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Wir schaffen Wissen – heute für morgen

Paul Scherrer Institut

Carbon Capture and Storage –

A future option for Switzerland?

Kathrin Volkart

25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 2Bern,

Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology

• Life cycle assessment of CCS

• Conclusions

• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland


CCS as a key technology for climate protection

Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2012

Technologies needed to achieve the 2DS


Swiss energy strategy: CO2 emissions in Switzerland

Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E)

ElectricityHouseholds Services Industry Mobility


Swiss energy strategy: Electricity production

Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E)

Natural gas plants


Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology


• Conclusions



Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

CCS chain

CO2 sources

Power plants

Coal: PC, IGCC

Nat. gas: NGCC

Biomass: PC, IGCC

Industrial sources

Cement

Waste incineration

Refineries

Oil & gas industry

CO2 capture CO2 transport CO2 storage

Pre-combustion

Post-combustion

Oxy-fuel combustion

Pipeline

Truck

Ship

Onshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields

EOR, ECBM

Mineral carbonation

Offshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields

EOR, ECBM


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0N

iede

raus

sem

(bro

wn

coal

, DE

)

Ham

m-U

etro

p(n

atur

al g

as C

C, D

E)

Tam

oilS

A R

affin

erie

(Col

lom

bey)

Hol

cim

AG

(W

üren

linge

n)

Vig

ier

Cem

ent A

G (

Pér

y)

Hol

cim

SA

(E

clép

ens)

Hol

cim

AG

(U

nter

vaz)

Jura

Cem

ent F

abrik

en(W

ildeg

g)

Pet

ropl

usR

efin

ing

SA

(C

ress

ier)

Les

Che

nevi

ers

(Aire

-la-V

ille)

KE

BA

G (

Zuc

hwil)

LON

ZA

AG

(V

isp)

IWB

(B

asel

)

ER

Z K

HK

W H

agen

holz

(Zür

ich)

VfA

(Buc

hsS

G)

KE

ZO

(H

inw

il)

SA

TO

M (

Mon

they

)

AC

R (

Giu

bias

co)

ER

Z K

HK

W J

osef

stra

sse

(Zür

ich)

TR

IDE

L (L

ausa

nne)

Jura

cim

eS

A (

Cor

naux

)

KV

A T

hurg

au (

Wei

nfel

den)

Axp

oT

egra

AG

(D

omat

/Em

s)

Mon

thel

AG

(M

onth

ey)

KV

A (

Tur

gi)

GE

KA

L (B

uchs

AG

)

ZA

B (

Baz

enhe

id)

KV

A L

inth

gebi

et(N

iede

rurn

en)

KV

A (

Ber

n)

KV

A (

Win

tert

hur)

GE

VA

G (

Trim

mis

)

SA

IDE

F (

Pos

ieux

)

KV

A (

Em

men

brüc

ke)

KV

A L

imm

atta

l(D

ietik

on)

An

nu

al C

O2

emis

sio

n in

Mt

(201

0)

Refinery Chemical industry Waste incineration Cement production Power generation

28.1

Large Swiss CO2 point sources (2010)

Source: E-PRTR (2012)


Large Swiss CO2 point sources (2010)

Refinery

Cement production

Waste incineration

Chemical industry

Power generation


Potential for geological CO2 storage in Switzerland

Source: Diamond, Leu et al. (2010)


CCS technology choice for Switzerland

CCS chain

CO2 sources

Power plants

Coal: PC, IGCC

Nat. gas: NGCC

Biomass: PC, IGCC

Industrial sources

Cement

Waste incineration

Refineries

Oil & gas industry

CO2 transport CO2 storage

Pre-combustion

Post-combustion

Oxy-fuel combustion

Pipeline

Truck

Ship

Onshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields

EOR, ECBM

Mineral carbonation

Offshore

Saline aquifers

Depleted gas fields

EOR, ECBM

CO2 capture


Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology


• Conclusions



LCA of power generation with CCS: Goal and scope

Fossil fuel

mining

Power plant

operation

Fossil fuel

transport

Fossil fuel

processing

CO2

capture

CO2

storage

CO2

transport

Resources

Electricity

Materials

Transports

Land use

1 kWh

electricity

Fuel mining

and transport

CO2 transport

and storage

LCA system

boundary

Functional

unit

Background LCI data:

ecoinvent v2.2

Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)


LCA of natural gas plants (2025)

Method: IPCC 2007

Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

without CCS with post-combustion

CO2 captureNatural gas

combined cycle plant

kg C

O2-

eq./k

Wh e

l

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0upstream power plant operation direct operation indirect

