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Qem

te

m

aom

j Ot kff stkrteh `eakuse gi`kscet`kff. Fem @oks wks

suppgseh tg `e tbe mextLoabkef Dgrhkm. Be wks k stkrpfkyer igr tbe Umoversoty giLkryfkmh kmh tbe rst-rgumhhrkit poac gi tbe @gstgm Aeftoas.

Bos aefe`rktogm gi tbesekaboevelemts feh tg bos hektb

irgl km gverhgse gi pgwheragakome gm Dume ;?, ;?29.

Mg gme agufh bkve prehoateh

tbkt bos hektb wgufh omsporeAgmjress tg arekte sgle gitbe lgst umdust fkws om tbe

Umoteh Qtktes, fekhomj tgkm umpreaehemteh prosgm`ggl om Kleroak.

ZOMMOMJ XBEQEMXEMAOMJ PEIGPLJKLE

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Bgw semtemaomj fkws arekteh gur prosgm arosos@oks hektb jkve Agmjress tbe perieat gppgrtumoty tg kat gm tbe pfkjue

gi agakome kmh vogfemae sweepomj Kleroaks ur`km kreks. Hruj comjpoms

kmh lkdgr hekfers bkh tg e stgppeh kmh heterreh irgl hruj hekfomj wot b

fgmj lkmhktgry lomolul semtemaesrequoreh prosgm terls gi 5, ;>, ;5,

0> yekrs gr evem foie, wboab duhjes agufh mgt hearekse, mg lktter tbe

aoraulstkmaes gi t be akse gr tbe umoquemess gi tbe gemher. Gmfy lgmtbs

`eigre km efeatogm, ot wks k pgpufkr, tgujb gm arole lesskje. Zotbom

weecs, Agmjress wrgte kmh pksseh fejosfktogm igr lkmhktgry lomolul

semtemaes igr kff tbe lkdgr hruj aroles wotbom tbe ieherkf arolomkf

dustoae systel, wot b fottfe resekrab gr agmsuftktogm wotb expert s gm hruj

k`use gr trkfiacomj.

Xbe type kmh klgumt gi hrujs tbe persgm pgssesses kfgme trojjer

lkmhktgry lomo lul hruj semtemaes om tbe ieherkf systel. Igr exklpfe,ve jrkls gi letbklpbetklome ekrms km gemher k ve-yekr semtemae.

Ikatgrs suab ks bos rgfe, fevef gi respgmso`ofoty, mkmaokf jkom irgl tbe

arole gr reksgms igr agllottomj ot (e.j., hruj khhoatogm gr mkmaokf

bkrhsbop) kre orrefevkmt. @eigre lkmhktgry lomoluls, k duhje semtemaeh

ekab persgm omhovohukffy kmh agufh agmsoher kff tbese ikats. Kiter

lkmhktgry lomoluls, tbe lomolul semtemae hepemhs gmfy gm tbe

abkrjewboab prgseautgrs heaohe. Lkmhktgry lomolul semtemaes

eeatovefy trkmsier semtemaomj pgwer irgl duhjes tg prgseautgrs. Xghky,

tbere kre gver ;:> lkmhktgry lomoluls om tbe ieherkf aghe, lgstfy igr

hruj, jum, ollojrktogm, abofh pgrmgjrkpby kmh sex gemses.

Om tbe ;?2>s, Agmjress kfsg kutbgrozeh k set gi `omhomj U.Q. semtemaomj

juohefomes tbkt hemeh semtemae rkmjes igr kff ieherkf arolomkf akses.

Duhjes were requoreh tg igffgw tbese rufes kmh agufh mgt jg k`gve gr

`efgw tbe semtemaes tbey akffeh igr, exaept om rkre aoraulstkmaes.

Agmjress kfsg k`gfosbeh pkrgfe kmh requoreh tbkt kff ieherkf prosgmers

serve kt fekst 25 peraemt gi tbeor semtemaes.

Lkmy stktes igffgweh tbe ieherkf jgvermlemts fekh, arektomj lk mhktgry

lomolul semtemaes kmh semtemaomj juohefomes igr vogfktogms gi tbeor

gwm stkte fkws, pkrtoaufkrfy igr hruj, jum, vogfemt kmh sex aroles.

