William Herschel

For other uses, see William Herschel (disambiguation).

Sir Frederick William Herschel,[1] KH, FRS (German:Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel; 15 November 1738 25August 1822) was a German-born British astronomer,composer, and brother of Caroline Herschel. Born in theElectorate of Hanover, Herschel followed his father intothe Military Band of Hanover, before migrating to GreatBritain in 1757 at the age of nineteen.Herschel constructed his rst large telescope in 1774, af-ter which he spent nine years carrying out sky surveysto investigation of double stars. The resolving power ofthe Herschel telescopes revealed that the nebulae in theMessier catalogue were clusters of stars; Herschel pub-lished catalogues of nebulae in 1802 (2,500 objects) andin 1820 (5,000 objects). In the course of an observationon 13 March 1781 he realized that one celestial body hehad observed was not a star, but a planet, Uranus. Thiswas the rst planet to be discovered since antiquity andHerschel became famous overnight. As a result of thisdiscovery George III appointed him 'Court Astronomer'.Hewas elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society and grantswere provided for the construction of new telescopes.Herschel pioneered the use of astronomical spectropho-tometry as a diagnostic tool, using prisms and temper-ature measuring equipment to measure the wavelengthdistribution of stellar spectra. Other work included animproved determination of the rotation period of Mars,the discovery that the Martian polar caps vary seasonally,the discovery of Titania and Oberon (moons of Uranus)and Enceladus and Mimas (moons of Saturn). In addi-tion, Herschel discovered infrared radiation. Herschelwas knighted in 1816. He died in August 1822, and hiswork was continued by his only son, John Herschel.

1 Early life and musical activities

Herschel was born in the Electorate of Hanover in Ger-many, part of the Holy Roman Empire, one of ten chil-dren of Isaac Herschel by his marriage to Anna IlseMoritzen. His family were Lutheran Christians.[2] Hisfather was an oboist in the Hanover Military Band. In1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose bandWilhelm and his brother Jakob were engaged as oboists,was ordered to England. At the time the crowns of GreatBritain and Hanover were united under King George II.As the threat of war with France loomed, the Hanoverian

Guards were recalled from England to defend Hanover.After they were defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck,Herschels father Isaak sent his two sons to seek refuge inEngland in late 1757. Although his older brother Jakobhad received his dismissal from the Hanoverian Guards,Wilhelm was accused of desertion[3] (for which he waspardoned by George III in 1782).[4] Wilhelm, nineteenyears old at this time, was a quick student of the Englishlanguage. In England he went by the English rendition ofhis name, Frederick William Herschel.In addition to the oboe, he played the violin andharpsichord and later the organ. He composed numer-ous musical works, including 24 symphonies and manyconcertos, as well as some church music. Six of hissymphonies were recorded in April 2002 by the LondonMozart Players, conducted byMatthias Bamert (Chandos10048).

Original manuscript of Symphony No. 15 in E at major (1762).

Herschel moved to Sunderland in 1761 when CharlesAvison immediately engaged him as rst violin andsoloist for his Newcastle orchestra, where he played forone season. In Sunderland in the County of Durh: apprill[sic] 20th 1761 he wrote his symphony No. 8 in c mi-nor. He was head of the Durham Militia band 176061and visited the home of Sir Ralph Milbanke at HalnabyHall in 1760, where he wrote two symphonies, as well asgiving performances himself.After Newcastle he moved to Leeds and Halifax where hewas the rst organist at St John the Baptist church (nowHalifax Minster).[5] He became organist of the OctagonChapel, Bath, a fashionable chapel in a well-known spa,in which city he was also Director of Public Concerts.

1

2 2 ASTRONOMY

He was appointed as the organist in 1766 and gave his in-troductory concert on 1 January 1767. As the organ wasstill incomplete he showed o his versatility by perform-ing his own compositions including a violin concerto, anoboe concerto and a harpsichord sonata. The organ wascompleted in October 1767.[6] His sister Caroline cameto England in 1772 and lived with him there in New KingStreet, Bath. The house they shared is now the locationof the Herschel Museum of Astronomy. His brothers Di-etrich, Alexander and Jakob (17341792) also appearedas musicians of Bath. In 1780, Herschel was appointeddirector of the Bath orchestra, with his sister often ap-pearing as soprano soloist.

