WIRELINEESSENTIALS

Wireline Essentials

3-Feb-98 1

OUTLINE

Introduction

Manufacturing of Wireline

Wireline Terms and Specifications

Wireline Installation

Wireline Operation & Maintenance

Wireline Records

Calculating Wireline Cable Head Strength

Deviated Well Wireline Tension

Seven Conductor (DITS) Cable Head

Single Conductor Cable Heads

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Introduction

The electromechanical cable used in oilfield wireline service operations must perform four basicfunctions.

1. Strength Member The cable must have sufficient strength to carry an instrumentpackage to any depth. In most cases the weight of a cable itself is the greatest part ofthe load.

2. Electrical Power The conductors in the cable must be adequate to supply electricalpower from the truck to the instrumentation at the bottom of the cable.

3. Electrical Communication The electrical conductors must be suitable to transmit theelectrical information generated by the down hole instruments to the computer orrecorder in the truck.

4. Depth Measurements The only method of measuring the depth at which the downhole instruments are located (and the corresponding geological beds of interests) is tomeasure the length of cable that has been put into the borehole. Without accuratedepth information the instrument data is of little value.

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Manufacturing of Wireline

Wireline Construction

Single Conductor Wireline

Seven Conductor Wireline

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The Five Parts:

Outer Armour & Inner ArmourThe armour package, which consists of both the inner and outer layers, is constructed ofImproved Plow Steel (IPS). This material provides good wear characteristics, strengthand ductility.

The two main functions of the armour package are:

(1) To provide the physical strength to carry the weight of heavy tool strings and theadded stress applied during attempts to free stuck tools.

(2) The armour protects the insulation and conductor(s).

Torque forces are primarily applied to the outer armour. These forces would tend to pulldown and mash the inner armour. However, the inner armour is contraheliclly wound tooppose these forces. Further protection against these forces is provided by the lay angle ofthe inner and outer wires. An important function of the inner armour is to protect theinsulator from being damaged by counteracting the stress on the outer armour.

Jacketing MaterialThe Jacketing Material is either a fiber or cloth type material and is used to protect theconductor insulating material from being rubbed and chaffed by the inner armour wires.

InsulationThe purpose of the Insulating Material is to provide electrical isolation for the cableconductor(s). The Insulating Material is the primary factor in determining the cables uppertemperature operating limit. There are several different types of material presently in use

When temperature limits are exceeded the insulating material will become fluid and allow theconductor to come in contact with the armor causing electrical leakage or a shorted conductor. Also, as the insulating material becomes fluid, or as it approaches a fluid state, foreign materialmay become imbedded in the insulator. This foreign material may penetrate to the conductorand cause leakage immediately or at a much later date when additional runs and stress areapplied to the cable. The integrity of the insulation must be near perfect for quality wirelineoperations

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Conductor(s)The Conductor, or Conductors are almost always made of copper. High temperature cableswill have a nickel coating on the conductor wires

The tool signal quality, and ability to put voltage down the line is directly related toconductor quality and integrity. The conductor(s) must be able to carry enough current topower the tool and return the tool signal to the surface panels with minimal distortion. There are two simple checks to perform that will tell us if there is a problem with aconductor. They are:

Cable Conductor Leakage Check

Total Conductor Resistance Check

Cable Conductor Leakage must be checked after every job and anytime a cable problem issuspected.

Total Conductor Resistance is to be checked and recorded a minimum of once eachmonth.

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Wireline Breaking Strengths

The Camesa catalog shows both the breaking strength for the individual wires making up eachdifferent type of cable and the breaking strength of the cable as a whole. Both properties areimportant. For instance, during field operations its important to avoid line tensions exceeding50% of the cable breaking strength to prevent permanent damage to the cable. Regardingindividual wire breaking strength, a common technique to create a "weak point" in the line is touse only a fraction of the total number of wires to connect the logging line to the cable head of thelogging tool. It is of course vital to have a knowledge of the individual wire breaking strength inorder to calculate the tension at which the logging tool will separate from the logging line.

