WINTER DRIVING

• Adverse Weather Conditions

• Prevention of Cold weather Injuries

• Preventive Maintenance

• Driving Techniques

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

• FREEZING RAIN

• BLACK ICE

• FOG

• SNOW

OPERATING ON SNOW AND ICE

• START DRIVING IN SECOND OR THIRD GEAR RATHER THAN FIRST OR LOW, AND ACCELERATE NO MORE THAN NECESSARY TO KEEP FROM STALLING.

* AVOID QUICK ACCELERATION ON SLICK ROADS. IT WILL CAUSE YOU TO SKID.

FRESH SNOW MAY CONCEAL AN ICY ROAD SURFACE.

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... RAINS

DRIZZLE OR LIGHT RAINS - EXPECT:

FREEZING RAINS - EXPECT:

VISIBILITY RESTRICTION SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCES HIGH PROBABILITY OF SKIDS

HEAVY RAINS OR DOWNPOURS - EXPECT:

POOR VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR VISIBILITY LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING ACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

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ICE IS WATER SUBSTANCE IN A SOLID FORM - EXPECT:

SNOW IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL ICE CRYSTALS - EXPECT:

FROST IS A COVERING OF MINUTE ICE CRYSTALS ON A COLD SURFACE - EXPECT:

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... ICE ...

REDUCED TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

SLIPPERY SURFACES REDUCED TRACTION POOR VISIBILITY - WINDSHIELD INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

REDUCED VISIBILITY REDUCED TRACTION REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCES

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ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... ICE ...

HAIL IS PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF SMALL BALLS OR LUMPS CONSISTING OF CLEAR ICE OR COMPACT SNOW - EXPECT:

WINDSHIELD ICING MAY OCCUR ANYTIME THE TEMPERATURE IS LOW ENOUGH AND THERE IS MOISTURE PRESENT - EXPECT REDUCED OR NO FORWARD VISIBILITY THROUGH THE WINDSHIELD

POSSIBLE SURFACE DAMAGE TO THE VEHICLE POSSIBILITY OF BROKEN WINDOWS

SLEET IS FROZEN OR PARTLY FROZEN RAIN - EXPECT:

SLIPPERY SURFACES POOR TRACTION INCREASED BRAKING DISTANCE REDUCED DIRECTIONAL CONTROL

LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

BLACK ICE IS A THIN SHEET OF ICE, DARK IN APPEARANCE - EXPECT:

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GLAZE (CLEAR) ICE IS A DEPOSIT OF ICE FORMED BY FREEZING OF RAINDROPS ON SURFACES THAT ARE AT OR BELOW FREEZING (32 DEGREES F) - EXPECT:

ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS

... ICE

• FROST HEAVING IS THE UNEVEN LIFTING AND DISTORTION OF THE GROUND CLOSE TO THE SURFACE - EXPECT UNEVEN DRIVING SURFACES

LITTLE TO NO TRACTION LITTLE TO NO BRAKING CAPABILITY EXTREMELY POOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL HIGH POSSIBILITY OF SKIDS

WHEN FOG ON MOUNTAIN

BE ALERT AND DRIVE SLOWLY

TURN LIGHTS ON

MORE...

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BLACK ICE

DANGEROUS BECAUSE YOU CAN’T SEE IT!

COMMON AREAS YOU FIND IT

1. Bridges/Overpasses

2. Shaded areas

BLACK ICEREACTION

DO NOT PANIC!

MAKE NO SUDDEN CHANGES IN SPEED OR DIRECTION!

EASE OFF ACCELERATOR!

STEER IN DIRECTION THAT THE REAR OF THE VEHICLE IS SKIDDING!

FOG

WHEN DRIVING IN FOG, USE LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS

STOP, OFF THE ROADWAY, AND WAIT

FOG

COLD INJURY PREVENTION

TYPES OF COLD WEATHER INJURIES

• Chilblains• Immersion Foot• Trench Foot• Frost Bite• Hypothermia

• Snow Blindness• Carbon Monoxide

Poisoning• Dehydration• Heat Exhaustion

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORS

1. Previous Cold Weather Injury

2. Fatigue

3. Race and Geographic Origin

4. Nutrition: 3000 to 4000 calories

5. Overactive or Immobile

SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTORSCont.