2 Astronomy

Replica in the William Herschel Museum, Bath, of a telescopesimilar to that with which Herschel discovered Uranus

Herschels music led him to an interest in mathematicsand lenses. His interest in astronomy grew stronger af-ter he made the acquaintance of the English AstronomerRoyal Nevil Maskelyne. He started building his ownreecting telescopes and would spend up to 16 hours aday grinding and polishing the speculum metal primarymirrors.[7] He began to look at the planets and the starsin May 1773 and on 1 March 1774 began an astronom-ical journal by noting his observations of Saturns ringsand the Great Orion Nebula (M 42).

Herschels mirror polisher, on display in the Science Museum,London

2.1 Double stars

Herschels early observational work soon focused on thesearch for pairs of stars that were very close together vi-sually. Astronomers of the era expected that changesover time in the apparent separation and relative loca-tion of these stars would provide evidence for both theproper motion of stars and, by means of parallax shifts intheir separation, for the distance of stars from the Earth(a method rst suggested by Galileo Galilei).[8] From theback garden of his house in New King Street, Bath, andusing a 6.2-inch aperture (160 mm), 7-foot focal length(2.1 m) (f/13) Newtonian telescope with a most capitalspeculum of his own manufacture,[9] in October 1779,Herschel began a systematic search for such stars amongevery star in the Heavens, with new discoveries listedthrough 1792. He soon discovered many more binaryandmultiple stars than expected, and compiled themwithcareful measurements of their relative positions in twocatalogues presented to the Royal Society in London in1782 (269 double or multiple systems) and 1784 (434systems). A third catalogue of discoveries made after1783 was published in 1821 (145 systems).In 1797 Herschel measured many of the systems again,and discovered changes in their relative positions thatcould not be attributed to the parallax caused by theEarths orbit. He waited until 1802 (in Catalogue of500 new Nebulae, nebulous Stars, planetary Nebulae, andClusters of Stars; with Remarks on the Construction of theHeavens) to announce the hypothesis that the two starsmight be binary sidereal systems orbiting under mu-tual gravitational attraction, a hypothesis he conrmed in1803 in his Account of the Changes that have happened,during the last Twenty-ve Years, in the relative Situa-tion of Double-stars; with an Investigation of the Causeto which they are owing. In all, Herschel discovered over800 conrmed[10] double or multiple star systems, almost

2.4 Work with his sister Caroline 3

all of them physical rather than virtual pairs. His theoret-ical and observational work provided the foundation formodern binary star astronomy; new catalogues adding tohis work were not published until after 1820 by FriedrichWilhelm Struve, James South and John Herschel.

2.2 UranusMain article: Uranus History

In March 1781, during his search for double stars, Her-schel noticed an object appearing as a disk.[11] Herscheloriginally thought it was a comet or a stellar disk, which hebelieved he might actually resolve. He made many moreobservations of it, and afterwards Russian AcademicianAnders Lexell computed the orbit and found it to beprobably planetary.[12] Herschel determined in agreementthat it must be a planet beyond the orbit of Saturn.[13]He called the new planet the 'Georgian star' (Georgiumsidus) after King George III, which also brought himfavour; the name did not stick. In France, where refer-ence to the British king was to be avoided if possible, theplanet was known as 'Herschel' until the name 'Uranuswas universally adopted. The same year, Herschel wasawarded the Copley Medal and elected a Fellow of theRoyal Society. In 1782, he was appointed The KingsAstronomer (not to be confused with the AstronomerRoyal). He and his sister subsequently moved to Datchet(then in Buckinghamshire but now in Berkshire) on 1 Au-gust 1782. He continued his work as a telescope makerand achieved an international reputation for their manu-facture, protably selling over 60 completed reectors toBritish and Continental astronomers.[14]

2.3 Deep sky surveys

NGC 2683 is an unbarred spiral galaxy discovered by WilliamHerschel on 5 February 1788.

