wind integration in distribution & transmission networks

Association de l’industrie électrique du Québec (AIEQ) 9 October 2012 Doug Price, VP Electrical Engineering

Wind Integration in Distribution & Transmission Networks: Current and Evolving Requirements and Mechanisms

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1. Introduction to GL Garrad Hassan

4. Emerging Standards

5. Operations and Market Mechanisms

2. Key Interconnection Requirements

3. Generator Characteristics

AIEQ: Wind Integration

GL Garrad Hassan is the largest global dedicated renewables consultancy • 950+ staff, in 42 locations, across 24 countries • Over 100 offshore staff worldwide


Clients We Serve

Government, Research

IPPs/Developers: Solar Wind

Grid Owners/Operators: ISO/RTO IOU’s Muni’s REC’s Public Utility Districts

Independent Transmission Developers

Lenders Investors Insurance


Leveraging Grid Expertise Across the GL Group

6.900 Employees in 80 Countries

Electrical Engineering

GL PWR Solutions

GL Group

Due Diligence, Owner’s Engineering, Interconnection Services

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ID SER

VICES

SynerGEE Electric

Transmission Planning, Engineering, Wind Integration Studies

Distribution Software & Modelling

Power Markets & Transmission Analysis

Congestion & Curtailment Studies Price Forecasting

Measurements Strategic & Policy Studies

Wind Integration Studies, Policy Analysis

Voltage Ride Through,

Power Quality


GL Garrad Hassan Industry Participation

• Utility Variable Generation Integration Group (UVIG) • NERC Integration of Variable Generation Task Force

(IVGTF) • IEEE Standards and Working Groups • AWEA Transmission Committee • Regulatory Stakeholder Processes • Wind integration studies - Contribute to study efforts


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Key Interconnection Requirements

• Voltage Ride Through • Turbine Capability Dependent, but • Project Specific Studies required



• Power Factor/Reactive Power Capability


• Can be met with combination of static (e.g. capacitors, reactors) and dynamic (turbines, STATCOM) depending on study results


• Voltage Regulation – Primary, Secondary • Coordinated control of:

• Turbines (power factor or voltage control) • Capacitors/Reactors/STATCOM • Main transformer tap changers



• Inertial Response



• Ramp Rate Control



• Power Quality • Standards • Turbines may be

compliant but plant resonant

• Studies recommended to identify potential issues, but measurements also needed

• Filtering may be required in turbines or substation


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Generator Characteristics


Induction (example: Mitsubishi 1.0 MW)

No dynamic reactive power capability

Resistive slip (example: Vestas previous)

No dynamic capability

Doubly Fed Induction Gen. (ex: GE 1.5 MW)

Full dynamic capability

Full converter (example: Siemens, Enercon)

Full dynamic capability

Generator Characteristics

• First Tier Manufacturers • +/- 0.90 power factor • Full LVRT Capability – but still plant specific studies • Inertial response - not commercially available from all

manufacturers • Robust SCADA with full spectrum options - key to

compliance • All turbines/projects can comply, additional equipment may

be required


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Emerging Standards


NERC • Integration of Variable Generation Task Force 1-3* • Interconnection Requirements for Variable Generation

• Reactive Power and Voltage Control • Performance During and After Disturbances • Active Power Control Capabilities • Harmonics and Subsynchronous Interaction • Models for Facility Interconnection Studies • Communications Between Variable Generation Plants and Grid Operators

• Other IVGTF groups reconciling with existing: FERC 661A, IEEE 1547

* From status report presentation at UWIG workshop Oct 2011

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Portion to be dynamic

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Performance during and after disturbances

Voltage Ride Through

Frequency Ride Through

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Performance During and After Disturbances • High Voltage Ride Through

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Active Power Control • Require curtailment capability, but avoid requirement for excessively fast

response • Require capability to limit rate of increase of power output (ramp rate

control) • Frequency response

• Encourage or mandate reduction of active power in response to high grid frequency (over-frequency governor function)

• Consider requiring capability to provide increased active power in response to grid low frequency (under-frequency governor function)

Emerging Standards


•Ramp rate control • Ramp events are recognized issue in high penetration regions, especially in

island/weak grids • Some ISOs require (up) ramp rate control

• Example: ERCOT: 10% of plant nameplate per minute

Siemens Net Converter Information

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Harmonics and Subsynchronous Interaction • Typically don’t pose risk to grid • More risk to plant • Specific Recommendations

• Request harmonics study • Request SSI study assessing risk and mitigation, if located near series compensated lines

• GL GH already requests as part of due diligence and recommends harmonics measurements

• SSI mitigation responsibility will typically fall on manufacturer to modify controls

NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Harmonics and Subsynchronous Interaction • Typically don’t pose risk to grid • More risk to plant • Specific Recommendations

• Request harmonics study • Request SSI study assessing risk and mitigation, if located near series compensated lines

• GL GH already requests as part of due diligence and recommends harmonics measurements

• SSI mitigation responsibility will typically fall on manufacturer to modify controls

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Models for Interconnection Studies – recommendations: • The detailed dynamic model must be accurate over the frequency range of 0.1 to 5

Hz. Time constants in the model should not be less than 5 ms. • The detailed dynamics model must have been validated against a physical or type

test. • Verification of detailed model performance should be confirmed during

commissioning to the extent possible. The following tests shall be performed: • Primary/secondary voltage control • Low voltage and high voltage ride through • Power factor/reactive power capability • Power ramping and power curtailment

Emerging Standards


NERC – IVGTF proposed requirements • Communications between Plant and Grid Operator • Detailed plant & met data • Grid Op. control of Plant:

• Plant breaker trip command • Voltage order • Max MW (curtailment) • Engage up ramp rate limiter • Engage down ramp rate limiter • Engage frequency control function • Block auto-restart (on/off)

• Turbine SCADA system is key! 24-Hour Prediction on ERCOT Total Wind Power:

November, 2009

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11/1 11/4 11/7 11/10 11/13 11/16 11/19 11/22 11/25 11/28 12/1

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Pow

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GH Forecaster

Actual

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4. Evolving Standards





Operations & Market Mechanisms


Forecasting – Wind is Variable, but Can Be Forecast!



Delta Control •Operate with constant delta below max •Spilling wind – but may allow least cost reg up and spinning reserve

Siemens Net Converter Information



• Improved forecasting and high resolution plant data • Intra-hour markets • Energy Storage • Integrate Demand Management • AGC Development • Expanded/shared balancing area agreement • Transmission!

Questions? Thank You! [email protected]

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wind integration in distribution & transmission networks

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