wireless communications & health in the usa: issues, regulatory policies & research...
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Wireless Communications & Health in the USA: issues, regulatory policies & research
International Scientific Workshop on Health Aspects of Mobile Telephony, Brussels
29-30 October 2001
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Members of US delegation
Robert Cleveland, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, Federal Communications Commission
C.K. Chou, Ph.D. Chief EME Scientist, Motorola Florida Research Laboratories
Jerrold Bushberg, Ph.D. Clinical Professor, School of Medicine, Univ. of California, Davis
Joe Elder, Ph.D. Director, Biological Research, Motorola Florida Research Laboratories
James Lin, Ph.D. Professor, Elec.Engineering & Bioengineering, Univ. of Illinois, Chicago
Russell Owen, Ph.D. Chief, Radiation Biology Branch, Food & Drug Admin. (CDRH)
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Topics to be addressed
Public concern
Regulations and jurisdiction
Policy development
Research
Consumer outreach & education
Risk assessment
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Health/safety issues have been raised for both phones and base stations
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Some sources of controversy
Media reports Conflicting scientific reports Lack of confidence in RF standardsFear of “radiation”Differences in RF safety standards
between countries
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Issues in experimental science
RF dosimetry is complicatedMany effects not repeatable but still
cause concern Inadequate attention to engineering
and biological details in experimentsPositive effects that are later proven to
be artifacts
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Concern in USA over potential RF health effects from mobile phones
US General Accounting Office (GAO) asked by US Congress to prepare report on mobile phone safety Final GAO report (May 2001) concluded:
No evidence of adverse health effects to date However cannot conclude no risk No definitive answers likely for some time FCC & FDA provide better information to consumers Measurement standard needed for phone SAR
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US Federal Communications Commission & US Food and Drug Administration
FCC & FDA share regulatory jurisdiction for wireless communications safety
FCC adopted revised RF exposure guidelines in 1996 apply to both fixed & mobile/portable transmitters
FDA jurisdiction emphasizes radiation emissions from consumer/industrial products (ionizing, RF, UV, etc) Center for Devices & Radiological Health (CDRH)
FDA RF standard: microwave ovensFCC, FDA & other US health/regulatory agencies are
members of an inter-agency RF working group
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RF exposure standards
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
FCC (USA) guidelines based on NCRP & IEEE Also, US military uses IEEE standard
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FCC not a health/safety agency but must comply with National Environmental Policy Act
FCC relies on expert organizations & agencies for guidance on health/safety issues
Guidelines adopted after extensive public commentGuidelines endorsed by US Government health/safety
agencies: FDA, EPA, NIOSH, OSHARule citations: Title 47, US Code of Federal
Regulations, Sections 1.1307(b), 1.1310, 2.1091, 2.1093
FCC regulatory policy
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Exposure guidelines based on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
SAR = rate energy absorbed per unit massUnits: watts/kg (W/kg) or milliwatts/gm
(mW/g) IEEE, NCRP & ICNIRP all identify 4 W/kg
as threshold for potentially harmful effects Limits for localized exposure, field strength
& power density all traceable to this value
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Scientific basis for standards
Science-based standards (all effects considered)Thermal effectsShocks, burns, and resulting tissue damageNon-thermal effects not found hazardous
Threshold for potential harm: 4 W/kg (whole-body)
Based on behavioral changes in animals Basis for IEEE, ICNIRP, NCRP exposure limits
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Table 1. FCC Limits for Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)
(A) Limits for Occupational/Controlled Exposure__________________________________________________________________________Frequency Electric Magnetic Power AveragingRange Field Strength Field Strength Density Time (MHz) (V/m) (A/m) (mW/cm
2) (minutes)
__________________________________________________________________________
0.3-3.0 614 1.63 (100)* 63.0-30 1842/f 4.89/f (900/f
2)* 6
30-300 61.4 0.163 1.0 6300-1500 -- -- f/300 61500-100,000 -- -- 5 6___________________________________________________________________________
(B) Limits for General Population/Uncontrolled Exposure___________________________________________________________________________Frequency Electric Magnetic Power AveragingRange Field Strength Field Strength Density Time (MHz) (V/m) (A/m) (mW/cm
2) (minutes)
___________________________________________________________________________
0.3-1.34 614 1.63 (100)* 301.34-30 824/f 2.19/f (180/f
2)* 30
30-300 27.5 0.073 0.2 30300-1500 -- -- f/1500 301500-100,000 -- -- 1.0 30 ___________________________________________________________________________f = frequency in MHz * = Plane-wave equivalent power density
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RF exposure standards for mobile telephones
USA: FCC uses IEEE limit of 1.6 W/kg averaged over one gram of tissue
Other countries using 1.6 W/kg include Canada, Korea & Australia
Some countries (example China) considering otherEurope: many countries adopting ICNIRP limit of
2.0 W/kg averaged over 10 grams of tissue ICNIRP limit less conservative than IEEE limit
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RF guidelines: 300 kHz-100 GHzTechnical documents providing techniques for
evaluating exposure OET Bulletin 65 + Supplements A, B & C
Mobile phone approval requires SAR test data FCC will conduct compliance testing of mobile phones FCC and FDA staff working with IEEE committees
developing guidelines for exposure & measurements Example, IEEE SCC34: developing recommended practice
for measuring SAR from mobile phones
FCC regulations
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FDA activities
Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act of 1968 Applies to radiation-emitting electronic products
Long term animal studies Work with National Toxicology Program & other groups Exposure assessment & test method development
Cellular and animal experiments on enzyme activityAssessments and education
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FDA cooperative research program
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association
FDA provides scientific and technical oversightThree parts
Micronucleus assay Epidemiology Other topics
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Resolving scientific questions about RF safety
No single piece of research can definitely answer any scientific question
Conclusions must be based on consensus drawn from cumulative evidence
Reports of effects must be subjected to appropriate scientific scrutiny
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Development of science-based policy
Must be based on scientific data Empirical evidence evaluated Sources of uncertainty identified Establish level of protection Exposure assessment and evaluation of measurement capabilities necessary
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What can be provided by the scientific process?
