wireless programmable relay switches · 2015-09-12 · wireless and programmable relay switches....

WIRELESS PROGRAMMABLE RELAY SWITCHES

KURT IRVING S. BARCELONA, ALLEN VINCENT B. CATAPANG, JEREMY PATRICK G. PACABIS

Philippine Science High School Southern Mindanao Campus, Sto. Nino Tugbok District, Davao

City, Philippines, [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract

Commercially available electricity management systems are used to address the wastage

of electric energy. However, these systems have disadvantages such as inadaptability in

various applications, mobility and price. This study was done to develop a portable,

adaptable and affordable electricity management system that switches electrical

connections automatically or manually with wireless and programmable technology.

Accomplished circuits based from designed schematic diagrams were interconnected to

form a system comprised of an encoder-transmitter and receiver-decoder. Then an

automation program, which accepts numerical values as to when a relay switch turns on

or off, was also constructed and inserted into the system. Manual switching range test and

automatic switching range test were conducted to determine the functionality of the

system in turning on or off electrical connections using relay switches. The manual

switching range test determined the system’s capability to wirelessly turn on and off

electrical connections at various distances, and automatic switching range test determined

the system’s automation capability at various distances. All tests showed that the system

was fully functional in switching within a 35 meter range. Over-all, the system was able

to carry out its function well from the tests above. Thus, the system functions properly by

turning on or off relay switches manually or automatically at different distances within its

optimal range of 35 meters.

Keywords: automatic switching, relay switches, wireless, programmable, Frequency

Modulation (FM), Dual – Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF)

mailto:[email protected]



Introduction

Electricity is used to operate electric

devices. It has been a major source of

energy. However, some devices consume

more electrical energy if they are improperly

managed. According to Bluejay (2011),

electricity can cause pollution because the

generation of electricity utilizes fossil fuels.

These fossil fuels contribute to the emission

of pollutants to the air. According to

Schueler (2012), electric energy

consumption would be reduced to 10% if

devices are turned off and unplugged or

disconnected from the power source. Users

can reduce electrical energy and fossil fuels

consumed if they turn off devices or

disconnect them from the power source.

The present solution to this problem was to

manually switch off the electrical

connections of the devices when they are not

being used. This can be done by using

mechanical switches. Mechanical switches

control the current flow within a circuit but

this has to be done manually (Scott, 2011).

Another solution to this problem was the use

electromagnetic relays. Relays turn on and

off the electrical connections of the devices

using an external power source. They can

also function as switches because they can

open or close the pathway of current in a

circuit (Hewes, 2012). Another solution is

the use of complex, heavy and network-

based home automation systems which can

automatically control switches and outlets

inside a structure to reduce human

intervention. These systems have other

integrated automated functions aside from

switch automation and use Internet Service

Providers (ISP) to extend the range of access

between the user and the system itself, but

this makes the system costly and these are

limited by their heavy weight and difficulty

to be installed, making it not suitable to

operate in other areas other than a

permanent household structure (Smarthome,

2012).

The proposed solution was an adaptable

electricity management system that utilized

wireless and programmable relay switches.

These wireless programmable relay switches

were able to turn on and off electrical

connections automatically or manually using

wireless technology. The time for a relay

switch or a group of relay switches to turn

on or off can be set by the user using the

preset program.

The made gadget can operate in various

scenarios, other than a permanent

household. It is lightweight and portable. It

only focuses on switch automation, and not

in other automated functions. The gadget

doesn’t use ISPs instead; it uses a free

wireless resource – public FM radio. It can

be implemented in other systems which

require switch automation. The software

bundled in this system can be easily

modified by the user, and the parts for the

system are easy to find.

The system reduces human intervention and

it can be easily set up and installed since it’s

portable. It can turn on and off Alternating

Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC)

connections in some electrical circuits,

unlike the commercially available systems

which can only turn on and off AC. The

system can be used in laboratories to switch

devices on specified periods of time. The

system can be used in closed-circuit

television (CCTV) to switch different

cameras. The system can also be used in

production lines in the industry, where some

machines needed automatic switching. And

the system can be used in household to

switch different appliances over time. The

system uses wireless technology, and

doesn’t use physical hard wire connections.

Materials and Methods

An electricity management system that

operates using wireless technology is a good

tool to address problems on improper

electrical energy consumption. Currently,

electromagnetic relays and network-based

home automation systems are used but these

have disadvantages such as inadaptability to

various scenarios, bulky, expensive and

large maintenance costs.

Gathering of materials

For the construction of the system you may

refer to Appendix A for the flow of

methods. The first part of the flow, the

materials gathered were: one Gizduino

microcontroller platform, one W91212 Dual

Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone

encoder Integrated Circuit (IC), two 4013 D-

flip flop ICs, nine 1 mm diameter soldering

lead with flux core, one 14-pin IC socket,

one 16-pin IC socket, one 4 in. x 6 in.

