wind compendium

7/29/2019 Wind Compendium

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August 2007

Wind energy: A Compendium

Prepared for

Asian Development Bank

w w w . t e r i i n . o r g The Energy and Resources Institute


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2Wind energy: Trends and status

Figure 1 Anemometer

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Table 1 Typical specifications of anemometer[1]

Specifications Anemometers

Measurement range 0 m/s to 50 m/s

Starting threshold < 1 m/s

Operating temperature range -40C to 60C

Operating humidity range 0% to 100%

System error < 3%

Recording resolution < 0.1 m/s

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Table 2 Typical specification of wind vane[1]

Specifications Wind vane

Measurement range 0 to 360

Starting threshold < 0.1 m/s

Operating temperature range -40C to 60C

Operating humidity range 0% to 100%

System error < 5%

Recording resolution


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Wind resource map of East China

Figure 4 Wind Resource map of East China

Source: http://swera.unep.net/


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Wind resource map of Sri Lanka

Figure 5 Wind Resource Map of Sri Lanka

Source: http://swera.unep.netI


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Large wind turbines

Types of wind turbines:((/

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Power(kW)


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Current status(4;;2

%

Table 3 Total installed capacity in various countries

Installed capacity(MW)

Rank Country 2005 2006

1 Germany 18,415 20,6222 Spain 10,028 11,615

3 United States 9,149 11,603

4 India 4,430 6,270

5 Denmark (incl. Faroe) 3,136 3,140

6 China 1,260 2,604

7 Italy 1,718 2,123

8 United Kingdom 1,332 1,963

9 Portugal 1,022 1,716

10 France 757 1,567

11 Netherlands 1,219 1,560

12 Canada 683 1,459

13 Japan 1,061 1,39414 Austria 819 965

15 Australia 708 817

16 Greece 573 746

17 Ireland 496 745

18 Sweden 510 572

19 Norway 267 314

20 Brazil 29 237

21 Egypt 145 230

22 Belgium 167 193

23 Taiwan 104 188

24 South Korea 98 173

25 New Zealand 169 17126 Poland 83 153

27 Morocco 64 124

28 Mexico 3 88

29 Finland 82 86

30 Ukraine 77 86

31 Costa Rica 71 74

32 Hungary 18 61

33 Lithuania 6 55

34 Turkey 20 51

35 Czech Republic 28 50

36 Iran 23 48

Rest of Europe 129 163Rest of Americas 109 109

Rest of Asia 38 38

Rest of Africa & MiddleEast

31 31

Rest of Oceania 12 12

World total 59,091 74,223

)+,


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Asian installed Wind power capacity

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Table 4 Technical details of wind turbines

ModelREpower

5M

Vestas

V120

Multibrid

M5000

Enercon

E-112

Siemens

3.6 MW

GE Energy

3.6s

Rated

capacity5.0 MW 4.5 MW 5.0 MW 4.5 MW 3.6 MW 3.6 MW

Rotor

diameter126 m 120 m 116 m 114 m 107 m 104 m

Swept area 12.469 m2 11.310 m2 10.568 m2 10.207 m2 8.992 m2 8.495 m2

Gearbox 3-step 3-step 1-step - 3-step 3-step

Generatorasynchronous generator

(doubly fed)

asynchronous generator

(doubly fed)

permanent-

magnet

synchronous

generator

synchronous

generator

asynchronou

s generator

asynchronous generator

(doubly fed)

Weight

Rotor blade 17.8 t 12.3 t 16.5 t 21 t 16 t N.A.

Rotor with

hub120 t 65 t 110 t N.A. 90 t 85 t

Nacelle 290 t 145 t 200 t N.A. 120 t 210 t

Nacelle +

Rotor410 t 210 t 310 t 500 t 210 t 295 t

Tower 750 t 220 t 1.138 t 2.500 t 250 t 250 t

Hub height 120 m 90 m 102 m 124 m 80 m 76.5 m

In operation

since2004 2007 2004 2002 2004 2004

Specific

power401 W/m2 398 W/m2 473 W/m2 441 W/m2 400 W/m2 424 W/m2


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Research and development

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Table 5 IEC standards for WEGs

Part Title Status Publication Date

1 Design requirements (Ed. 3.0) Available 2005-082 Design requirements for small wind turbines (Ed. 2.0) Available 2003-06

3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbinesWork in

Progress-

4 Design and specifications of gearboxesWork in

Progress-

11 Acoustic noise measurement techniques (Ed. 2.0) Available 2002-12

12 Wind turbine power performance testing Available 2005-12


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Part Title Status Publication Date

13 Measurement of mechanical loads Available 2001-06

14 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values Available 2005-03

21Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of

grid connected wind turbinesAvailable 2001-12

22 Certification of wind turbines Rules and ProceduresWork in

Progress-

23 Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades Available 2001-04

24 Lightning protection Available 2002-07

25 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants Work inProgress

-

Source: http://www.iec.ch

Technology development trends and status>;,,(

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Table 6 Technology development map for wind turbine power generation

Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Advanced Wind Turbines

Feature and Advantages

Technology

Characterization

Tubular rolled steel tower. Off-

the-shelf gearbox and induction

generator. Digital controls and

SCADA system

Tubular rolled steel tower. Double

high speed gearbox shaft. Off-the-

shelf induction generator. Digital

controls and SCADA system.

Tubular rolled steel tower. No

gearbox, reduced cost. Low-

speed direct-drive generator.

Improved controls and

SCADA.

Tubular steel or composite

tower. No conventional

gearbox. Advanced low-

speed generator drive.

Advanced controls and

SCADA.

Efficiency Limited by fixed generator

speed.

Slightly greater due to variable

generator speed

Slightly greater due to variable

generator speed

Slightly greater due to

variable generator speed

Re s Remote sites w/ PNL Class 4 or

greater wind speed near

transmission lines

Remote sites w/PNL Class 4 or


transmission lines

Remote sites w/PNL Class 4 or


transmission lines

Remote sites w/PNL Class

3 or greater wind speed

near transmission lines

Challenges and Disadvantages

Cost Design for fluctuating torque

load increases cost

Full-span pitch control and power

electronics increase cost

Weight and cost of low-speed

generator offset by absence of

gearbox

Optimize design to minimize

cost

Operation Fatigue failure of parts due tofluctuating wind and torque

loads

Complexity of full-span pitch controlsincreases maintenance cost

Durability of low-speed turbineunder fluctuating loads

Optimize design to minimizeO&M cost and maximize

reliability

Technology

Needs

Design for extreme loads to

handle wind gusts

Solid-state power electronics Low-speed generator design,

new control system

Optimization for reliability

and low cost

Costs

Equipment $680/kW $700/kW $650-$750/kW < $600/kW

Relative O & M $16kW/yr $23/kW/yr $15k-$16k/kW/yr $15k/kW/yr

Busbar 3.5-5.5kWh 3.5-5.5/kWh 3.0-5.0/kWh 2-4/kWh

Development Timeframe

Research 1970-1985 1985-1993 1992-1995 1994-2002

Development

Timeframe

1980-present 1991-1995 1994-1999 1995-2004

Demonstration 1980s 1992 1994-1999 2001-2006

Commercialization ~ 1980 1993-present 1996-present 2007Markets

Key Issues Structural and load-bearing

component reliability. Cost of

energy. Moderate cost reduces

prospects in competitive market.

Complex control system, power

electronics, component reliability.

Moderate cost reduces prospects in

competitive market.

Complex control system,

power electronics, cost and

reliability of new generator.

Lower cost improves prospects

in competitive market.

Reliability, cost of energy,

Low cost likely to result in

significant market.

Impact on Established and mature: Established: Enhanced performance Maturing: reduced cost would Emerging: low cost would


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Constant-Speed Wind Turbines Variable-Speed Wind Turbines Direct-Drive Wind Turbines Advanced Wind Turbines

Technology

Outlook

dominant market share in U.S. leading to growing market share

worldwide.

improve worldwide market. result in large worldwide

market.

Source: Renewable energy technology assessment guide 2004

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Table 7 Global Wind Energy Outlook

Global wind energy outlook for 2030 Global wind energy outlook for 2050

Global scenario Reference Moderate Advance Reference Moderate Advance

Cumulative wind power capacity (GW) 364 1129 2107 577 1557 3010

Electricity Output (TWh) 892 2769 5179 1517 4092 7911

Percentage of world electricity (High

energy efficiency)

5 15.6 29.1 6.6 17.7 34.3

Annual Installed capacity(GW) 24.8 58.3 129.2 34.3 71 168.6

Annual Investment (Euro bn) 21.2 45 84.8 28.8 54.2 112

Jobs (million) 0.48 1.14 1.44 0.65 1.39 2.8

Annual CO2 Saving

(million tonnes)

535 1661 3100 910 2455 4747

Source : Global Wind Outlook 2006

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Advanced

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Advanced

2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Years

MW


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Major players(&;,(,!(

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Table 8 Market share in 2006

Supplier Country MW Share (%)

Vestas Denmark 4239 28.2

Gamesa Spain 2346 15.6

GE Energy USA 2326 15.5

Enercon Germany 2316 15.4

Suzlon India 1157 7.7

Siemens Germany 1103 7.3

Nordex Germany 505 3.4

Repower Germany 480 3.2

Acciona Spain 426 2.8

Goldwind China 416 2.8: Sun & Wind 2/2007

Small wind turbines

Source : http://www.smallwindenergy.ca

Figure 16 Small wind turbine


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Typical power curve for small wind turbines

Source : www.omafra.gov.on.ca

Figure 17 Typical power curve for small wind turbines

Applications0,(A

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Table 9 Applications of small wind turbines

Small Wind Turbine Category

Battery Charging & Light

Seasonal Loads

Residential & Heavy Seasonal

Loads

Commercial, Institutional, Farms,

and Remote Communities

Typical power rating up to 1000 W 1-30 kW 30-300 kW

Typical grid connectivity Mostly off-grid, some on-grid Mostly On-grid*, Some Off-grid On-grid*, Isolated-grid, or Off-grid

Typical applications Mobile uses (sailboats,

recreational vehicles, etc.)

Seasonal applications

(small cottages, hunting

lodges, etc.)

Rural & 'urban perimeter'residential homes (small

loads)

Specialty power s (radar

and telecomm devices,

measurement instruments,

Cathodic protection,

remote weather stations, etc.)

Commercial parks & camps

Electric fencing

Off-grid rural houses with

large lot sizes (usually >1 acre)

On-grid rural houses with

large lot sizes (usually >1 acre)

where DC appliances are driven

by wind turbine/batteries or wheresome electricity is stored on the

grid through Net Metering

Larger cottages or hunting

lodges with significant share of

electricity from wind

On-grid or isolated-grid

large farms

Off-grid small farms where

small wind complements a diesel

generator set and/or solar

photovoltaic On- or off-grid commercial

or institutional buildings

Isolated-grid communities

where wind is complemented by

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24/32


Costs(';((,(

Table 10 Cost Comparison of small wind turbine

Small wind turbine category

Typical power rating 300 to 1,000 W Above 1 kW to 30 kW Above 30 kW to 300 kW

Average capital cost of turbine $2352/kW $2520/kW $1848/kW

Average total installed cost $4200-$5376/kW $5040/kW $2772/kW

Average annual operations & maintenance $33.6-109.2/yr $966/yr $2772/yr

Typical installation by User Professional Professional

Typical lifetime** 10-15 yrs 20 yrs 25 yrs with major

component replacement

typically after 15 yrs

Source: http://www.smallwindenergy.ca ; $= US dollar as in 2004

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Table 11 Result of survey carried out by AWEA to analyse potential barriers for

small scale wind turbine growth.

Source : AWEA small wind turbine global market study 2007


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Regional status

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State

Proposed wind generating

capacity (MW)

New South Wales 1,193

Victoria 2,010

Queensland 176

South Australia 1,986

Western Australia 243

Tasmania 555

Australia 6,163Source: www.wikipedia.com

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Figure 18 Total installed wind power capacity in Asia

13.07%

24.41%

58.78%

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Japan China India Taiwan South Korea Rest of Asia


26/32


Case studies

Wind power development project [2]

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Table 13 Small wind turbine manufacturersCompany Country

Electrovent Canada

Cyclone China

Windmission Denmark

Oy Windside Production Finland

Vaigunth EnerTek (P) India

Fortis Netherlands

African Wind Power South Africa

J.Bornay Aerogeneradores Spain

Marlec Engineering Co. UK

Proven Engineering Products Ltd (Proven Energy) UK

Aeromax US

Southwest Windpower US

Thermodyne Systems US

Bergey Wind Power Co. US

Unitron Energy India


32/32


References' F(:C+%:

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