wireless networking
DESCRIPTION
Wireless networkingTRANSCRIPT
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UNIT-4 PART-2
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CONTENTSIntroductionBlock Diagram of Cellular SystemDifference between Wireless& PSTNPublic Switched Telephone NetworkLimitations of Wireless NetworkingMerging Wireless Networks &PSTNDevelopment of Wireless Networks
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INTRODUCTIONWireless network is an interconnection of many systems capable of providing service to mobile users within a particular geographic region (country or continent)
Components
Base stationMobile Switching Center (MSC)PSTN
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Block Diagram of Cellular System
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Differences
Wireless PSTN (fixed)
Highly Dynamic.Often Reconfigure
for roaming and Handoffs.
BW constrain ( RF cellular BW).
No cables required.
Virtually Static.Difficult to change
N/W.Channel BW can be
increased.Comprises of Trunks
(cables).
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Local Landline Telephone Network (PSTN)
Residential customer
Business customer
Residential customer
Business customer
Class 1: regional centers
Class 2: sectional centers
Class 3: primary centers
Class 4: toll centers
Class 5: local central office
Local loops
Tandem office
Local loops
Local Carrier's Domain of Influence, Intra-LATA
Class 1: regional centers
Class 2: sectional centers
Class 3: primary centers
Class 4: toll centers
Class 5: local central office
GOLDMAN & RAWLES: ADC3e FIG. 02-04
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Limitations of Wireless Networking
Extremely complex (100’s BS connected to MSC’s).
Extremely hostile and Random in nature (MSC –Handoff strategy – Limited BW spectrum).
MSC required extra overhead.Capacity-MSC = 1 lac – 2 lacs users.CO ( central office) =10 lacs users.
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Merging Wireless Networks &PSTN
Common channel signaling.MSC = User Traffic ChannelPSTN = Signal Channel
In Wireless 1 Gen = One channel for voice and signal.2 Gen = Simultaneous parallel channels for voice and signal.
Wire Line PSTN = Wireless + PSTN.
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Development of Wireless NetworksFirst Generation Wireless NetworksSecond Generation Wireless NetworksThird Generation Wireless NetworksFixed Network transmission HierarchyTraffic Routing in Wireless Networks
Circuit SwitchingPacket SwitchingX.25 Protocol
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First Generation Wireless Networks
Mobile User
Base
Station
MSC
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fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC, EIR, AUC
VLR
HLR
NSSwith OSS
RSS
4.11.1
VLR
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Second Generation Wireless Networks
Employs digital modulation and advanced call processing capabilitiesEx: GSM, TDMA ,CDMA, Cordless Phones.
Dedicated control channel for voice, signal data.
Provides paging and other data services.High data rate (N/W access.)Uses MAHO (Mobile Assisted Hand Off)
where mobile units performs the following functions: reporting received power. scanning adjacent base station. data encoding and encryption.
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Third Generation Wireless NetworksAim: to provide single set of standards that
can meet wide range of applications and provide universal access thru out the world.
Distinction between cordless and cellular phones disappear as personal handset provides access to voice, data and video services.
It uses broadband integrated service digital N/W (ISDN) to provide internet for both fixed or mobile users.
Provides reliable transfer of information.
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Signal level Digital bit rate Equivalent voice ckts.
Carrier system
North America and Japan
DS-0 64.0 Kbps 1 -
DS-1 1.544 Mbps 24 T-1
DS-1c 3.152 Mbps 48 T-1c
DS-2 6.312 Mbps 96 T-2
DS-3 44.736 Mbps 672 T-3
DS-4 274.176 Mbps 4032 T-4
CEPT( Europe and more other PTTs)
0 64.0 Kbps 1 -
1 2.048 Mbps 30 E-1
2 8.448 Mbps 120 E-1c
3 34.368 Mbps 480 E-2
4 139.264 Mbps 1920 E-3
5 565.148 Mbps 7680 E-4
Fixed Network transmission Hierarchy
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Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks
1. Circuit Switching2. Packet Switching3. X.25 Protocol
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Circuit SwitchingThere are three phases in
circuit switching:EstablishTransferDisconnect
The telephone message is sent in one go, it is not broken up. The message arrives in the same order that it was originally sent.
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Packet SwitchingIn packet-based networks, the
message gets broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient route to travel as circuits become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the shortest route.
Each packet may go a different route from the others.
