wipl-d pro cad user's manual

7/22/2019 WIPL-D Pro CAD User's Manual

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WIPL-D Pro CAD 2012

Users Manual

Copyright 2012 WIPL-D d.o.o


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Table of Contents i

Table of Contents

1. Introduction.......................................................................................1-1

1.1. WIPL-D Pro CAD Overview....................................................1-1

1.2. Main Menu and Toolbars .........................................................1-2

1.3. 3D View ...................................................................................1-41.4. Project Tree ..............................................................................1-4

1.5. Important Definitions ...............................................................1-6

1.5.1. Model Parts ....................................................................1-6

1.5.2. Types of Bodies..............................................................1-7

2. Quick Tour ........................................................................................2-1

2.1. Example1: Horn Antenna with Reflector .................................2-1

2.1.1. Configuring the Model ...................................................2-1

2.1.1.1. Open WIPL-D Pro CAD..................................2-1

2.1.1.2. Open and Save a New Project .........................2-22.1.1.3. Set the Drawing Units......................................2-2

2.1.1.4. EM Settings .....................................................2-3

2.1.1.5. Define Frequency Range of the Analysis ........2-4

2.1.1.6. Defining the Symbols ......................................2-4

2.1.2. Drawing the Model ........................................................2-5

2.1.2.1. Horn Antenna ..................................................2-52.1.2.2. Reflector ..........................................................2-9

2.1.2.3. Quarter Model ...............................................2-10

2.1.3. Assigning the Excitation ..............................................2-112.1.4. Simulation Settings ......................................................2-12

2.1.4.1. Symmetry Options Set Up.............................2-122.1.4.2. Simulation Options........................................2-13

2.1.4.3. Setting the Output Results .............................2-13

2.1.4.4. Mesh Settings ................................................2-14

2.1.5. Run the Analysis ..........................................................2-15

2.1.6. Viewing the Results .....................................................2-16

2.2. Example 2: Patch Antenna Fed by Coaxial Cable ..................2-17

2.2.1. Configuring the Model .................................................2-18


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ii Table of Contents WIPL-D Pro CAD

2.2.2. Drawing the Model.......................................................2-20

2.2.3. Assigning the Excitation ..............................................2-22

2.2.4. Define Wire-to-Plate Junction......................................2-23

2.2.5. Assigning the Domains ................................................2-242.2.6. Half Model ...................................................................2-26

2.2.7. Simulation Settings ......................................................2-272.2.8. Viewing the Results .....................................................2-28

3. Preview of the Model ........................................................................3-1

3.1. Viewing the Model ...................................................................3-1

3.1.1. Orbit, Pan and Zoom ......................................................3-13.1.2. Coordinate Projection.....................................................3-3

3.1.3. Cutting Planes ................................................................3-3

3.1.4. Transparency and Hide...................................................3-4

3.1.5. Show Vertices ................................................................3-5

3.1.6. Show Curves as Wires....................................................3-63.1.7. Paint Model by Domains................................................3-6

3.1.8. Visible Domains.............................................................3-7

3.1.9. Mark Entities..................................................................3-7

3.1.10. Symmetry Visualization .................................................3-8

3.1.11. Output Settings Visualization.........................................3-8

3.2. Configuring the Model .............................................................3-8

3.2.1. Model Units....................................................................3-9

3.2.2. Render Mode................................................................3-10

3.2.3. Cutting Planes Options.................................................3-103.2.4. Visual Effects ...............................................................3-11

3.2.5. Project Tree Visualization ............................................3-12

3.2.6. Toolbar Configuration..................................................3-12

3.2.7. Open Path.....................................................................3-12

4. Primitives ..........................................................................................4-1

4.1. Drawing Primitives...................................................................4-1

4.2. Snap mode ................................................................................4-2

4.3. Curve Primitives .......................................................................4-3

4.3.1. Line ................................................................................4-34.3.2. Polyline ..........................................................................4-3

4.3.3. Loop ...............................................................................4-4

4.3.4. Elliptic Arc.....................................................................4-4

4.3.5. NURBS Curve................................................................4-5

4.3.6. Fitted Spline ...................................................................4-5

4.3.7. Wire Radius....................................................................4-64.4. Surface Primitives.....................................................................4-7

4.4.1. Circle..............................................................................4-7

4.4.2. Ellipse.............................................................................4-84.4.3. Quad...............................................................................4-8


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Table of Contents iii

4.4.4. Rectangle........................................................................4-8

4.4.5. Regular Polygon.............................................................4-9

4.4.6. Irregular Polygon ...........................................................4-9

4.5. Solid Primitives ......................................................................4-104.5.1. Sphere...........................................................................4-11

4.5.2. Cuboid..........................................................................4-114.5.3. Cylinder........................................................................4-11

4.5.4. Cone .............................................................................4-12

4.5.5. Flare .............................................................................4-12

4.6. Reflector Object......................................................................4-134.6.1. Paraboliod ....................................................................4-13

4.6.2. Hyperboloid/Ellipsoid ..................................................4-13

4.7. Helical/Spiral Object ..............................................................4-14

4.7.1. Helix.............................................................................4-14

4.7.2. Spiral ............................................................................4-164.7.3. General Helix ...............................................................4-18

5. Coordinate Systems and Grid............................................................5-1

5.1. Working Coordinate System (WCS) ........................................5-2

5.1.1. Move Working CS in GCS.............................................5-3

5.1.2. Rotate Working CS ........................................................5-4

5.1.3. Align Working CS..........................................................5-4

5.2. Grid Settings.............................................................................5-6

6. Selecting Model Parts........................................................................6-1

6.1. Selection from 3D View...........................................................6-16.2. Selection from Project Tree......................................................6-3

7. Operations on the Model ...................................................................7-1

7.1. Boolean Operations ..................................................................7-1

7.1.1. Unite...............................................................................7-1

7.1.2. Unite Simplify................................................................7-2

7.1.3. Subtract ..........................................................................7-2

7.1.4. Intersect ..........................................................................7-3

7.1.5. Imprint............................................................................7-4

7.1.6. Split Wires by Bodies.....................................................7-57.2. Transformations........................................................................7-5

7.2.1. Rotate .............................................................................7-5

7.2.2. Translate.........................................................................7-6

7.2.3. Scale ...............................................................................7-7

7.2.4. Mirror.............................................................................7-8

7.3. Copy Options............................................................................7-97.3.1. Copy Body or Face.........................................................7-9

7.3.2. Multiple Copy ................................................................7-9

7.3.3. History Copy................................................................7-107.4. Sweep .....................................................................................7-11


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iv Table of Contents WIPL-D Pro CAD

7.5. Body Repair Tools..................................................................7-12

7.5.1. Sew Faces.....................................................................7-12

7.5.2. Removing Model Parts.................................................7-13

7.5.2.1. Remove Hole .................................................7-137.5.2.2. Remove Feature.............................................7-13

7.5.2.3. Remove Blend ...............................................7-157.6. Explode Body .........................................................................7-16

7.7. Delete Body or Face ...............................................................7-16

7.8. Crop by Plane .........................................................................7-17

8. Domains ............................................................................................8-18.1. Defining Domains.....................................................................8-1

8.2. Assigning Domains to the Model .............................................8-2

8.3. Domain Attributes Syntax ........................................................8-4

9. Loadings............................................................................................9-1

9.1. Distributed Loadings ................................................................9-19.2. Concentrated Loadings .............................................................9-3

10. Excitations .......................................................................................10-1

10.1. Generators...............................................................................10-1

10.2. Waves .....................................................................................10-3

10.3. Field Generators .....................................................................10-5

10.3.1. Defining Excitation Type .............................................10-5

10.3.2. Defining Field Generators ............................................10-6

10.3.3. Radiation Pattern ..........................................................10-7

10.3.3.1. Analytical specification ...............................10-710.3.3.2. Imported.......................................................10-7