6. Alcohol, Drugs, or Tobacco

7. Exposed Situation: Guard Duty, Sleeping Areas, Vehicles

8. Wind Velocity

9. Temperature of Exposure

10. Duration of Exposure

USE OF ACRONYM C.O.L.D.

a. C = keep it clean

b. O = avoid overheating

c. L = wear it in loose layers.

d. D = keep it dry.

CHILBLAINS

Inflammatory swelling or sore, usually

below 50 degrees F with high humidity.

CHILBLAINS1. Symptoms

• Pale and colorless

• Upon re-warming, red in color

• Hot, tender, and itchy

• Skin may blister

CHILBLAINS2. First Aid

• Mild Case: Warm and dry gently

• Severe Case: Dry sterile dressing and protect from further exposure

CHILBLAIN3. Prevention

• Protect exposed areas with adequate clothing

• Use the “Buddy System”

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT

Results from prolonged exposure of skin

to cold or wet conditions, usually at 50

degrees F or colder

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT

1. Symptoms

• Cold toes and feet

• Swollen

• Discolored

• Waxy and numb

• Blisters may develop

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT

2. First Aid

• Dry feet carefully

• Apply foot powder

• Clean and wrap loosely

• Do Not break blisters

• Evacuate to nearest medical facility

TRENCH/IMMERSION FOOT

3. Prevention

• Keep feet dry

• Avoid tight boots

• Exercise feet and legs

• Wear proper clothing

FROSTBITE

Freezing of tissue or moisture in the skin due to exposure to temperatures below

32 degrees F

FROSTBITE1. Symptoms

• Loss of sensation or numb feeling

• Sudden blanching of the skin, followed by tingling feeling

• Redness of skin in light-skinned people Grayish color in dark-skinned people

FROSTBITESymptoms cont.

• Blisters may develop: 24-36 hours (superficial) 12-30 (deep)

• Swelling or tender areas

• Loss of previous sensation of pain in affected areas

• Pale, yellowish, waxy looking skin

• Frozen tissue, solid to the touch

FROSTBITE2. First Aid

• Protect injury from further cold

• Move casualty to warm area

• Warm affected area evenly with body heat

• Improve circulation by exercise

• Remove constricting clothing and jewelry

• Reassure the casualty

FROSTBITEFirst Aid cont.

• Do Not rub the affected area with snow

• Do Not re-warm the affected area by massaging or exposing to open flame

• Do Not allow the casualty to walk if feet are frozen

• Do Not attempt to thaw seriously frozen areas

FROSTBITE3. Prevention

• Eat properly and often

• Wear clothing properly

• Avoid direct skin exposure

• Do Not stay inactive for long periods

• Use the “buddy system” to check exposed areas

HYPOTHERMIA

Medical term for lowered core body temperature, caused by exposure to

cold. Aggravated by wet conditions.

HYPOTHERMIA1. Symptoms

• Pale skin

• Dizziness

• Drowsiness

• Disoriented

• Slurred speech

• Stumbling

• Mind dimmed

HYPOTHERMIASymptoms cont.

• Body slows down

• Exercise tires you quicker

• Casualty stops shivering

• Person wants to lay down and sleep

• Pulse is faint or undetectable

• Unconsciousness

• DEATH

HYPOTHERMIA2. First Aid

• Re-warm body evenly and without delay

• Keep dry and protect from elements

• Give food and warm liquids to produce body heat

• Do not massage casualty

• Do not give casualty alcohol

HYPOTHERMIAFirst Aid (Severe)

