac

j^wcr-fiai

ireTreia-fiacifi-7r\efC(oe/u-ftaXXcoi/jL-(f)VQ)ifJL-fJLLyVV/JLl

iy-Kpa,Ti]$iy-ypd(f)CDiy-%daKQ)iX-Xeiircaavp-peco

10. Dissimilation.By this is meant all such changesas dt-drj/jLi into Ti-drj/xi, and Xv0rj-0i into Xvd-q-n. When adental comes into collision with a dental, the first is changed tosigma, as TrkiretdraL to 7re7rerTcu. Elision may be regardedas dissimilation extended. By elision we understand the

Vowels long by nature, except % and u, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK QRAMHAB 113simple disappearance of one of the discordant lettersas inAafcra? for XafnraBs, and i/yc/zd)yefiovcri.

Compensatory lengthening.You already know whatis meant by tliis. In oSova-i the second syllable is long bynature, whereas in o&Wt-o-i, which must have been itsprimitive form, the same syllable is long by position. Inother words, to compensate for the loss of vt, the vowel-sound was lengthened. In the case of a, i, and v the vowelsimply becomes long instead of short, but e like o islengthened to a diphthong, except in the dative plural ofthe anomalous adjective \apUt dScA^w, pair of brothers, tw ittttw, span of horses,ra> 7roA?/, two cities in league with one another, or insome way circumstanced alike. Accordingly it is sometimes

1 with a singular verb. Even in cases like those men-tioned above the place of the dual may always be suppliedby the plural, but in the Attic dialect it occurs very frequently,and often with 8vo or afj. Tpanrtfi or to> Bvo Tpaircfi, for the two tables. We maycompare the way in which fiiKpov is used with diminutives,as to jXLKpov 7raLO\ipLOV, the little yuwoj tkiUL

Vowels long by nature, except t, and m, are marked long, unless they carryDie circumflex accent

I


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114 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR12. But the dual has not that completeness which the

other two numbers have. Substantives have never morethan two distinct dual formsone representing the nomina-tive, vocative, and accusative cases, and the other thegenitive and dative. In fact in Attic two forms serve toexpress all the cases and genders dual of the article, of thedemonstrative and relative pronouns, and of all adjectives inos, tj, ov, or 05, os, ov.

Further, Xvovre, 7t\kovt and like forms are in Atticpreferred to \vovo-d, irXeKovo-a, etc.

13. The Active voice of the verb has no first person Dual,and the first person dual of the middle and passive neveroccurs in Attic prose or comedy. 1 In the principal tenses ofthe indicative and in the subjunctive there is only one formfor the second and the third persons. The imperative of themiddle voice has no distinct form for the third person dual,but uses the plural form instead, e.g., Xvo~do-6u)v, let themloose for themselves, or let them two loose for themselves.

Further, even when dual forms did exist, the Greeks oftenpreferred to use a plural verb with a substantive in the dual.

14. Of the cases you must pay special attention to thevocative. The rules for forming the vocative of the firstdeclension hold good in all cases, but Attic writers couldalso on emergency use the nominative, as & k/ditt/s apurre.In the second declension the true vocative is much morefrequent than the nominative, except in the case of Oeos,which has never its true vocative form. In poetry, however,it is not unusual to find the nominative used for the vocative.

1 It occurs in classical Greek only thrice, Horn. 11. xxiii. 485, irtpi-8u)/j.e9ov, Soph. El. 950, \e\el/j.fxe9oi>, and Phil. 1079, op/xwuedov. Wecannot accept as true Attic such forms as are found only in tragedy, andthe fact that in these three cases the metre would allow of the plural castsa doubt on the existence of words differing so little from the plural forms.

Vowels long by nature, except r, and u, are marked long, iinless (hey carrythe circumflex accent.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 115In the third declension it may be set down as a general rulethat the nominative may in all cases be used as a vocative.Some words have no vocative form distinct from the nomina-tive, and others, though possessed of a special form, rarelyuse it.

15. The following rules will help you to form the vocative

(1) Stems which end in a mute preceded by a vowel haveno vocative form distinct from the nominative, as


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116 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARas a vocative. Thus we may have KOLKoSaL/jLuv, w raAas, a> //iAas, as well as w [xfJTep, wkvov,


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 117twice, fxeydke, which occurs once in Aeschylus, is probablya licence.

