wireless communication systems -...

Wireless Communication Systems

This practically-oriented, all-inclusive guide covers all the major enabling techniques forcurrent and next-generation cellular communications and wireless networking systems.Technologies covered include CDMA, OFDM, UWB, turbo and LDPC coding, smartantennas, wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, MIMO, and cognitive radios, providingreaders with everything they need to master wireless systems design in a single volume.

Uniquely, a detailed introduction to the properties, design, and selection of RF sub-systems and antennas is provided, giving readers a clear overview of the whole wirelesssystem. It is also the first textbook to include a complete introduction to speech coders andvideo coders used in wireless systems.

Richly illustrated with over 400 figures, and with a unique emphasis on practical andstate-of-the-art techniques in system design, rather than on the mathematical foundations,this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in wireless communications, aswell as for wireless and telecom engineers.

Ke-Lin Du is currently a researcher in the Center for Signal Processing and Communicationsat Concordia University, Canada. Prior to joining Concordia University in 2001, he heldpositions with Huawei Technologies, the China Academy of Telecommunication Technol-ogy, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He visited the Hong Kong University ofScience and Technology in 2008. His current research interests include signal processing,wireless communications, RF systems, and neural networks. He is a Senior Member ofthe IEEE.

M. N. S. Swamy is currently a Director of the Center for Signal Processing and Communi-cations in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University,where he was Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science from 1977 to1993. He has published extensively in the areas of circuits, systems, and signal processing,co-authoring four books. Professor Swamy is a Fellow of the IEEE, IET (UK), and EIC(Canada), and has received many IEEE-CAS awards, including the Guillemin-Cauer awardin 1986, as well as the Education Award and the Golden Jubilee Medal, both in 2000.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-11403-5 - Wireless Communication Systems: From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling TechnologiesKe-Lin Du and M. N. S. SwamyFrontmatterMore information

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Wireless CommunicationSystems

From RF Subsystems to 4G EnablingTechnologies

KE-LIN DU and M. N. S. SWAMYConcordia University, Canada






C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

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c© Cambridge University Press 2010

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First published 2010

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress cataloging in Publication dataDu, K.-L.

Wireless communication systems / Ke-Lin Du and M. N. S. Swamy.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-521-11403-5

1. Wireless communication systems. I. Swamy, M. N. S. II. Title.TK5103.2.D825 2010

621.382–dc222009051702

ISBN 978-0-521-11403-5 Hardback

Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9780521114035

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in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






To My Son CynricK.-L. Du

and

To My ParentsM. N. S. Swamy






Contents

Preface page xxiiiAbbreviations xxvi

1 Introduction 11.1 The wireless age 11.2 Spectrum of electromagnetic waves 21.3 Block diagram of a communication system 31.4 Architecture of radio transceivers 3

1.4.1 Super-heterodyne transceivers 41.4.2 Direct-conversion transceivers 5

1.5 Organization of the book 7References 10

2 An overview of wireless communications 112.1 Roadmap of cellular communications 11

2.1.1 First-generation systems 112.1.2 Second-generation systems 122.1.3 Third-generation systems 142.1.4 Fourth-generation systems 182.1.5 Satellite communications 20

2.2 Mobile cellular networks 212.2.1 Circuit/packet switching 22

2.3 Roadmap for wireless networking 242.3.1 Wireless local-area networks 252.3.2 Wireless personal-area networks 262.3.3 Wireless metropolitan-area networks 282.3.4 Wireless regional-area networks 292.3.5 Ad hoc wireless networks 30

2.4 Other applications 322.4.1 Paging systems 322.4.2 Digital broadcasting systems 332.4.3 RF identification 33






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2.5 Open systems interconnect (OSI) referencemodel 34Problems 37References 38

3 Channel and propagation 393.1 Propagation loss 39

3.1.1 Free-space loss 393.1.2 Plane earth loss model 393.1.3 Okumura-Hata model 413.1.4 COST-231-Hata model 423.1.5 Other empirical models 433.1.6 COST-231-Walfisch-Ikegami model 433.1.7 Indoor propagation models 453.1.8 Channel models in wireless standards 46

3.2 Channel fading 483.2.1 Log-normal shadowing 483.2.2 Rayleigh fading 503.2.3 Two-path model of Rayleigh fading 533.2.4 Random frequency modulation 553.2.5 Ricean fading 563.2.6 Other fading models 583.2.7 Outage probability 58

3.3 Doppler fading 603.3.1 Doppler spectrum 603.3.2 Level crossing rates 633.3.3 Average duration of fades 64

3.4 WSSUS model 653.4.1 Delay spread 673.4.2 Correlation coefficient 683.4.3 Channel coherent bandwidth 693.4.4 Doppler spread and channel coherent time 703.4.5 Angle spread and coherent distance 71

3.5 Propagation mechanisms 733.5.1 Reflection and refraction 733.5.2 Scattering 753.5.3 Diffraction 76

3.6 Atmospheric effects 783.6.1 Tropospheric effects 793.6.2 Ionospheric effects 80

3.7 Channel sounding 82Problems 84References 86






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4 Cellular and multiple-user systems 924.1 The cellular concept 92

4.1.1 Cell planning 934.1.2 Increasing capacity of cellular networks 954.1.3 Interference in multiuser systems 964.1.4 Power control 984.1.5 Channel assignment 984.1.6 Handoff 99

4.2 Multiple access techniques 1014.2.1 Duplexing: FDD versus TDD 1024.2.2 FDMA 1044.2.3 TDMA 1044.2.4 CDMA 1054.2.5 OFDMA 1064.2.6 SDMA 106

4.3 Random multiple access 1084.3.1 ALOHA 1084.3.2 Carrier-sense multiple access 1094.3.3 Scheduling access 113

4.4 Erlang capacity in uplink 1144.4.1 Erlang B equation 1144.4.2 Erlang C equation 115

4.5 Protocol design for wireless networks 1174.5.1 Layered protocol design 1174.5.2 Cross-layer design 120

4.6 Quality of service 1214.7 User location 123

Problems 126References 128

5 Diversity 1305.1 Diversity methods 1305.2 Combining multiple signals 133

5.2.1 Selection diversity 1345.2.2 Maximum ratio combining 1375.2.3 Equal gain combining 1435.2.4 Switch diversity 1455.2.5 Optimum combining 145

