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    Wireless sensor network

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a computer network consisting of spatially

    distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical orenvironmental conditions, such as temperature , sound , vibration , pressure , motion or

    pollutants, at different locations. !" #he development of wireless sensor networks was

    originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance.$owever, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas,

    including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home

    automation, and traffic control.!" %"

    &n addition to one or more sensors, each node in a sensor network is typicallye'uipped with a radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small

    microcontroller , and an energy source, usually a battery . #he si e a single sensor nodecan vary from shoebo *si ed nodes down to devices the si e of grain of dust. !" #hecost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few

    cents, depending on the si e of the sensor network and the comple ity re'uired ofindividual sensor nodes. !" Si e and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in

    corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speedand bandwidth. !"

    &n computer science , wireless sensor networks are an active research area withnumerous workshops and conferences arranged each year.

    Applications

    #he applications for WSNs are many and varied. #hey are used in commercial andindustrial applications to monitor data that would be difficult or e pensive to monitor

    using wired sensors. #hey could be deployed in wilderness areas, where they wouldremain for many years (monitoring some environmental variable) without the need torecharge+replace their power supplies. #hey could form a perimeter about a property

    and monitor the progression of intruders (passing information from one node to thene t). #here are a many uses for WSNs.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-hadim2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-hadim2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-romer2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
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    #ypical applications of WSNs include monitoring, tracking, and controlling. Some ofthe specific applications are habitat monitoring, ob ect tracking, nuclear reactorcontrolling, fire detection, traffic monitoring, etc. &n a typical application, a WSN is

    scattered in a region where it is meant to collect data through its sensor nodes.

    -nvironmental monitoring $abitat monitoring Acoustic detection Seismic etection /ilitary surveillance &nventory tracking /edical monitoring Smart spaces 0rocess /onitoring

    Area monitoring

    Area monitoring is a typical application of WSNs. &n area monitoring, the WSN isdeployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. As an e ample, a

    large 'uantity of sensor nodes could be deployed over a battlefield to detect enemyintrusion instead of using landmines . When the sensors detect the event being

    monitored (heat, pressure, sound, light, electro*magnetic field, vibration, etc), theevent needs to be reported to one of the base stations, which can take appropriate

    action (e.g., send a message on the internet or to a satellite). epending on the e actapplication, different ob ective functions will re'uire different data*propagation

    strategies, depending on things such as need for real-time response, redundancy of thedata (which can be tackled via data aggregation techni'ues), need for security , etc.

    Characteristics1ni'ue characteristics of a WSN are2

    Small*scale sensor nodes 3imited power they can harvest or store $arsh environmental conditions Node failures /obility of nodes ynamic network topology

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmines
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    4ommunication failures $eterogeneity of nodes 3arge scale of deployment 1nattended operation

    Sensor nodes can be imagined as small computers, e tremely basic in terms of their

    interfaces and their components. #hey usually consist of a processing unit withlimited computational power and limited memory, sensors (including specific

    conditioning circuitry), a communication device (usually radio transceivers oralternatively optical ), and a power source usually in the form of a battery. 5ther

    possible inclusions are energy harvesting modules, secondary AS&4s, and possiblysecondary communication devices (e.g. 6S%7% or 1S8 ).

    #he base stations are one or more distinguished components of the WSN with muchmore computational, energy and communication resources. #hey act as a gateway

    between sensor nodes and the end user.

    Platforms

    Hardware

    #he main challenge is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to theseob ectives, current sensor nodes are mainly prototypes. /iniaturi ation and low costare understood to follow from recent and future progress in the fields of /-/S and

    N-/S . Some of the e isting sensor nodes are given below. Some of the nodes arestill in research stage.