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Packet Switching HEADER USER DATA TRAILER
FLAG ADDRESS FIELD
CONTROL FIELD INFORMATION FIELD
FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE FIELD
Packet Data Format
Fields in a Typical packet data
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X.25 Protocol
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Figure 17-3
Format of a Frame in X.25
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Layers of X.25 Protocol
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UNIT-4 PART -3
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WIRELESS SYSTEMS & STANDARDS Global System for Mobile (GSM)GPRSCDMA Digital Cellular Standard
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GSM Network Architecture
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NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN, PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
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Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystemMS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
Fixed partner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
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GSM Speech Processing
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GSM Signaling Protocol
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Security in GSMSecurity services
access control/authentication user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal
identification number) SIM network: challenge response method
confidentiality voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after
successful authentication)anonymity
temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSMA3 for authentication (“secret”, open interface)A5 for encryption (standardized)A8 for key generation (“secret”, open interface)
“secret”:• A3 and A8 available via the Internet• network providers can use stronger mechanisms
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A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES* 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES* =? SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki: individual subscriber authentication key SRES: signed response
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A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc
64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BTS
SIM
A5
Kc
64 bit
A5
MSdata data
cipherkey
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GPRS
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.
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What is GPRS?A new bearer service for GSM that greatly
improves and simplifies wireless access to packet data networks,e.g to the internet.
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MotivationSpeedImmediacyNew and better applicationsUser friendly billing
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GSM Architecture
BTSMS
BTS
BTS
MS
BSC
BSC
MSC
GMSC
MS
EIR
VLR
HLR
AUC
PSTNPDN
ISDN
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GPRS Architecture
BTS
BTSMS
BSC Gb
SGSN
Gf
GsGr
DEIR
MSC/VLR
HLR
Gc
Gn
GGSNGi
PDN
Gp GGSN
Other GPRSPLMN
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Protocol ArchitechtureTransmission Plane GPRS specifies a tunnel
mechanism to transfer user data packets .
Signalling Plane GTP specifies a tunnel control management
protocol.The signalling is used to create modify and delete tunnels.
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Registration of a Mobile NodeA mobile station must register itself with GPRS
network.GPRS attachGPRS detachGPRS detach can be initiated by the MS or the
network.
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Session ManagementAfter Successful attach a MS gets one or
more Packet Data Protocol(PDP) address.This address is unique only for a particular session.
It consists of,PDP typePDP address assigned to MSRequested QoSAddress of the corresponding GGSN
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Session Management(Contd.)PDP-Address allocation:Static:Assigned by network operator of User’s
home PLMN.Dynamic:Assigned by Corresponding GGSN.
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PDP Context Activation MS SGSN
GGSN Activate PDP Context Request
Security Functions
Activate PDP Context Accept
Create PDP Context Request
Create PDP Context Response
PDP type,PDP AddressQoS Requested,Access Point,…
PDP type,PDP AddressQoS Negotiated,Access Point,…
PDP type,QoS Negotiated,…PDP type,PDP AddressQoS Negotiated,…
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Routing
PLMN1 PLMN2
MS
BTS
BSC
SGSNGn
Intra-PLMNGPRS Backbone
Gn
Gn
SGSN
GGSNGi
Packet Data Network(PDN)Eg.Internet,Intranet
Border Gateway
Gp
Inter-PLMNGPRS Backbone
Border Gateway
Intra-PLMNGPRS Backbone
GGSN
RouterLANHost
SGSN
BSCBTS
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Location ManagementMS frequently sends location update
messages to inform the SGSN where it is.Determining frequency of update messages is
non-trivial.The location update frequency is dependent
on the state of the MS.
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Location Management(Contd.)A MS can be in 3 states:IDLEREADYSTANDBY
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Transmission Plane The protocols provide
transmission of user data and its associated signalling
Signalling Plane Comprises protocols for the
control and support of functions of the transmission plane
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GPRS Backbone:SGSN GGSNGTP tunnels the user packets and related signalling information between the GPRS support nodes.