5.3 Transmit diversity 1485.3.1 Open-loop transmit diversity 1495.3.2 Closed-loop transmit diversity 150

5.4 Multiuser diversity 1505.4.1 Pdf and cdf 1515.4.2 Multiuser diversity versus classical diversity 152






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6 Channel estimation and equalization 1586.1 Channel estimation 158

6.1.1 Adaptive channel estimation 1596.1.2 Blind channel estimation 160

6.2 Channel equalization 1606.2.1 Optimum sequence detection 1616.2.2 Linear equalizers 1626.2.3 Decision-feedback equalizers 1666.2.4 MLSE equalizer 1676.2.5 Viterbi algorithm 1686.2.6 Frequency-domain equalizers 1706.2.7 Blind equalizers 1716.2.8 Precoding 172

6.3 Pulse shaping 1726.3.1 Raised-cosine filtering 1736.3.2 Root-raised-cosine filtering 175Problems 176References 177

7 Modulation and detection 1807.1 Analog modulation 180

7.1.1 Amplitude modulation 1807.1.2 Phase modulation and frequency modulation 182

7.2 Introduction to digital modulation 1837.2.1 Signal space diagram 1847.2.2 Demodulation and detection 1857.2.3 Error probability in the Gaussian channel 186

7.3 Baseband modulation 1887.3.1 Line codes 1887.3.2 Pulse time modulation 190

7.4 Pulse amplitude modulation 1917.5 Phase shift keying 195

7.5.1 Binary phase shift keying 1957.5.2 M-ary phase shift keying 1977.5.3 Quaternary phase shift keying 202

7.6 Frequency shift keying 2077.6.1 Binary frequency shift keying 2077.6.2 M-ary frequency shift keying 2117.6.3 Minimum shift keying 2137.6.4 Gaussian minimum shift keying 2157.6.5 Continuous phase modulation 217






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7.7 Quadrature amplitude modulation 2187.8 Bandwidth efficiencies of M-ary modulation 2247.9 Matched filtering 2257.10 Synchronization 226

7.10.1 Carrier synchronization 2277.10.2 Symbol timing recovery 228

7.11 Differential modulation 2317.12 Error probability in fading channels 231

7.12.1 Flat Rayleigh fading channel 2327.12.2 Flat Ricean fading channel 2357.12.3 Alternative form of the Q-function 2367.12.4 Error probability using moment-generating functions 237

7.13 Error probabilities due to delay spread and frequency dispersion 2387.14 Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception 239


8 Spread spectrum communications 2468.1 Introduction 2468.2 Spreading sequences 248

8.2.1 Properties of spreading sequences 2488.2.2 Pseudo-noise sequences 2498.2.3 Gold sequences 2528.2.4 Kasami sequences 2528.2.5 Walsh sequences 2538.2.6 Orthogonal variable spreading factor sequences 2548.2.7 Barker sequences 2558.2.8 Complementary codes 255

8.3 Direct-sequence spread spectrum 2568.3.1 DS-CDMA model 2578.3.2 Conventional receiver 2598.3.3 Rake receiver 2608.3.4 Synchronization in CDMA 2638.3.5 Power control 2638.3.6 Soft handoff 264

8.4 Multiuser detection 2658.4.1 Introduction 2658.4.2 Optimum multiuser detector 2678.4.3 Linear multiuser detection 2688.4.4 Serial/parallel interference cancellation 2698.4.5 Combination of linear MUD and nonlinear SIC 271

8.5 Bit error probability and system capacity 2728.5.1 BER performance 2728.5.2 Uplink capacity 274






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8.6 Other DSSS techniques 2768.7 DSSS and DS-CDMA in wireless standards 2778.8 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum 280

8.8.1 Error performance of FHSS 2828.8.2 FHSS versus DSSS 283Problems 284References 285

9 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 2909.1 Introduction 2909.2 Principle of OFDM 2919.3 OFDM transceivers 2939.4 Cyclic prefix 2949.5 Spectrum of OFDM 2979.6 Fading mitigation in OFDM 3009.7 Channel estimation 301

9.7.1 Pilot arrangement for channel estimation 3029.7.2 Pilot-assisted channel estimation 303

9.8 Peak-to-average power ratio 3059.8.1 Peak factor: definition and impact 3059.8.2 Peak factor reduction techniques 3069.8.3 Amplitude clipping or companding 308

9.9 Intercarrier interference 3129.10 Synchronization 314

9.10.1 Influence of frequency offset 3149.10.2 Phase noise effects on OFDM 3179.10.3 Influence of timing offset 3189.10.4 Implementation of synchronization 318

9.11 OFDM-based multiple access 3229.12 Performance of OFDM systems 3249.13 Multi-carrier CDMA 3269.14 Other OFDM-associated schemes 329


10 Antennas 33710.1 Maxwell’s equations 33710.2 Introduction to computational electromagnetics 338

10.2.1 Method of moments 33910.2.2 Finite difference time-domain method 33910.2.3 Finite element method 340

10.3 Antenna fundamentals 34110.3.1 Radiation patterns 34210.3.2 Antenna field zones 343






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10.3.3 Antenna gain and directivity 34410.3.4 Effective area and effective height 34510.3.5 Antenna temperature 34610.3.6 Polarization 34610.3.7 Receiving and transmitting power

efficiency 34710.4 Antennas for wireless communications 349

10.4.1 Antennas for base stations 34910.4.2 Antennas for mobile stations 350

10.5 Dipole antennas 35110.5.1 Wire dipole antennas 35310.5.2 Baluns 35510.5.3 Wire monopoles 356

10.6 Patch antennas 35610.6.1 Microstrip antennas 35710.6.2 Broadband microstrip antennas 358

10.7 Polarization-agile antennas 35910.8 Antenna arrays 360

10.8.1 Array factor 36110.8.2 Mutual coupling and spatial correlation 362

10.9 Wideband antennas 36410.9.1 Implementation of wideband antennas 36410.9.2 Ultra wideband antennas 366Problems 367References 369