CO2 capture CO2 transport CO2 storage

0.41

0.13


LCA of natural gas plants (2025)

Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint



0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Human

toxicity

Particulate

matter

formation

Photochemical

oxidant

formation

Terrestrial

acidification

Freshwater

eutrophication

kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO2 eq kg P eq

ReC

iPe

(Eur

ope

H)

mid

poin

t ind

icat

or r

esul

ts,

rela

tive

to N

GC

C p

lant

with

out C

CS

NGCC, without CCS

NGCC, with post-combustion CO2 capture


LCA of cement production with CCS: Goal and scope

Source: figure from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zement

[CO2]= 28-30%

[CO2]= ~20%

→ CO2 capture:

steam and electricity

→ CO2 compression

electricity

Lime stone

Clay / Iron ore

Mining of raw materials

Storage and homogenisation

Pulverising anddrying

Flue gas cleaning

Crusher Blending bed

Storage pileStorage and homogenisationCalcination

Fuel silos

Clinker cooler Storage and

homogenisation

Kiln with four-stage heat exchanger

Raw meal silos

Clinker silo

Additive storage(gypsum, additives)

Cement grinding

Storage and homogenisation

Ball mill with sifter and cyclone separator

Cement silos and distribution

Electric filterRaw mill (vertical)

Cement

Raw material

CO2


LCA of cement plants (2025)

Method: IPCC 2007



0.67

0.41

0.31

0.23

0.15

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

no CCS Steam: hard coal

Electricity: grid

Steam/Electricity:

grid

Steam/Electricity:

natural gas CHP

Steam: waste heat,

Electricity: grid

kg C

O2-

eq./k

g ce

men

t

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Cement production Clinker: direct Clinker: indirect Clinker: primary raw material

Clinker: primary fuels CO2 capture: electricity CO2 capture: heat

CO2 capture: indirect CO2 transport CO2 storage


LCA of cement plants (2025)

Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint



0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Human

toxicity

Particulate

matter

formation

Photochemical

oxidant

formation

Terrestrial

acidification

Freshwater

eutrophication

kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO2 eq kg P eq

ReC

iPe

(Eur

ope

H)

mid

poin

t ind

icat

or r

esul

ts, r

elat

ive

to

the

max

imum

val

ue in

eac

h m

idpo

int i

mpa

ct c

ateg

ory

no CCS

Steam: hard coal; Electricity: grid

Steam/Electricity: grid

Steam/Electricity: natural gas CHP

Steam: waste heat; Electricity: grid


Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology


• Conclusions



Conclusions

• Conclusions on the life cycle assessment results

– CCS has the potential to strongly reduce life cycle GHG-emissions from natural gas

electricity generation (by ~70%) and cement production (by ~40-80%).

– CCS can thus significantly contribute to both, low carbon electricity and low carbon

cement production.

– Trade-offs related to other environmental aspects have to be kept in mind.

• Conclusions on CCS in Switzerland

– Future developments may lead to the need for CCS in Switzerland.

– The legal situation (CO2 Gesetz) is – among other criteria – decisive.

– CO2 capture and transport are proven technologies. CO2 storage instead is subject to

considerable uncertainties.

– To prove the feasibility of CCS in Switzerland a full cycle pilot project including an

injection site is required.


Outline

• Introduction

• CCS technology


• Conclusions



Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland

• Key issues for a CCS pilot project

CO2 storage site, legal aspects (mining, waste, water protection, …), costs and acceptance

• Objectives of the CCS roadmap

– Adequacy of the target formations for CO2 storage, demonstration of the safety of the

CO2 injection and storage, testing of predictive modelling results

– Assessment of the economics

– Knowledge transfer to the public, policy makers and licensing authorities

→ Provision of specific knowledge for a later planning & construction of a full CCS chain

• Tentative timeline

– Risk dialogue with authorities and public 2013/14

– Seismic exploration 2014/15

– Site acquisition & Drilling Permit 2015-17

– Drilling & Installation Operations 2017-19

– CO2 Injection Operations 2019-22

– Monitoring 2022-min. 2032

25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 23Bern, 23

I would like to thank

Christian Bauer (PSI), Ernst Bucher and Christian Zipper (Holcim)

This work was carried out as part of the project CARMA and funded by

Competence Centers of Environment and Sustainability (CCES) and Energy and Mobility (CCEM), the

Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and Alstom Power Service.

25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 24Bern, 24

Questions?

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