william shakespeare a writer for all time. totus mundus agit histrionem latin words literally mean,...
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William Shakespeare
A WRITER FOR ALL TIME
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TOTUS MUNDUS AGIT HISTRIONEM
Latin words literally mean, “All the world plays the actor.”
Globe Motto:
ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE
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Shakespeare• Born April 23, 1564• Stratford-on-Avon, England• Married Anne Hathaway• Wrote about 154 sonnets, 37 plays• Had the globe theater built (Queen
Elizabeth funded), on Thames river• Died 1616 on his 52 birthday
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• Actor for “Lord Chamberlain’s Men” (acting company.)
• Later, the company was renamed
“The King’s Men.”
*Known as the Renaissance Man
*Known as the Bard (lyric poet)of Avon
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Shakespeare wrote:
• Comedies-white flag at the Globe
• Histories –red flag at the globe
• Tragedies-black flag at the globe
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Romeo and Juliet
Considered a tragedy
West Side Story (Movie) based on R&J
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TRAGEDY
• main character, or protagonist, has a fatal flaw which causes disaster, or death at the end.
• There is a catastrophe at the end (resolution)• Usually has dramatic irony, which purpose is to
build suspense. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows what the characters do not know
• Fate plays a part in the downfall of the protagonist.
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The Theater• Plays produced for the general
public
• Roofless>open air
• No artificial lighting
• Tiring house
• The Heavens
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Spectators• Wealthy sat on benches under a thatched
roof
• “Groundlings” or “stinklings”-participated in the action of the play by yelling, sneering, or throwing food. Cost to stand in courtyard floor: a penny
• All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate, yet all enjoyed.
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Staging Areas*Stage extended into the pit
*second-level gallery where the famous balcony scene in R & J took place
*Trap door>ghosts or witches
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• No scenery
• Elaborate, detailed, and colorful costumes and props
• Theater would hold 3000 spectators
DETAILS
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Actors
• Only men and boys
• Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles
• Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage
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Elizabethan Words
• Anon: Soon• Aye: Yes• But: Except for• E’en: Even• Livery: A distinctive uniform
or look
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• Haply: Perhaps
• Hence: Away, from here
• Hie: Hurry
• Marry: Indeed
More words to translate
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…and more• Morrow – morning
• Prithee – please
• Sirrah – servant
• Hither – here
• Wanton (not just an Elizabethan word, but FYI)- willful, unrestrained
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Blank Verse
• Much of R & J is written in blank verse:–unrhymed –iambic (unstressed, stressed)–pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line)
• ends up to be 10 syllable lines
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But the prologue…
Is a
SONNET
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Plot
•The sequence of events in a literary work
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Exposition• The introductory information
for the story. Root word: expose
setting
characters
basic situation
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Inciting Moment
• Often called “initial incident”–the first bit of action that occurs
which begins the plot
–Romeo and Juliet “lock eyes” at the party
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Conflict• The struggle that develops
–man vs. man
–man vs. himself
–man vs. society
–man vs. nature
–-man vs technology
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Act One
The exposition
Act two
The rising action
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Climax - Act III
• The turning point of the story-the point at which the plot (story) actually changes course.
• There is an event which changes the direction of the story. Then the plot begins to unravel.
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ACT IV
• The story unravels, or the action begins to fall. Conflict all but disappears.
• Characters respond to what has happened.
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Resolution – ACT V
•The end of the central conflict
•In a tragedy, the resolution is called the catastrophe
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Denouement
• The final explanation or outcome of the plot–If this is included in
literature, it will occur after the resolution.
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Theme
•Central lesson or idea
•Insight about life
•Theme of R&J
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Dramatic Foil
• A character whose purpose is to show off another character through contrast–Benvolio for Tybalt
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Round characters
•Characters who have many personality traits, like real people. Example: Romeo, Friar, Juliet
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Flat Characters
• One-dimensional, embodying only a single trait–Shakespeare often uses them to
provide comic relief even in a tragedy
–Example: Mercutio, Nurse
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Static Characters
• Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character.
• Example: Tybalt, Prince
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Dynamic Character• Characters that change
somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better. Example: Juliet changes from an immature girl to a mature young woman
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Monologue
• One person speaking on stage - may be another character on stage too–Ex: the Prince of Verona
commanding the Capulets and Montagues to cease feuding
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Soliloquy
• Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. In R & J, Romeo gives a soliloquy after the servant has fled and Paris has died.
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Aside• Words spoken, usually in an
undertone not intended to be heard by all characters
• Can be directed toward another character or to the audience
• Think Zack from “Saved by the Bell.”
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Stage Directions Notes in a play that describe how the work should be performed, or staged. These instructions are for the player and director.
When performing the play, stage directions are never spoken
Dialogue - A conversation between two or more characters. Dialogue reveals the personalities of the characters and advances the action of the play.
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PunShakespeare loved to use them!!!
– Humorous use of a word with two meanings.
– Ex: Sole and soul; Dreamers often lie.
– Don’t be shellfish. Share Your Shrimp—Outback Restaurant
– Grin and Bare it—Body lotion from Bath and BodyWorks
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OXYMORONA figure of speech that brings together two contradictory terms
•Bipartisan cooperation
•“cheerful pessimist”
•“wise fool”
•“jumbo shrimp”
•“sweet sorrow”- Shakespeare
•“loving hate” – Shakespeare
•Being but heavy, I will bear the light.
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ALLUSIONS• You are a lover. Borrow Cupid's wings
and soar with them…
• “Bondage is hoarse and may not speak aloud,
Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies.”
• From forth day’s path and Titan’s burning wheels.
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Direct Address• Words that tell the reader who is being
addressed:
• “A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.”
• The word “ho” is not a noun of direct address. LOL!
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Dramatic Irony
• A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true
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Verbal Irony
• Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant
• Sarcasm is verbal irony, though verbal irony is not always sarcasm
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Situational Irony
• An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience
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Comic Relief• Use of comedy within literature to
provide “relief” from seriousness or sadness. “Lightens up” the moment.
• In R & J, look for moments of comic relief that help “relieve” the tragedy of the situation