From 1782 to 1802, and most intensively from 1783 to1790, Herschel conducted systematic surveys in searchof deep sky or nonstellar objects with two 20-foot fo-cal length (610 cm), 12-inch aperture (30 cm) and 18.7-inch aperture (47 cm) telescopes (in combination with hisfavoured 6-inch aperture instrument). Excluding dupli-cated and lost entries, Herschel ultimately discovered

over 2400 objects dened by him as nebulae. (At thattime, nebula was the generic term for any visually ex-tended or diuse astronomical object, including galaxiesbeyond the Milky Way, until galaxies were conrmed asextragalactic systems by Edwin Hubble in 1924.)Herschel published his discoveries as three catalogues:Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters ofStars (1786), Catalogue of a Second Thousand New Neb-ulae and Clusters of Stars (1789) and the previously citedCatalogue of 500 New Nebulae ... (1802). He arrangedhis discoveries under eight classes": (I) bright nebulae,(II) faint nebulae, (III) very faint nebulae, (IV) planetarynebulae, (V) very large nebulae, (VI) very compressedand rich clusters of stars, (VII) compressed clusters ofsmall and large [faint and bright] stars, and (VIII) coarselyscattered clusters of stars. Herschels discoveries weresupplemented by those of Caroline Herschel (11 objects)and his son John Herschel (1754 objects) and publishedby him as General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters in1864. This catalogue was later edited by John Dreyer,supplemented with discoveries by many other 19th cen-tury astronomers, and published in 1888 as the New Gen-eral Catalogue (abbreviated NGC) of 7840 deep sky ob-jects. The NGC numbering is still the most commonlyused identifying label for these celestial landmarks.

2.4 Work with his sister Caroline

William and Caroline Herschel polishing a telescope lens (prob-ably a mirror), 1896 Lithograph.

4 2 ASTRONOMY

In 1783 he gave Caroline a telescope, and she began tomake astronomical discoveries in her own right, particu-larly comets. She discovered or observed eight comets,eleven nebulae and, at her brothers suggestion, updatedand corrected Flamsteeds work detailing the position ofstars. This was published as the British Catalogue ofStars. She was honoured by the Royal Astronomical So-ciety for this work. Caroline also continued to serve ashis assistant, often taking notes while he observed at thetelescope.In June 1785, owing to damp conditions, he and Caro-line moved to Clay Hall in Old Windsor. In 1786, theHerschels moved to a new residence on Windsor Roadin Slough. He lived the rest of his life in this residence,which came to be known as Observatory House. It is nolonger standing.On 7 May 1788, he married the widow Mary Pitt (neBaldwin) at St Laurences Church, Upton in Slough. Hissister Caroline then moved to separate lodgings, but con-tinued to work as his assistant.

2.5 Herschels telescopes

The 40-foot (12 m) telescope

See also: 40-foot telescope

During his career, he constructed more than four hundredtelescopes. The largest and most famous of these was areecting telescope with a 49 12-inch-diameter (1.26 m)primary mirror and a 40-foot (12 m) focal length. Be-cause of the poor reectivity of the speculum mirrors ofthat day, Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror ofa standard newtonian reector from his design and tiltedhis primary mirror so he could view the formed image di-rectly. This design has come to be called the Herschelian

telescope. On 28 August 1789, his rst night of observa-tion using this instrument, he discovered a new moon ofSaturn. A secondmoon followed within the rst month ofobservation. The 40-foot telescope proved very cum-bersome, and most of his observations were done witha smaller 18.5-inch (47 cm) 20-foot-focal-length (6.1m) reector. Herschel discovered that unlled telescopeapertures can be used to obtain high angular resolution,something which became the essential basis for inter-ferometric imaging in astronomy (in particular ApertureMasking Interferometry and hypertelescopes).

2.5.1 Reconstruction of the 20ft telescope

In 2012, the BBC Stargazing Live television programmebuilt a replica of the 20-foot telescope using Herschelsoriginal plans but modern materials. It is to be consid-ered a close modern approximation rather than an exactreplica. A modern glass mirror was used, the frame usesmetal scaolding and the tube is a sewer pipe. The tele-scope was shown on the programme in January 2013 andstands on the art, design and technology campus of theUniversity of Derby where it will be used for educationalpurposes.[15]

2.6 Life on other celestial bodiesHerschel was sure that he had found ample evidenceof life on the Moon and compared it to the Englishcountryside.[16] He did not refrain himself from theoriz-ing that the other planets were populated,[17] with an spe-cial interest in Mars, which was competely in line withmost of his contemporary scientists.[16] At Herschelstime, scientists tended to believe in a plurality of civilizedworlds, while most religious thinkers referred to uniqueproperties of the earth. [16] Herschel went so far to spec-ulate that the interior of the sun was populated.[16]

2.7 Sunspots, climate, and wheat yieldsHerschel started to examine the correlation of solar vari-ation and solar cycle and climate.[18] Over a period of40 years (17791818), Herschel had regularly observedsunspots and their variations in number, form and size.Most of his observations took place in a period of lowsolar activity, the Dalton minimum, when sunspots wererelatively few in number.[19] This was one of the reasonswhy Herschel was not able to identify the standard 11-year period in solar activity.[19] Herschel compared hisobservations with the series of wheat prices published byAdam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.[20]

1801 Herschel reported his ndings to the Royal Soci-ety and indicated ve prolonged periods of few sunspotscorrelated with the price wheat.[18] Herschels study wasridiculed by some of his contemporaries but did initi-ate further attempts to nd a correlation. Later in the

519th century, William Stanley Jevons proposed the 11-year- cycle and Herschels basic idea of a correlation be-tween low amount of sunspots and lower yields to explainfor recurring booms and slumps in the economy.[19] Her-schels speculation on a connection between sunspots andregional climate, using the market price of wheat as aproxy continues to be cited regularly till today.According to one study, the inuence of solar activity canactually be seen in on the historical wheat market in Eng-land over ten solar cycles between 1600 and 1700.[19] Theevaluation is controversial,[21] and the signicance of thecorrelation is doubted by some scientists.[22]

2.8 Further discoveries

In his later career, Herschel discovered two moons ofSaturn, Mimas and Enceladus; as well as two moons ofUranus, Titania and Oberon. He did not give these moonstheir names; they were named by his son John in 1847 and1852, respectively, after his death. Herschel measuredthe axial tilt of Mars and discovered that the martianice caps, rst observed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini(1666) and Christiaan Huygens (1672), changed size withthat planets seasons. It has been suggested that Herschelmight have discovered rings around Uranus.[23]

Herschel also coined the word "asteroid",[24] meaningstar-like (from the Greek asteroeides, aster star + -eidosform, shape), in 1802 (shortly after Olbers discoveredthe second minor planet, 2 Pallas, in late March), to de-scribe the star-like appearance of the small moons of thegiant planets and of theminor planets; the planets all showdiscs, by comparison. By the 1850s 'asteroid' became astandard term for describing certain minor planets.From studying the proper motion of stars, Herschel wasthe rst to realise that the solar system is moving throughspace, and he determined the approximate direction ofthatmovement. He also studied the structure of theMilkyWay and concluded that it was in the shape of a disk. Heincorrectly assumed the sun was in the centre of the disc,a theory known as Galactocentrism, which was eventuallycorrected by the ndings of Harlow Shapley in 1918.

3 Discovery of infrared radiationin sunlight

On 11 February 1800, Herschel was testing lters for thesun so he could observe sun spots. When using a redlter he found there was a lot of heat produced. Her-schel discovered infrared radiation in sunlight by passingit through a prism and holding a thermometer just beyondthe red end of the visible spectrum.[25] This thermometerwas meant to be a control to measure the ambient air tem-perature in the room. He was shocked when it showed ahigher temperature than the visible spectrum. Further ex-

perimentation led to Herschels conclusion that theremustbe an invisible form of light beyond the visible spectrum.

4 BiologyHerschel used amicroscope to establish that coral was nota plant, as many believed at the time, since it lacked thecell walls characteristic of plants.[7]

5 Family and deathWilliam Herschel and Mary had one child, John, bornat Observatory House on 7 March 1792. Williams per-sonal background and rise as man of science had a pro-found impact on the upbringing of his son and grandchil-dren. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member ofthe American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788.[26]In 1816, William was made a Knight of the Royal Guel-phic Order by the Prince Regent and was accorded thehonorary title 'Sir' although this was not the equivalent ofan ocial British knighthood.[27] He helped to found theAstronomical Society of London in 1820, which in 1831received a royal charter and became the Royal Astronom-ical Society. In 1813, he was elected a foreign memberof the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.On 25 August 1822, Herschel died at Observatory House,Windsor Road, Slough, and is buried at nearby St Lau-rences Church, Upton, Slough. Herschels epitaph is

Coelorum perrupit claustra.(He broke through the barriers of theheavens.)[28]

Herschels son John Herschel also became a famous as-tronomer. One of Williams brothers, Alexander Her-schel, moved permanently to England, near his sisterCaroline and nephew John. Caroline returned to Hanoverafter the death of her brother. She died on 9 January1848.[29]

His house at 19 NewKing Street in Bath, Somerset wherehe made many telescopes and rst observed Uranus, isnow home to the Herschel Museum of Astronomy.

6 MemorialWilliam Herschel lived most of his life in Slough, a townthen in Buckinghamshire. He died in the town and wasburied under the tower of the Church of St Laurence,Upton-cum-Chalvey, near Slough. Herschel is very muchrespected in the town and there are several memorials tohim and his discoveries. In 2011 a new bus station, the

6 8 NAMED AFTER HERSCHEL

design of which was inspired by the infrared experimentofWilliam Herschel, was built in the centre of Slough.[30]

7 Musical worksHerschels complete musical works were as follows:[31]

18 symphonies for small orchestra (17601762) 6 symphonies for large orchestra (17621764) 12 concertos for oboe, violin and viola (17591764) 2 concertos for organ 6 sonatas for violin, cello and harpsichord (published1769)

12 solos for violin and basso continuo (1763) 24 capriccios and 1 sonata for solo violin 1 andante for two basset horns, two oboes, two hornsand two bassoons.

Various vocal works including a "Te Deum", psalms,motets and sacred chants along with some catches.Keyboard works for organ and harpsichord:

6 fugues for organ 24 sonatas for organ (10 now lost) 33 voluntaries and pieces for organ (incomplete) 24 pieces for organ (incomplete) 12 voluntaries (11 now lost) 12 sonatas for harpsichord (9 extant) 25 variations on an ascending scale 2 minuets for harpsichord

8 Named after Herschel

The astrological symbol for planet Uranus ( )features the capital initial letter of Herschels sur-name.

Mu Cephei is also known as Herschels Garnet Star Herschel, a crater on the Moon Herschel, a large impact basin on Mars The enormous crater Herschel on Saturn's moonMimas

William Herschel, portrait by James Sharples, c. 1805

2000 Herschel, an asteroid The William Herschel Telescope on La Palma The Herschel Space Observatory, successfullylaunched by the European Space Agency on 14 May2009. It is the largest space telescope of its kind

Herschel Grammar School, Slough Rue Herschel, a street in the 6th Arrondissement ofParis.

The Herschel Building at Bath College, Bath The Herschel building at Newcastle University,Newcastle, United Kingdom

Herschel Museum of Astronomy, at 19 New KingStreet in Bath.

Herschelschule, Hanover, Germany, a grammarschool

Herschel, Saskatchewan, Canada is a small, rural vil-lage that is home to the Ancient Echoes Interpreta-tive Centre

The Herschel Observatory, at the Universitas Schoolin Santos, Brazil.

The lunar crater C. Herschel, the asteroid 281 Lu-cretia, and the comet 35P/Herschel-Rigollet arenamed after his sister Caroline Herschel.

The public house Herschel Arms at 22 Park Street,Slough is named after him and is quite close to thesite of Observatory House.

7 Herschel Astronomical Society who operate theHerschel Memorial Observatory based in Eton,Berkshire.

Herschel Park, Slough. The shape of Slough Bus Station, built in 2011, wasinspired by Herschels infrared experiment.[32]

9 See also List of astronomical instrument makers List of largest optical telescopes historically German inventors and discoverers Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars

10 References[1] Hoskin, M. (ed.) (2003) Caroline Herschels autobiogra-

phies, Science History Publications Cambridge, p. 13,ISBN 0905193067.

[2] Lubbock, ConstanceAnn (1933). TheHerschel Chronicle:The Life-story ofWilliamHerschel and His Sister, CarolineHerschel. CUP Archive. pp. 1.

[3] Hoskin, M. (2004). Was William Herschel a deserter?".Journal for the History of Astronomy. 35, Part 3 (120):356358. Bibcode:2004JHA....35..356H.

[4] Clerke, Agnes M (1908). A Popular History of Astron-omy During the Nineteenth Century (4 (republished aseBook number 28247) ed.). London (republished eText):Adam and Charles Black (republished Project Guten-berg). p. 18. Archived from the original on 4 March2009

[5] Halifax Minster.org - Organ History

[6] Bath. The British Society for the History of Mathemat-ics. Retrieved 18 July 2009.

[7] The Light of Reason 8 August 2006 02:00 BBC Four

[8] Aitken, Robert (1935) The Binary Stars. McGraw-Hill,pp. 49

[9] Mullaney, p. 10

[10] William Herschels Double Star Catalog. Handprint.com(5 January 2011). Retrieved on 5 June 2011.