presensitized printed circuit board (PCB),

one m American Wire Gauge (AWG)

number 18 magnet wire, one meter AWG

number 31 magnet wire, one 750 mA 15-0-

15 V transformer, eight pairs 1/8 in. nuts and

bolts, one plastic enclosure: Alexan HC-881,

five normally open momentary push button

switches, two single pole double throw

toggle switches (SPST), four yellow light

emitting diodes (LED), five red LEDs, three

green LEDs, eight m 1.5mm solid core wire,

one 3.5 mm mono headphone jack chassis,

one 3.5 mm stereo headphone jack chassis,

four pairs 1 in. nuts and bolts, one television

bunny ears antenna female plug connector,

one bunny ears antenna, one male antenna

connector without filtering transformer, one

¼-Watt 100 Ω resistor, two 1 nF ceramic

capacitors, four BC548 transistors, nine ¼-

Watt 10K Ω resistors, four ¼-Watt 8.2K Ω

resistors, one ¼-Watt 47 Ω resistor, one ¼-

Watt 1K Ω resistor, six ¼-Watt 150 Ω

resistor, eight 1N4007 diodes, three 3-18 pF

variable capacitors, one 22 μF 50V rated

capacitor, four 1 µF 16V rated capacitors,

two 2N2219 transistors, one 4.7 μF 50V

rated electrolytic capacitor, one 10K Ω

trimmer resistor, one 8-pin dual in line

switch, four ¼-Watt 100K Ω resistors, one

¼-Watt 1M Ω resistor. For the construction

of the receiver-decoder, the materials were:

one MC145436 DTMF tone decoder IC, one

LM7805 IC, one mini frequency modulation

(FM) radio receiver, one 16-pin IC socket,

four 6V single pole double throw (SPDT)

relays, one 4 in. x 6 in. presensitized PCB,

one 500mA 9-0-9 V transformer, one TO-

220 heat sinks, one outlet cord with

connector plugs, one 250V 1A fuse with

fuse holder, 10 pairs 1/8 in. nuts and bolts,

eight m 1.5mm solid core wire, one latching

push button switch, one 3.5 mm mono

headphone jack chassis, one plastic

enclosure: Alexan HC-823, four pair binding

posts, four red LEDs, four BC548

transistors, four 1N4007 diodes, one ¼-Watt

2K Ω resistor, five 0.1 μF ceramic

capacitors, one ½-Watt 1M Ω resistor, one

2200 μF 16V rated electrolytic capacitor.

For the construction of the encoder-

transmitter, the materials used were: one

LM317 IC, two LM7805 IC, one 28V 12A

direct current double pole double throw

(DPDT) relay, one 4 in. x 6 in. presensitized

PCB, four 1N4007 diodes, one 1N4002

diode, three 9600 μF 50V rated electrolytic

capacitor, one TO-220 heat sink, one outlet

cord with connector plugs, one ¼-Watt 220

Ω resistor, one 5 pF ceramic capacitor, two

10 nF ceramic capacitors, one 100 μF 50V

rated capacitor and five 10 pF capacitors.

You may refer to Appendix D for the

costing of these gathered materials. You

may refer to Appendix A for the flowchart

of methodology for the preparation of

circuits. The parts in the system were the

encoder-transmitter circuit, the receiver-

decoder circuit and the encoder-transmitter

power supply. PCB layouts for each circuit

were designed and etched according to their

proper schematic diagrams.

Encoder – transmitter construction

You may refer to Appendix A for the

construction of the system in the flow of

methodology. The encoder-transmitter was

composed of the Gizduino microcontroller

platform, Dual Tone Multi Frequency

(DTMF) encoder circuit and the 4-Watt

frequency modulation (FM) radio

transmitter. The Gizduino microcontroller

platform was already prefabricated and it

only needed power and digital interface

connections to be inserted. The DTMF PCB

was designed and etched properly. Its

components were then soldered according to

the schematic diagram and its proper PCB

layout referred in Appendix C figures C2,

C6 and C7. The 4-Watt FM transmitter

circuit’s components were soldered

according to the schematic diagram by

Kyriakos Kontakos and the PCB layout of

Silver respectively referred in Appendix C

figures C3 and C4 (Kontakos and Silver,

2007). The encoder-transmitter power

supply’s components were soldered and

connected according to the schematic

diagram and its PCB layout. It supplies a

+12.6VDC and a +5VDC regulated power

supply for the FM transmitter and other

circuits in the encoder-transmitter

respectively. It can deliver 750 mA of

current and was designed to have over

current, over voltage and overheating

protection (National Semiconductor, 2004).

Refer to Appendix C Figures C2, C8 and C9

for the schematic diagram, PCB parts layout

and copper side PCB layout for the power

supply circuit respectively. Placement of the

encoder-transmitter circuits were

strategically placed in an Alexan H-823

black plastic enclosure. The enclosure was

drilled with holes for LED indicators, push

button switches, toggle switches, female

banana jacks and auxiliary connectors for

user interface and monitoring. 1.5mm solid

core wire was used as connectors for the

circuits. All connections from one circuit to

another in the encoder-transmitter were

based on the schematic diagram. All of the

parts of the encoder-transmitter power

supply were strategically placed inside a

black aluminum computer automatic voltage

regulator enclosure. The encoder-transmitter

external power supply output and ground

terminals were extended via wires and male

banana jacks.

Receiver – decoder construction

You may refer to Appendix A for the

construction of the system in the flow of

methodology. The receiver-decoder was

composed of a +5VDC power supply, mini

FM radio receiver, DTMF decoder circuit

and relay switchboard. The +5VDC power

supply’s components were connected and

soldered according to the schematic diagram

and its PCB layout. It was designed to have

over current, over voltage and overheating

protection (National Semiconductor, 2004).

The mini FM radio receiver was a small

AA-battery operated analog FM receiver.