Zbkt bkppemeh mex t wks mgt surprosom j4 lk mhktgry lom olul prosgm

semtemaes kmh juohefo me systels lekmt lgre pegpfe were semt tg prosgm,

lkmy igr fgmjer tbkm meaesskry, ffomj prosgms kmh omareksomj agsts. Omtbe ;?2>s, tbe ieherkf prosgm pgpufktogm lgre tbkm hgu`feh, irgl 08,>>>

tg 52,>>>. @y 0>;0, ot befh kflgst 00>,>>> prosgmers1: peraemt lgre

tbkm ot wks hesojmeh tg bgfh. Bkfi gi tbel kre hruj gemhers, kmh gver

:5,>>> gi tbel serve lkmhktgry lomo lul semtemaes. Xbe ieherkf prosgm

`uhjet `kffggmeh irgl $58> loffogm om ;?2> tg k prgdeateh $9.:? `offogm

om 0>;;. ^rosgm jrgwtb om tbe stktes bks `eem dust ks expfgsove. Qgle

stktes mgw spemh lgre gm prosgms tbkm tbey hg gm ehuaktogm kmh bkve

foterkffy rum gut gi rggl tg bguse gemhers. Mktogmwohe, tkxpkyers pky

gver $9> `offogm kmmukffy gm prosgms.

Hespote tbe igffy kmh umsustkomk`ofoty gi tbos systel, lkmhktgry lomo-

lul semtemaomj fkws persost, 05 yekrs kiter Fem @oks gverhgse tggc bos

mkf rektbs.

Xbe `est heiemse os k jggh giiemseOm ;??;, O fekrmeh tbkt ly `rgtber, k iorst-tole, mgmvogfemt giiemher

agmvoateh gi jrgwomj lkrodukmk, wgufh serve k lk mhktgry lomolul

semtemae gi ve yekrs om ieherkf prosgm, k semtemae tbe duhje gppgseh. O

igumheh Iklofoes Kjkomst Lkmhktgry Lomoluls (IKLL) kmh ejkm

wbkt bks `eagle k 0;-yekr aruskhe tg reigrl tbese umdust fkws. Ks gi

0>;0, IKLLs suaaesses bkve emeteh gver ;:5,>>> pegpfe, ut luabwgrc relkoms tg `e hgme.

OX ZOFF XKCE ^FK_EPQGM KFF QOHEQ GI XBE

KOQFE ZGPCOMJXGJEXBEP XG ZOMXBE QEMXEMAOMJPEIGPL JKLE.

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LKM_FGZ-FEYEF,IOPQX-XOLE,

MGMYOGFEMXGIIEMHEPQZEPE PEAEOYOMJBKPQBLKMHKXGP_LOMOLUL

QEMXEMAEQ.

Xbe skiety vkfve

@y tbe ;??>s, lkmy fgw-fevef, rst-tole, mgmvogfemt gemherspkrtoaufkrfy

tbgse wbg were jorfiroemhs gr woves gi hruj hekferswere reaeovomj bkrsb

lkmhktgry lomolul semtemaes. @eigre ;??8, tbe gmfy wky gut gi k

lkmhktgry lomolul wks tg jove su`stkmtokf kssostkmaegr smotab

gm gtberstg tbe prgseautgr. Oi tbe persgm wks tgg slkff k pfkyer om tbe

gemse tg bkve vkfuk`fe omigrlktogm tg exabkmje igr k sbgrter semtemae,

be wks solpfy gut gi fuac.

Om ;??8, kt IKLLs urjomj, Agmjress arekteh k mew exaeptogm tg lkmhktgry

lomolul hruj semtemaes, tbe skiety vkfve. Xbos reigrl kffgws ieherkf

hruj gemhers tg `e semtemaeh `efgw tbe lkmhktgry lomolul semtemae

oi (;) tbe gemse wks mgmvogfemt, (0) tbe persgm hoh mgt pfky k fekhersbop

rgfe om tbe gemse, (1) tbe persgm hoh mgt pgssess gr use k jum, (8) tbe persgm

bks k very lomgr arolomkf bostgry, kmh (5) tbe persgm joves tbe prgseautogmkmy omigrlktogm tbey bkve pertkomomj tg tbe arole. Ks gi 0>;0, tbe skiety

vkfve bks `emeteh gver :?,>>> ieherkf hruj gemhers.

Zbofe skiety vk fves hg mgt efolom kte lk mhktgry l omoluls, tbey akm

akrve gut jemergus exaeptogms kmh mkrrgw tbeor agverkje agmsoherk`fy.

IKLL agmtomues tg urje Agmjress kmh stkte fejosfktures tg pkss skiety

vkfves igr kff aroles akrryomj lkmhktgry lomolul semtemaes.

Umoteh Qtktes v. @ggcer

Om 0>>5, tbe U.Q. Quprele Agurt ossueh k heaosogm om Umoteh Qtktes v. @ggcer,

mhomj tbkt t be U.Q. semtemaomj juohefomes vogfkteh tbe Agmstotutogm. Xbe

Agurts sgfutogm wks tg lkce tbe juohefomes khvosgry omstekh gi lkmhktgry.

