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Bluetooth™ Wireless short range communication Per-Arne Wiberg, Free2move

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Page 1: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

Bluetooth™Wireless short range communication

Per-Arne Wiberg, Free2move

Page 2: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Content• Background• Technology• Applications• Test and qualification• Case study

Page 3: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Background

Page 4: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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History

• Originating from Ericsson• “Special Interest Group” is formed• “Promoter Company group”• “Early adopter group”

Page 5: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Special Interest Group SIG-supporting organizations

Page 6: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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SIG- Early adopters

• Over 2500 companies listed• Open to all• Members yield their IPR• Free License is given in return

Page 7: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Bluetooth™ functionality

Page 8: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Technology

• Air interface• Base Band• Protocol

Page 9: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Air Interface

• Operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM-band• Total band width: 80 MHz

Page 10: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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ISM-band

• Free available band in most countries• Interference can appear• Wireless LAN uses the 2.4 GHz ISM band• Microwave ovens operate in the band• How can a stable communication be achieved

under these circumstances?

Page 11: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Band spreading

• Frequency hopping at 1600 hops per second• Gives time slots at different frequencies• Sender and receiver must be synchronized• A channel = en hopping sequence

Page 12: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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To create a channel

Page 13: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Piconet• A Piconet= a channel = en

hopping sequence• A Piconet has en Master with

up to 7 active slaves• < 256 inactive slaves

Page 14: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Piconet(2)

• 1 master, 7 active slaves• 10 Piconet in the same area

without significant loss of throughput

Page 15: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Piconet(3)• Ad Hoc connection• A new unit is connected to

the Piconet in 1-4 seconds

Page 16: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Piconet(4)• Asynchronous traffic : data• Synchronous traffic: voice

or sound

Page 17: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Piconet(5)

Page 18: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Addressing in BluetoothBluetooth device address BD_ADDR: 48 bitarEtehrnet adress (IEEE 802.11)

•LAP lower address part•UAP upper address part•NAP non-significant address part

LAP NAPUAP24 bitar 8 bitar 16 bitar

Page 19: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Packet format

54 bit72 bit 0-2745 bit

Accesskod

Packetheader

Data

Page 20: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Packet format Access code

54 bit72 bit 0-2745 bit

Preeamble Access kod Trailer

4 b 64 b 4 b

•CAC Channel access code•DAC Device access code•GIAC General Inquire access code

Page 21: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Access code

• First part of the packet• The receiver correlates to the code• Important with big separation of

code words in the code

Page 22: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Access code

• Different codes:– “Inquire access” code when

connecting– “Device access” code when the

address is known– “Channel access” code when the link

is established

Page 23: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Access code

• Device access code DAC– Is used by Page and Page scan– Is calculated from LAP i BD_ADDR

• Channel access code CAC– Used by data transfer packages– Is calculated from LAP i BD_ADDR

Page 24: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Access code (2)

• Inquiry access code IAC– Is used by Inquiry and Inquiry Scan– A number of pre defined codes

Page 25: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Access procedure

• Page scan– The slave listens on 32 frequencies– Calculated from address and clock– Special hopping sequence

Page 26: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Page

– The master sends 16 ID packets at the double frequency

– Hopping sequence = -8 - +7 of the estimated frequncy of the slave; takes 10 ms

– The transmission is repeated 128 times

Page 27: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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F´(1)

master

10 ms 128

F(1)slav F(2)

11,25 ms1,28 s

Page 28: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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FHS

F(k)F(k+1)F(k+1) G(m)

F´(k) F´(k+1) G(m+1)

Hoppsekvens för kanalenHoppsekvens för page

Page 29: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Inquiry

– Works like page– The address is unknown– Uses a given hopping sequence– Uses GIAC alt. DIAC

Page 30: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Packet header

54 bit72 bit 0-2745 bit

3 b 8 b4 b 1 b 1 b 1 b

1/3 FEC

AM-ADDR TYPE•FHS•NULL, POLL•HV1, HV2, HV3•DM1, DM3, DM5•DH1, DH3, DH5•AUX1

Flow ARQN SEQN HEC

Page 31: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Data packet

54 bit72 bit 0-2745 bit

2 b 1 b

Header

5 b

HV paket har fix längd: 240 bitIngen header

L_CHlogical channel

Flow Length

Page 32: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Error correction

• 1/3 FEC : bit repetition• 2/3 FEC : (15,10) Hamming code

• Retransmission (ARQ)– 1 bit ACK/NAK– 1 bit sequence number

Page 33: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Packet types

General packets– ID-packet: ”Device access code” 68 bits– POLL-packet: Is sent periodicaly to the

slaves. Contains only access code and header is 126 bits. The slave must respond to this packet.

– NULL-packet: Same as the POLL-packet. Is used for ARQ and flow control.

Page 34: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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General packets (2)

• FHS Access code, packet header and data. Data is 240 bits 2/3 FEC coded. Data contains BD_ADDR and the clock of the master.

Page 35: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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SCO-packet (synchronous link)

• “High quality voice” HV1 packet– Data 240 bits 1/3 FEC (no CRC) : 10

information bytes

• HV2 packet– Data 240 bits 2/3 FEC : 20 information

bytes.

Page 36: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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SCO-packet(2)

• HV3 packet– Data 240 bits no FEC : 30 information

bytes.

• DV packet– 80 bits voice 32-150 bits data. 2/3 FEC

on data. ARQ on data.