Instead of using batteries, its power came

from the receiver-decoder’s +5VDC rail.

The DTMF decoder is made up of a DTMF

tone to 4-bit hexadecimal converter and a

latching circuit. The DTMF tone to 4-Bit

hexadecimal converter used was the

MC145436P (Motorola, 1994). The 4013 D-

flip flop IC was used as a memory for the

latching circuit attached to the relay

switchboard composed of four 250V 5A

relays soldered on a strip of PCB (Johnson,

2012). Refer to Appendix C Figures C2,

C10 and C11 for the schematic diagram,

PCB parts layout and copper side PCB

layout for the decoder circuit respectively.

The receiver-decoder circuits were

strategically placed inside an Alexan HC –

881 black plastic enclosure. Holes were

drilled for parts that need to be attached to

the enclosure such as the binding posts, LED

indicators, fuse holder, antenna, 3.5mm

female jack and the AC power cord. The

mini FM radio receiver output is directly

connected to the DTMF decoder and to a

3.5mm female audio jack mounted on the

enclosure. Fine tuning of the FM radio

receiver to 108.1MHz was done by listening

to the DTMF tone transmitted by the

encoder-transmitter via speakers connected

to the 3.5mm audio jack. Each relay’s DC

side on the switchboard was connected to

the DTMF decoder while its AC sides are

connected to the binding posts attached on

the enclosure. LEDs acting as indicators

were installed for each relay switch to light

up when that relay switch is turned on

(Betop Electronics, 2012).

Microcontroller setup

The Gizduino microcontroller platform was

programmed using the Arduino’s integrated

development environment (IDE). The

program was designed only for automated

relay switching purposes using a dedicated

version of the C and C++ programming

languages for Arduino microcontroller

platform programming. The program

designed was to accept time values from the

user to automatically turn on or off a relay

switch (Arduino, 2012). Refer to Appendix

C table C1 for the program code.

Testing of the system

The Wireless Programmable Relay Switches

was tested in the Philippine Science High

School Southern Mindanao Campus. The

system was tested for its manual switching

range capability and its automatic switching

range capability in various distances. The

ratio of successful attempts to total attempts

was recorded in each test.

The manual switching range test determined

the system’s capability to turn on or off

different relay combinations manually at

various distances. The initial distance was 5

meters and was increased in 10 meter

increments. The testing distances were 5

meters, 15 meters, 25 meters, 35 meters, 45

meters, 55 meters and 65 meters. The testing

of the system was done given that the

encoder-transmitter and receiver-decoder

were in line of sight with each other. The

testing was accomplished after testing the

system at 65 meters because at this distance,

the encoder-transmitter and receiver-decoder

were completely out of communication

range. The manual switching range test was

conducted using 15 combinations of

different relay switches. Switch

identifications were made which identified

each relay switch as ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘4’ and ‘8’. The

different combinations of relay switches that

were tested were the following: switch 8

only, switch 4 only, switches 8 and 4, switch

2 only, switches 2 and 8, switches 2 and 4,

switches 2, 4 and 8, switch 1 only, switches

1 and 8, switches 1 and 4, switches 1, 4 and

8, switches 1 and 2, switches 1, 2 and 8,

switches 1, 2 and 4, and switches 1, 2, 4 and

8. There will be a total of 15 switching

attempts per combination. The receiver-

decoder had a LED installed to each relay

switch in identifying the state of that relay,

whether it was turned on or off. The ratio of

successful attempts to the total attempts was

recorded on each combination.

The automatic switching range test

determined the system’s capability to

execute the program for automated

switching. The distances that were tested for

automatic switching test were the same with

the manual switching range test. The tested

distances for this test were 5 meters, 15

meters, 25 meters, 35 meters, 45 meters, 55

meters and 65 meters. The automatic

switching range test was done given that the

encoder-transmitter and receiver-decoder

were in line of sight with each other. The

pre-programmed data for the automation

program had a set of time value of 16

seconds for switches 1, 2 and 4 to turn on

and another 4 seconds before switch 8 could

turn on. This will be considered as one

switching attempt. After all the switches

were turned on, the program turned off these

switches after 20 seconds. This was also

considered as one switching attempt. There

were a total of 15 switching attempts for

each distance. The ratio of successful to total

attempts was recorded.

The temperature on the encoder-transmitter

and receiver-decoder’s immediate

surrounding environment was recorded.

Temperature can affect the atmosphere’s

index of refraction for radio waves (Graham

Brock Inc., 2009). The temperature in the

atmosphere can affect the radio

communication of the system. Temperatures

of the components were recorded on each

distance.

Gathering of data

There were two tests conducted to determine

the range and the ratio of success to total

attempts. These tests were the manual

switching range test and the automatic

switching range test. The latter determined

the temperature of the immediate

surrounding environment of the components

which can affect the wave propagation

during testing (Graham Brock Inc., 2009).

In the manual switching range test, the result

determined the capability of the system to

turn on and off different relay combinations

manually at varying distances until 65

meters. The ratio of the number of

successful attempts to the total number of

attempts was recorded per combination.

These ratios of all combinations were

averaged in each distance.

In the automatic switching range test, the

result determined the capability of the

system to turn on and off the relay switches

automatically at varying ranges until 65

meters using a program with pre-

programmed values embedded into the

microcontroller. The ratio of the number of

successful attempts to the number of total

attempts will be recorded per range.