    Atlas (0ervasa+1niversity of 9lorida) ( http2++www.pervasa.com+) 8-AN 0ro ect

    (http2++www.dcc.ufmg.br+:mmvieira+publications+bean.pdf;searchbra ilian=%>sensor=%>node=%% )

    8#node (-#$ ?urich) ( http2++www.btnode.eth .ch ) 4orte 0ro ect 45#S ust ( ust Networks) ( http2++www.dustnetworks.com+ spun out of 14

    8erkeley) -@-S 0ro ect ( http2++eyes.eu.org Server down") $oarder 8oard (/ /edia 3ab)

    (http2++vadim.oversigma.com+$oarder+$oarder.htm )

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEMShttp://www.pervasa.com/http://www.dcc.ufmg.br/~mmvieira/publications/bean.pdf#search=%22BEAN%20brazilian%20sensor%20node%22http://www.dcc.ufmg.br/~mmvieira/publications/bean.pdf#search=%22BEAN%20brazilian%20sensor%20node%22http://www.btnode.ethz.ch/http://www.dustnetworks.com/http://eyes.eu.org/http://vadim.oversigma.com/Hoarder/Hoarder.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEMShttp://www.pervasa.com/http://www.dcc.ufmg.br/~mmvieira/publications/bean.pdf#search=%22BEAN%20brazilian%20sensor%20node%22http://www.dcc.ufmg.br/~mmvieira/publications/bean.pdf#search=%22BEAN%20brazilian%20sensor%20node%22http://www.btnode.ethz.ch/http://www.dustnetworks.com/http://eyes.eu.org/http://vadim.oversigma.com/Hoarder/Hoarder.htm
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    /ica /ote (4rossbow) ( http2++www. bow.com+0roducts+productsdetails.aspsid

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    -@-S5S /agnet5S /AN#&S (/ultimodAl Ne#works &n*situ Sensors) Sen5S S5S #iny5S

    Middleware

    #here is a need and considerable research efforts currently invested in the design ofmiddleware for WSNEs. #here are various research efforts in developing middleware

    for wireless sensor networks. %" &n general approaches can be classified into distributed

    database, mobile agents, and event*based.7"

    AutoSec 45/iS 451FA6 SWare -nviro*#rack Flobal Sensor NetworksGFSN (Application 5riented /iddleware for sensor

    networks) !" . &mpala /agnet5S /i3AN SensorWare S&NA #iny 8 #inyFA3S

    Programming languages

    0rogramming the sensor nodes is difficult when compared to the normal computersystems. #he resource constrained nature of these nodes gives rise to new

    programming models.

    cHt (4omputation at a point in space (H) #ime ) 43 ( istributed 4ompositional 3anguage) gals4 nes4

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-hadim2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-hadim2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-0http://globalsn.sourceforge.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NesChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-hadim2006http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_note-0http://globalsn.sourceforge.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NesC
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    0rotothreads SNA4I SJ#3

    Algorithms

    WSNs are composed of a large number of sensor nodes, therefore, an algorithm for aWSN is implicitly a distributed algorithm . &n WSNs the scarcest resource is energy,and one of the most energy*e pensive operation is data transmission. 9or this reason,

    algorithmic research in WSN mostly focuses on the study and design of energy awarealgorithms for data transmission from the sensor nodes to the bases stations. ata

    transmission is usually multi*hop (from node to node, towards the base stations), due

    to the polynomial growth in the energy*cost of radio tranmission with respect to thetranmission distance.

    #he algorithmic approach to WSN differentiates itself from the protocol approach by

    the fact that the mathematical models used are more abstract, more general, butsometimes less realistic than the models used for protocol design.

    Simulators

    #here are platforms specifically designed to simulate Wireless Sensor Networks, like#5SS&/ , which is a part of #iny5S . #raditional network simulators like ns*% havealso been used. Apart from the above mentioned simulators, there are other simulators

    in the literature.

    -mstar * An -nvironment for eveloping Wireless -mbedded Systems

    Software Flo/oSim * F3obal /5bile &nformation systems S&/ulator, a scalable

    simulation environment for wireless and wired network systems S-NS * a sensor environment and network simulator C*Sim * a component*based, compositional simulation environmentG formerly

    known as CavaSim SWAN * Simulator for Wireless Ad*$oc Networks SensorSim * a patch to the NS*% simulator #ython * a dynamic simulation environment for sensor networks WiseNet A#-/1