10.3.4. Array Dimension..........................................................10-8

10.3.5. Array Position ..............................................................10-8

10.3.6. Magnitude and Phase ...................................................10-9

10.3.7. Consider Array as Single Excitation Check Box..........10-9

10.3.8. Main Beam Direction.................................................10-10

11. Model Verification and Validation..................................................11-1

11.1. Measuring Distance ................................................................11-1

11.2. Model Information..................................................................11-211.3. Model Validation....................................................................11-2

12. Specifying Mesh..............................................................................12-1

12.1. Mesh Process Overview .........................................................12-1

12.2. Meshing Mode........................................................................12-2

12.3. Mesh Settings for User Controlled Mode ...............................12-3

12.4. Local Mesh Size .....................................................................12-812.5. Create and Show Mesh .........................................................12-10

13. More Options with WIPL-D Pro CAD............................................13-1

13.1. CAD File Import.....................................................................13-113.2. CAD File Export.....................................................................13-2


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Table of Contents v

13.3. History List.............................................................................13-3

14. Frequently Used Shortcuts ..............................................................14-1

15. Index................................................................................................15-1


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Introduction 1-1

1. Introduction

WIPL-D Pro CAD is a powerful software package for electromagnetic

simulation of arbitrary 3D structures.

The core of the package is WIPL-D Pro 3D EM Solver, a standalone 3D

modeler that uses wires, plates and parameterized objects as building blocks for

surface modeling. WIPL-D Pro CAD is the module that allows easy modeling and

conversion of CAD models into WIPL-D native format (.iwp).

1.1. WIPL-D Pro CAD Overview

WIPL-D Pro CAD is 3D CAD modeling software with wide spectrum of

available built-in primitives, which, combined with the usage of manipulations

and operations, can be used for modeling of various 3D structures. Modeling ofmetallic and/or dielectric/magnetic structures is made easier and, with WIPL-D

Pro 3D EM Solver in the back-end, the total time needed for solving a specific

problem is significantly decreased.

The common phases of creating an arbitrary EM model in WIPL-D Pro CAD

are:

Making the appropriate model geometry by using built-in primitives,

manipulations and Boolean operations,

Assigning domains (material properties), Defining loadings (distributed and concentrated)

Defining model excitation,

Configuring EM simulation settings,

Configuring mesh settings,

Running the simulation,

Viewing output results.

The graphic user interface (GUI) in which all these actions are performedconsists of three main parts:


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1-2 Introduction WIPL-D Pro CAD

Main menu and toolbars

3D View

Project Tree

1.2. Main Menu and Toolbars

Main menu consists of the following items:

File - standard file operations, such as Open, Save and Print,

Edit - besides standard operations, such as Undo and Redo, it containsoptions for defining project parameters, as well as History List,


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View - contains commands that simplify previewing of the model incoordinate plane and change the way in which the model is visualized,

Draw - contains commands for drawing primitives and setting a suitablecoordinate plane and grid.

Select - options for selection of different model parts, Modify - contains all operations that are used to modify the created

model,

Inspect - investigation of the model,

Mesh - for choosing meshing algorithm and starting meshing procedure,

Run - for starting EM simulation,

Output - for observing obtained output results,

Configure - various program configurations, Window - navigation through multiple open models,

Help - documentation for using the program.

Toolbars encompass the most often used commands from the menu. They are

organized in several groups:

File

Undo/Redo

EM Settings Domains and Junctions

Loadings

Excitations

Symbols

Simulation Settings

Inspect Mesh

Run

Output Result

Draw

WCS

Modify


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Crop by Plane

Set on Selection

Selection Modes

Manipulate Coordinate Projections

Cutting Planes

Render Modes

1.3. 3D View

3D View is the main workspace of WIPL-D Pro CAD. The structure isvisualized in this space and a number of commands can be performed by left or

right mouse button clicks and drag actions. Some most important ones are:

Orbit and Pan are done by a click-and-drag action of the left mousebutton,

Select is done by a left mouse button click, optionally holding Ctrl or

Shift keys,

Click of the right mouse button opens a context menu.

1.4. Project Tree

Project Tree is the main tool for navigation through the model. It representsa hierarchical tree view of the model topology, providing information about:


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EM settings: operation mode and frequency,

Model structure: the defined domains (materials), parts of the model

(their properties and mutual relations) and junctions,

Loadings: parameters of distributed and concentrated loadings,

Excitations: parameters of waves, generators and field generators thatserve as excitations.

Simulation setup: symmetry planes, simulation options, mesh settings

and output results settings,

Symbols

Project Tree consists of two sections:

Top section, which displays the actual project tree,

Bottom section, which displays a subtree of the selected body or a list ofparameters of the selected command as shown in figures below.

Main commands that can be performed from Project Tree are:

Selection of model parts, done by a left mouse click on an item,

Changing properties of model parts through context menus, obtained by

the right mouse button click on an item,

Changing values of the parameters from the bottom section ofProject

Tree.


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1.5. Important Definitions

The following section contains the essentials for better understanding of

model geometry in WIPL-D Pro CAD.

1.5.1. Model Parts

Every structure created in WIPL-D Pro CAD represents a primitive i.e. body.

There are several types of bodies. They are composed of one or more connected

entities, or components. Bodies can contain the topological entities shown in the

figure below.

Vertex represents a point in 3D space.

Edge is a bounded piece of a single curve. Its boundary is a collection of

zero, one or two vertices.

Fin represents the oriented use of an edge by a loop.

Loop is a connected component of a face boundary. A loop can have:

an ordered ring of distinct fins

a set of vertices

Fins and loops are not displayed in WIPL-D Pro CAD graphical interface as

they have no importance in user interaction.

Face is a bounded subset of a surface, whose boundary is a collection of zero

or more loops. A face with zero loops forms a closed entity, such as a full

spherical face.

Region is a connected subset of 3-dimensional space bounded by a collection

of vertices, edges and oriented faces. Regions are either solid (contain material) or

void (empty).


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Bodies always have an infinite void region, which can be imagined as all the

space outside of the body itself. The sum of all regions of a body comprises the

whole 3D space.

Example: A hollow cube contains three

regions:

The void region in the center of the cube,

The solid region occupied by the material

of the cube,

The (infinite) void region outside the

cube.

Only solid regions are displayed in WIPL-D

Pro CAD and can receive domains specifications.

Finite and infinite void regions are considered to belong to domain 1 (free-space).

Assembly can be considered a combination of multiple bodies that also

contains information on how the contained bodies are structured. Assembly is a

collection of instances, where each instance is a pointer to a body used in the

assembly (possibly with some transformation applied to the body), or to another

assembly. Assemblies are sometimes used to transmit CAD models in files

efficiently since they support reuse of certain model parts throughout the model.

WIPL-D Pro CAD unpacks all assemblies immediately after import in order to

allow the user full functionality of the program.

1.5.2. Types of Bodies

Body types supported in WIPL-D Pro CAD are:

Wire bodies,

Surface bodies,

Solid bodies,

General bodies.

Wire body is a topologically one-dimensional body that has one infinite void

region. Each component in a wire body is a set of connected edges:

an open component in a wire body has two ends

a closed component in a wire body has no ends

Surface body is topologically two-dimensional. Each component in a sheet

body is either open (e.g. a bounded plane) or closed (e.g. a hollow sphere or torus

whose walls have zero thickness). A surface body that contains only opencomponents has one infinite void region. For each closed component, there is an


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extra bounded void region representing the interior of the closed component.