Scientific approach prescriptive & predictive power
Establish effects which cause identifiable
health problemsDose response relations establishedThreshold values established Where possible identify mechanism of action
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Science-based research needed for making policy decisions
Goal is replication and consistency Need critical number of scientists working on a large number of projects Government and independent support and commitment needed
Industrial sector can complement Government involvement important for general public acceptance
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Science-based approach requires multiple projects
Biological systems and organisms are complex Responses may vary for “similar” exposures Reproducibility & independently repeated studies required for evidence and statistical significance Repeatability and confirmation fundamental to the scientific approach
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Research to date on mobile telephony and health
Approximately 300 studies, almost 200 completedVast majority show no effect - no consistent positive
result suggests an adverse health effectNeed to understand basic mechanism causing any
biological response to determine relevance to wireless technologies
Only RF effects in two main areas established: Thermal effects of RF energy Neurostimulation by RF fields and currents
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Studies conducted in the US
About 300 studies worldwide related to mobile telephony 80 studies ongoing or completed in US
All studies contribute to the total picture and should not be considered in isolation
Current major studies include: Studies at Washington University Battelle-Pacific National Laboratory FDA/CTIA CRADA Animal studies planned by US NTP (NIEHS) US Air Force research
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Recent expert scientific reviews
World Health Organization International Commission on Non-Ionizing
Radiation ProtectionEuropean Commission Expert GroupRoyal Society of Canada Expert GroupU.K. National Radiological Protection BoardU.K. Independent Expert Group on Mobile
PhonesFrench Expert Report Spanish Expert ReviewCommon conclusion: No credible evidence
that RF exposures within accepted limits cause adverse health effects
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How is public opinion formed?
Media reports Corrections to erroneous reports usually not
subsequently reported
Statements from “experts”Rumors and “word of mouth” Note: members of the general public rarely
read scientific journals
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Sources for consumer outreach & education
Government agencies (FCC, FDA) Industry (manufacturers, service providers)
Many now provide SAR & standards information
Trade associations (CTIA in USA) CTIA-certified phones must provide SAR
information
International organizations (WHO, ICNIRP)Scientific organizations (BEMS)Miscellaneous Web sites
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FCC Internet Site for RF Safety: www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety
Frequently asked questions (“FAQs”)Texts of FCC decisions FCC publications on RF safetySAR values for mobile phones availableLinks to other Web sitesAlso, dedicated telephone line for
information: +1-202-418-2464
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FDA Web site: www.fda.gov/cdrh/phones
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Joint FDA/FCC Web site on mobile phone safety
Under Development
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Public perception of risk
Fact: In general people & the press focus on bad news more than good news
Proposition: A single study showing an association between RF & an adverse health effect will not be easily offset by numerous studies failing to show an association
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Public perception of risk
Consequence: As more research is performed it is more likely that there will be increased public concern, even if the majority of the studies fail to show any adverse health effects
Conclusion: In the Short Term, risk assessment studies tend to increase perceived risk - this does not mean don't do them, but rather be prepared for the result
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Risk communication & educating the general public
Simplify technical informationBuild trust in information sources
Independence & timeliness of information is important
Use appropriate analogies for riskExplain the scientific processListen to what the public is saying &
honestly address their concerns
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RF biological research & dosimetry are complicatedEstablishing health/safety standards based on
research is even more complicated & requires judgement & assumptions in lieu of complete knowledge
In future: we will know more about what we question today but...we may also have new questions
While this is the very nature of scientific research…it can be, in fact, very counterintuitive to the general public
What can we conclude?