In short there is no limit in Greek to the use of thenominative for the vocative. We may have w TaAavraTos,al "A/37/s, w ywvj,


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118 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR18. Besides the names of masculine beings, Masculine

are the names of all winds and months, and of most riversas 6 TafjLrjXaov, the (month) Gamelion, 6 f3oppds, the northwind, 6 'IAro-os, the (river) Ilissus. The reason probably isthat the Greek words for river, wind, and month TroTapx>


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAS 119infinitive used substantivally, and every word when referredto merely as a word ; as to fiijkov, the apple, to criynu, .s ; neuter those in ov, wv.

Exceptions.All words in ovf ujv are neuter, except thenames of women, as 1) TXvKtptov ; but there are many wordsin os which are feminine. The most important you havelearned on page 9. Others are :/eeptcos, tail,fiijpwdos, card.

rpi/3o$> coffer.fcdpSoiros, kneading4rovgh.TrveXos, batldng-tvb.XijtcvOos, oil-flask.7rp6^ov


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120 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARTJrd/jLados, sand.acrftdXos, soot.

*Z ' . > names of earths and stones.va\o$, glass.icoirpos, dung.yvyjros, chalkAnd others.

Note.6 Ai#os, stone, but 17 Aiflos, of some particularstone, like the diamond; 6 KpvaraXXos, ice, 07 KpvarraX-Xos, crystal.

Other words are merely feminine adjectives, the substan-tives originally attached to them having dropped off; as

7) avXeios (Ovpa), the house-door.7) hiaXeKTos (^xdvtj), dialect.7) (Tv


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FIKST GREEK GRAMKAB 121to? (gen. (dtos and p (gen. vSaros), water,and to uk (gen. to


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CHAPTEK VACCENTUATION

27. Of the three marks of accent mentioned on p. 110 thegrave is not written in Greek except when it represents asubdued acute. Thus in the sentence ovros ZSrjcrc tov ittkov(he tied the horse), the word tov has the grave accent simplybecause there is no pause immediately after it sufficient toallow of its receiving the full force of the acute. But ovtos,ZSrjo-c, and itt-kov have really the grave accent on thosesyllables not already accented, and might be written ovtos,eSrjo-e, ittttov.

28. The acute can stand upon any one of the three last,the circumflex upon either of the two last syllables. Aword is called oxytone, perispomenon, or barytone, ac-cording as the last syllable has the acute, the circumflex, orneither. A word having the acute upon the last syllablebut one is called paroxytone, upon the last but two propar-oxytone; e.g., ittttos is paroxytone, ZSrjo-e proparoxytone. Aword having the circumflex upon the last syllable but one iscalled properispomenon, as oStos.

29. The acute may be on long or short syllables, thecircumflex only on such syllables as are long by nature.

The acute accent can be on the last syllable but two onlyif the last is short, as efyio/)os, but not evfiopfov.

The circumflex can be on the last but one only if the lastbe short by nature, as o-vkov, but not o-vkov.The diphthongs ai and ot are treated as short, as avOpunrot,/xowrai, and if the last syllable is long by position itdoes not prevent the preceding syllable from having thecircumflex.A last syllable but one when long by nature, if accented

Vmcels long by nature, except r, and a>, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 123at all, must have the circumflex whenever the last syllable isshort by nature, as fjyov, not -ijyov, yvi/cuKes, not yvvcuVcs.

Exceptions like axrrc are only apparent. See infra, 35(4) Obs.

30. The accent of a word is altered by the changes whicha word undergoes in inflexion, contraction, etc.

No syllable requires an accent rom the mere fact ofcontraction.A contracted final syllable has the circumflex if the firstof the uncontracted syllables was accented, as, ti/xuci, ti/x^Xpvo-kov, xpiwov ; but the acute if the last was accented, asytyaios, yc-yws.

31. When an oxytone word undergoes elision, if a pre-position or a conjunction, it loses its accent altogether, butin all other cases throws it back upon the previous syllable,as 7rap' ifiov for irapd ifwv, ovS' eyw for ovSe iyco, but SeiVhri) (for Seiva hrrj).

32. In the case of crasis, the accent of the first worddisappears, as rayadd for t


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124 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARp. 60), and the indefinite adverbs ttov, itol, 77-77, 7rw, ttoOcv,7T(o, irore.