A solid body is three-dimensional and occupies a finite volume. The volume

of each component in a solid body is continuous. Each solid component has a

continuous bound volume. A solid body has one infinite void region, one solid

region for each continuous solid volume, and one void region for each bounded

continuous void volume.

A general body is a collection of entities (faces, edges and vertices) and

connected three dimensional regions into which space is divided by the entities.

Each region is either solid or void, indicating whether or not it represents

material. General bodies differ from other body types in that they usually cannot

exist in the real world. Examples are: bodies with internal partitions, bodies with

mixed dimensions (containing both solids and wires), and non-manifold bodies

(can be created in intermediate stages of Boolean operations).


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Quick Tour 2-1

2. Quick Tour

Quick Tour is made for all WIPL-D Pro CAD users that are using this

program for the first time. The whole chapter is based on modeling of the two

concrete examples. The first example shows modeling and simulating of a

reflector antenna fed by horn. The second example is a model of patch antennafed by coaxial cable. The main idea is to gain some basic experience on how to

make a valid electromagnetic model, with appropriate geometry and excitation, so

that WIPL-D Pro CAD could be able to provide accurate analyses of the structure.

2.1. Example1: Horn Antenna with Reflector

Reflector antennas are highly directive systems. They use a reflector to focus

the energy radiated from a feed element.

The following example demonstrates how to create and simulate a parabolic

reflector antenna. The focus of the reflector is at the apex of the pyramidal horn

that is utilized as feed.

2.1.1. Configuring the Model2.1.1.1. Open WIPL-D Pro CAD

Double-click WIPL-D Pro CAD icon on the desktop. WIPL-D Pro 3D

EM Solver opens by default.

Start WIPL-D Pro CAD program by using the option WIPL-D Pro CADfrom the File menu.

From this point on, the work continues in WIPL-D Pro CAD interface.


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2-2 Quick Tour WIPL-D Pro CAD

2.1.1.2. Open and Save a New Project

In the File menu, clickNew.

In the File menu, clickSave As, and locate the file where the projectshould be saved.

Type ''reflector_antenna'' in the text box and clickSave.

2.1.1.3. Set the Drawing Units

In the Configure menu, clickUnits.

The Units dialog box displays drawing units. Set the units as shown inthe figure below, and clickOK.


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2.1.1.4. EM SettingsThe program offers two modes of operation for antennas: ANTENNA (all

generators) and ANTENNA (one generator at time). In the first option, allports are simultaneously excited, while in the second option, the antenna is

assumed to be driven one port at a time (while all the other ports are short-

circuited). If an antenna has only one port, as in this case, both options give the

same results.

Select Operation in the Edit menu. The Operation dialog box opens.

The active radio button denotes the currently selected mode of operation.Initially, the default mode isANTENNA (one generator at time).

ClickANTENNA (all generators). The dialog box looks as shownbelow.

Press OK. The dialog box closes.


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2.1.1.5. Define Frequency Range of the Analysis

The analysis of the structure of interest is performed at one or more

frequencies. The frequency range is defined by the start and stop frequencies and

the number of frequencies. The computation is performed at a number of equally

spaced frequencies. If the number of frequencies is one, the analysis is performedonly at the start frequency.

Select Frequency in the Edit menu. The Frequency dialog box opens.

Type the number 1 in the Start frequency, Stop frequency and in theNumber of Frequencies edit fields.

ClickOK. The dialog box closes.

2.1.1.6. Defining the Symbols

Dimensions of horn antenna, reflector, and excitation will be defined as

symbols. This enables easier drawing of objects by typing symbols as values

instead of large numbers.

Open Symbols list by selecting Symbols in the Edit menu.

To add a new symbol pressAdd and type the symbol expression in theAdd/Edit Symbol dialog box. To add a comment or description of the

symbol, type ; after the symbol name and then type the text. Press OK


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to close the dialog box.

Define the following symbols with the values shown in the figure below:

Press Close to close the Symbols list.

2.1.2. Drawing the Model

Creating the geometry of the model is done by using WIPL-D Pro CAD built-in solid and wire primitives. Since there is no need to use the grid, its visibility is

turned off.

Uncheck the option Draw/Grid/Visibility, or press G on the keyboard, toturn off the grid lines.

2.1.2.1. Horn Antenna

The pyramidal horn antenna that is modeled consists of a rectangular metal


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waveguide and flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves

in a beam.

In the Draw menu, choose Solid/Cuboid. The drawing mode isactivated.

Press Tab on the keyboard to switch to keyboard input of the parametersand define:

o Cuboid position: Enter a/2 and b/2 in the X and Y fields and pressEnter. Switching between the fields is done by Tab or bypositioning the cursor on the field.

o Opposite base corner: Enter -a/2 and -b/2 in X and Y fields and

press Enter.

o Cuboid height: Enter the symbol Lwg in the Z field and pressEnter.

Press Esc to exit the drawing mode.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Face, than choose Select/Select bySingle Click to be able to select face of the body.

Select the top face of the cuboid by clicking it in 3D View and chooseoptionAlign WCS to Face from the context right-click menu. This willtranslate the working coordinate system along z-axis.

Press Home on the keyboard to fit the isometric projection of the modelin 3D View area. Optionally the user can use the mouse scroll to zoomin or zoom out the structure.


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On the Draw menu, choose Solid/Flare. The drawing mode is activated.

Press Tab on the keyboard to switch to keyboard input of the parameters

and define:o First base corner: Enter a/2 and b/2 in the X and Y fields and press

Enter.o Opposite base corner: Enter -a/2 and -b/2 in the X and Y fields

and press Enter.

o Top base size: Enter aHorn/2 and bHorn/2 in the X and Y fieldsand press Enter.

o Flare height: Enter the symbol Lhorn in the Z field and press

Enter.


Press Home on the keyboard to fit the isometric projection of the modelin 3D View area.

Choose Draw/Coordinate Systems/Align Working CS/To globalCoordinates to place the working coordinate system in the position of


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the global coordinate system. Optionally turn off the visibility of the

working coordinate system by unchecking Draw/CoordinateSystem/Visibility/Local.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Body, than choose Select/Select bySingle Click to be able to select body.

Hold Ctrl and select bodies (waveguide and flare) by clicking them in3D View.

Go to Modify menu, select Boolean and choose Unite and Simplify.This operation unites the two bodies and removes the overlapped faces.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Face, than choose Select/Select bySingle Click to be able to select face of the body.

Select the face that represents the upper base of the flare by clicking it in

3D View.

Right click on the selected face and choose option Delete. Press Yes inthe pop up window to confirm deletion.


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2.1.2.2. Reflector

Go to Draw menu, and choose Reflector/Paraboloid. The drawingmode is activated.

Press Tab on the keyboard to switch to keyboard input of the parameters

and define:o Focal distance: Enter -Lfocus in the Z field and press Enter.

o Aperture radius: Enter the symbol Rrefl in the R field and pressEnter.

o Reflector center offset: Enter 0 in the X and Y fields and pressEnter. Press Home to fit the isometric projection of the model in3D View area.

The horn antenna and the reflector are overlapped currently.



Select the created reflector by clicking it in 3D View.

Go to Modify menu and select Transformation/Translate Body. Moveflare along z-axis of Lwg+Lhorn+Lfocus and clickApply once, thenclose the window after the reflector is moved.


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Now the model should look like as shown in the figure below.

2.1.2.3. Quarter Model

Symmetry options in WIPL-D Pro CAD allow the user to analyze a structure

or a system by modeling only a portion of it. That will lead to shorter analysis

time. The way to do that is to split the model to either half or quarter model prior

to symmetry options set up (see 2.1.4.1).

Presented model is symmetric with

respect to the two planes, yOz (X plane)

and xOz (Yplane).