11 RF and microwave subsystems 37311.1 Introduction 373

11.1.1 Receiver performance requirements 37311.1.2 Architecture of RF subsystems 374

11.2 RF system analysis 37511.2.1 Noise 37611.2.2 Noise figure 37811.2.3 Link budget analysis 379

11.3 Transmission lines 38011.3.1 Fundamental theory 38011.3.2 Types of transmission line 384

11.4 Microwave network analysis 38511.5 Impedance matching 388

11.5.1 Stub tuners 38811.5.2 Quarter-wave transformer 38911.5.3 Multisection matching transformers 389

11.6 Microwave resonators 39011.6.1 RLC resonant circuits 390






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11.6.2 Transmission line resonators 39111.6.3 Waveguide cavities 393

11.7 Power dividers and directional couplers 39311.7.1 Three-port networks 39311.7.2 Four-port networks 395

11.8 RF/microwave filters 39711.8.1 Insertion loss method 39711.8.2 Prototyping 40011.8.3 Stub filters 40111.8.4 Stepped-impedance lowpass filters 40211.8.5 Coupled line bandpass filters 40311.8.6 Computer-aided design for RF/microwave

filter design 40511.8.7 Filters for wireless communications 406

11.9 Phase shifters 40811.10 Basic concepts in active RF circuits 41011.11 Modeling of RF components 414

11.11.1 Diodes 41411.11.2 Transistors 417

11.12 Switches 42211.13 Attenuators 42411.14 Mixers 425

11.14.1 Operation of mixers 42511.14.2 Types of mixers 427

11.15 Amplifiers 42811.15.1 Requirements in wireless systems 42811.15.2 Structure of amplifiers 42911.15.3 Classification of amplifiers 43011.15.4 Linearization techniques 43311.15.5 Microwave transistors for amplifiers 43511.15.6 Stability 43611.15.7 Transistor amplifier design 436

11.16 Oscillators 43711.16.1 Analysis methods 43711.16.2 Phase noise 43911.16.3 Classification of RF oscillators 440

11.17 Frequency synthesis 44311.17.1 Composition of phase-locked loops 44311.17.2 Dynamics of phase-locked loops 44611.17.3 Direct frequency synthesis 448

11.18 Automatic gain control 44911.19 MICs and MMICs 451

11.19.1 Major MMIC technologies 45111.19.2 Approach to MMIC design 452






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11.19.3 Passive lumped components 45311.19.4 RF CMOS 45511.19.5 Impedance matching 456Problems 457References 461

12 A/D and D/A conversions 46412.1 Introduction 46412.2 Sampling 464

12.2.1 Ideal and natural sampling 46412.2.2 Sampling theorem 46612.2.3 Aliasing and antialiasing 46612.2.4 Oversampling and decimation 46812.2.5 Bandpass sampling theorem 468

12.3 Quantization 47012.3.1 Uniform quantization 47012.3.2 Improving resolution by oversampling 472

12.4 Analog reconstruction 47312.5 Parameters for A/D and D/A converters 475

12.5.1 SNR of A/D and D/A converters 47612.5.2 SFDR and dithering 477

12.6 A/D converter circuits 47912.6.1 Flash A/D converters 48012.6.2 Successive-approximation register A/D converters 48012.6.3 Sigma-delta A/D converters 481

12.7 D/A converter circuits 48412.8 A/D and D/A converters for software-defined radios 485


13 Signals and signal processing 48913.1 Basic transforms 489

13.1.1 Fourier transform 48913.1.2 Laplace transform 49013.1.3 z-transform 491

13.2 Discrete-time Fourier transform 49413.2.1 Windowing 49513.2.2 DFT 49813.2.3 FFT 499

13.3 Digital filters 50113.3.1 FIR and IIR filters 50113.3.2 Stability 50213.3.3 Inverse filters 503






xvi Contents�

13.3.4 Minimum-, maximum-, and mixed-phasesystems 504

13.3.5 Notch and comb filters 50513.4 Digital filter design 507

13.4.1 FIR digital filter design 50813.4.2 IIR filter design 51113.4.3 Hardware implementation of digital filters 513

13.5 Adaptive filters 51313.5.1 Wiener solution 51413.5.2 LMS algorithm 51513.5.3 RLS algorithm 515

13.6 Digital up-conversion and digital down-conversion 51613.6.1 Numerically controlled oscillators 51713.6.2 Direct digital frequency synthesis 518

13.7 Sampling-rate conversion 52013.7.1 Interpolation 52113.7.2 Decimation 52413.7.3 Sample rate converters 52513.7.4 Cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters 525

13.8 Discrete cosine transform 52713.9 Wavelet transform 530

13.9.1 Discrete wavelet transform 53213.9.2 Multiresolution analysis 533

13.10 Filter banks 53513.11 Sub-band coding 538

13.11.1 Two-channel perfect reconstruction filter banks 53913.11.2 Pseudo-QMF filter bank 54113.11.3 Modified DCT (MDCT) 542Problems 543References 545

14 Fundamentals of information theory 55014.1 Basic definitions 55014.2 Lossless data compression 555

14.2.1 Source coding theorem 55614.2.2 Huffman coding 55714.2.3 Exponential-Golomb variable-length codes 55914.2.4 Arithmetic coding 56014.2.5 Dictionary-based coding 563

14.3 Rate-distortion theorem 56514.4 Channel capacity 567

14.4.1 Capacity of the AWGN channel for Gaussiandistributed input 568






xvii Contents�

14.4.2 Capacity of the AWGN channel for discreteinput alphabets 571

14.4.3 Area spectral efficiency 57414.5 Source-channel coding theorem 57514.6 Capacity of fading channels 576

14.6.1 Capacity with CSI at receiver only 57714.6.2 Capacity with CSI at transmitter and receiver 57914.6.3 Capacity of frequency-selective fading channels 581