(2) The particles ye, re, vvv, irep, rot, and 8e (meaningtowards, and always attached to the preceding word).

(3) Of the personal pronouns the forms /xe, p.ov, jxoi, andalso (unless emphatic, or after a preposition) o-e, o-ov, 0-0 l, k,ol, (Tcfie, crcfuv, cr^)to-i(v).

(4) The present indicative of ei/U (except in the secondperson singular), unless it be emphatic, or stand at thebeginning of a clause, or follow aAAa, ovk, jxrj, el, a>s, /cat,tovto. In these cases cart is always paroxytone, as eonyap tovto, fxet^ov ovk eo~Ti kolkov, etc.

35. Enclitics throw their aceent back on the precedingword in the following way :

(1) A preceding oxytone does not subdue its accent tothe grave, as Kakov tl, something beautiful.

(2) After a perispome the accent of the enclitic is entirelylost, as KaAw? Te, and beautifully.

(3) After a paroxytone, enclitics of one syllable lose theiraccent, enclitics of two syllables retain their accent on theirlast syllable, as, Xoyos tls, a certain speech, but Aoyot nves,some speeches.

(4) Proparoxytones and properispomes receive from afollowing enclitic an additional accent on their last syllable,as, Setdv /xot, show me ; avdp(07r6s, Ik or e.

Vowels long by nature, except *? and a, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent.


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TOST GREEK GRAMMAS UNI(3) The conjunctions ti and u>s.(4) The negative ov, ovk, or ov\.These may be accented, but only when they are at the

end of a sentence or precede an enclitic, as rjs 7) ov; do//ou sat/ so or not? ov (fujcrt, he denies.

37. The accent of words changes with inflection. Inregard to substantives and adjectives, the principal rule isKnowing the accent of the nominative singular, accent theother cases on the same syllable if the last syllable permitsotherwise accent the following syllable. Exceptions to thisrule will be given as they occur.

38. But verbs throw their accent as far back as the lastsyllable permits, with this reservation, that in compoundverbs the accent must not precede the augment, Xvofxtv\.e\vKa[iV, kXkXvvro, but Trapko-yov, not Trapzo-ypv, Trapzlypvnot Trdpnypv.The main exceptions to this rule are these :

(1) Accented on the penult, the first aorist activeinfinitive, the second aorist middle infinitive, the perfectmiddle infinitive and participle, ti/atjo-ou, 7ri#r0ai, AeAvo-flat,\ekvftkvo


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126 . FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR

CHAPTER VIX.-XVII

FIRST DECLENSION39. Of the words you have already learned, ^Epfxrjs is reallya contracted form of an older 'Epfxeas. There are also a fewfeminine nouns contracted in the same way, as o-vktj, fig-tree,for o-vKta.

N. V. aVKT)A. avfcfjv.G.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 121the circumflex on the last syllable of their genitive plural.Adjectives do not follow this rule, and two rare substantiveare exceptions, namely, xpijcm)


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128 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARExceptions are Koprj, girl ; the rare word K-oppt^ temple (of thehead) ; and the poetical epo-q, dew.

(2) That after all other letters, whether vowels or con-sonants, a is changed to r). Exceptions are o-to&} colonnade ;Xpoa, colour ; toA/xa, boldness; Starra, way of life; e;(ioVa,adder ; and the poetical ^pL/xva, care.

SECOND DECLENSION43. The dative plural was originally formed by adding

(xtl to the stem, as koyo-uri. This longer form you will findin Attic poetry, and sometimes even in prose.

44. Additional examples for practice6 7roi/o?, labour. to fxerpov, measure,ypovos, time. helirvov, dinner,hrjiios, people. irehiov, plain,ol/cos, house. Scopov, present.7tAo0to9, wealth. %vyov, yoke.6(j)6a\fjLO


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F1KST GREEK QRAMMAB 1-0In these contracted words there are some irregularities ofnt, namely

(1) The nominative, accusative, and vocative dual aremade oxytone, contrary to 30.

(2) Compound words have the accent on the last syllablebut one, contrary to 30 ; as, tunr\


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CHAPTER VII XVIII. ff

THIRD DECLENSION47. Words belonging to this Declension violate the generalrules of accentuation in this, that words of one syllableaccentuate the genitive and dative of all numbers on the case-ending, as irovs, foot ; 7roSd?, ttoSl, ttoSolv, ttoSwv, tto(tl.