Go to Modify menu and makesure that the option KeepSolids is unchecked.

Go to Modify/Crop Plane andchoose the X+ option, whichwill remove model parts

positioned on the negative sideofXplane.

Go to Modify/Crop Plane andchoose the Y+ option, whichwill remove model parts

positioned on the negative side

ofYplane.


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2.1.3. Assigning the Excitation

In radiation problems, the generator is always connected to one node of a

wire, and its reference direction is towards another node of the wire. A generator

is completely determined by these two nodes and the complex voltage between

them.

This antenna is excited by a dipole placed parallel to y-axis. Since the quarter

model is obtained only the parts of excitation placed in the positive side of Y

plane should be defined.

Go to Draw menu and choose Curve/Line. The drawing mode isactivated.


o First line point: Enter 0, 0, lambda/4 in the X, Y and Z fields andpress Enter.

o Second line point: Enter the symbol 0, Lwire and lambda/4 in the

X, Y and Z fields and press Enter.


Use a combination ofOrbit and Pan viewing manipulations from Viewmenu in order to be able to see the created wire in 3D View. Click andhold the mouse button while dragging it to inspect the model. Mouse

wheel zooms the model in and out.


Select the wire by clicking it in 3D View. Properly selected wire will bedisplayed in yellow.

Choose option Set Wire Radius from the context menu.

Enter the symbol Rwire in both Vertex fields and press OK.

Now the generator on the previously defined wire shoul be set.


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Choose Select/Selection Level/Vertex, than choose Select/Select bySingle Click to be able to select vertex.

The generator should be specified between the two wire vertices. Hold

Ctrl and choose the first line point and the second line point, in thatprecise order.

Right-click in 3D View and choose Draw Generator.

In the opened Generator Settings dialog box, keep the default settingsand press OK.

To verify that the generator is properly defined, press Ctrl+E on thekeyboard. The generator should be marked like in the figure below.

Press Ctrl+E again to remove the mark.

2.1.4. Simulation Settings

2.1.4.1. Symmetry Options Set Up

Symmetry properties can be used to speed up the analysis only if both the

geometry and the excitation are symmetrical and/or antisymmetrical with respect

to the same basic coordinate plane (xOy, xOz, and yOz-plane), and/or basic

coordinate axis (x, y and z-axis). If the model is symmetrical with respect to one

coordinate plane, the simulation can take almost two times less memory and run

up to 8 times faster.

In Edit menu choose Symmetry option, define plane symmetries andpress OK.

yOz plane - Symmetry

xOz plane - Anti-symmetry

xOy plane - No symmetry


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Symmetry option assures that the structure and the excitation aresymmetrical with respect to a basic coordinate plane.

Anti-Symmetry option assures that the structure is symmetrical and theexcitation is antisymmetrical with respect to a basic coordinate plane.

2.1.4.2. Simulation Options

In WIPL-D Pro CAD, the user is able to change the accuracy for the

numerical integration manually.

Select Options in the Edit menu. The Options dialog box opens. Set Integral Accuracy to enhanced1.

The purpose of this option is to increase the accuracy of integrals and

analysis time.

2.1.4.3. Setting the Output Results

Calculation of output results is performed by using the options Radiation,


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from the Output Result menu.

Go to Edit menu, and choose Output Result/Radiation... Set up thevalues as shown to the right, and press OK.

2.1.4.4. Mesh Settings

In Mesh menu choose option Mesh Mode. The Mesh Mode dialogbox opens.

SelectAdvanced option and press OK.

In Mesh menu, go to Mesh Settings, choose uniform mesh size, set itto 0.06m and press OK.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Face, than choose Select/Select by

Single Click to be able to select face of the body. Select the face of the reflector.

Right click on the selected face and in the opened box choose Set LocalMesh Size and set it to the value lambda/2. Press OK. This will definelocal mesh size of the reflector. The value of lambda/2 is chosen in order

to achieve good modeling of the reflector geometry.


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2.1.5. Run the Analysis

The running time of the analysis depends on the input data and the hardware

of the computer. Once the analysis is started, it can be interrupted by pressing

Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Break. Go to Run menu and choose EM Simulation. The program pops up the

window shown below. Press Yes in order to save the project.

The simulation starts by displaying the status window.


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When the simulation is completed, the program displays notification

window. Press OK to close it.

2.1.6. Viewing the Results

The Graph option gives 2-D and 3-D plots of the results. 3-D graphs can berotated, magnified, and so forth. Select Graph in the Output menu and Graphmenu opens as shown in the figure.

Select Radiation in the Graph menu. The Graph screen appears.

Click the dB button to display the gain of the antenna in decibels.


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Further graph manipulation is explained in detail in WIPL-D Pro Manual.

2.2. Example 2: Patch Antenna Fed by CoaxialCable

The following example includes modeling of a patch antenna in its basic

form: a flat plate over a finite ground plane. The center conductor of a coax serves

as the feed probe.


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2.2.1. Configuring the Model

The new project patch_antenna is configured as it is described in

2.1.1.1-2.1.1.6. The related settings are shown in figures below.

The size of the patch is 111.243x101.13 mm. The size of the finite ground is

126.243x116.13 mm. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the substrate are

2.2 and 0.0003, respectively. The substrate thickness is 1.5 mm. The list of the

defined symbols is shown in figure below.


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2.2.2. Drawing the Model

In the Draw menu, choose Solid/Cuboid. The drawing mode isactivated.


o Cuboid position: Enter -aOut/2 and -bOut/2 in the X and Y fieldsand press Enter. Switching between the fields is done by Tab orby positioning the cursor on the field.

o Opposite base corner: Enter aOut/2 and bOut/2 in X and Y fields

and press Enter.o Cuboid height: Enter the symbol Hsub in the Z field and press

Enter.

Continue drawing and define the next cuboid with the followingparameters:

o Cuboid position: -a/2 and -b/2,

o Opposite base corner: a/2 and b/2,

o Cuboid height: Hsub.

In the Draw menu, choose Solid/Cylinderand define the first cylinder:

o Cylinder base center: (0,Ycoax,0),

o Base radius: Rin,

o Height: Hsub.

Continue drawing and define the second cylinder with the following

parameters:


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o Base radius: Rin,

o Height: -Lin.

Continue drawing and define the third cylinder:


o Base radius: Rout,

o Height: -Lout.


Hold Ctrl and select the first and the second cylinder in Project Tree.

Perform operation Unite Simplify (Modify/Boolean/Unite Simplify).As result, a new body is created.

Perform Unite of the new body and the third cylinder.

Perform Unite Simplify of the two cuboids.

Perform Unite of all created bodies.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Face, than choose Select/Select bySingle Click to be able to select face.

Choose X Cutting Plane (Cutting Planes/X) from View menu and

select the face shown in figure below. Right-click in 3D View andchoose the option Delete.

Turn offX Cutting Plane option by clicking View/Cutting Planes/Xone more time.


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2.2.3. Assigning the Excitation

This antenna is fed by the coaxial cable excited by a short wire. Go to Drawmenu and choose Curve/Line. The drawing mode is activated.


o First line point: Enter 0, Ycoax, -Lout in the X, Y and Z fieldsand press Enter.

o Second line point: Enter the symbols 0, Ycoax and -Lin in the X,Y and Z fields and press Enter.


Use a combination of Orbit and Pan viewing manipulations and XCutting Plane

(Cutting Planes

/X

) fromView

menu in order to be ableto see the created wire in 3D View. Click and hold the mouse buttonwhile dragging it to inspect the model. Mouse wheel zooms the model in

and out.

Select the wire in Project Tree. Properly selected wire will be displayedin yellow.

Choose option Set Wire Radius from the context menu.