For price comparison, a data of the prices of

the different commercially available

automation system was gathered and it will

be in US Dollar value as of December 2012.

These prices were compared to the total

price of constructing the Wireless

Programmable Relay Switches and

determine whether the prices are significant

or not.

Results and Discussion

Table 1. Manual switching range test.

Switch

identification

combination

Distance (meters)

5 15 25 35 45 55 65

Su

cces

sful

atte

mp

ts t

o t

ota

l at

tem

pts

rat

io 1 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 0/15 0/15

2 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

4 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 0/15 0/15

8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

1,2 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

1,4 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

1,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 12/15 0/15 0/15

2,4 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

2,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 13/15 0/15 0/15

4,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 0/15 0/15

1,2,4 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

1,2,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

1,4,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

2,4,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 0/15 0/15

1,2,4,8 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 13/15 0/15 0/15

Average ratio

on each

distance 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 14/15 0/15 0/15

Table 2. Surrounding temperature measured

on each distance.

Table 3. Automatic switching range test.

Table 4. Commercial and proponents’

prices.

Figure 1. The wireless programmable relay

switches system.

Figure 2. A step-by-step diagram of the

mechanism of the system.

To use manual switching, a toggle switch is

activated to turn off the automated control of

the Gizduino microcontroller platform. The

activation of DTMF tones now rests on the

push button switches attached on the

encoder-transmitter enclosure. Whenever a

push button switch is pressed, it will turn on

specific DTMF tones that will be

broadcasted by the 4-watt FM transmitter at

a frequency of 108.1 MHz. The signals will

then be received by the mini FM receiver

tuned at a frequency of 108.1 MHz. These

signals will be decoded by the DTMF

decoder, composed of a DTMF tone to 4-Bit

hexadecimal converter and latching circuits.

The DTMF tone to 4-Bit hexadecimal IC

used was the MC145436P. It was used

because it can detect and convert all

standard DTMF tones to hexadecimal values

and it was readily available from a local

electronic parts store. The latching circuit

was mainly composed on the 4013 dual D

flip flop IC which provides latching

Component Distance (meters)

5 15 25 35 45 55 65

Encoder-Transmitter’s

surrounding

temperature

(°C)

26.0 27.4 27.0 27.0 28.8 26.0 29.0

Receiver-

Decoder’s surrounding

temperature (°C)

28.5 29.5 28.0 27.0 28.2 28.0 25.1

Distance (meters)

5 15 25 35 45 55 65

Successful

attempts to total

attempts ratio

15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 15/15 0/15 0/15

Commercially available

systems’ price

The proponents’

system’s price

2500 USD 90.87 USD

Automatic

OR

Press the push

button switches

3.) DTMF

signals are

broadcasted

using FM

transmission.

4.) DTMF signals are

received by the mini

FM receiver, decoded

by the DTMF decoder.

5.) Relay switches are

turned on or turned off

and the connected

loads will also be

turned on or turned

off.

Wireless

Wireless

2.) DTMF

encoder produces

analog signals of

specific DTMF

tone depending

on the input

keypad codes.

Program the microcontroller

1.) Choose the

mode of

switching

Manual

functions for the relay switches when a

signal from the DTMF tone converter is

detected. The automatic switching mode

should be turned on if the manual override

toggle switch is deactivated. The

microcontroller will execute the program

embedded to it. The system’s

microcontroller was programmed using C

and C++ programming. The made

program’s purpose is to collect and execute

the user’s time value set for specific relay

switches to turn on or off. The

microcontroller will momentarily activate on

a set of DTMF tones on the DTMF encoder

which will then be transmitted by the 4-watt

FM transmitter at a frequency of 108.1

MHz. The signals will then be received by

the mini FM receiver tuned at a frequency of

108.1 MHz. These signals are then decoded

by the DTMF decoder, which is directly

connected to the relay switches. The relay

switches will turn on or off depending on the

DTMF tone being decoded by the DTMF

decoder.

The encoder-transmitter controls the

receiver-decoder wirelessly by broadcasting

DTMF signals to the receiver-decoder using

FM transmitter and the receiver-decoder will

receive and decode the signals then turn on

or turn off the specific relay switches that

correspond to the received and analysed

DTMF signal.

Acknowledgements

The proponents of this research study would

like to express their sincere gratitude to the

people who made this research study

possible. Ms. Carolyn Mae Z. Villanaba and

Ms. Jovie M. Narciso, their research

advisers, for effectively guiding them in

their research project and for being patient

in following up their responsibilities.

Without them guidance, this research study

would not have been possible. Mr. Vincent

B. Catapang and Mrs. Ritza B. Catapang,

Mr. Mario Barcelona and Mrs. Yolanda

Barcelona, and Mr. Dominador R. Pacabis

and Mrs. Concepcion G. Pacabis, their

parents, for the moral and financial supports

they have given. Ms. Sharon Dejarme, Mr.

Bernard Beduya, Mr. Michael Casas, Engr.

Michael Nalitan, Engr. Cromwell Castillo,

Mr. Trextan Sanchez and Engr. Nelson

Enano, Jr., their mentors in the field of

computer science, research and electronics.

They have provided time and taught them

enough information to aid in the

construction of the system. Likewise, to

their friends, classmates, and research mates

who provided them companionship and

shared their experiences and advices during

hard and easy times. Above all, to Almighty

God for giving them the grace to make all

these things possible. The success of their

research study and their other successes are

all for His greater glory.

References

Arduino. (2012). “Why Arduino?”.

Retrieved on October 8, 2012 from

http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction

Betop Electronics. (2009). “Application of

LEDs”. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from

http://www.betop- led.com/

en_LED_knowledge.asp?id=32

Bluejay, M. (2011). “Saving Electricity”.

Retrieved on July 20, 2011 from

http://michaelbluejay.com/electricity/

Graham Brock Inc. (2009). “Weather-related

Interference”. Retrieved on January 12,

2013 from http://www.grahambrock.com

/downloads/INVERSIONS.pdf

Gathering of Materials

Preparation of Circuits

Construction of the System

Testing of the System

Gathering of System

Hewes, J. (2011). “Relays”. Retrieved July

19, 2012 fromhttp://www.kpsec.

freeuk.com/components/relay.htm

Johnson, D. et al. (2012). “Pushbutton

Oneshot and Latch”. Retrieved on

October 7, 2012 from

http://www.discovercircuits.com/DJ-

Circuits/4013oneshots.htm Kontakos, K. and Silver (2007). “4W FM

Transmitter”. Retrieved on May 27, 2012

from http://www.free-

electronic-circuits.com/circuits/4w-fm-

transmitter.html

Motorola. (1994). “Dual Tone Multiple

Frequency Receiver”. Retrieved on


http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/

datasheet/motorola/MC145436P.pdf

National Semiconductor. (2004).

“LM117/LM317T, LM317 3-Terminal

Adjustable Regulator”. Retrieved on


http://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-

pdf/view/8619/NSC/LM317.html

Schueler, J (2011). “Are Energy Vampires

Sucking you dry?”. Retrieved on

November 13, 2012 from

http://energy.gov/articles/are-energy-

vampires-sucking-you-dry

Scott, B. (2011). “What Are the Different

Types of Electrical Switches?”. Retrieved

on July 20, 2011 from

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-

different-types-of-electrical-switches.htm

Smarthome. (2012). “What is Home

Automation?”. Retrieved on October 7,

2012 from http://www.smarthome.com/

homeautomation.html

Appendices

Appendix A

FLOWCHART OF METHODOLOGY

Appendix B

MECHANISM OF THE SYSTEM

User selects relay switches to turn on/off

on the transmitter-encoder.

The DTMF encoder is

activated and sends out

DTMF signals to the 4-Watt

FM transmitter

The DTMF signal will be

broadcasted over the air

The receiver-decoder will

receive and decode the

signal

The relay will turn on/off

corresponding to the specific

DTMF signal being

received.

Appendix C

SCHEMATIC, CONCEPTUAL

DIAGRAMS AND PICTURES

OF THE SYSTEM

Figure C1. Conceptual diagram of wireless

programmable relay switches (WPRS).

Figure C2. Schematic diagram of wireless

programmable relay switches.

Figure C3. Kontakos, K. (2007).

4-Watt FM transmitter schematic diagram.

Retrieved from http://www.free-electronic-

circuits.com/circuits/4w-fm-transmitter.html

Figure C4. Silver. (2007).

4-Watt FM transmitter PCB layout.

Retrieved from http://www.free-electronic-

circuits.com/circuits/4w-fm-transmitter.html

Figure C5. Johnson, D. et al. (2012).

4013 latching circuit. Retrieved from

http://www.discovercircuits.com/

DJ-Circuits/4013oneshots.htm

Figure C6. Copper side of the DTMF

encoder printed circuit board (PCB).

Figure C7. Parts Layout of the DTMF

encoder PCB.

Figure C8. Copper side of the DTMF

encoder power supply PCB.

Figure C9. Parts layout of the DTMF

encoder power supply PCB.

Figure C10. Copper side of the DMTF

decoder PCB.

Figure C11. Parts layout of the DTMF

decoder PCB.

Figure C12. Copper side of the receiver-

decoder power supply PCB.

Figure C13. Parts layout of the receiver-

decoder power supply PCB.

Figure C14. Wiring diagram of the front

view and back view of the encoder-

transmitter.

Figure C15. Wiring diagram of front view

and back view of receiver-decoder.

Figure C16. Wiring diagram of front view

and back view of encoder-transmitter

external power supply.

Figure C17. Receiver-decoder in operation.

Figure C18. Encoder-transmitter in

operation.

Figure C19. Device efficiency equation.

Table C1. Program for the Gizduino

microcontroller platform.

/* This is a program for the Wireless

Programmable Relay Switches System,

specifically for the encoder and transmitting

end. This program is used to set the time it

takes for a specific switch to turn on or off

automatically, by executing this program.

There are only 4 switches that can be

turned on or off. The switch ID's will be set

as 1, 2, 4 and 8 for convention. This

program will let the user set the switches to

be activated or deactivated. The program

will also let the user choose the values of

time when a specific switch or a group of

switches should turn on or off and the

program lets the user choose the option for

delayed permanent power on or delayed

permanent power off. There are variables in

the program that the user can set. The

maximum time that a user can set is 18

hours and 35 minutes. This means that a

switch or group of switches can only stay on

its programmed state for 18 hours and 35

minutes. That switch should change its state

after 18 hours and 35 minutes because the

microcontroller can't handle values greater

than 18 hours and 35 minutes. For example,

a user turned on a switch. He/she should set

the time for a switch to turn off after 18

hours and 35 minutes because the program

won't run properly once the values exceed

18 hours and 35 minutes.