• Evacuate immediately

• Avoid further heat loss

• Handle gently

• Stabilize temperature

HYPOTHERMIA3. Prevention

• Eat properly and often

• Dress in layers

• Drink plenty of water

• Stay physically fit

• Keep active

• Stay dry

SNOW BLINDNESS

Inflammation and sensitivity caused by exposure of the eyes to ultraviolet light

rays reflected by the snow or ice

SNOW BLINDNESS1. Symptoms

• Feeling of grit or sand in eyes

• Pain in and over the eyes

• Watering and redness of the eyes

• Headache

SNOW BLINDNESS2. First Aid

• Instruct casualty not to move his/her eyes

• Protect eyes with bandages or sunglasses

• Seek medical attention

SNOW BLINDNESS3. Prevention

• Wear sunglasses

• Use improvised sunglasses

• Don’t wait until discomfort begins to wear sunglasses

CARBON MONOXIDE

Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Created by incomplete combustion.

CARBON MONOXIDE1. Symptoms

• Headache, nausea, dimmed vision, dizziness, and chest pain

• Symptoms may or may not give warning prior to collapse

• Skin turns cherry red

CARBON MONOXIDE2. First Aid

• Move casualty to fresh air

• Artificial respiration if necessary

• Keep warm and allow the casualty to rest

CARBON MONOXIDE3. Prevention

• Assure proper ventilation

• Don’t use unvented engines or equipment

ClothingCold-Weather System Principles

• INSULATE

• LAYER

• VENTILATE

ClothingExtended Cold-Weather Clothing System

• First Layer-Polypropylene undershirt and shorts

• Second Layer-Synthetic Fiber Pile shirt and polyester trouser liners

• Third Light jacket and over-trousers

ClothingCont.

• Fourth Layer-Windproof, waterproof parka and trousers

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

ENSURE WINTERIZATION OF ALL VEHICLES

DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER OPERATION MAINTENANCE IAW APPLICABLE TM

DO DRAIN ALL AIR TANKS AT THE END OF DAY

KEEP ALL FUEL TANKS FULL TO KEEP MOISTURE FROM CONDENSING INSIDE FUEL LINES AND TANKS

TIRESTIRES

COOLING COOLING SYSTEMSYSTEM

BATTERIESBATTERIES

EXHAUST EXHAUST SYSTEMSYSTEM

WIPERS WIPERS

LIGHTS LIGHTS

FLUID LEVELSFLUID LEVELS

HEATERS/DEFROSTERS HEATERS/DEFROSTERS

PERSONAL GEARPERSONAL GEAR

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• PROPER MAINTENANCE HABITS ARE EVEN MORE CRITICAL IN COLD WEATHER.

• ANTIFREEZE/COOLANT SHOULD BE CHECKED AT REGULAR INTERVALS, OR , AT LEAST TWICE PER YEAR. (SPRING/FALL)

• ENSURE WINDSHIELD WASHER AND, IF APPLICABLE, ALCOHOL BOTTLES ARE REPLENISHED.

MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• ON BRIEF HALTS DURING EXTREMELY COLD WEATHER, LET THE ENGINE RUN AT A FAST IDLE SO THAT THE AMMETER SHOWS A CHARGE.

WHY!* BURNS FUEL BETTER

* MAINTAINS EVEN ENGINE TEMPERATURE

MORE PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• WHEN PERFORMING MAINTENANCE, DO NOT TOUCH METAL WITH YOUR BARE HANDS.

• WHEN CLIMBING ON VEHICLES, USE EXTREME CAUTION. REMEMBER, THREE POINTS OF CONTACT.