Exceptions to this are(1) The common words ovs, n. ear; irais, 6, f], boy or

girl; and s, m.and f. jackal; T/>ws, m. Trojan. These are all paroxytonesin the genitive and dative dual and in the genitive plural.The adjective ttols has the same peculiarity, 7ravr6s, iravrC;but TTOLVTCOV.

(2) Monosyllabic participles accent the genitive and dativeof all numbers on the last syllable but one, as Sovs, giving,gen. Sovtos ;


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 131MS IN 7T.

i) XatXayjr, hurricane, stXaiXaTT.

6 Kcovay^r, gnat, st. kcovcott.

Stems in ^ are rare.There are no stems in (f>

except tcciTTjXuf), nom. /cari)-\iyjr, defective, and of uncer-tain meaning.

STEMS IN yS.6 "Aparfr, Arab, st. *[email protected] xepviyfr, water Jar Die hands, st. %pvij3.

Observation.aAwm^, /. fox, Ki}pv and


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132 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARStems in t. Stems in 6\ Not Oxytone.

to xpr}/j,a, thing, st. ^prjfjLar. rj vTnjpeTLS, handmaid, st.fcv/jLa, wave, st. KVfiaT. virrjpeTiS.

irpeaftvTLS, old woman, st.TrpeaftvTih.

There is one neuter stem in it, namely, fxk\i, honey, gen./xeAtTO?, dat. /xeAin.

DENTAL STEMS IN i/t50. Additional examples for practice

6 iXecfras, elephant, st. iXecpavr.[fids, thong, st. l/jlclvt.ryiyas, giant, st.


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAB 13352. The words Hoo-etSojv, 'A-irokkiov not only shorten their

stem in the vocative, but also form their accusative from astem without nu, as IIoo-ciSw, 'A^-oAAw. The forms 'A^dA-Awva and IIoo-eiSuW are poetical and very rare. The accentis drawn back in the vocatives "AttoAAov and U6 1S declined like aidrjp, but the dative pluralhas a


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134 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR56. Like 7rrjxv,s are

old man \ and the pluralN. ireXeicv*;. N.A. ireXeKvv.G. TreXetcecos. G.D. ireXetcei.

declined, 6 ireXtKvs, axe; irpkcrfiv^of rj eyy^Avs, eel.

A. TreXeKT] N. 7re\.e/cet?.A. irekeiceLS.

D. ireketceoiv G. TreXe/cecov.D. irekefceai{v).

N. irpeo-fivs. N. A. irpkafti) N. irpe


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 135STKMS IX V

A dditioncd < samples for practice6 liTTrevs, horseman.

tpv


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136 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARWhen proper names like Arjfioa-devrjs require a plural,

they take the first declension forms, as ot 'ApicrTo^dvai inPlato, Sympos. 218, B.

53. Additional examples for practice.6 XcofcpdTrjs, Socrates.

2o0o/c\r)?, Sophocles.to o/309, mountain.

avOos, flower.tyevSos, lie.Wvos, nation.Tet^o?, wall.

CHAPTER VIII xxx, ff.

65. There are also some contracted adjectives with onlytwo terminations, as evvovs, evvovv, well-disposed, evirvovs, airy,evppovs, fluent. They have this peculiarity, that they donot contract their nominative or accusative plural neuter,e.g., cvrrXoa, einrvoa, evppoa.

66. Like ^Aews are declined dyrjpojs, exempt from old age,a>x/>ws, substantial, and a few others, among which are thecompounds of TrAews, full, as ava7rAe(us, Tre/nVAecos, e/x7rActus.The neuter plural is very rare. Plato has ifAea as neuterplural nominative of fAews. The simple nXem is itselfirregular.

Vmoels long by nature, except % and a, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumflex accent


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 137Singular lYl'RAL

n. 7rXe&)?. vXlo. irXecov. 7rXea) irXeai. 7rXea.a. 7rXe&>i/. irXedv. TrXicov. 7rXea>9. irXeas. 7rXea.& 7r\i(o. 7rX,ea


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138 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARBarytone adjectives have the accent in the genitive plural

on the last syllable but one, contrary to p. 123, 30, asavvrjdaiv for (rvvrjOeiov.