Enter the symbol Rfeed in both Vertex fields and press OK.


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Now the generator on the previously defined wire should be set the same way

as it is described in 2.1.3.

2.2.4. Define Wire-to-Plate Junction

Two wires having a common node and two plates having common nodes

(that define a common edge of a plate) are automatically considered to be

connected. However, the wire-to-plate junction must be specified for the structure

under consideration. This junction is completely determined by the node on the

wire situated on the plate.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Vertex, than choose Select/Select by

Single Click to be able to select vertex.

Choose the first line point, right-click in 3D View and choose DrawJunction/Vertex List. Alternately, choose the option Junction/VertexList from Draw menu.


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Choose the second line point, right-click

in 3D View and choose DrawJunction/Vertex List.

To verify that the junctions are properly

defined, press Ctrl+J on the keyboard.The junctions should be marked like inthe figure below. Press Ctrl+J again toremove the mark.

Note: All created junctions are listed in table that opens by choosing the

option Junctions in Edit menu, or by using the toolbar shortcut . A newjunction can be created by using Add and specifying type of junction and vertices

that belong to it.

2.2.5. Assigning the Domains

Right-clickDomains item in Project Tree and selectAdd.


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Define a new domain (dielectric) as shown below.

Click on the body in Project Tree. Its subtree is shown in the bottom

section ofProject Tree. Right-click the region shown in figure below,choose Set Domain Specs option and set its domain as dielectric.

Right-click the region shown in figure below, choose Set DomainSpecs option and set its domain as free-space.


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Turn offX Cutting Plane option by clicking View/Cutting Planes/X.

Choose Select/Selection Level/Face, than choose Select/Select bySingle Click.

Select the faces that represent the patch and the ground. Right-click in

3D View and choose Set Domain option. In set Domain dialog boxspecify Composite metallic boundary box as shown and clickOK.

2.2.6. Half Model

Go to Modify menu and make sure that the option Keep Solids isunchecked.

Go to Modify/Crop Plane and choose the X+ option, which will removemodel parts positioned on the negative side ofXplane.


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2.2.7. Simulation Settings

Symmetry properties, simulation options and the output results are explainedin 2.1.4.1-2.1.4.2. The settings are shown in figures below.

Mesh settings are defined as follows:

In Mesh menu choose option Mesh Mode. The Mesh Mode dialog

box opens. Select User Controlled option and press OK.

In Mesh menu, go to Mesh Settings, choose adaptive algorithm andaccept the value ofWavelength that is calculated by the program.

Set the Mesh Growth Speed parameter to 10.

Due to edge effect, Automatic Edging should be defined.

Choose Specify inAutomatic Edging field.

In theAutomatic Edging dialog box that opens, clickAdd and specifythe parameters as shown below.


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2.2.8. Viewing the Results

After running the analysis as it is described in 2.1.5, select

Output/Graph/Y,Z,S to see the graph ofS11 parameter. Click the dBbutton to display the magnitude ofS11 in decibels.

Go to Range menu. In Function field, define zero as Maximumand -20 as Minimum and press OK.


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Preview of the Model 3-1

3. Preview of the Model

3.1. Viewing the Model

WIPL-D Pro CAD offers easy insight into model. This can be done using

different view manipulations and viewing modes of the program.

View manipulation allows the user to change model position, viewpoint, and

displayed size in 3D View, while it does not change any real dimension of themodel.

Several viewing modes help user to highlight the model on the screen, and to

behold the results ofmodel settings (symmetry, output results).

3.1.1. Orbit, Pan and Zoom

In WIPL-D Pro CAD three following view manipulation can be performed:

Orbit

Pan

Zoom

Orbit view manipulation changes the viewpoint of the model. It is activated

through the View menu, via keyboard shortcut O or by using shortcut from theManipulate toolbar. When pressing and holding left mouse button, any mousemovement will be transformed into a change of model orientation in 3D View.

While Orbit mode is active, holding the Ctrl key down will activate Panview manipulation, and scrolling the mouse middle button up and down will turn

on Zoom Camera manipulation (zoom in and zoom out). This enables quickaccess to the main manipulators without the need to switch modes in the menu or

toolbar.

In addition, holding down the middle (or third) mouse button over an object


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3-2 Preview of the Model WIPL-D Pro CAD

will orbit the camera around the selected point.

Pan manipulation changes the position of the model in 3D View. It isactivated through the View menu, via keyboard shortcut P or by using shortcut

from the Manipulate toolbar. When pressing and holding left mouse button,

any mouse movement will be transformed into simple translation of the model incurrent 3D View.

Zoom view manipulation magnifies the model in 3D View. There are fourdifferent zoom modes: Zoom Camera, Zoom To Window, Zoom To Extents,and Zoom To Selection.

Zoom manipulations are activated through the View menu or by using

shortcuts respectively from the Manipulate toolbar. All options areactivated by pressing and holding left mouse button and/or mouse move in 3DView.

Zoom Camera option increases or decreases displayed size of the model fora certain amount which depends on the mouse movement. It is activated by

pressing and holding left mouse button while moving the mouse in 3D View.Upward mouse movement results in zoom-in, while downward movement results

in zoom-out. Zoom Camera can also be used by rotating the mouse wheel wherebackward rotation is interpreted as zoom-in and forward rotation as zoom-out.

Zoom To Window option fits on the screen only the part of the modelpreviously framed by zoom window. It is activated by choosing

View>Zoom>Zoom To Window from the menu or by pressing shortcut inthe Manipulate toolbar. The manipulation is done by pressing and holding leftmouse button while moving the cursor to make a red selection rectangle, from the

upper left corner toward the bottom right corner.

Zoom To Extents manipulation displays the entire model so that it fits entire3D view Surface. It is activated by choosing View>Zoom>Zoom To Extents

from the menu or by pressing shortcut in the toolbar.

Zoom To Selection manipulation only fits selected parts of the model on theentire 3D View surface. It is activated by choosing View>Zoom>Zoom To

Selection from the menu or by pressing shortcut in the Manipulate toolbar.


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3.1.2. Coordinate Projection

Coordinate Projections are used to set the positive or negative X, Y or Zprojection of the model or the Isometric projection.

This is done by selecting appropriate command from the View>Coordinateprojection menu or by selecting one of the icons from the Coordinate

projection toolbar .

3.1.3. Cutting Planes

Cutting planes facilitate operations involving selection of interior parts of the

model. They create a cross-section of the model in a specified plane and

effectively hide everything on the negative side of the plane.

Up to three cutting planes can be created in 3D View. The starting position ofthe planes can be perpendicular to x-axis, y-axis and z-axis of the global

coordinate system. The position and orientation of the planes can be altered later ,

until they are turned off.

Cutting planes are created by choosing

View>Cutting Planes>X|Y|Z from themenu, via keyboard shortcuts Ctrl+Shift+X,Ctrl+Shift+Y and Ctrl+Shift+Z or by using

the toolbar shortcuts .The parts of the model which are not

visible because of the cutting plane still exist

in the model and can be selected from

Project Tree. Also, all usual commands canbe performed on these parts.

Arrows associated with the cutting plane

can be used to translate and/or rotate the

plane, thus revealing different interior parts

of the model.The key benefit of the cutting planes is that all interior model parts which are

visible through the cutting plane can be selected in the standard way, by using

mouse.

Cutting planes can be used in combination with Hide and Transparencycommands.

Cutting planes are removed with the same commands that were used for

creating them.


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3.1.4. Transparency and Hide

Some model parts are very often not visible from outside. Therefore, it is

useful to see through the exterior parts of the model.

Transparency and Hide commands are available from the View menu or thecontext menu in 3D View. After a right mouse button click on the model, theunderlying model part is selected, depending on the Selection Level, and the twocommands become available.