[11] Discovering New Planets at the Wayback Machine(archived April 9, 2010). National Air and Space Mu-seum.

[12] Kuhn, Thomas (1970) The Structure of Scientic Revolu-tions. The University of Chicago Press, p. 115, ISBN0226458040.

[13] Astronomical League National Herschel Club Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel. Astroleague.org. Retrievedon 5 June 2011.

[14] Mullaney, p. 14

[15] BBC builds William Herschels telescope for StargazingLive Ariel at BBC Learning, 10 January 2013

[16] Civilized Life in the Universe : Scientists on Intelli-gent Extraterrestrials: Scientists on Intelligent Extrater-restrials, George Basalla, Professor of History Univer-sity of Delaware (Emeritus), Oxford University Press,20.12.2005, p.52

[17] Mars in Rekordnhe zur Erde. science.orf.at. The ideaof life on our neighbour planet [Mars] has inspired hu-mans for a long time. The British astronomer Sir WilliamHerschel (17381822) assumed that there are intelligentbeings not only on Mars, but on all planets in our solarsystem

[18] Herschel, W. (1801). Observations tending to investi-gate the nature of the Sun, in order to nd the causes orsymptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; Withremarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from so-lar observations. Philosophical Transactions of the RoyalSociety London 91: 265318.

[19] 2003 Sun set food prices in the Middle Ages Changesin solar activity sent wheat prices soaring in medievalEngland. Nature doi:10.1038/news031215-12, articleof Philip Ball about Pustilnik, L. A. & Yom Din, G.Inuence of solar activity on state of wheat marketin medieval England. Preprint, http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0312244, (2003).

[20] The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 5, The Mod-ern Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Roy Porter,Mary Jo Nye, Cambridge University Press, 2003. p. 508

[21] Surv Geophys (2012) 33:503534 DOI 10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3 Solar Inuence on Global and Regional Cli-mates, Mike Lockwood

[22] Love, J. J. (2013). On the insignicance of Herschelssunspot correlation (PDF). Geophysical Research letters40: 41714176. doi:10.1002/grl.50846.

[23] Rincon, Paul (18 April 2007). Uranus rings 'were seenin 1700s". BBC News.

[24] In an oral presentation(HAD Meeting with DPS, Den-ver, October 2013 - Abstracts of Papers. Retrieved 14October 2013.), Cliord Cunningham presented his nd-ing that the word has been coined by Charles Burney,jr., the son of a friend of Herschel, see Local expert re-veals who really coined the word 'asteroid'". South FloridaSun-Sentinel. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October2013.. See also Wall, Mike (10 January 2011). WhoReally Invented the Word 'Asteroid' for Space Rocks?".SPACE.com. Retrieved 10 October 2013.

[25] Michael Rowan-Robinson (2013). Night Vision: Explor-ing the Infrared Universe. p. 23. Cambridge UniversityPress,

8 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

[26] Book of Members, 17802010: Chapter H (PDF).American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28July 2014.

[27] Hanham, A. & Hoskin, M. (2013). The Her-schel Knighthoods: Facts and Fiction. Journalfor the History of Astronomy 44 (120): 149164.Bibcode:2013JHA....44..149H.

[28] Sir William Herschel Quotes - 14 Science Quotes. Dic-tionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes. TO-DAYINSCI. Retrieved 1 May 2014.

[29] Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel (17381822). Manfred-holl.de. Retrieved on 5 June 2011.

[30] Slough Council website 'Slough Bus Station'

[31] WILLIAM HERSCHEL (17381822): Organ works.asterope.bajaobs.hu. Retrieved 1 May 2013.

[32] Serck, Linda (28 May 2011). Slough bus station: Sil-ver dolphin or beached whale?". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13August 2012.

11 Sources Holden, Edward S. (1881). Sir William Herschel,

his life and works. New York: Charles ScribnersSons. Wikisource.

Mullaney, James (2007). The Herschel objects andhow to observe them. ISBN 978-0-387-68124-5.Retrieved 5 June 2011.

12 Further reading Holmes, Richard. The Age of Wonder: The Roman-

tic Generation and the Discovery of the Beauty andTerror of Science (2009) ISBN 978-1-4000-3187-0

William Herschel by Michael Hoskin. New dictio-nary of Scientic Biography Scribners, 2008. v. 3,pp. 289291.