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protothreadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSSIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ns_(simulator)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ns_(simulator)http://cvs.cens.ucla.edu/emstar/http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/http://www.j-sim.org/http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/projects/sensorsim/http://www.isr.umd.edu/CSHCN/research/atemu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protothreadshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOSSIMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ns_(simulator)http://cvs.cens.ucla.edu/emstar/http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/http://www.j-sim.org/http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/projects/sensorsim/http://www.isr.umd.edu/CSHCN/research/atemu/
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    5pSeNet 5/Ne#KK * a modular, easy*to*use discrete event simulator with many

    e tensions for wireless network simulations 50#N-# Sidh Avrora Shawn * discrete event simulator designed with the simulation of large

    wireless sensor networks in mind 0rowler and C0rowler AlgoSenSim * an algorithm oriented sensor network simulator

    Commercial sensor nodes

    #he following lists some of the sensor nodes on the market.

    8#node (-#$ ?urich, Swit erland) &ntel motes Sun S05# Small 0rogrammable 5b ect #echnology (Sun microsystems) /&4A motes (4rossbow technology) #/ote Sky #&0 series mote (/a for) i wa69*!BL 0rogrammable 6adio /odule (chipM .com) SensiNet Smart Sensors (Sensicast Systems)

    ata !isuali"ation

    #he data gathered from wireless sensor networks is usually saved in the form of

    numerical data in a central base station. #here are many programs, like #osF1& and/onSense ,FSN that facilitate the viewing of these large amounts of data.

    Additionally, the 5pen Feospatial 4onsortium (5F4) is specifying standards forinteroperability interfaces and metadata encodings that enable real time integration ofheterogeneous sensor webs into the &nternet, allowing any individual to monitor or

    control Wireless Sensor Networks through a Web 8rowser.

    #esearch centers

    http://www.omnetpp.org/http://compilers.cs.ucla.edu/avrora/http://www.swarmnet.de/shawn/http://tcs.unige.ch/doku.php/code/algosensim/overviewhttp://www.btnode.ethz.ch/http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_SPOThttp://www.xbow.com/Products/Wireless_Sensor_Networks.htmhttp://www.moteiv.com/products-tmotesky.phphttp://www.maxfor.co.kr/enghttp://www.chip45.com/iDwaRFhttp://www.chip45.com/http://www.sensicast.com/wireless_sensors.phphttp://whale.fe.up.pt/wsnwiki/index.php/MonSensehttp://globalsn.sourceforge.net/http://www.omnetpp.org/http://compilers.cs.ucla.edu/avrora/http://www.swarmnet.de/shawn/http://tcs.unige.ch/doku.php/code/algosensim/overviewhttp://www.btnode.ethz.ch/http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_SPOThttp://www.xbow.com/Products/Wireless_Sensor_Networks.htmhttp://www.moteiv.com/products-tmotesky.phphttp://www.maxfor.co.kr/enghttp://www.chip45.com/iDwaRFhttp://www.chip45.com/http://www.sensicast.com/wireless_sensors.phphttp://whale.fe.up.pt/wsnwiki/index.php/MonSensehttp://globalsn.sourceforge.net/
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    - amples of ma or academic centers for research in wireless sensor networks are4&S at 8erkeley and 4-NS at 143A, in the 1SA and the N446 /&4S inSwit erland.

    C$%S

    #he 4enter for -mbedded Networked Systems ( 4-NS ) at the 1niversity of4alifornia, 3os Angeles , directed by eborah -strin, is a leading research center withOM> million in core funding from the National Science 9oundation %".

    C&'#&S

    #he 4enter for &nformation #echnology 6esearch in the &nterest of Society (4&S)at the 1niversity of 4alifornia, 8erkeley , currently directed by S. Shankar Sastry, is aO7>> million multicampus research center that includes research and development of

    wireless sensor networks, and has used them to study microclimate variations inindividual redwood trees 7" .

    %CC# M&CS

    #he N446 /&4S was launched in %>>! and is currently in its second round. &t

    involves research institutions, universities and corporate partners from all overSwit erland. &t is performing research in mobile information and communication

    systems, with a strong emphasis on wireless sensor networks and novel self*organi ing networks and information systems.