Cold Hard Facts

• Adjust to Conditions

• Hills and Grades

• Following Distance

• Steering

• Skids

DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES

• COMMUNICATION

• MANAGE SPEED

• SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

• DRIVING SPACE

COMMUNICATION

... LET OTHERS KNOW WHERE YOU ARE

LET OTHERS KNOW WHAT YOU PLAN TO DO

• USE HEADLIGHTS, BRAKE LIGHTS, AND TURN SIGNALS

• USE HORN

• POSITION YOUR VEHICLE SO IT CAN BE SEEN

• USE EMERGENCY SIGNALS

• USE EMERGENCY HAZARD SIGNALS (4-WAYS)

• SIGNAL CHANGE OF DIRECTION

• SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING/STOPPING

FLARES

WARNING TRIANGLES

COMMUNICATION

... USING HEADLIGHTS

• ON RAINY, SNOWY, OR FOGGY DAYS

GRAY DAYS

WHEN USING WINDSHIELD WIPERS

• PRIOR TO DARKNESS

• TO COMMUNICATE A HAZARD

• WHENEVER IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE

• WHEN MOVING AND LIGHTS ARE NECESSARY

• TO GET ATTENTION

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COMMUNICATION... USING HORN

• TO GIVE WARNING ONLY

• A LIGHT TAP IF NO IMMEDIATE DANGER WHEN:

SOMEONE IS WALKING CLOSE TO ROAD OR ON A BIKE

PASSING (AS A WARNING)

• USE SHARP BLAST WHEN REAL DANGER EXISTS, SUCH AS:

CHILD RUNNING INTO STREET

IN DANGER OF BEING HIT

APPROACHING INATTENTIVE DRIVER

HAVING TROUBLE SEEING AHEAD

LOST CONTROL OF VEHICLE

COMMUNICATION

... KEEP YOUR VEHICLE WHERE IT CAN BE SEEN

• AVOID DRIVING IN VEHICLE "BLIND SPOTS"

• GET THROUGH BLIND SPOTS QUICKLY

COMMUNICATION

... USING EMERGENCY SIGNALS

• EMERGENCY STOPS

OFF THE ROAD, OUT OF TRAFFIC

TURN ON 4-WAYS

LIFT THE HOOD & TIE WHITE CLOTH TO DOOR HANDLE

IF NO WARNING DEVICES, GIVE HAND WARNING

• ALSO USE 4-WAY FLASHERS WHEN:

UNLOADING

IF IN TRAFFIC, STOP WHERE YOU CAN BE SEEN

GIVE WARNING (FLARES AND/OR WARNING TRIANGLES)

AT ACCIDENT SCENE

DRIVING SLOW

DO NOT DO MAINTENANCE IN TRAFFIC

COMMUNICATION... SIGNAL WHEN CHANGING DIRECTION

USE TURN SIGNALS BEFORE:

CHANGING LANES

PASSING

TURNING AT AN INTERSECTION

PULLING OVER TO THE SIDE OF THE ROAD

APPROACHING A PARALLEL PARKING PLACE

RULES FOR SIGNALING DIRECTION CHANGES

ENTERING/LEAVING A FREEWAY

PULLING AWAY FROM A CURB

SIGNAL AS A HABIT

SIGNAL EARLY

MERGING INTO TRAFFIC

SIGNAL AFTER INTERSECTION, PRIOR TO TURN

ENSURE SIGNAL IS OFF AFTER TURNING

COMMUNICATION

... SIGNAL WHEN SLOWING OR STOPPING

• LIGHTLY TAP BRAKE PEDAL - TO FLASH BRAKE LIGHTS - TO

STOPPING AT A PLACE THAT IS UNEXPECTED

SLOWING BECAUSE OF NO DECELERATION LANE

TURNING INTO A DRIVEWAY (PRIOR TO INTERSECTION)

AVOID SOMETHING IN THE ROAD AHEAD

INDICATE:

MANAGE SPEED

WHAT IS SPEEDING? SPEEDING IS:

• EXCEEDING THE LEGAL OR POSTED SPEED LIMIT

• DRIVING TOO FAST FOR CONDITIONS

YOU SLOW DOWN

MANAGE SPEED

... CONDITIONS AFFECTING SAFE SPEED TRACTION:

MEANS TIRE'S GRIP ON THE ROAD

DECREASED TRACTION = INCREASED STOPPING DISTANCE

STOP WITHIN SEEING DISTANCE

VISIBILITY:

ADJUST SPEED TO VISIBILITY CONDITIONS

TRAFFIC CONDITIONS:

MAINTAIN SAFE SPACE CUSHION

ADJUST SPEED TO VOLUME AND FLOW

ROAD CHARACTERISTICS

SHAPE AFFECTS TRACTION AND VISIBILITY

ADJUST SPEED FOR CURVES AND HILLS

ADJUST SPEED FOR DECREASED TRACTION

MANAGE SPEED

... SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE

• PERCEPTION DISTANCE

ABOUT 3/4 SECOND

AT 55 MPH = 60 FEET

AT 55 MPH = ADDED 60 FEET

ABOUT 3/4 SECOND

• BRAKING DISTANCE

AT 55 MPH - ABOUT 4 1/2 SECONDS

OR ABOUT 150 FEET AT 55 MPH

• = TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE

AT 55 MPH = ABOUT 6 SECONDS

= ABOUT 270 FEET (300 FEET = FOOTBALL FIELD)

• REACTION DISTANCE

MANAGE SPEED

... EFFECT OF SPEED ON STOPPING DISTANCE

• DOUBLE SPEED = FOUR TIMES STOPPING DISTANCE

• SLOW DOWN = REDUCED BRAKING DISTANCE

• CONDITIONS = SLOW DOWN

• STOP WITHIN DISTANCE YOU CAN SEE

• AT NIGHT - LOW BEAMS = SLOW DOWN

SPEED AND TRAFFIC FLOW

• SAFE SPEED = SPEED OF TRAFFIC

• SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE

• FASTER SPEEDS = CRASH OR FATIGUE

• SAFEST IS LEGAL SPEED OF OTHER VEHICLES

SPEED AND DISTANCE AHEAD

MANAGE SPEED

... MATCHING SPEED TO THE ROAD SURFACE...

• TRACTION = STEERING AND BRAKING

• TRACTION = FRICTION

• REDUCED TRACTION = LOWER SPEEDS:

WET ROADS - REDUCE SPEED BY ONE THIRD

WET ROADS = DOUBLE STOPPING DISTANCE

PACKED SNOW - REDUCE SPEED BY HALF OR MORE

ICE - STOP ASAP

SLIPPERY ROADS = TURNING/STOPPING

MANAGE SPEED

...MATCHING SPEED TO ROAD SURFACE

SLIPPERY ROADS

SHADY AREAS

BRIDGES

VEHICLE ICING

BLACK ICE

RAINS

HYDROPLANING

MELTING ICE

MANAGE SPEED

... SPEED AND CURVES

• ADJUST SPEED

• TAKING A CURVE TOO FAST =

WHEELS LOSE TRACTION - STRAIGHT AHEAD

BRAKING = SKID

• SLOW DOWN BEFORE CURVE

EXIT RAMPS ARE CURVED

– SLOW TO RIGHT SPEED

– BE READY TO STOP AT BOTTOM OF EXIT

WHEELS KEEP TRACTION - ROLL OVER

FOLLOWING DISTANCE

THREE TO ELEVEN TIMES MORE DISTANCE IS REQUIRED TO STOP A VEHICLE ON PAVEMENT COVERED WITH ICE OR SNOW.

100

100 5OO METERS

IDEAL ROAD CONDITIONS

POOR ROAD CONDITION

T T T T

37 37 37 37

T

66-10

AM GENERAL

T T T T

37 37 37 37

T

66-10

AM GENERAL

6 SECONDS6 SECONDS

4 SECONDS4 SECONDS

HILLS AND GRADES

When approaching a hill or upgrade / downgrade remember to do the following:

1. Select the proper gear before approaching, usually a lower gear.2. Use the same gear going down that you used going up. This will allow the engine to act as a brake, so you will not have to use your brake excessively.* On steep or very slippery grades, use at least one gear lower, and go slower *

SKIDS

Result from unexpected forces:

1. Black Ice2. Driving to fast for conditions3. Sudden steering corrections or braking4. Sudden accelerations

SKIDS CONTINUED

If your vehicle begins to skids, take the following actions:

1. Front end skids - Release the brake and let the front wheels roll freely to regain traction and steering control.2. Rear end skids - Take foot off of accelerator and turn wheels in the direction that the rear of the vehicle is skidding, and pump brakes lightly.