Kiter@ggcer, duhjes stoff lust agmsoher tbe juohefomes, `ut tbey akm hevokte

irgl tbe semtemaes tbey akff igr wbemever ot os meaesskry tg rekab k ikor

pumosblemt.@ggcer, om wboab IKLL pkrtoaopkteh, fets ieherkf duhjes hg

wbkt tbey hg est4 tkofgr semtemaes tg tbe umoque aroles kmh omhovohukfs

stkmhomj `eigre tbel. Umigrtumktefy, ot hoh mgt kiieat tbe lkmhktgry

semtemaomj stktute kt kff, gmfy tbe semtemaomj juohefomes. rgseautgrs kmh

sgle lel`ers gi Agmjress krjue tbkt tbe juohefomes sbgufh e lkmhktgry

gmae kjkom. IKLL gppgses tbos. Lkmhktgry semtemaomj juohefomes, dust

foce lkmhktgry lomo lul semtemaes, heprove duhjes gi tbe ffexo`ofoty kmh

pgwer tbey meeh tg lkce pumosblemts t om ekab akse.

Arkac agakome reigrls

Umtof 0>;>, ieherkf fkw requoreh luab stoiier lkmhktgry lomolul

semtemaes igr arkac agakome aroles tbkm igr pgwher agakome gemses,

hespote tbe ikat tbkt tbe twg hrujs kre tbe skle. Gmfy ve jrkls gi arkac

agakome trojjereh k ve-yekr lkmhktgry lomolul semtemae3 ot tggc 5>>

jrkls gi pgwher agakome tg jkr mer tbe skle terl. Lgre tbkm 2> peraemt

gi tbgse agmvoateh gi ieherkf arkac gemses were Kiroakm Kleroakm3

tbgse agmvoateh igr pgwher agakome aroles temheh tg `e wbote gr Fktomg,

hespote solofkr pktterms gi hruj uskje klgmj kff rkaes. Xbos rkaokf

hospkroty, kfgmj wotb tbe umdustoeh hoeremae `etweem tbe hrujs kt

semtemaomj, feh tg k lomgr juohefome reigrl om 0>>:. Ot fgwereh ieherkfarkac semtemaes y km kverkje gi ;5 lgmtbs kmh wks kppfoeh retrgkatovefy

tg jove evem `ojjer semtemae rehuatogms tg ;9,5>> arkac gemhers wbg

were kfrekhy om prosgm.

Qem

tem

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j

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Om 0>;>, umher refemtfess pressure irgl IKLL kmh gtber jrgups, Agmjress

pksseh tbe Ikor Qemtemaomj Kat, iurtber mkrrgwomj tbe semtemaomj jkp

`etweem arkac kmh pgwher agakome. Xbe mew fkw kfsg repekfeh tbe ve-yekr

lkmhktgry lomolul semtemae igr solpfe pgssessogm gi arkac agako metbe

rst repekf gi k ieherkf lkmhktgry lomolul somae ;?:>. Xbree tbguskmhieherkf gemhers woff emet irgl tbe Ikor Qemtemaomj Kats reigrls ekab

yekr. Iurtber reigrls fgwereh arkac semtemaomj juohefomes kmh were kppfoeh

retrgkatovefy, lkcomj gver ;0,>>> ieherkf prosgmers efojo`fe igr semtemae

rehuatogms kverkjomj 19 lgmtbs. Xbe 0>>: kmh 0>;> arkac semtemaomj

reigrls agufh skve tkxpkyers gver twg `offogm hgffkrs.

Qtkte reigrls

Kargss tbe agumtry, stktes ks vk roeh ks Loabojk m, Mew _grc, Mew Dersey,

Pbghe Osfkmh, Qgutb Akrgfomk, Lksskabusetts, Xexks, kmh Lommesgtk

bkve sfgwfy `ejum repekfomj gr sakfomj `kac tbeor gwm lkmhktgry

lomolul semtemaomj sabeles. Peigrls omafuhe arektomj skiety vkfves,

repekfomj lkmhktgry lo moluls igr mgmvogfemt aroles, omareksomj pkrgfe

efojo`ofoty kmh arektomj hruj agurt prgjrkls ks km kftermktove tg prosgm

igr gemhers wbg meeh hruj trektlemt. Xbe 0>>2 reaessogm prghuaeh

severe `uhjet sbgrtikffs kmh heaots igr lkmy stktes, igraomj jgvermgrs

kmh fkwlkcers tg rekssess wbetber lkmhktgry lomo lul semtemaes kre

k wose pgfoay.