    MA&()roup at 'yndall

    #he /icroelectronic Applications &ntegration (/A&) , sector of the #yndall National

    &nstitute in 4ork, &reland, headed by r. 4ian 5E/athuna, is currently involved in

    developing microsensing and microactuation devices for use in miniaturised wirelesssensor networks. &n particular the Ambient #echnology Froup is developing modularinterchangeable hardware layers for use in many sensor network applications.

    Conferences

    SenSys *A4/ 4onference on -mbedded Networked Sensor Systems &0SN * A4/ +&--- &nternational 4onference on &nformation 0rocessing in

    Sensor Networks

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENShttp://www.mics.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://www.cens.ucla.edu/http://www.cens.ucla.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwoodhttp://www.citris.berkeley.edu/http://www.citris.berkeley.edu/http://www.mics.org/http://www.tyndall.ie/research/mai-group/index.htmlhttp://www.tyndall.ie/research/mai-group/index.htmlhttp://www.tyndall.ie/http://www.tyndall.ie/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://www.tyndall.ie/research/mai-group/aes1_mai.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SenSyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPSNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENShttp://www.mics.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundationhttp://www.cens.ucla.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwoodhttp://www.citris.berkeley.edu/http://www.mics.org/http://www.tyndall.ie/research/mai-group/index.htmlhttp://www.tyndall.ie/http://www.tyndall.ie/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://www.tyndall.ie/research/mai-group/aes1_mai.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SenSyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPSNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE
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    -WSN * -uropean 4onference on Wireless Sensor Networks S-45N * &--- 4ommunications Society 4onference on Sensor and Ad $oc

    4ommunications and Networks 45SS Algosensor

    See also

    Smartdust /esh networking /obile ad*hoc network (/AN-#S)

    #eferences

    !. P a b c d e 6Qmer, Iay, 9riedemann /attern ( ecember %>>M). R #he esign

    Space of Wireless Sensor Networks R. IEEE Wireless Communications ** (B)2M*B!.

    %. P a b $adim, Salem, Nader /ohamed (%>>B). R /iddleware 4hallenges and Approaches for Wireless Sensor Networks R. IEEE Distributed Systems Online

    + (7). art. no. >B>7*o7>>!.7. 6Qmer, Iay (9ebruary %>>M). R 0rogramming 0aradigms and /iddleware for

    Sensor Networks R.GI/I G !achgespr"ch Sensornet#e$ %arlsruhe .

    Further reading

    &n !D'(ed e)tboo* on Sensor +etwor*s , . , #homas $aenselmann. Wireless Sensor +etwor*s , 4auligi S. 6aghavendra (-ditor), Irishna /.

    Sivalingam (-ditor), #aieb ?nati. Wireless Sensor +etwor*s &rchitectures and 0rotocols , -dgar $. 4allaway, Cr.

    and -dgar $. 4allaway, 464 0ress, August %>>7, 7 % pages. In1ormation 0rocessing in Sensor +etwor*s , 9eng ?hao, and 3eonidas C.

    Fuibas (-ds). 2andboo* o1 sensor networ*s3 algorithms and architectures , -dited by &van

    Sto menovic, Wiley*&nterscience, %>> , 7! pages. Wireless Sensor +etwor* & Systems 0erspective , Nirupama 8ulusu, San ay

    Cha, Artech $ouse, 0ublished Culy %>> , &S8N !* L> 7*LB *7

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWSNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SECON&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://www.dcoss.org/http://ru1.cti.gr/algosensors06/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ad-hoc_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_4http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/wsn-designspace.pdfhttp://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/wsn-designspace.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Wireless_Communications&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-hadim2006_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-hadim2006_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-hadim2006_1http://dsonline.computer.org/portal/pages/dsonline/2006/03/o3001.htmlhttp://dsonline.computer.org/portal/pages/dsonline/2006/03/o3001.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-0http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/middleware-kuvs.pdfhttp://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/middleware-kuvs.pdfhttp://www.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/~haensel/sn_bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1580538673http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWSNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SECON&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://www.dcoss.org/http://ru1.cti.gr/algosensors06/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartdusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ad-hoc_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-romer2004_4http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/wsn-designspace.pdfhttp://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/wsn-designspace.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Wireless_Communications&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-hadim2006_0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-hadim2006_1http://dsonline.computer.org/portal/pages/dsonline/2006/03/o3001.htmlhttp://dsonline.computer.org/portal/pages/dsonline/2006/03/o3001.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_network#_ref-0http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/middleware-kuvs.pdfhttp://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/middleware-kuvs.pdfhttp://www.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/~haensel/sn_bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1580538673
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    0rotocols and &rchitectures 1or Wireless Sensor +etwor*s , $olger Iarl,Andreas Willig, &S8N >*M >*>T !!*7, %B pages, Canuary %>>B