Transparency command will make a certain part of the model transparentThe part will not be removed and all the actions over it can be undertaken as if it

was fully colored. This also means it is impossible to select an interior model part

through a transparent part in 3D View.

The transparency on a model part can be revoked from the same context

menu brought up after a right click on that model part.

Hide command will remove the selected part from 3D View temporarily. Thepart will still be displayed in Project Tree, but it will be annotated as inactive(with a black square icon) and no action will be possible on it. The work with the

model continues as if the hidden part does not exist.


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Hide command is canceled by choosing option Unhide from right-clickmenu on the hidden part in Project Tree.

Another option to cancel the effects of the Hide and Transparencycommands is to choose the Show All command. In case the user wants to makeall parts of the model visible and non-transparent, Show All should be chosenfrom right-click menu in 3D View when there is no selected geometry. Otheroption is to select bodies with at least one unhidden face, and to choose Show Allfrom the context menu. In that case, only the faces of the selected bodies will

become visible and non-transparent.

3.1.5. Show Vertices

Show Vertices options, available from View menu, or from the contextmenu on 3D View, is used to show body vertices. This option can make easierdrawing of primitives easier when the drawing mode Snap to Vertex is enabled(see 4.2).


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3.1.6. Show Curves as Wires

Curve primitives are used either to create new bodies (solid or sheet) by using

the sweep option, or they represent the wires with defined radius. For easier

manipulation of the model, the wires are, by default, shown as thin red lines. If

user wants to see a more realistic representation of the wire with its actual radius,

it can be done by selecting option View>Show Curves As Wires, the keyboardshortcut W, or Show Curves As Wires from the right-click context menu in 3DView. The option can be used both ways interchangeably.

3.1.7. Paint Model by Domains

All model parts, except wires, are colored in cyan. Wires are colored inorange. By default, they are considered made of perfect electric conductor (PEC)material. Materials with other properties (dielectric materials) are, colored

differently (in red, yellow, blue, purple, orange, etc.). The selected model parts

are painted in yellow. To have a material with properties other than PEC, painted

in different colors, Paint Model by Domains option should be checked in theView menu or in the right-click menu in 3D View.


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3.1.8. Visible Domains

Checking the domain specifications of the structure is possible by using the

option Visible Domains from the View menu bar or from the right-click contextmenu in 3D View. Also, the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+D can be used. Thiscommand colors only the plates belonging to the selected domain, or the domains

complementary to it, in 3D View window. Plates that do not belong to theselected domain are transparent. The command is canceled by choosing option

Show All from right-click menu in 3D View when there is no selected geometry.

3.1.9. Mark Entities

The entities possible to mark/unmark from the Viewmenu in WIPL-D Pro CAD are:

Junction (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+J)

Concentrated loadings (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+T)

Generators (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C)

Marking these entities displays the entity name and a

specific mark in 3D View.


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3.1.10. Symmetry Visualization

One way to view outcome of previously adjusted symmetry options is to

choose Symmetry option from the View menu, or press S on the keyboard.

3.1.11. Output Settings Visualization

In WIPL-D Pro CAD it is possible to see the outcome of previously adjusted

output settings related to the near field (View>Output Settings>Near field) orradiation pattern directions (View>Output Settings>Radiation Sphere).

3.2. Configuring the Model

WIPL-D Pro CAD Configure menu provides several commands used toconfigure the model. These commands allow the user to set various options forthe program and currently open project.


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3.2.1. Model Units

The modeling kernel keeps record of the model dimensions as real numbers,

regardless to the actual length units. WIPL-D Pro CAD enables specifying the

model data interpretation, i.e. in what length units the model is defined. This is

done by choosing Configure>Units from the menu, which displays the Unitsdialog box.

Currently chosen units are shown in the

Length/Coordinate, Wire Radius,Frequency and Field combo boxes. A newunit can be selected from the list of available

units. The new choice is accepted upon

pressing the OK button. If Keep ModelDimensions option is checked the units arechanged and the dimensions of the model stay

the same but only expressed in chosen units.

If not, the units are changed but the

dimensions of the model have changed only

the dimension unit. For example, if the wire

length is 10mm, by changing the units to

meters, its length will be 0.01m in case KeepModel Dimensions option was checked.Otherwise, the length will be 10m.

It is very important to mention that the modeling space in WIPL-D Pro CAD

is limited by Bounding Box to 1000x1000x1000 units in range of [-500,500]units per axis x, y and z. It means that a user should configure Units dialog boxwith respect to this range. In case a drawn primitive has one or more parameter

values out of this range, program converts to larger units with respect to the

greatest value entered.

Example: The user intends to draw a wire of 600 mm along positive part of

z-axis and Length/Coordinate unit is set to mm. After drawing primitive,

program automatically changes Length/Coordinate unit to centimeters (cm),displaying the warning shown below.


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3.2.2. Render Mode

Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model. The result is a

photorealistic or realistically shaded image of a three-dimensional wireframe or

solid model. The 3D model is accompanied by viewpoint, texture, lighting, and

shading information. Following render modes are available from

Configure>Render Mode submenu: Shaded with Lines - displays shaded surfaces of the geometry with

body edges and wires colored in blue. This option can be activated also

by choosing the toolbar shortcut .

Shaded - displays shaded surfaces of the geometry with no edges orwires visible.

Triangulated - displays shaded surfaces of the geometry and the

underlying tessellation (faceting); this mode is particularly useful forimport of mesh file formats such as stereolithography files (*.stl).

Contours - displays only the contour lines of bodies. This option can be

activated also by choosing the toolbar shortcut .

Shaded with Lines Shaded

Triangulated Contours

3.2.3. Cutting Planes Options

Cutting Planes viewing mode allows two options related to the display of


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section plane.

Fill Cross Sections - colors in black the interior of the body that lies inthe section plane.

Mark Cutting Lines - colors in white all edges that lie in the section

plane.

3.2.4. Visual Effects

Submenu Configure>Visual Effects contains four options:

Viewing Projection - allows switching between Orthographic andPerspective viewing projections. Effects are shown in figures below.

Orthographic Perspective

Continuous Orbit - rotates model continuously in 3D View.

Lights - impacts the colors of faces in 3D View making them more

natural to human eye.


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Shadow - turns on the shadow in 3D View.

3.2.5. Project Tree Visualization

Project Tree visibility can be turned on/off alternately by choosingConfigure>Project Tree or by using the keyboard shortcut T.

3.2.6. Toolbar Configuration

Configure>Toolbar submenu enables user to configure toolbars that arevisible at all time. Option Configure>Reset Toolbars restores the originaltoolbar configuration shown in figure in chapter 1.1.

3.2.7. Open Path

User is able to define the directory in which the project files are to be placed

when opening or saving it (Configure>Open Path). It can be the one that is lastused (Last used), or it can be another one, defined by user (Default).


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WIPL-D Pro CAD Primitives 4-1

4. Primitives

The first step in solving electromagnetic problem is to make an appropriate

model suitable for further EM analysis. The model represents the geometry made

from available built-in primitives. In WIPL-D Pro CAD there are five different

types of built-in primitives:

wire primitives,

surface primitives,

solid primitives,

reflector object,

helical/spiral object.

4.1. Drawing Primitives

All primitives are created by specifying their defining parameters in two

ways:

by mouse click, using the Snap Mode options as described in 4.2,

by inputting the values with keyboard into the Edit Box placed under the

working area.When creating a primitive, the drawing mode is automatically activated. The

input of the primitive parameters is done with mouse, by default. The keyboard

input is switched to by using the Tab key. In the Edit Box, switching betweenparameters is done by using Tab, or by clicking the desired field. Returning to apreviously defined parameter can be done by Shift+Tab. Drawing of theprimitive is completed by pressing Enter or Shift+Enter (depending on theprimitive) but the drawing mode is still enabled, so that user is able to create theprimitives of the same type continuously. Drawing mode is disabled, or stopped

before the drawing is completed, by pressing Esc.