Biography: JRASC 74 (1980) 134

13 External links Works written by or about William Herschel atWikisource

William Herschels Deep Sky Catalog The William Herschel Double Star Catalogs Re-stored

Full text of Herschel by Hector Macpherson.

Full text of The Story of the Herschels (1886) fromProject Gutenberg

Portraits of William Herschel at the National Por-trait Gallery (United Kingdom)

Herschel Museum of Astronomy located in his Bathhome

William Herschel Society The Oboe Concertos of SirWilliamHerschel, WilbertDavis Jerome ed. ISBN 0-87169-225-2

Works by or about William Herschel in libraries(WorldCat catalog)

A notebook of Herschels, dated from 1759 is avail-able in the digital collections of the Linda Hall Li-brary.

Portraits of Wiliam Herschel from the Lick Obser-vatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Li-brarys Digital Collections

Michael Lemonick: William Herschel, the First Ob-servational Cosmologist, 12 Nov 2008, FermilabColloquium, Text

Musical pieces by William Herschel @YouTube: Chamber Symphony in F minor No. 4- Alle-gro moderato (I) on YouTube

Hubble Images to HerschelMusic onYouTube(Chamber Symphony in F, 2nd movement)

Richmond Sinfonia for Strings, Bassoon &Harpsichord n. 2 in D major on YouTube

Sinfona para Cuerdas No. 8 en Do menor onYouTube

Sinfonia n. 12, primo movimento, Allegro onYouTube

Symphony No. 8, I: Allegro Assai onYouTube

914 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses14.1 Text

William Herschel Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel?oldid=674000514 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Mav, TheAnome, Tarquin, AstroNomer~enwiki, Malcolm Farmer, -- April, Eclecticology, XJaM, Yooden, SimonP, Ant, Mazzy, Ewen, Olivier,Ubiquity, Lir, Michael Hardy, Gabbe, Gjbloom, Ahoerstemeier, Angela, Nveitch, Andres, Pizza Puzzle, The Tom, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth,Tpbradbury, Thue, Warofdreams, AnonMoos, Camerong, Dimadick, Robbot, Hankwang, RedWolf, Smallweed, Rursus, Timrollpickering,DHN, JackofOz, Profoss, Giftlite, Cobaltbluetony, Obli, P.T. 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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? File:HerschelTelescope.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/HerschelTelescope.jpg License: Public do-

main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mike Young File:Herschel_40_foot.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Herschel_40_foot.jpg License: Public do-

main Contributors: Scanned from Leisure Hour, Nov 2,1867, page 729 Original artist: Unknown File:NGC_2683_HST.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/NGC_2683_HST.jpg License: CC BY 3.0

Contributors: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1213a/ Original artist: ESA/Hubble & NASA File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?

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10 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Uranus{}s_astrological_symbol.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Uranus%27s_astrological_symbol.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lexicon

File:Uranus2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Uranus2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:http://web.archive.org/web/20090119235457/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/milestones_show/slide1.html (image link)http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA18182 (image link) Original artist: NASA/JPL-Caltech

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File:William_Herschel{}s_Mirror-polisher.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/William_Herschel%27s_Mirror-polisher.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net).

File:William_Herschel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/William_Herschel.jpg License: Public do-main Contributors: Unknown Original artist: James Sharples (17511811)

File:William_Herschel_-_Symphony_No._15_-_British_Library_Add_MS_49626_f25r.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/William_Herschel_-_Symphony_No._15_-_British_Library_Add_MS_49626_f25r.jpg License: Public do-main Contributors:Catalogue entry: Add MS 49626This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original artist: William Herschel

File:William_Herschel_Signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/William_Herschel_Signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader, traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://www.scientificlib.com/en/Astronomy/Biographies/images/WilliamHerschel01.jpg Original artist: Connormah, William Herschel

14.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

Early life and musical activitiesAstronomyDouble starsUranusDeep sky surveysWork with his sister CarolineHerschels telescopesReconstruction of the 20ft telescope

Life on other celestial bodies Sunspots, climate, and wheat yields Further discoveries

Discovery of infrared radiation in sunlight BiologyFamily and deathMemorialMusical worksNamed after HerschelSee alsoReferencesSourcesFurther readingExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license