14.7 Channel capacity for multiuser communications 58214.7.1 AWGN channel 58214.7.2 Flat-fading channels 585

14.8 Estimation theory 585Problems 586References 589

15 Channel coding 59115.1 Preliminaries 59115.2 Linear block codes 592

15.2.1 Error detection/correction 59315.2.2 Simple parity check and Hamming codes 59515.2.3 Syndrome decoding 596

15.3 Hard/soft decision decoding 59715.4 Cyclic codes 600

15.4.1 Encoder and decoder 60015.4.2 Types of cyclic codes 603

15.5 Interleaving 60615.6 Convolutional codes 607

15.6.1 Encoding of convolutional codes 60815.6.2 Encoder state and trellis diagrams 61115.6.3 Sequence decoders 61315.6.4 Trellis representation of block codes 61615.6.5 Coding gain and error probability 61815.6.6 Convolutional coding with interleaving 61915.6.7 Punctured convolutional codes 62015.6.8 Trellis-coded modulation 621

15.7 Conventional concatenated codes 62215.8 Turbo codes 625

15.8.1 Turbo encoder 62515.8.2 Turbo decoder 62715.8.3 MAP algorithm 63015.8.4 Analysis of the turbo code 635

15.9 Serially concatenated convolutional codes 63915.9.1 Design of the SCCC 64015.9.2 Decoding of the SCCC 640






xviii Contents�

15.10 Low-density parity-check codes 64115.10.1 LDPC code: a linear block code 64115.10.2 LDPC encoder and decoder 644

15.11 Adaptive modulation and coding 64615.12 ARQ and hybrid-ARQ 649


16 Source coding I: speech and audio coding 65916.1 Introduction 659

16.1.1 Coding for analog sources 65916.2 Quantization 661

16.2.1 Scalar quantization 66116.2.2 Vector quantization 662

16.3 Speech production and auditory systems 66316.3.1 Speech production 66316.3.2 Psychoacoustics 665

16.4 Speech/audio quality 66816.4.1 Subjective quality measures 66816.4.2 Objective quality measures 670

16.5 Speech coding 67216.5.1 Logarithmic PCM coding 67316.5.2 Linear prediction analysis and synthesis 67416.5.3 Predictive coding 68016.5.4 Frequency-domain waveform coding 68316.5.5 Voice activity detection 68316.5.6 Linear predictive coding 68416.5.7 Pitch period estimation 68616.5.8 Analysis by synthesis 68816.5.9 CELP-based codecs 69116.5.10 Wideband speech coding 696

16.6 Audio coding 69716.6.1 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio 69916.6.2 MPEG-4 Audio 701Problems 703References 705

17 Source coding II: image and video coding 70717.1 Introduction 70717.2 Perception of human vision 709

17.2.1 Human visual system 70917.2.2 Color spaces 710

17.3 Quality of image and video coding 71217.4 Predictive coding 713






xix Contents�

17.5 Transform-based image compression 71517.6 JPEG standard 716

17.6.1 Four modes of operation 71617.6.2 Quantization 71817.6.3 Coding 720

17.7 Wavelet-transform-based image coding 72117.7.1 Sub-band decomposition 72117.7.2 Wavelet filter design 72217.7.3 Coding of wavelet subimages 724

17.8 Wavelet-based image coding standards 72917.8.1 JPEG2000 standard 72917.8.2 MPEG-4 still image mode 730

17.9 Comparison of image coding standards 73117.9.1 Comparison of six popular standards 73117.9.2 DjVu and adaptive binary optimization

(ABO) 73317.10 Video data compression 733

17.10.1 Frame format 73417.10.2 Frame types 73417.10.3 Motion compensation 73517.10.4 Basic structure of video 73917.10.5 Video encoder/decoder 74017.10.6 Scalability 74217.10.7 Integer DCT transform 74317.10.8 Shape coding 74417.10.9 Object-based coding and sprite coding 74517.10.10 Rate control 746

17.11 Introduction to video standards 747Problems 752References 754

18 Multiple antennas: smart antenna systems 75718.1 Introduction 757

18.1.1 The concept of smart antennas 75718.1.2 Smart antennas in mobile communications 758

18.2 Direction-finding 75918.2.1 Pseudospectrums 76018.2.2 MUSIC 761

18.3 Beamforming 76318.3.1 Blind source separation 76418.3.2 ZF, MRC, and Wiener beamformers 76418.3.3 Switched-beam antennas 765

18.4 Adaptive beamforming 76718.4.1 DoA-based beamforming 767






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18.4.2 Training-based beamforming 77018.4.3 Blind beamforming 774

18.5 Cyclostationary beamforming 77618.5.1 Preliminaries on cyclostationarity 77618.5.2 Summary of some algorithms 77818.5.3 ACS algorithm 780

18.6 Wideband beamforming 78218.6.1 Tapped-delay-line structure 78218.6.2 Pure delay-line wideband transmitter beamformer 783Problems 785References 785

19 Multiple antennas: MIMO systems 78819.1 Introduction 78819.2 MIMO system 788

19.2.1 MIMO system model 78819.2.2 Spatial correlation and MIMO

channel model 78919.2.3 MIMO decoding 79119.2.4 MIMO channel decomposition 79119.2.5 Channel estimation 79219.2.6 CSI or partial CSI at the transmitter 794

19.3 Capacity in i.i.d. slow fading channels 79519.3.1 No CSI at the transmitter 79719.3.2 CSI known at the transmitter 79819.3.3 Channel capacities for transmitter with

versus without CSI 80019.4 Capacity in i.i.d. fast fading channels 801

19.4.1 Outage and ergodic capacities 80119.4.2 Capacity bounds 80719.4.3 Ricean channels 808

19.5 Space-time coding 80919.5.1 Performance analysis of space-time codes 81019.5.2 Orthogonal space-time block codes 81319.5.3 Space-time trellis codes 81719.5.4 Differential space-time coding 819

19.6 Spatial multiplexing 81919.6.1 Layered space-time receiver structures 82019.6.2 Space-time receivers 82219.6.3 Spatial precoding 82619.6.4 Other closed-loop MIMO schemes 82819.6.5 Beamspace MIMO 829

19.7 Diversity, beamforming, versus spatial multiplexing 83019.7.1 Diversity, beamforming, and spatial multiplexing gains 830






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19.7.2 Error probabilities for MIMO systems 83219.7.3 MIMO beamforming 835

19.8 MIMO for frequency- or time-selective fading channels 83619.8.1 MIMO-SC 83719.8.2 MIMO-OFDM 83819.8.3 MIMO for time-selective channels 841

19.9 Space-time processing 84119.9.1 Linear space-time processing model 84219.9.2 ZF and MMSE receivers 842

19.10 Space-time processing for CDMA systems 84419.10.1 Signal model 84419.10.2 Space-time detection algorithms 84619.10.3 Adaptive implementation of ST-MUD 850

19.11 MIMO in wireless standards 855Problems 857References 859

20 Ultra wideband communications 87020.1 Introduction 87020.2 UWB indoor channel 87320.3 UWB capacity 87620.4 Pulsed UWB 877

20.4.1 Pulse shape 87720.4.2 Modulation and multiple access for pulsed UWB 87920.4.3 Time-hopping and direct-sequence UWB signals 88120.4.4 Pulsed-UWB transceivers 88320.4.5 Challenges for pulsed UWB systems 88520.4.6 Rake receivers 88620.4.7 Transmitted-reference receivers 887

20.5 Multiband UWB 89020.5.1 Modulation of pulsed multiband UWB 89120.5.2 MB-OFDM UWB 891Problems 893References 894

21 Cognitive radios 89821.1 Conception of software-defined radio 89821.2 Hardware/software architecture of software-defined radio 89921.3 Conception of cognitive radio 901

21.3.1 Topics in cognitive radio 90221.3.2 Cognitive radio in wireless standards 904

21.4 Spectrum sensing 90521.4.1 Secondary user-based local spectrum sensing 90521.4.2 Cooperative spectrum sensing 908






xxii Contents�

21.5 Spectrum sensing using cyclostationary property 91021.5.1 Spectrum-cyclic-analysis-based spectrum sensing 91021.5.2 Cyclostationary beamforming-based spectrum sensing 911

21.6 Dynamic spectrum access 91521.6.1 Water-filling for dynamic spectrum access 91521.6.2 Basic game theory 92121.6.3 Four persona models 92421.6.4 Game-theoretic models for dynamic resources allocation 925Problems 928References 929

22 Wireless ad hoc and sensor networks 93222.1 Introduction 932

22.1.1 Wireless sensor networks 93222.2 Routing 93522.3 Security 936

22.3.1 Security problems 93622.3.2 Encryption 938

22.4 Technical overview for wireless ad hoc networks 94022.5 Technical overview for wireless sensor networks 94322.6 Data aggregation and routing for WSNs 948

22.6.1 Data aggregation 94822.6.2 Routing 949

22.7 Relay, user cooperation, and MIMO relay networks 95122.7.1 Relay 95222.7.2 User cooperation 95422.7.3 MIMO relay networks 956Problems 959References 960

Appendix A The Q-function 965Reference 966

Appendix B Wirtinger calculus 967Reference 969

Index 970






Preface

In the last three decades, the explosive growth of mobile and wireless communica-tions has radically changed the life of people. Wireless services have migrated from theconventional voice-centric services to data-centric services. The circuit-switched commu-nication network is now being replaced by the all-IP packet-switched network. Mobilecommunications have also evolved from the first-generation (1G) analog systems to thethird-generation (3G) systems now being deployed, and the fourth-generation (4G) sys-tems are now under development and are expected to be available by 2010. The evolutionof wireless networking has also taken place rapidly during this period, from low-speedwireless local-area networks (LANs) to broadband wireless LANs, wireless metropolitan-area networks (MANs), wireless wide-area networks (WANs), and wireless personal-areanetworks (PANs). Also, broadband wireless data service has been expanded into broad-casting service, leading to satellite TV broadcasting and wireless regional-area networks(RANs) for digital TV. The data rate has also evolved from the 10 kbits/s voice communi-cations to approximately 1 Gbit/s in the 4G wireless network. In addition, the 4G wirelessnetwork will provide ubiquitous communications.

Scope and Purpose

A complete wireless system involves many different areas. However, most existing text-books on wireless communications focus only on the fundamental principles of wirelesscommunications, while many other areas associated with a whole wireless system, such asdigital signal processing, antenna design, microwave and radio frequency (RF) subsystemdesign, speech coding, video coding, and channel coding, are left to other books.

This book provides a broad, also in certain depth, technical view of wireless communica-tions, covering various aspects of radio systems. Various enabling technologies for modernwireless communications are also included. Unlike the existing books in the field, this bookis organized from a wireless system designer’s viewpoint. We give wide coverage to thetechniques that are most relevant to the design of wireless communication and networkingsystems. We focus ourselves on the lower layers of wireless systems, since the upper lay-ers such as network layers and transport layers are topics of general data communicationsystems. Due to limited space, we do not provide lengthy mathematical details, but ratheremphasize the practical aspects.

The book is divided into twenty-two chapters, including introduction, overwiew of wire-less communications and networking, wireless channel and radio propagation, cellularsystems and multiple access, diversity, channel equalization, modulation and detection,spread-spectrum communications, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),






xxiv Preface�

antennas, RF and microwave subsystems, A/D and D/A conversions, digital signalprocessing, information theory, ultra wideband (UWB) communications, speech/audiocoding, image/video coding, channel coding, smart antennas, multiple input multiple out-put (MIMO) systems, cognitive radios, and wireless ad hoc/sensor networks. Each chaptercontains some examples and problems.