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4-2 Primitives WIPL-D Pro CAD

4.2. Snap mode

If the drawing mode is done with mouse, the user can define parameters of

the primitive by using snap modes (Draw/Snap Mode). Two snap modes areavailable and they can be used at the same time or separately:

Snap to Vertex - enablesuser to specify points by

using existing vertices

from 3D View,

Snap to Grid - enablesuser to specify points in

xOy-plane by using the

grid.

Some of parameters of the primitive are defined in active working plane. By

default, this plane is xOy plane. However, by using Snap to Vertex mode, theuser sets the active plane of the drawn primitive parallel to the xOy plane at height

that corresponds to the z coordinate of the first selected vertex. In the following

text, this plane will be referred to as the active working plane.

Edit Box

Mouse position


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4.3. Curve Primitives

Curve primitives in WIPL-D Pro CAD can be used as stand-alone model

parts or they can be used for making some complex surfaces as a result of sweepmanipulations (see 7.4). There are six different types of curve primitives:

Line ,

Polyline ,

Loop ,

Elliptic Arc ,

NURBS Curve ,

Fitted Spline .The curve primitives consist of edge entities, and they are all easily made by

defining values for specific parameters and setting the wire radius.

The body created by using the curve primitives is, by type, a wire body. All

wire bodies are labeled with in Project Tree.

4.3.1. Line

Line is the simplest wire primitive thatrepresents a finite straight line bounded by itsbeginning and ending point.

Line is created by using the toolbar shortcut

, or by choosing Draw>Curve>Line andspecifying (with keyboard or the mouse):

the first point (the start of the line),

the second point (the end of the line).

4.3.2. Polyline

Polyline is a wire primitive that represents a connected finite series ofstraight line segments, therefore it can have more than one edge.

Polyline is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Curve>Polyline and specifying points that represent the boundaries for


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the straight wire segments (with keyboard or the mouse). If the polyline has n

segments, n+1 points (vertices) should be specified:

1st polyline point (the start point of

polyline and the start of 1st segment),

2nd

line point (the end of the 1st

segment line and the start of the 2nd

segment),

3rd line point (the end of the 2nd

segment line and the start of the 3rd

segment), and

(n+1)th polyline point (the end of the

nth polyline and entire wire polyline).

Creating wire polyline is finished by pressing Shift+Enteron the keyboard ordouble-clicking in 3D View. It is allowed that the first point and the last point ofthe polyline coincide. In that case, closed polyline is created. Self-intersecting of

segments is not allowed.

4.3.3. Loop

Loop is a wire primitive that represents aclosed circle-shaped curve.

Loop is created by using the toolbar

shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Curve>Loop and specifying (withkeyboard or the mouse):

the loop center (two coordinates in the

active working plane) and

the radius of the loop.

4.3.4. Elliptic Arc

Elliptic Arc is a wire primitive that represents a closed/open curve ofelliptical shape.

Elliptic Arc is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosingDraw>Curve>Elliptic Arc and specifying (with keyboard or the mouse):


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larger ellipse axis (the two coordinates

in the active working plane),

the smaller semi-axis length,

arc start angle,

arc stop angle.

4.3.5. NURBS Curve

NURBS Curve represents one of the two wire parametric polynomial curves

in WIPL-D Pro CAD. NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) curve ismathematical representations of curve that approximates specified control points.

NURBS Curve is created by using the

toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Curve>NURBS Curve and specifying(with keyboard or the mouse):

the first point location (the start point

of the NURBS),

control points,

the last point location (the end of the

NURBS).

4.3.6. Fitted Spline

Fitted Spline is the second type of wireparametric polynomial curves inWIPL-D Pro CAD. It represents interpolated

curve that matches perfectly specified point with

the usage of a third degree polynomial for

interpolation.

Fitted Spline is created by clicking orchoosing Draw>Curve>Fitted Spline andspecifying (with keyboard or the mouse):


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the first point location (the start point of the Fitted Spline),

control points,

the last point location (the end of the Fitted Spline).

4.3.7. Wire Radius

In case the curve primitive is used as a stand-alone model part it will beconsidered as wire and the user should specified its radius (wire radius). Wire

radius is set to 6 mm, by default. Another value of wire radius can be specified for

the whole wire body or individually for each of its edges. This can be done by

selecting the wire body or its edge and by choosing one of the following options:

command Set Wire Radius from the context menu,

command Set Wire Radius from Modify>Set Properties drop-downmenu, or

the toolbar shortcut .

If some of these options is performed on

a selected wire edge the Define Wire Radiidialog box (shown in figure) opens and the

user is able to define constant or variable

radius (i.e. cylindrical or conical wire).

Choosing Set as default option, the definedvalues for radii will be used for all new wire

bodies, until a new value is specified.

If the wire radius is specified for aselected wire body, two cases should be

considered:

case of wire body that consists of only one edge,

case of wire body that consists of more than one edge.

In case of wire body that consists of only one edge, the wire radius is setthrough the same Define Wire Radii dialog box as it is explained above.

In case of wire body that consists of

more than one edge, Wire Radius dialogbox (shown in figure below) is opened

and user is able to define only constant

radius (e.g. cylindrical wire). Choosing

Set as default option, the defined valuesfor radius will be used for all other wire

bodies until the new value is specified.


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Preview of the real wire radii is explained in 3.1.6.

The value for wire radius is returned to default in one of two ways:

by using option Clear Wire Radius from the context menu obtained byright-clicking on the wire body in Project Tree,

by using option Clear Wire Radii from Modify>Set Propertiesdrop-down menu on a selected wire body.

4.4. Surface Primitives

In WIPL-D Pro CAD there are six different types of surface primitives:

Circle ,

Ellipse ,

Quad ,

Rectangle ,

Regular Polygon ,

Irregular Polygon .

The body created by using the surface primitive is, by type, a sheet body. All

sheet bodies are labeled with in Project Tree.

4.4.1. Circle

Circle primitive represents geometricalmodel of whole circle.

Circle is created by using the toolbarshortcut , or by choosingDraw>Surface>Circle and specifying (withkeyboard or the mouse):

the center of the circle (the two

coordinates in the active working

plane),

the radius of the circle.


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4.4.2. Ellipse

Ellipse primitive represents a geometrical model of whole ellipse.

Ellipse is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Surface>Ellipse and specifying (with keyboard or the mouse): the elliptic arc center (the two


plane),

the larger ellipse axis (the two


plane),

the smaller semi-axis length.

4.4.3. Quad

Quad primitive represents geometrical model of bilinear quadrilateral.

Quad is created by using the toolbar shortcut or by choosingDraw>Surface>Quad and specifying (with keyboard or the mouse):

the 1

st

point (the three coordinates inthe Cartesian coordinate system),

the 2nd point (the three coordinates in

the Cartesian coordinate system),

the 3rd point (the three coordinates in

the Cartesian coordinate system),

the 4th point (the three coordinates in

the Cartesian coordinate system).

Note: The quad is the only 2D primitive that is not necessarily planar and thatdoes not need to be specified in the active working plane.

4.4.4. Rectangle

Rectangle primitive represents geometrical model of rectangle, aquadrilateral with four 90-degree angles.


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Rectangle is created by using the toolbar


Draw>Surface>Rectangle and specifying(with keyboard or the mouse):

the 1st

point (the two coordinates in theactive working plane),

the diagonal point (the two coordinates

in the active working plane).