In the program itself, the user will

only set the number of seconds for a switch

or a group of switches to turn on or off. The

number of seconds must also be divisible by

number 4, so that the microcontroller will

have ease executing a program cycle. Not

following the divisibility rule of this

program might cause an unwanted and

inaccurate execution of a program. For

example, a user should set 16 seconds time

instead of 15. The program is not intended

for other numerical numbers for accuracy,

and the microcontroller will have a difficult

time handling decimal values of time one it's

not divisible by 4.

This program has permalatch functions.

This means that a user can not only set the

time to turn on or off switches, but also the

user can set the time for a switch to turn on

permanently after a period of time. This can

also be applied when turning off switches.

The user can set the time it takes for a

switch, usually in ON state, to turn off. A

user cannot turn on both automated function

and permalatch function in once switch.

Unwanted program executions might occur.

Rules (format of switch variable):

<variable><switch ID number>=<value>;

For example, input4=36;

The variable input is the switch number 4

with a value of 36.

*/

// MAXIMUM: 18.0 hours and 35 minutes in

either off or on mode. Delay time max is

67100000.

float timechecb = 67100000;

float timechecc = 86400000;

// ATTENTION! NOT RECOMMENDED

FOR USER INTERFACE BELOW!!!

float timecheck;

float time = 0;

float period = 4;

// seconds it will take 1 cycle of the switch

scanning to complete. Longer period creates

a higher change of success switching while

it increases time delays. Shorter periods will

likely decrease unsuccessful switching.

float mechperiod = period * 1000;

// Cycle time for each switch.

float delaytime =mechperiod/4;

// Delay time for the device to turn on the

DTMF generator.

int delayman=period*100;

float delaytimer=100;

// Time for delay must be divisible by 4 in

order to be accurate in timing.

// ATTENTION! NOT RECOMMENDED

FOR USER INTERFACE ABOVE!!!

// ATTENTION!! USER'S ZONE FOR

SETTING THE TIME BELOW!

// Only number values divisible by 4 are

allowed. If permalatch function is not used,

both input and off variables must have

number values divisible by 4.

float input = 16;

// AUTOMATED: desired time of on state

(in seconds). PERMALATCH: if permalatch

function is enabled, the value will indicate

the time it will lapse until the device turns

on permanently, and in order for this to

function, the variable 'off' value must be 0.

float off = 20;

// AUTOMATED: desired time of off state.

(in seconds). PERMALATCH: if permalatch

function is enabled, this will indicate the

time of the switch to stay in on state before it

permanently switches off, and in order for

this to function, the variable 'input' value

must be 0.

int selector = 0;

// PERMALATCH ENABLER: enables the

PERMALATCH FUNCTION IF VALUE =

'1'. If selector value = '0' (PERMALATCH

DISABLED), offdelay variables must be in

'0' value for safety of not using permalatch

function.

int offdelay = 0;

// PERMALATCH VERIFIER: if value = '1'

and selector = '1', will enable the

permatlatch function. Turning on this

function also requires to make the value of

replaycheck = '0'

int replaycheck =0;

// If value is '1' and selector and offdelay are

'0', this will disable the operation of this

specific switch being used in the program.

For using solely for automated mode, this

must be in '0' and offdelay and selector must

be ='0' too.

float input2 = 16;

float off2 = 20;

int selector2 = 0;

int offdelay2 = 0;

int replaycheck2 =0;

float input4 = 16;

float off4 = 20;

int selector4 = 0;

int offdelay4 = 0;


float input8 = 20;

float off8 = 16;

int selector8 = 0;

int offdelay8 = 0;


// WARNING: NOT FOR USER

SELECTION BELOW!!!!!

float x= input;

float y= off;

float z= input2;

float r= off2;

float b= input4;

float k= off4;

float o= input8;

float p= off8;

int gg;

int n=0;

int qq = 0;

int ee;

int t=0;

int uu = 0;

int vv;

int i=0;

int hh = 0;

int oo;

int m=0;

int zz = 0;

int uno = 0;

int dos = 0;

int quatro = 0;

int otso = 0;

float delaytotal;

int tau=1;

int autorunled = 7;

int programpin = 8;

int ledoutpin = 13;

int restart = 6;

void setup() {

pinMode(autorunled,OUTPUT);

pinMode(12,OUTPUT);

pinMode(11,OUTPUT);

pinMode(10,OUTPUT);

pinMode(9,OUTPUT);

pinMode(2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);

pinMode(programpin,INPUT);

pinMode(ledoutpin,OUTPUT);

pinMode(restart,INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("SYSTEM START");

}

void loop() {

if(digitalRead(ledoutpin)==HIGH){

digitalWrite(ledoutpin,LOW);

digitalWrite(autorunled,HIGH);

}

if(analogRead(A0)<=853){

digitalWrite(0,HIGH);

}

else{

digitalWrite(0,LOW);

}

if(analogRead(A0)<=1023 &&

analogRead(A0)>=1000 &&

digitalRead(3)==HIGH){

digitalWrite(1,HIGH);

}

else{


}

n=0;

t=0;

i=0;

m=0;

timecheck = time=time+period;

digitalWrite(autorunled,HIGH);