Page 37: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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ACL-packet (asynchronous link) en time slot

• DM1- ”Data Medium rate”: 2/3 FEC 18 information bytes, CRC code

• DH1 ”Data High rate”: no FEC, 28 information bytes, CRC code

• AUX1 no FEC, no CRC 30 information bytes

Page 38: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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ACL-packet (asynchronous link) 3 time

slots

• DM3- ”Data Medium rate”: 2/3 FEC 123 information bytes, CRC code

• DH3 ”Data High rate”: no FEC, 185 information bytes, CRC code

Page 39: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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ACL-packet (asynchronous link) 5 time slots

• DM5- ”Data Medium rate”: 2/3 FEC 226 information bytes, CRC code

• DH5 ”Data High rate”: no FEC, 341 information bytes, CRC code

Page 40: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Data throughput Typ Symetrisk Asymetrisk

DM1 108.8 108.8 108.8

DH1 172.8 172.8 172.8

DM3 258.1 387.2 54.4

DH3 390.4 585.6 86.4

DM5 286.7 477.8 36.3

DH5 433.9 723.2 57.6

Page 41: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Security

• Link level• Authentication • Encryption• Security in the application

Page 42: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Security on link level

• Robust authentication and encryption– 128 bit key

• Frequency hopping on 79 frequency bands– 100 is considered to be military

security• Limited range

Page 43: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Authentication

• The key is generated from a random number, the PIN code and BD_ADDR

• The PIN-code can be stored• The PIN-code can be entered in the

units when connecting.

Page 44: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Encryption

• Encryption key is generated from the Authentication key

• Can be 8-128 bits depending on country

• Is changed at every encryption command to LM

Page 45: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Scatternet

Page 46: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Scatternet(2)

• Tme sharing in a slave.• For ACL: Hold, park or sniff in one

piconet• For SCO: only HV3 can be used.• The slave must handle two clocks.

Page 47: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Bluetooth protocol stack

Page 48: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Protocol stack(2)

Page 49: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Host Control Interface HCI

HCI: A commandinterface to LM andBasband

Page 50: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Link Manager Protocol LMP

• Link establishment• Security• QoS handling

Page 51: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Link Manager Protocol LMP

• Adjustment of the clock– The Master estimates

the clock of the slave – Is used to make PAGE

SCAN faster

Page 52: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Link Manager Protocol LMP

• Master-Slave switch• Connecting SCO• Name request• Disconnection• ”Hold mode”• ”Parked mode”• ”Sniff mode”

Page 53: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol

L2CAP

• Multiplexing of protocols – Many protocols on top of

L2CAP• Segmentation and

joining of packets• Quality-of-Service• Groups

Page 54: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol

L2CAP• Establishment of

channels– Connection

oriented 0-65535 bytes

– Connectionless

Page 55: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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”Connectionless channel”

• Amount of data: 0-65535 bytes• Transmission to a ”Group”• Delivery is not guarantied

Page 56: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Service Discovery Protocol- SDP• Search for services in the

Bluetooth neighborhood • Give out service

description on command• Search for specific

services• Hierarchical search for

services• Example: Printer

• Laser printer– color

Page 57: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Service Discovery Protocol- SDP• Client-Server protocol• The server has a data

base with services• The services are

represented by a 128 bit UUID.

Page 58: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Example of SDP session

• Establish a channel to a device• Query the SDP database

– Search b.m.o UUID– Or Browse

• Retrieve service ID• Disconnect SDP channel• Establish a channel to the service

Page 59: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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RFCOMM

• Emulates RS-232• Is used in many

profiles

Page 60: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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RFCOMM

• Emulates many serial ports between two units

• Flow control• Status of the

serial transmission is monitored

Page 61: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Object Exchange Protocol OBEX

• Synchronization• File transfere• ”Object push”

Page 62: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Telephony Control Protocol

• Group calls, Establishmnet and disconnection of voice connection

• Management: Handling of Groups

• Signaling (connectionless)

Page 63: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Relation between profiles

Page 64: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Applications

•Integrate into Lap Tops

•Integrate into mobile phones

•Integrate into PDAs

•Headset

•Cameras

Page 66: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Applications

Sensors and actuatos

Communication systems

Page 67: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Industrial applications

•Measurement on moving objects•Reducing cabelcosts•Identification•Supervision•Maintenance

Page 68: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Medical applications•Regulatory issues

•Big potential still to come

Page 69: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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Utveckling av Bluetooth produkter

• Komponenter• Kvalificeringsprocessen• Utvecklingsverktyg

Page 70: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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KomponenterLeverantör Produkt Tidplan Pris Beskrivnign

Alcatel Enchips-lösning

Q1 2001 Integreradantenn

Atmel Modul Q4 2000 Basbandsenhet

AtmelWireless

RF-krets Q1 2001

Ericsson Modul Q4 2000 100USD

Komplettlösning

Page 71: Wireless short range communicationdixon.hh.se/urbi/WCS/WCS2/Bluetooth_slides.pdf · • Originating from Ericsson ... • Air interface • Base Band • Protocol. Pelle Wiberg Air

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KomponenterLeverantör Produkt Tidplan Pris Beskrivning

Mitel Basbands-krets

Q4 2000 7USD

Basbandskrets

National Modul Q2 2001 Utvecklings-verktyg finns

National Basbands-krets

Q2 2001

National RF-krets Q2 2001

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Kvalificering/Test

TillverkareBQTF

BQB

BQA

Produkt

AnmälanDokumentation

Testprotokoll

Kan vara samma organisation