70. Additional examples for practiceevcoSrjs, fragrant.a(f>i]^, clear.

evreXrjs, cheap.av6dhr}vi]


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 139rather to be considered as substantives of common gender,as vyas, 6, >), (stem vyaS), exiled; avroKpcrnop, o, 1},plmipoU nt'ntnj, arbitrcuy ;


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140 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARPlural

n. irpaoi.a. irpaovs

TrpaeidL.TTpdeids.

g. irpdewv. irpdeioav.d. irpaoLs or Trpdeat. Trpdeiais

74.


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1IKST GREEK GRAMMAS 141the poetical adjectives 7rA?Jo-ios, near, and erSios, calm. Thewords /jlc(to9, ix


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142 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARirepav, on the other side ; irepatrepo^, further.vTreprepos, upper, further ; vTrepraros, uppermost (from

prep. vTrep, over).varepos, latter, later ; vaTaTos, last, latest.Trpovpyiairepos, more serviceable ; TrpovpyialraTos, most

serviceable (from irpovpyov, 6, rj, to),81. As in all languages, there are in Greek many adjec-

tives, which for euphonic or other reasons do not form theircomparatives and superlatives by inflexional change. Thesegenerally use /xaXXov and /zaAwrra, as magis and maxime areused in Latin ; as /xaXXov SrjXos, more plain, S?}Aos /xaXto-ra,or /xaAtcrra SrjXos, most plain.

CHAPTER X XLIVADVERBS

82. There are many adverbs besides those formed fromadjectives. They may be formed from substantival or verbalstems, and many are of a formation now difficult to trace.Some are simply cases of adjectives or substantives. Thus informs like


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F1KST QBESK QRAMMAB l r, one are formed bom .substantive stilus bj the

Boffiz -'?'r, as Kwifi6v, like a '/"/, and a greed number fromverbal stems by the suffixes -


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144 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARSign.4 8'5e6*8 7]9 6'

10 j11 idI2ij3'13 iyU i$15 *'16*9'17 if18 ?/19*0'20 a:'25 *V30 V40 yu/50 60 '70 o'80 tt'90


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FIl; ; GRAMMAR 145Sign. ( ;ii(linal. Ordinal. Adverb.600 % e^aKocrioi, ai, a k%aicoiix6piov = \, etc. Fractions with the formula - wereexpressed by phrases like nfir vim ra rpia piprj = |, rdv

at 8vo /xolpaL = ':. Fractions with t! j formulamight be expressed as the last, or in a shorter way.

Thus to"i' c7r-ra ra e p


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146 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARwhich in a series ? (Lat. quotus ?), ttoXvs, much ; dAiyoi, few.The adverbs are /


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 147With the same meaning as these fonns we also find too-oV

&, toios-


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148 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARPRONOMINAL ADVERBS

interrogative

7rov, where 1

iroQev, ivhence ?

ttoI, whither?tt6t, when?

( atirrjvUa < what

( '

7TW9, h0W ?

Try

indefinite

ttov, somewhere(from

irodkv < some-( where{somewhither

irore, sometime

7to)9, somehow

irrj, in some way

demonstrative

ivdevBeivTevdev

evravOol, thitherrore, thenTrjVL/cdBerrjvLKavrarrjvUa&8eOt/Tft)? JravTrj ) in thisrfjhe j way

this

relative

ov, ottov, wher*

oOevoiroOev

ol. o

whence

07T0L, whitherore, 6tt6t, whenf / (at

whichhour

TjVlKaOTTTJVLKa

ft)?, 07Tft)9, as

inwhiway7T7J ). Butthe stems in 18 after dropping sigma add epsilon and con-tract, as Tropica, provide, Tropno for (Tropica)).

135. The first or weak aorist active and middle.The stem is simply the future stem lengthened by alpha.The stems in A, /a, v, p which form their future without

sigma do not employ that letter in the aorist, but in com-pensation lengthen their vowel; short alpha becomes longafter iota and rho, after other vowels and after consonantsit becomes eta, paiva), sprinkle, eppava ; Kadaipw, purify,tKadrjpa.

Exceptions arepualvco, pollute, i/jbirjva.T6Tpaiv(o, bore, irerprjva.KoiXalvco hollow, eKotKdva.XevKalvco, whiten, iXev/cdva.opyalvco, enrage, wpydva.la^valva), dry, Xayyava.

Vowels long by nature, except r, and a, are marked long, unless they carrythe circumfiex accent.


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FIRST GREEK QRAMMABKpsilon becomes t, and iota and upsilon are simplylengthened, as /i (aw),urge, &pp.r)Ka.

138. (2) Verbs beginning with a consonant followed l>v avowel or by lambda, nu, or rho, repeat the initial consonantwith epsilon, as Ai'to, AcAvkciypd^no, write, yypaa ; ttAckw,plait, 7rc7rAexa ; Kvaw, scrape, KCKvaiKa. But an aspirate isrepresented by the corresponding tenuis, as iAw, ircikr]Ka.

139. (3) In all other cases a verb beginning with twoconsonants takes only epsilon for its reduplication, as ktciVo),kill, tKTova ; {ty/U*, injure, i^rjfxiiOKa.

Exceptions to (2) are all verbs beginning with p, yk, yv,up, which follow (3), as, piTTTio, throiv, cppla; y\v


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164 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR142. The second or strong perfect.This is an old

and comparatively rare tense, formed directly from the verb-stem. The vowel of the stem undergoes change, and a fewstems in kappa, gamma, pi, and beta change these lettersinto the corresponding aspirates, as evyo) (vy\Jlee, 7reevya;7T/>l7r, are marked, long, unless they carry



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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 165This stein supplies the second aorist and the second future

\e. It ifl formed by adding epsilon to the verb-stem,the stem-vowel being sometimes changed, as njnio, wit(verb-stem t


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166 FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR149. 'irj/JLL, I send, make to go ; is inflected like ti'0;/u.

ACTIVEpresent %u, tys, tyo-i (v), ie/xev, ure, i'ao-i(v).subjunctive fa; optative Uirjv; imperative hi; infinitive

uvai; participle rets.imperfect i-qv, lets. fet, re/xev, kt, r'ecrav.aorist ^Ka, 7^Kas vy/ce^), ct/zcv, etre, curai/ or Ty/cav.subjunctive 5 ; optative efyv ; imperative es ; infinitive

e?i/at ; participle efs.future rfo-io ; perfect ef/ca;

MIDDLEUfxai, I hasten ; subjunctive tooyuat, iy ^rai> e^c-optative leifxrjv ; imperative recro ; infinitive 'Uo~0ai ; parti-

ciple zefievos.imperfect re/xr/v, teo-o.aorist et/^v, cf


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FIRST GREEK CKAMMAU 167p. 1. carafiev, W6 sf


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168 FIRST GREEK CxRAMMARINDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVEpresent

d. 2. XdTov elSrjrov elhelrov3. lo-tov elBrjrov el&eiTrjv

p. 1. Xcr^iev elBco/iev elBelfjbev2. &rre lBt]T6 elBelre3. tow*. (z>) elBaxrt (v) el&ecev

joas^ IMPERATIVE INFINITIVES. 1. fj$7) elBevat,

2. rjBrjcrda XctOl3. $Se (j>) l(TT(0 PARTICIPLE

d. 2. rj


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INDICATIVEpresent

1. eoaca2. eoucas3. eoitceiv)

I 1KST GREEK ORAMMABOlKtt, / AM ///v

SUBJUNCTIYK

eOLKCOregular, orel/ccos 9 etrjv, etc.

infinitive partidpitel/coos, eltcvla, etVo?

3. ioUaTov]). 1. eoiyjiev elickvai

'1. eoUare3, ii;a


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170 FIRST GREEK GRAMMARCHAPTERIRREGULAR

IN ALPHABETICALACTIVE ]MEANING

verb meaning imperfect future aorist perfectalvwa!cr0dvo-

singpraise

perceive

fjdovyvovvrjadavofxrii'

acroficualveawalvtaojiai

aiud-qaofiai

fivecra yveKaycrdTj/j.a.1

UAlaKOVto hear TJKOVOV aKoiKTo/xat. -fJKOvcra dicfiKoad|iapTdva> err ij/adpravov aixapr'qao-

fJLCUdvaXibau

rnxaprov i}p.dpTT)Ka

dv&Xo-Ktt spend avr)\i


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FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR 171XVIVERBSOBDXB

midi'i.k nBumra PA8SIVK .MKANINdJul a&rist perfect future aori8t perfect

q.


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172 FIRST GREEK G

[william gunion rutherford] first greek grammar (m(bookos.org)

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