// SWITCH 8

if(replaycheck==0){

if(x>0){

gg=0;

x=x-period;

}

if(x==0){

gg=1;

if(replaycheck!=1){

digitalWrite(9, HIGH);

delay(delaytime);

Serial.println("LED 9 ON");


delay(100);

}

if(selector==1){

replaycheck=1;

}

x=y;

uno =1;

Serial.println("8 ON");

qq++;

if (qq>1){

x=input;

qq=0;

uno = 0;

Serial.println("8 OFF. FINAL

DATA OUTPUT. IGNORE FORMER

OUTPUT");

}

}

if(gg==1){

n = delaytime+100;

}

}

else if (replaycheck==1){

if(x>0 && offdelay==1){

x=x-period;

if(x==0){

gg=1;


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

if(uno==1){

uno=0;

Serial.println("8 OFF");

}

else{

uno=1;


}

if(gg==1){

n=delaytime+100;

}

}

}

}

// SWITCH 4

if(replaycheck2==0){

if(z>0){

ee=0;

z=z-period;

}

if(z==0){

ee=1;

if(replaycheck2!=1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

}

if(selector2==1){

replaycheck2=1;

}

z=r;

dos = 1;


uu++;

if (uu>1){

z=input2;

uu=0;

dos = 0;



OUTPUT");

}

}

if(ee==1){

t = delaytime+100;

}

}

else if (replaycheck2==1){

if(z>0 && offdelay2==1){

z=z-period;

if(z==0){

ee=1;


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

if(dos==1){

dos=0;


}

else{

dos=1;


}

if(ee==1){

t=delaytime+100;

}

}

}

}

// SWITCH 2


if(b>0){

vv=0;

b=b-period;

}

if(b==0){

vv=1;



delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

}

if(selector4==1){

replaycheck4=1;

}

b=k;

hh++;

quatro = 1;


if (hh>1){

b=input4;

hh=0;

quatro = 0;



OUTPUT");

}

}

if(vv==1){

i = delaytime+100;

}

}


if(b>0 && offdelay4==1){

b=b-period;

if(b==0){

vv=1;


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

if(quatro==1){

quatro=0;


}

else{

quatro=1;


}

if(vv==1){

i=delaytime+100;

}

}

}

}

// SWITCH 1


if(o>0){

oo=0;

o=o-period;

}

if(o==0){

oo=1;



delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

}

if(selector8==1){

replaycheck8=1;

}

o=p;

zz++;

otso = 1;


if (zz>1){

o=input8;

zz=0;

otso = 0;



OUTPUT");

}

}

if(oo==1){

m = delaytime+100;

}

}


if(o>0 && offdelay8==1){

o=o-period;

if(o==0){

oo=1;


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

if(otso==1){

otso=0;


}

else{

otso=1;


}

if(oo==1){

m=delaytime+100;

}

}

}

}

if(otso==0){

digitalWrite(5, LOW);

}

else{


}

if(quatro==0){


}

else{


}

if(dos==0){


}

else{


}

if(uno==0){


}

else{


}

// PRELIMINARY

delaytotal = n+t+i+m;

delay(mechperiod+delayman-

delaytotal);

time=timecheck;

Serial.print("seconds have passed

since start: ");

Serial.println(timecheck);

Serial.print("value of switch 1: ");

Serial.println(x);


Serial.println(z);


Serial.println(b);


Serial.println(o);

Serial.println("CYCLE

COMPLETE");

if(digitalRead(restart) == 1 ||

digitalRead(programpin) == 1){

if(uno==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

uno=0;

Serial.println("SHUTDOWN: 8

OFF");

}

if(dos==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

dos=0;


OFF");

}

if(quatro==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

quatro=0;


OFF");

}

if(otso==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

otso=0;


OFF");

}

x=input;

z=input2;

b=input4;

o=input8;

y=off;

r=off2;

k=off4;

p=off8;

timecheck = 0;

time = 0;

qq = 0;

uu = 0;

hh = 0;

zz = 0;

digitalWrite(ledoutpin,HIGH);

digitalWrite(autorunled,LOW);

delay(400);

}

if(digitalRead(programpin)==HIGH){

if(uno==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

uno=0;


OFF");

}

if(dos==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

dos=0;


OFF");

}

if(quatro==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

quatro=0;


OFF");

}

if(otso==1){


delay(delaytime);



delay(100);

otso=0;


OFF");

}

x=input;

z=input2;

b=input4;

o=input8;

y=off;

r=off2;

k=off4;

p=off8;

timecheck = 0;

time = 0;

qq = 0;

uu = 0;

hh = 0;

zz = 0;

if(otso==0){


}

else{


}

if(quatro==0){


}

else{


}

if(dos==0){


}

else{


}

if(uno==0){


}

else{


}

while(tau>0){

tau=tau+1;


delay(60);

digitalWrite(ledoutpin,LOW);

delay(60);

Serial.println("STOP LOOP FOR

PROGRAMMING. Restart if needed.");


if(digitalRead(restart) == 1){

break;



}

}

}

}

Appendix D

BUDGET FOR WIRELESS

PROGRAMMABLE RELAY SWITCHES

(WPRS)