15 DEG.

Brake before the turn, not in the turn Brake before the turn, not in the turn accelerate smoothly and slowly. accelerate smoothly and slowly. Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the Decelerate slowly, and ease up on the brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and brakes. Make smooth gear shifts and clutch engagements. Steer in the clutch engagements. Steer in the opposite direction the trailer is skidding, opposite direction the trailer is skidding, while pumping the brakes lightly. while pumping the brakes lightly.

VEHICLEVEHICLE JACKKNIFE JACKKNIFE PREVENTIONPREVENTION

15 DEG.

VEHICLEVEHICLE JACKKNIFE JACKKNIFE

A JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THEA JACKKNIFE OCCURS WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTORANGLE BETWEEN THE TRACTORAND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT AND TRAILER GETS TO A POINT WHERE IT CANT’T BE STRAIGHTENEDWHERE IT CANT’T BE STRAIGHTENEDOUT BY THE DRIVER.OUT BY THE DRIVER.

RISK ASSESSMENT

• EXPERIENCE– LIVING ENVIRONMENT

– YEARS AND MILES DRIVEN

– SITUATIONS

• ROAD CONDITIONS– RED

– AMBER

– GREEN

OH DARN!I SHOULD HAVE DONEA RISKASSESSMENT !

WINTER BAG

Minimum Requirements

1. Wet Weather Gear2. Over Shoes

3. Blanket4. Wet Weather Bag5.Field/Gortex Jacket

6. Gloves with Inserts

CHAINSCHAINS GIVE A GOOD BITE IN SNOW OR MUD BUT TEND TO SLIDE AND SLIP ON ICE AND PACKED SNOW.

oh no!He should have

went to the

chain class!

CHAINS

Before execution of the mission, the following checks should be made:1. Ensure vehicle is equipped with snow chains.2. Snow chains are serviceable, and in good condition.3. Leadership will ensure the driver has a working knowledge of how to properly apply snow chains

ENSURE MILITARY AND PRIVATELY OWENED VEHICLES HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR THE

WINTER MONTHS AHEAD…

•BATTERIES

•ANTIFREEZE

•CRACKED WINDSHIELDS

•EXHAUST SYSTEM

•HEATER / DEFROSTER

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Windows cleared 360

Adjust speed for road conditions

Bridges freeze before roadways

Proper tires all weather / mud & snow

Know your abilities

WINTER DRIVING HAZARDS

Ice, frost, and snow on bridges and overpasses

Poorly marked state and county highways

Drifting snow

Poor visibility

Carbon monoxide

Poor traction

High water at river crossings

Slippery roads caused by wet leaves

VEHICLE OCCUPANT SAFETY

Seat belts properly worn by all passengers.

Use of approved child safety seats.

Infants not seated in front seats of vehicles with

Passenger air bags.

POV WINTER DRIVING CHECKLIST

Winterize your car, and always check your equipmentIce ScraperExhaust system tightAntifreezeCheck all fluid levelsBattery chargedMap

Lights operational and cleanWiper blades serviceable and clean

Properly inflated tires, with sufficient treadHeater/defroster working properlyBrakes checked for wearWindshield and mirrors clean and serviceable

WINTER SURVIVAL KIT

Flashlight Bag of Kitty litter/sandNon perishable FoodShovelBlanket

Warm Clothes

Water

Jumper CablesTire Chains

Tow rope

SUMMARY

• Cold weather greatly affects the operating performance of your equipment.

• Winter weather presents unique hazards, i.e.. snow, slush, ice, black ice, etc...

• Drivers must continually train and gain experience for safe winter driving.

• SLOW DOWN!

• INCREASE INTERVALS!