Intended Audience

This book is primarily intended as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate stu-dents specializing in wireless communications and telecommunication systems. It is also agood reference book for practicing engineers. The reader is supposed to have a backgroundin electrical engineering and to be familiar with the theory of signals and systems, probabil-ities and stochastic processes, basic circuits, basic digital communications, linear algebra,and advanced calculus. These courses are offered in most electrical engineering under-graduate programs. The contents are useful for mobile cellular communications, satellitecommunication, and wireless networking.

The material in this book can be taught in two semesters. The first semester may coverChapters 1 to 13, which deal with the principles of wireless communications, and the ana-log and digital designs. The second semester could cover the remaining chapters, includinginformation theory and coding, and some advanced and emerging technologies. If only onesemester is available for this course, we suggest teaching Chapters 1 to 13, 15, and selectedsections from Chapters 18 to 22. Since each chapter is rather comprehensive on the topicstreated and is relatively self-contained, the reader can select to read only those chaptersthat are of interest. MATLAB codes for the examples in the book are downloadable fromthe book website.

Acknowledgments

First of all, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers, whose comments haveenriched this book. Our appreciation is extended to Ayhan Altintas of Bilkent University(Turkey) for commenting on Chapters 3 and 10, Chunjiang Duanmu of Zhejiang NormalUniversity (China) for reviewing Chapter 17, and Wai Ho Mow of Hong Kong Univer-sity of Science and Technology (China) for his valuable comments on Chapter 21. Theauthors would like to express their special thanks to Ezio Biglieri and Giorgio Tariccofrom Politecnico di Torino (Italy) for helpful discussion.

K.-L. Du would like to express his gratitude to Wei Wu of Concordia University(Canada), Doru Florin Chiper of Technical University “Gh. Asachi” Iasi (Romania), JieZeng of Meidian Technologies (China), Yi Shen of Huazhong University of Science andTechnology (China), Hong Bao and Jiabin Lu of Guangdong University of Technology(China), Qiang Ni of Brunel University (UK), Yin Yang and Daniel Gaoyang Dai fromHong Kong University of Science and Technology (China), Xiangming Li of BeijingInstitute of Technology (China), Qingling Zhang of ZTE Corporation (China), Yi Zhangof Huawei Technologies (China), and Andrew Chi-Sing Leung from City University ofHong Kong (China) for their personal help during the period of preparing this book.






xxv Preface�

M. N. S. Swamy also wishes to thank his family for their support during the period ofpreparing this book.

We feel extremely fortunate to have worked with Cambridge University Press. Weexpress our utmost appreciation to Philip Meyler, Publishing Director, Engineering, Math-ematical and Physical Sciences, at Cambridge University Press, for his guidance. Theencouragement and support provided by Philip Meyler has made the process of writing thisbook very joyful. Finally, special thanks go to the staff from Cambridge University Press:Sabine Koch, Sarah Matthews, Caroline Brown, Anna Marie Lovett, Richard Marston, andSehar Tahir, without whose help the production of the book would have been impossible.

Feedback

A book of this length is certain to have some errors and omissions. While we havemade significant attempts to a comprehensive description of major techniques relatedto modern wireless communications, there are many new emerging techniques, some ofwhich may not have been included. Feedback is welcome via email at [email protected] [email protected], and we promise to reply to all the messages.

Concordia UniversityMontreal, Canada






Abbreviations

1xEV-DO 1x Evolution, DataOptimized

1xEV-DV 1x Evolution, Data and VoicenG nth generation3DES Triple DES3GPP Third-Generation Partnership

Project3GPP2 Third-Generation Partnership

Project 24GFSK quaternary GFSKAAC Advanced Audio CodingACAB adaptive CABACELP algebraic codebook excited

linear predictionACF autocorrelation functionACI adjacent channel interferenceACLR adjacent channel leakage

ratioACPR adjacent channel power ratioACS adaptive cross-SCOREACTS Advanced Communication

Technology SatelliteA/D analog-to-digitalADC A/D converterADPCM adaptive differential PCMAES Advanced Encryption

StandardAF amplify-and-forwardAFC automatic frequency controlAGC automatic gain controlAM amplitude modulationAMC adaptive modulation and

codingAMI alternative mark inversionAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone

Services

AMR adaptive multi-rateAMR-WB adaptive multi-rate

widebandANSI American National

Standards InstituteAPS adaptive phase-SCOREARQ automatic repeat requestASIC application-specific

integrated circuitASK amplitude shift keyingAVC Advanced Video CodingAWGN additive white Guaasian

noisebalun balanced-to-unbalanced

transformerBAN body area networkBCH Bose-Chaudhuri-

HocquenghemBCJR Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-RavivBER bit error probabilityBER bit error rateBFSK binary FSKBICM bit-interleaved coded

modulationBJT bipolar junction transistorBLAST Bell Labs Layered

Space-TimeBPSK binary phase shift keyingBRAN Broadband Radio Access

NetworkBS base stationBSC binary symmetric channelBS-CDMA block-spreading CDMACAB cyclic adaptive beamformingCABAC context-based adaptive

binary arithmetic coding






xxvii List of Abbreviations�

CAVLC context-based adaptivevariable-length code

CCF cross-correlation functionCCI co-channel interferenceCCK complementary code keyingCCSDS Consultative Committee for