Table D1. Proposed Expenses in Wireless

Programmable Relay Switches

Component Price Quantit

y

Total

Cost

0.1 micro

Farads

ceramic

capacitor

1.00

PHP 5

5.00

PHP

¼ Watt 100

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

¼ Watt 100K

Ohms

resistors

0.30

PHP 4

1.20

PHP

¼ Watt 10K

Ohms

resistors

0.30

PHP 18

5.40

PHP

¼ Watt 150

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 6

1.80

PHP

¼ Watt 1K

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

¼ Watt 1M

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

¼ Watt 220

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

¼ Watt 2K

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

¼ watt 47

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

¼ Watt 8.2K

Ohms resistor

0.30

PHP 4

1.20

PHP

½ Watt 1M

Ohms resistor

1.00

PHP 1

1.00

PHP

1 inch nuts

and bolts

1.00

PHP 4

4.00

PHP

1 micro

Farads 16V

rated

capacitors

1.00

PHP 1

1.00

PHP

1 nano Farads

ceramic

capacitors

0.30

PHP 2

0.60

PHP

1.5

millimeters

solid core

wire

5.00

PHP 12

60.00

PHP

1/8 inch nuts

and bolts

1.00

PHP 18

18.00

PHP

10 micro

Farads 50V

rated

capacitor

3.00

PHP 1

3.00

PHP

10 pico

Farads

capacitor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

100 micro

Farads 50

Volts rated

capacitor

1.50

PHP 1

1.50

PHP

100 nano

Farads

ceramic

capacitor

1.00

PHP

2 2.00

PHP

14-pin

integrated

circuit (IC)

socket

3.00

PHP 2

6.00

PHP

16-pin

integrated

circuit (IC)

socket

3.00

PHP 1

3.00

PHP

1N4002 1. 00

PHP 1

1.00

PHP

1N4007 1.00

PHP 12

12.00

PHP

22 micro

Farads 50 V

rated

capacitor

1.50

PHP 1

1.50

PHP

2200 micro

Farads 16

Volts rated

electrolytic

capacitor

16.00

PHP 1

16.00

PHP

250 Volts 1

Ampere fuses

with fuse

holders

15.00

PHP 2

30.00

PHP

28 Volts 12

Amperes

Direct

Current

Double Pole

Double

Throw Relay

78.00

PHP

1

78.00

PHP

2N2219 35.00

PHP 2

70.00P

HP

3.5mm mono

headphone

jack chassis

8.00

PHP 2

16.00

PHP

3.5mm stereo

headphone

jack chassis

16.00

PHP 1

16.00

PHP

3-18 pico

Farads

variable

capacitors

18.00

PHP 3

54.00

PHP

4 inches x 6

inches

presensitized

printed circuit

board (PCB),

135.00

PHP 2

270.00

PHP

4.7 micro

Farads 50

Volts rated

electrolytic

capacitor

1.00

PHP 1

1.00

PHP

4700 micro

Farads

electrolytic

50 Volts rated

capacitors

36.00

PHP

3 108.00

PHP

5 pico Farads

ceramic

capacitor

0.30

PHP 1

0.30

PHP

500 milli

Amperes 9-0-

9 Volts

potential

transformer

105.00

PHP 1

105.00

PHP

6-Volt single

pole double

throw (SPDT)

relays

20.00

PHP 4

80.00

PHP

750 milli

Amperes 15-

0-15 Volts

potential

transformer

150.00

PHP 1

150.00

PHP

8-pin dual in

line (DIP)

switch

8.00

PHP 1

8.00

PHP

American

Wire Gauge

(AWG)

number 18

magnet wire

5.00

PHP 1

5.00

PHP

AWG number

31

1.50

PHP 1

1.50

PHP

BC548

transistors

4.50

PHP

8 36.00

PHP

CD4013 18.00

PHP 2

36.00

PHP

Gizduino

microcontroll

er platform

1000.0

0 PHP 1

1000.0

0 PHP

green light

emitting

diodes (LED)

2.00

PHP 3

6.00

PHP

high grade

plastic

enclosure

Alexan HC-

881

170.00

PHP 1

170.00

PHP

latching push

button

switches

16.00

PHP 2

32.00

PHP

LM317 17.00

PHP 1

17.00

PHP

LM7805 18.00

PHP 2

36.00

PHP

MC145436P 260.00

PHP 1

260.00

PHP

mini portable

fm radio

100.00

PHP 1

100.00

PHP

normally

open

momentary

push button

switches

8.00

PHP 5

40.00

PHP

one 10 K

trimmer

resistor

10.00

PHP

1 10.00

PHP

outlet cords

with

connector

plugs

28.00

PHP 2

56.00

PHP

Pair of case-

mount

binding or

connecting

posts

16.00

PHP 4

64.00

PHP

plastic

enclosure

Alexan HC-

823

280.00

PHP 1

280.00

PHP

red light

emitting

diodes(LED)

2.00

PHP 7

14.00

PHP

single pole

double throw

toggle

switches

8.00

PHP 2

16.00

PHP

Soldering

lead with flux

4.00

PHP 18

72.00

PHP

television

bunny ears

antenna plus

connector

80.00

PHP 1

80.00

PHP

TO-220 heat

sinks

20.00

PHP 3

60.00

PHP

W91212 200.00

PHP 1

200.00

PHP

yellow light

emitting

diodes (LED)

2.00

PHP 4

8.00

PHP

TOTAL 3733.1

0 PHP

wireless programmable relay switches · 2015-09-12 · wireless and programmable relay switches....

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