Subnetwork dependent convergence protocol
It is used to transfer packets between SGSN and MS
Data link layerLLC(MS-SGSN) RLC/MAC(MS-BSS)
Physical layerPLL:channel coding,detection of errors, forward error correction, interleaving, detection of physical link congestionRFL:modulation and demodulation
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PLL RFL Phy Layer
MAC Network Service
RelayRLC BSSP
Phy Layer Phy Layer
Network Data Link Service Service
BSSGP IP
LLC TCP/UDP
RelaySNDCP GTP
Phy layer
Data Link Layer
IP
TCP/UDP
Network Layer(IP or X.25)
GTP
RLC :Radio link control BSSGP:BSS GPRS Application protocolPLL :Physical link layer GTP :GPRS tunneling protocolRFL :Physical RF layer TCP :Transmission control protocolMAC:Medium access control UDP :user datagram protocol IP :Internet Protocol
Transmission Plane
BSS SGSN GGSNGm Gb Gi
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PLL
RFL
RLC
MAC
LLC
SNDCP
Network Layer
Application
PLL PHY RFL Layer
MAC Network Service
RelayRLC BSSGP
MSBSS
SNDCP:Subnetwork dependent convergence protocolLLC :Logical link controlRLC :Radio link control
Um
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Application
Application
LLC
RLC
MAC
GSM/RF
GMM/SM
GSM RF Physical layer
MAC Network service
Relay RLC BSSGP
Phy Layer
Networklayer
BSSGP
LLC
GMM/SM
MS BSS SGSN
GMM/SM:GPRS Mobilty Management and session Management ProtocolGSM/RF:GSM physical layer(radio interface) I.e.PLL and RFL
Signalling Plane:MSSGSN
Um Gb
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BSSAP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP2
Phy Layer Phy Layer
MTP2
MTP3
SCCP
BSSAP
Signalling Plane SGSN MSC/VLR
SGSN MSC/VLR
Gs
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MAP
TCAP
SCCP
MTP3
MTP2
Phy Layer Phy Layer
MTP2
MTP3
SCCP
TCAP
MAP
MAP :Mobile Application PartTCAP :Transaction capabilities and application partSCCP :Signalling connection control partMTP :Message transfer part
SGSN HLR(and EIR)
Signalling Plane SGSNHLR/SGSNEIR
Gr
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1
123
2
1
124
. . .
. . .
935 MHz
935.2 MHz
960 MHz
959.8 MHz
200 KHz
1
123
2
124
. . .
. . .
890 MHz
890.2 MHz
915 MHz
914.8 MHz
200 KHz
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Data Burst = 156.25 bit periods
11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TDMA Frame
TDMA Frame
Uplink
Downlink
Time Slot
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0 1 2 43 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 40 1 2 43 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 43 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 40 1 2 43 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4
Uplink
Downlink
Voice User1
Voice User2
GPRS User1
GPRS User2
GPRS User3
F1
F2
F3
F4
F1F2F3F4
Time Slot Number
CarrierFrequency
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GPRS Air InterfaceMaster slave concept
One PDCH acts as Master Master holds all PCCCH channels The rest of channels act as Slaves
Capacity on demand PDCH(s) are increased or decreased according to
demand Load supervision is done in MAC Layer
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Group Channel Function Direction
Packet data Traffic channel
PDTCH Data Traffic MS BSS
Packet broadcast control channel
PBCCH Broadcast Control MS BSS
Packet commonControl Channel(PCCCH)
PRACH
PAGCH
PPCH
PNCH
Random Access
Access Grant
Paging
Notification
MS BSS
MS BSS
MS BSS
MS BSS
Packet DedicatedControl Channels
PACCH
PTCCH
Associated Control
Timing Advance Control
MS BSS
MS BSS
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MS BSS
PRACH or RACH
PAGCH or AGCH
Random Access
Transmission
Packet channel Request
PACCH
PACCH
PDTCH
PACCH
PDTCH
PACCH
Packet Immediate assignment
Packet resource Request
Packet resource assignment
Frame Transmission
Negative Acknowledgement
Retransmission of blocks in error
Acknowledgement
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PRACH or RACH
PAGCH or AGCH
Paging
Transmission
Packet channel Request
PACCH
PACCH or PAGCH
PDTCH
PACCH
PDTCH
PACCH
Packet Immediate assignment
Packet paging response
Packet resource assignment
Frame Transmission
Negative Acknowledgement
Retransmission of blocks in error
Acknowledgement
Packet paging requestPPCH or PCH
MS BSS
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Multi Slot OperationGPRS allows a mobile to transmit data in
up to 8 PDCHs (eight-slot operation)3-bit USF at beginning of each radio block
in downlink points to next uplink radio block
Comparison with single-slot GSM Higher delay at higher load Low blocking rate Improved Throughput
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ConclusionGPRS provides efficient access to Packet
Data Networks.Multislot operation in GPRS leads to efficient
channel utilization.GPRS is more effective for long data packet
transmission than short ones.
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References“General Packet Radio Service in GSM”, Jian Cai
and David J. Goodman, Rutgers University, IEEE Communications Magazine, Oct 1997
http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/surveys/3q99issue/bettstetter.html
http://www.wsdmag.com/2000/aug2200/38-45.html
“Wireless Internet Access based on GPRS”, IEEE Personal Comm. April 2000.
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CDMA Digital Cellular Standard