    &dhoc and Sensor +etwor*s heory and &pplications , 4arlos de /orais

    4ordeiro (0hilips 6esearch North America, 1SA) U harma 0rakash Agrawal(1niversity of 4incinnati, 1SA), /arch %>>B.

    +etwor*ing Wireless Sensors , 8haskar Irishnamachari (1niversity ofSouthern 4alifornia), (&S8N*!72 T L> %!L7LM M V &S8N*!>2 > %!L7LM T)

    Energy Scavenging 1or Wireless Sensor +etwor*s With Special !ocus on

    4ibrations , Shad 6oundy, 0aul Ienneth Wright, Can /. 6abaey, %7% pages,Iluwer Academic 0ublishersG (Canuary !, %>>M), &S8N !*M>%>* BB7*>.

    Distributed Sensor +etwor*s5$ S6 S6 Iyengar$ 76 76 8roo*s$ Chapman 9

    2all/C7C3 :October ;;$ ;-?@ @@-A@A-B 6 2andboo* o1 Sensor +etwor*s Compact Wireless and Wired Sensing Systems ,

    /ohammad &lyas, &mad /ahgoub, B % pages 464 0ressG (Culy !B, %>>M),

    &S8N >*LMT7*!TBL*M . &lgorithmic &spects O1 Wireless Sensor +etwor*s (3ecture Notes in 4omputer

    Science)R, Sotiris Nikoletseas, Cose 6olim, Springer* erlagG (September 7>,%>>M),&S8N 7* M>*%%M B*T .

    obile$ Wireless$ and Sensor +etwor*s echnology$ &pplications$ and !uture

    Directions 6a eev Shorey, A. Ananda, /un 4hoon 4han, Wei #sang 5oi,

    &S8N >*M !* L*7 , M%% pages, /arch %>>B .

    -ournals

    International ournal o1 Distributed Sensor +etwor*s ,?.

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    5verview of wireless sensor networks (&--- 4omputer Society) 3ecture on Sensor Networks incl. slides, e ercises and sample solutions

    (1niversity of /annheim ) Wireless Sensor Networks #raining Seminar (4rossbow #echnology ) Wireless 4ommunications and Sensor Networks ($arvard ) Sensor Network Systems (Stanford ) Wireless Sensor Networks (course reading package available online) Wireless Sensor Networks with slides and e ercises * partially in Ferman

    (&nstitute for 0ervasive 4omputing , -#$ ?urich )

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0470095113http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1402076630http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1402076630http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1584883839http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0849319684http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=3540224769http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0471755583http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15501329.asphttp://csdl2.computer.org/comp/mags/co/2004/08/r8041.pdfhttp://www.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/~haensel/sensornetworks/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mannheimhttp://www.xbow.com/General_info/eventdetails.aspx?eid=139&localeid=3&addressid=106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow_Technologyhttp://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardhttp://www.stanford.edu/class/cs344a/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordhttp://suraj.lums.edu.pk/~muneeb/course/http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/edu/SS2006/WSN/http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0470095113http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1402076630http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=1584883839http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0849319684http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=3540224769http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0471755583http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/15501329.asphttp://csdl2.computer.org/comp/mags/co/2004/08/r8041.pdfhttp://www.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/~haensel/sensornetworks/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mannheimhttp://www.xbow.com/General_info/eventdetails.aspx?eid=139&localeid=3&addressid=106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow_Technologyhttp://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardhttp://www.stanford.edu/class/cs344a/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanfordhttp://suraj.lums.edu.pk/~muneeb/course/http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/edu/SS2006/WSN/http://www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich