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Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind Resource Assessment
Patrick Quinlan
University of MassachusettsWind Energy Center
Environmental Business Council
December 17, 2009
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind and the Turbine
• Performance
• Design– Force related to square
of wind speed
– Extremes affect ultimate loads
– Turbulence and means affect fatigue
32
2
1URPwind
UPPWT
2
2
1UCF
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Time Scale of Winds
• Wind varies in time, space, direction
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind Shear: Power Law
• Power law model
• Exponent of 1/7
often assumed, usually much higher
rr z
z
zU
zU
)(
)(
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind Data Acquisition Systems
• Typical wind data collection system for resource measurement– Sensors + backups, at multiple heights– Tower– Data recorder (“Logger”); eg., UMass Minuteman– Quality Assurance -- eg., UMass AQUA– Data analysis and reporting
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Sample Wind Data Acquisition System
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind Sensors
• Cup anemometers - Frequency output
• Wind vanes - Voltage output
Maximum 40 anemometer and wind vane
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Remote Sensing: SODAR and LIDAR
• Measures to high elevations without a tower• Measures Doppler shift reflected from density
inhomogeneities or particle reflections in atmosphere• Good height resolution
12
8
4
0
Win
d S
pe
ed
, m/s
750700650600550500Sample number
160m 130m 100m 70m 40m
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Presentation of Averaged Data
• Time series of speed• Time series of direction• Wind frequency rose• Wind speed rose• Histogram of wind speeds• Turbulence intensity vs. wind speed• Wind shear profiles• Diurnal averages
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind Roses
• Wind Frequency Rose– Fraction of winds from
direction sectors
• Wind Speed Rose– Mean wind speed from
each direction sector
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Vane - ESI 19m Vane 1 - FAA 24 Vane 2 - FAA 37
0
4
8
12
16N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Direction Percentage Wind Speed, M/sec
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Histograms
• Histogram of wind speedsWind Speed Distribution, Bishop & Clerks, Feb 2002
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21
Speed Bins, M/sec
Per
cen
t
Anemometer 1 - 15m primary Anemometer 2 - 15m backup
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Turbulence Intensity
• Turbulence intensity vs. wind speedTurbulence Intensity
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind Speed (m/s)
Turb
ule
nce
Inte
nsi
ty
Anemometer 1 TI Anemometer 2 TI
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Wind Shear
• Wind shear and wind shear models140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Hei
ght,
m
1086420Wind Speed, m/s
12:10 12:20 12:30 12:40 12:50 Pow er Law Log Law
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Diurnal Averages Diurnal Averaged Wind Speed
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8
8.1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Hour
Avg
. W
ind
Sp
eed
(m
/s)
Anemometer 1 Anemometer 2
Wind Energy Center
University of Massachusetts
Questions?
Patrick Quinlan
University of Massachusetts
Wind Energy Center
413-545-0617