4.4.5. Regular Polygon

Regular Polygon primitive represents a geometrical model of regular

polygon, i.e. polygon that is equiangular and equilateral.

Regular Polygon is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosingDraw>Surface>Regular Polygon and specifying (with keyboard or the mouse):

the center of the polygon (the two


plane),

the radius of the circumscribed circle

of the polygon,

the number of segments

The default number of segments is set to 8.

4.4.6. Irregular Polygon

Irregular Polygon primitive represents a

geometrical model of simple (not self-intersecting) irregular polygon. It is created by

using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Surface>Irregular Polygon andspecifying as many points as there are sides of

the polygon (n) (with keyboard or the mouse):

the 1st point (the two coordinates in the

active working plane),

the 2nd

point (the two coordinates in the


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the 3rd point (the two coordinates in the


the nth point (the two coordinates in theactive working plane).

By default, the nth point is connected with the 1st point, so for the purpose of

correct definition, the first point and the last specified point should not match.

Otherwise, the program will report the irregular definition as shown in the figure.

4.5. Solid Primitives

Solid primitives in WIPL-D Pro CAD can be used as a stand-alone model

parts or they can be used for making some complex surfaces as a result of

Boolean operations. There are five different types:

Sphere ,

Cuboid ,

Cylinder , Cone ,

Flare .

The body created by using the solid primitive is, by type, a solid body. All

solid bodies are labeled with in Project Tree.


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4.5.1. Sphere

Sphere primitive represents geometricalmodel of sphere in three-dimensional space.

Sphere is created by using the toolbarshortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Solid>Sphere and specifying (withkeyboard or the mouse):

the center of the sphere (the twocoordinates in the active working

plane),

the radius of the sphere.

4.5.2. Cuboid

Cuboid primitive represents geometrical model of a rectangularparallelepiped.

Cuboid is created by using the toolbar


Draw>Solid>Cuboid and specifying (with

keyboard or the mouse):

the position of the cuboid (the twocoordinates in the active working

plane),

the opposite base corner (the two


plane),

the height of the cuboid.

If the height of the cuboid is defined with negative value, the Cuboid isplaced beneath the working plane (along negative part ofz coordinate).

4.5.3. Cylinder

Cylinderprimitive represents geometrical model of a right circular cylinder.

It is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Solid>Cylinderand specifying (with keyboard or the mouse):


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the center of the cylinder (the two


plane),

the radius of the circular cylinders

base, the height of the cylinder.

If height of Cylinder is defined withnegative value, the Cylinder is placed beneaththe working plane (along negative part of z

coordinate).

4.5.4. Cone

Cone primitive represents geometrical model of frustum of a right circular

cone. It is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Solid>Cone and specifying (withkeyboard or the mouse):

the center of the cone (the two


plane),

the radius of the first circular conesbase,

the radius of the second circular cones

base,

the height of the cone.

If the radius of the second circular cones base is set to zero, a right circular

cone is obtained instead of a frustum.

4.5.5. Flare

Flare primitive represents geometrical model of frustum of a pyramid. It is

created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing Draw>Solid>Flare andspecifying (with keyboard or the mouse):

the first base corner (the two coordinates in the active working plane),


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the opposite first base corner (the two


plane),

the top base size (the two coordinates

in the active working plane), the height of the flare.

If the top base size coordinates correspond

to the center of the base, a pyramid is obtained

instead of a frustum.

4.6. Reflector Object

Reflectorobject represents the geometrical model of a generalized reflector.

By using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing Draw>Reflector, drop-downmenu is opened with the following options:

Paraboloid

Hyperboloid/Ellipsoid .

4.6.1. Paraboliod

Paraboloid primitive represents geometrical model of a part of theparaboloid.

Paraboloid is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Reflector>Paraboloid and specifying(with keyboard or the mouse):

the focal distance (the z coordinate),

the aperture radius,

the reflector center offset (the two


plane).

4.6.2. Hyperboloid/Ellipsoid

Hyperboloid/Ellipsoid primitive represents geometrical model of a surface


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of the revolution of the hyperbola or ellipse.

Hyperboloid/Ellipsoid is created by using the toolbar shortcut , or bychoosing Draw>Reflector>Hyperboloid/Ellipsoid and specifying (withkeyboard or the mouse):

the focal distance (the z coordinate), minimum distance from,

the aperture radius,

the reflector center offset (the two


plane).

4.7. Helical/Spiral Object

Helical/Spiral object represents the geometrical model of a generalized helix.

By using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing Draw> Helical/Spiral Object,drop-down menu is opened with the following options:

Helix

Spiral

General Helix

4.7.1. Helix

Helix primitive represents geometrical model of a helix. Helix Settings

dialog opens by using the toolbar shortcut , or by choosing

Draw>Helical/Spiral Object>Helix.List of parameters:

Profile:

o Profile type:

Wire (by default)

Thin Strip

Thick Strip

o Wire radius/Strip angle: The value for wire radius (if profile

type is wire) or the value for strip angle (if profile type is


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Thin Strip or Thick Strip)

o Strip thickness: The value for strip thickness - enabled only

if profile type is Thick Strip

Handedness:

o RHCo LHC

Multiplicity:

o Unifilar (by default)

o Duofilar

o Quadrifilar

Height:

o Total height (by default)o Pitch Angle

After choosing the type of spiral the following parameters should be

specified:

Radius,

Number of turns,

The total height of the helix or the pitch angle (in degrees) depending on

the previously selected option for the Height parameter in Helix

Settings page.


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Once the parameters for spiral type are specified they are valid until the end

of the Draw session.

Profile type: Wire Profile type: Thin Strip Profile type: Thick Strip

4.7.2. Spiral

Spiral primitive represents geometrical model of a generalized spiral, aplanar curve that winds around a fixed center point at a continuously increasing

distance from the point. Spiral Settings page opens by using the toolbar shortcut

, or by choosing Draw>Helical/Spiral Object>Spiral.

List of parameters: Profile:

o Profile type:

Wire

Thin Strip

Thick Strip

o Wire radius/Strip angle: The value for wire radius (if profile

type is wire) or the value for strip angle (if profile type is Thin

Strip or Thick Strip),

Spiral type:

o Archimedean

(by default)

o Logarithmic

Handedness:

o RHC (by default)

o LHC


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Multiplicity:

o Unifilar

o Duofilar (by default)

o Quadrifilar

After specifying the type of spiral that is going to be made, these three

parameters should be specified:

start radius,

end radius,

number of turns.

Once the parameters for spiral type are specified they are valid until the end

of the Draw session.

Profile type: Wire Profile type: Thin Strip Profile type: Thick Strip


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4.7.3. General Helix

General Helix primitive represents geometrical model of a generalized helix.

General Helix Settings page opens by using the toolbar shortcut , or bychoosing Draw>Helical/Spiral Object>General Helix.

List of parameters:

Profile:

o Profile type:

Wire (the default)

Thin Strip

Thick Strip

o Wire radius/Strip angle:

The value for wire radius(if profile type is wire) or

the value for strip angle

(if profile type is Thin

Strip or Thick Strip)

o Strip thickness: The

value for strip thickness -

enabled only if profile

type is Thick Strip

Spiral type:

o Archimedean (by default)

o Logarithmic

Handedness:

o RHC (by default)

o LHC

Multiplicity:

o Unifilar

o Duofilar (by default)

o Quadrifilar

Height param:

o Total height (by default)

o Pitch Angle

After specifying the type of helix that is going to be made, these three

parameters should be specified: start radius (the numerical value),


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end radius,

number of turns,

the total height of the helix or the pitch angle (in degrees) depending on

the previously selected option for the Height parameter in Helix Settings

page.

Once the parameters for helix type are spe

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