Space Data Systemscdf cumulative distribution

functionCDMA code division multiple accessCDPD Cellular Digital Packet DataCELP code-excited linear

predictionCF compress-and-forwardCFO carrier frequency offsetCIC cascaded integrator combCIF common intermediate formatCIR carrier-to-interference ratioCLS constrained least-squaresCNR carrier-to-noise ratioCORBA common object request

broker architectureCORDIC Coordinate Rotation Digital

ComputerCP-CDMA cyclic prefix assisted CDMACPFSK continuous phase FSKCPM continuous phase modulationCQF conjugate quadrature filtersCRC cyclic redundancy checkCRLB Cramer-Rao lower boundCRSC circular recursive systematic

convolutionalCS-ACELP Conjugate Structure ACELPCSI channel state informationCSMA carrier sense multiple accessCSMA/CA CSMA with collision

avoidanceCSMA/CD CSMA with collision

detectionCT2 Second Generation Cordless

TelephoneCVSDM continuous variable slope

DMD/A digital-to-analog

DAB Digital Audio BroadcastingDAC D/A converterD-BLAST diagonal BLASTDBPSK differential BPSKDCT discrete cosine transformDDCR decision-directed carrier

recoveryDDS direct digital synthesisDEBPSK differentially encoded

BPSKDECT Digital Enhanced Cordless

TelephoneDEMPSK differentially encoded

MPSKDEQPSK differentially encoded

QPSKDES Data Encryption StandardDF decode-and-forwardDFE decision-feedback

equalizationDFT Discrete Fourier transformDiffServ differential servicesDM delta modulationDMB Digital Multimedia

BroadcastingDMPSK differential MPSKDNL differential nonlinearityDoA direction-of-arrivalDoD Department of Defense; also

direction-of-departureDPCM differential PCMDPSK differential phase-shift

keyingDQPSK differential quarternary

phase shift keyingDR dielectric resonatorDS direct sequenceDSB double sidebandDSB-LC DSB-large carrierDSB-SC DSB-small carrierDSL, xDSL digital subscriber lineDS-CDMA direct-sequence CDMADSCQS double stimulus continuous

quality scale






xxviii List of Abbreviations�

DSMA digital sense multipleaccess

DSP digital signal processorDSSS direct-sequence spread

spectrumDST discrete sine transformDSTTD double-STTDDTFT discrete-time Fourier

transformDVB-H DVB-HandheldDVB-RCL Digital Video

Broadcasting–Return Channelfor LMDS

DVB-RCS DVB-Return Channel viaSatellite

DVB-S Digital Video BroadcastingSatellite

DVB-S2 DVB-Satellite SecondGeneration

DVB-T Terrestrial DVBDVB-T2 Terrestrial DVB Second

GenerationDWT discrete wavelet transformDySPAN Dynamic Spectrum Access

NetworksEBCOT Embedded block coding

with optimizedtruncation

ECMA European ComputerManufacturers Association

EDGE Enhanced Data for GSMEvolution

EFR enhanced full rateEGC equal gain combiningEIA Electronics Industry

AssociationEM electromagneticENOB effective number of bitsEPC Electronic Product CodeESPAR electronically steerable

parasitic array radiatorESPRIT Estimation of Signal

Parameters via RotationalInvariance Techniques

ETSI EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards Institute

E-UTRA Evolved UTRAE-UTRAN Evolved UTRA NetworkEVRC enhanced variable rate codecEVRC-WB EVRC-WidebandEXIT extrinsic information

transferEZW embedded zero-tree waveletFBSS fast base station switchingFCC Federal Communications

CommissionFDD frequency division duplexingFDE frequency-domain

equalizationFDMA frequency division multiple

accessFDTD finite difference time domainFEC forward error correctionFEM finite element methodFET field-effect transistorFFT fast Fourier transformFH frequency hoppingFH-CDMA frequency-hopping CDMAFHSS frequency-hopping spread

spectrumFIR finite impulse responseFM frequency modultionFPGA field programmable gate

arrayFR full-rateFSK frequency shift keyingFWT fast wavelet transformGaAs gallium arsenideGEO geostationary earth orbitGFSK Gaussian FSKGMC generalized multi-carrierGMSK Gaussian minimum shift

keyingGOB group of blocksGOP group of picturesGoS grade of serviceGPRS General Packet Radio Service






xxix List of Abbreviations�

GPS Global PositioningSystem

GSC Golay Sequential CodeGSM Global System for Mobile

CommunicationsHAPS high-altitude aeronautical

platform systemHARQ hybrid-ARQH-BLAST Horizontal encoding

BLASTHBT heterojunction bipolar

transistorHDTV high definition televisionHEMT high electron mobility

transistorHFET heterostructure FETHiperACCESS High-Performance

AccessHiperLAN High Performance Radio

LANHiperMAN High Performance

Metropolitan AreaNetwork

HiSWAN High Speed WirelessAccess Network

HILN harmonic and individuallines plus noise

HLR home location registerHR half-rateHSCSD High Speed Circuit

Switched DataHSDPA High-Speed Downlink

Packet AccessH-S/MRC hybrid

selection/maximum ratiocombining

HSPA High-Speed PacketAccess

HSUPA High-Speed UplinkPacket Access

HTS high-temperaturesuperconductor

I in-phaseIC integrated circuit

ICI intercarrier interferenceIDCT inverse DCTIDMA interleave division

multiple accessIDWT inverse DWTIEC International

ElectrotechnicalCommission

IETF Internet Engineering TaskForce

IF intermediate frequencyIIP3 input IP3IIR infinite impulse responseIMD intermodulation distortionIMDCT inverse MDCTIMI intermodulation

interferenceIMPATT impact avalanche and

transit timeIMT-2000 International Mobile

Telecommunications 2000IntServ integrated servicesINL integral nonlinearityIP Internet ProtocolIP3 third-order intercept pointIPv4/v6 Internet Protocol version

4/version 6IS Interim StandardISI intersymbol interferenceISM industrial, scientific,

medicalISO International Organization

for StandardizationITU International

Telecommunication UnionITU-R ITU’s

RadiocommunicationSector

ITU-T ITU’s TelecomunicationStandarization Sector

JPEG Joint PhotographicExperts Group

JTRS Joint Tactical RadioSystem






xxx List of Abbreviations�

LAN local area networkLBG Linde-Buzo-GrayLCC lost call clearingLCH lost call holdLCMV linearly constrained

minimum varianceLCR level crossing rateLD-CELP low-delay CELPLDPC low density parity codeLEACH low-energy adaptive

clustering hierarchyLEO low earth orbitLHCP left-hand circular

polarizationLINC linear amplification using

nonlinear componentsLLC logical link controlLLR log-likelihood ratioLMDS Local Multipoint

Distribution ServiceLMS least mean squaresLNA low-noise amplifierLO local oscillatorLOS line-of-sightLOT lapped orthogonal transformLPC linear predictive codingLS least squaresLSB least significant bitLS-DRMTA least squares despread

respread multitarget arrayLSF line spectral frequencyLSP linear spectral pairLTCC low-temperature cofired

ceramicLTE Long-Term EvolutionLTI linear time-invariantLTP long-term predictionLUT look-up tableMAC medium access control; also

multiply-accumulateMAD mean absolute differenceMAHO mobile-assisted handoffMAI multiple-access interferenceMAN metropolitan-area network

MANET mobile ad hoc networkingMAP maximum a posterioriMASK M-ary amplitude-shift

keyingMB-OFDM multiband OFDM-basedMCA maximally constrained

autocorrelationMC-CDMA multi-carrier CDMAMC-DS-CDMA

multi-carrier DS-CDMA

MCM multicarrier modulationMCU microcontroller unitMDCT modified DCTMDF magnitude difference

functionMDHO macro diversity handoffMDS minimum detectable signalMELP mixed excitation linear

predictionMEMS micro-electromechanical

systemMESFET metal-semiconductor field

effect transistorMFSK M-ary FSKMIC microwave integrated circuitMIM metal-insulator-metalMIMO multiple input multiple

outputMIMO-SC MIMO single carrierMIMO-SS MIMO spread spectrumMIPS million instructions per

secondMISO multiple-input single-outputML maximum-likelihoodMLSE maximum-likelihood

sequence estimationMLSR maximal length shift registerMLT modulated lapped transformMMDS Multichannel Multipoint

Distribution ServiceMMIC monolithic microwave

integrated circuitMMSE minimum mean squared

error






xxxi List of Abbreviations�

MoM method of momentsMOS mean opinion scoreMOSFET metal-oxide-semiconductor

field effect transistorMPAM M-ary pulse amplitude

modulationMPE multipulse excitationMPEG Moving Pictures Experts

GroupMPLS multiprotol label switchingMP-MLQ multipulse maximum

likelihood quantizationMPSK M-ary PSKMQAM M-ary QAMMRC maximum ratio combiningMS mobile stationMSC mobile switching centerMSE mean squared errorMSK minimum shift keyingMT-CDMA multi-tone CDMAMUD multiuser detectionMUI multiple-user interferenceMUSIC MUltiple SIgnal

ClassificationsMVDR minimum variance

distortionless responseNADC North American Digital

CellularNCO numerically controlled

oscillatorNMT Nordic Mobile TelephoneNRZ/-L/-M/-S

nonreturn-to-zero/-level/-mark/-space

NTT Nippon Telephone andTelegraph

OCC orthogonal complementarycode

OFDM orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing

OFDMA orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access

OOK on-off keyingOQPSK offset QPSKOSI Open Systems Interconnect

OSIC ordered serial (successive)interference cancellation

OSTBC orthogonal space-time blockcode

OVSF orthogonal variablespreading factor

PABX private automatic branchexchange

PACS Personal AccessCommunication System

PAE power-added efficiencyPAL Phase Alternation LinePAM pulse amplitude modulationPAN personal area networkPAPR peak-to-average power ratioPCCC parallel concatenated

convolutional codePCM pulse code modulationPCS Personal Communications

ServicePDC Personal Digital Cellularpdf probability distribution

functionPDF Portable Document FormatPDP power delay profilePEAQ perceptual evaluation of

audio qualityPESQ perceptual evaluation of

speech qualityPHS Personal Handyphone

System)PIC parallel interference

cancellationPLL phase-locked loopPM phase modulationPN pseudo-noisePOCSAG Post Office Code Standard

Advisory GroupPPM pulse position modulationPSD power spectral densityPSI-CELP pitch synchronous

innovation CELPPSK phase-shift keyingPSNR peak signal-to-noise ratio






xxxii List of Abbreviations�

PSTN public switched telephonenetwork

PWM pulse-width modulationQ quadrature-phaseQ2PSK quadrature quadrature PSKQAM quadrature amplitude

modulationQCELP Qualcomm CELPQCIF quarter-CIFQMF quadrature mirror filterQO-STBC quasi-orthogonal STBCQoS quality of serviceQPSK quaternary phase shift

keyingQS-CDMA quasi-synchronous CDMAQSIF quarter-SIFRAN regional area networkRCELP relaxed CELPRCPC rate-compatible punctured

convolutionalRELP residual excited linear

predictionRF radio frequencyRFID radio frequency

identificationRHCP right-hand circular

polarizationRLE run-length encodingRLS recursive least-squaresrms root-mean-squaredROC region of convergenceROI region of interestRPE regular pulse excitationRPE-LTP regular pulse excitation

with long-term predictionRS Reed-SolomonRSSI radio signal strength

indicationRTMS Radio Telephone Mobile

SystemRTP Real-time Transport

ProtocolRZ return-to-zeroSA-DCT shape-adaptive DCT

SA-DWT shape-adaptive DWTSAR successive approximation

registerSAW surface acoustic waveSB-ADPCM subband-split ADPCMSC single-carrierSCCC serially concatenated

convolutional codeSCD spectrum cyclic densitySCORE Signal Communication by

Orbital Relay Equipment;also self-coherence restoral

SDMA space division multipleaccess

SDR software-defined radioSECAM SEquential Couleur Avec

MemoireSEGSNR segmental SNRSEP symbol error probabilitySER symbol error rateSFBC space–frequency block

codeSFDR spurious-free dynamic

rangeSFIR spatial filtering for

interference reductionSF-OFDM space-frequency coded

OFDMS/H sample-and-holdSIC serial interference

cancellationSICM symbol-interleaved coded

modulationSIF source input formatSiGe silicon-germaniumSIMO single-input multiple-outputSINAD signal-to-noise-and-

distortionSINR signal-to-interference-plus-

noiseratio

SIR signal-to-interference ratioSISO soft-in/soft-outSMV selectable mode vocoder






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