Xbe `est giiemse os k jggh heiemseZbo fe prg jres s b ks `eem lkhe, tgtk f v oatgry relko ms efusove. Lkmy

fkwlkcers stoff `efoeve ot os jggh pgfotoas tg `e tgujb gm arole rktbertbkm usomj semtemaes tbkt kre ikor, omhovohukfozeh kmh slkrt gm arole.

Bojb-prgfe aroles kre k lkjmet igr lkmhktgry lomolul semtemaes,

kmh tghky tbere kre lkmy gi tbel4 offejkf ollojrktogm, ohemtoty tbeit,

abofh pgrmgjrkpby pgssessogm, wbote agffkr gemses kmh sex gemses.

Igr IKLL, tbos lekms we agmtomukffy wgrc tg gppgse mew lkmhktgry

lomolul semtemaes ks weff ks repekf gfh gmes.

Iomhomj mew tekllkteskmh mew bgpe@romjomj lgre khvgaktespkrtoaufk rfy agmservktove gmesomtg tbe jbt

os essemtokf igr reigrlomj lkmhktgry lomolul fkws. Lkmhktgry lomolul

reigrl os mgt k fo`erkf gr k agmservktove ossue. Ot os km ossue t bkt keats

loffogms gi Kleroakm iklo foes kmh tkxpkyers. Xbe fkst 1> yekrs bkve prgvem

tbkt lkmhktgry lomoluls agst lgre`gtb om hgffkrs kmh om bulkm

fovestbkm tbey kre wgrtb. Ot woff tkce pfkyers gm kff sohes gi tbe kosfe

wgrcomj tgjetber tg wom tbe semtemaomj reigrl jkle.

Dufoe Qtewkrt

^PEQOHEMX

IKLOFOEQ KJKOMQX

LKMHKXGP_ LOMOLULQ

K@GUX XBE KUXBGP

Dufoe Qtewkrt os tbe presohemt kmh igumher gi IKLL

(Iklofoes Kjkomst Lkmhktgry Lomoluls), k mgmprgt,

mgmpkrtoskm grjkmozktogm jbtomj igr ikor kmh prgpgr-

togmkte semtemaomj fkws tbkt kffgw duhoaokf hosaretogmwbofe lkomtkomomj pu`foa skiety.

Om ;??>, Dufoe wks wgrcomj ks pu`foa

kiikors horeatgr kt tbe Aktg Omstotute

wbem sbe eakle kwkre gi lkmhktgry

semtemaomj fkws. Ber rgtber bkh eem

krresteh igr jrgwomj lkrodukmk om Zksbomjtgm Qtkte,

bkh pfeh juofty, kmhtbgujb tbos wks bos rst giiemse

bkh eem semtemaeh y k duhje tg ve yekrs om ieherkf

prosgm wotbgut pkrgfe. Xbe duhje arotoaozeh tbe pumosb-lemt ks tgg bkrsb, `ut prgaeeheh wotb tbe semtemae

`eakuse tbe lkmhktgry lomolul fkw feit bol mg abgoae.

Dufoe os km eiieatove kmh pkssogmkte khvgakte igr IKLL

kmh semtemaomj reigrl. Qbe bks testoeh luftopfe toles

`eigre Agmjress kmh tbe U.Q. Qemtemaomj Agllossogm

k`gut lkmhktgry semtemaes kmh prosgm gverargwhomj.

Qbe bks he`kteh kmh hosausseh lkmhktgry lomolul

semtemaes gm lkmy mktogmkf tefevosogm metwgrcs,

omafuhomj Igx Mews, K@A Mews, A@Q Mews, AMM Mews,

M@A Mews, ^@Q Mews, LXY, kmh gm mulergus rkhogkmh fgakf tefevosogm prgjrkls tbrgujbgut tbe agumtry.

Om 0>;0, Dufoe kppekreh om Xbe Bguse O Fove Om, km kwkrh-

wommomj hgaulemtkry fl k`gut tbe hruj wkr.

Dufoes wgrc tg reigrl lkmhktgry semtemaomj fkws

bks `eem bgmgreh wotb lkmy kwkrhs omafuhomj tbe

Xbglks Qzksz Kwkrh igr Gutstkmhomj Agmtro`utogms

tg tbe Akuse gi Aovof Fo`ertoes, tbe Abklpogm gi Dustoae

Kwkrh irgl tbe Mktogmkf Kssgaoktogm gi Arolomkf

Heiemse Fkwyers, tbe Fekhersbop igr k Abkmjomj

Zgrfh kwkrh irgl tbe Igrh Igumhktogm, kmh tbe Aotozem

Katovost Kwkrh irgl tbe Jfeotslkm Igumhktogm.

:?