Cable Breaking Strength

Camesa publishes for each type of cable we manufacture a minimum breakingstrength. The cable breaking strength can be calculated fairly accurately as well asmeasured on a breaking bench. The wires making up all Camesa cables are specified tohave a breaking strength lying in the range 267,000 to 300,000 psi. A calculation of acable's minimum breaking strength could be carried out as follows. Consider a 5/16"diameter monocable, a 1N32PP. The catalog lists an 11,000 lb. minimum breakingstrength. All 12 inner and 18 outer armor wires are .0445" in diameter and have aminimum breaking strength of

267,000lb/sq.in.x.0445inx.0445inx3.14159/4= 415 lbs. This is the strength of the individual wires that weuse to calculate the minimum breaking strength of the cable. The minimum breaking strength calculationis

MIN BS = N X 4151b X COS(A) + N X 4151b X COS(B)

= 18 X 4151b X COS(19.2) + 12 X 4151b X COS(21.5) MIN ES = 11,687 lbs.

where N = number of outer armor wiresN = number of inner armor wiresA = outer armor lay angleB = inner armor lay angle

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INDIVIDUAL WIRE BREAKING STRENGTH

Camesa also publishes the breaking strengths of the individual wires making up the both the innerand outer armor of the cable. These breaking strengths are "average" breaking strengths of theindividual wires. Admittedly the average can vary between a minimum acceptable stress level,267,000 psi (corresponding to 415 lbs. for the 1N32PP) and

300,000 psi (corresponding to 467 lbs. for the same 1N32PP) Nevertheless1 the cable user who is

trying to determine the tension at which a cable will pull out of a cablehead is better served withan average strength of wire rather than a guaranteed minimum strength. That is the reason thatthe breaking strength calculated from these average wire break values is greater than the minimumguaranteed cable breaking strength.

One further caution is that these individual wire breaking strengths are for the wires before theyare preformed into a cable. The preforming operation during armoring can reduce the strengthabout 5%. Thus when figuring cablehead strengths, the virgin wire breaking strengths should bereduced about 5%.

The actual breaking strength for cable is usually less than rated for the following reasons:

a. Wearb. Corrosionc. Bendingd. Fatiguee. Torquef. Rotationg. Physical damageh. Defective tension device

Guaranteed Minimum Breaking strength - The manufacturer's rated minimum breaking strengthapplies to a new cable, pulled straight with no rotation. For the 7J46 type cable this ratedbreaking strength is 18,000 lbs. Actual factory break tests performed on each new cable typicallyresult in values greater than 19,000 lbs.

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Weak spots--Cables do not have "weak spots” - If they break at tensions below the guaranteedminimum breaking strength, it is for one of the above reasons. An individual wire break can bethe result of weak point or defect in the wire, but these occur less than one every 2 million feet ofwire. The probability of all the wires in a cable having a defect at the same point is practicallyimpossible. Individual wire breaks can occur for all of the above reasons and in addition:

a. Faults or inclusions in the steel structureb. Butt weldsc. Damage during manufacturing respooling

Field Failures--Experience over the years clearly indicate that by far most cables that break in fielduse are the result of:

a. Physical damageb. Rotationc. Inaccurate tension deviced. Cable or tool becomes stuck near the surfacee. chemical attack

Operating Strength--The guaranteed minimum breaking strength of the cable is the guaranteedminimum pull the cable will stand before parting. For normal operations the following guide linesshould be remembered.

a. The cable when properly installed can withstand unlimited pulls to 50% of its rated strength. This is 5,500 lbs. for the lNS2PP cable.

b. The cable when properly installed can withstand 75% of rated strength, (8,250 lbs.) with onlyminor damage to the cable, but repeated pulls to this tension will cause permanent andirreversible damage to the cable.

c. Any pull on the cable above 75% of rated strength will cause serious and unrepairable damageto the cable.

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Stuck--When "stuck in the hole" the following suggestions are offered.

a. Check your tension device and depth to stuck point by comparing it to cable stretch. Thecable can be flagged or marked and the change in the length measured when the tension isincreased.

∆L = K L ∆T∆T = ∆L / (K L)L = ∆L / (K ∆T)

where ∆L - change of length∆T - change in tension, units of 1000 lbs.L - length to stuck point, units of 1000 ft.K - stretch coefficient, 1.2 ft/Kft/Klb

a. Check all devices the cable physically contacts. Be sure the correct sheave wheel is beingused and that the truck and sheave are properly aligned. Any pinching, bending or scraping ofthe cable can significantly reduce the cable strength.

b. Move your "set-up" distance so that the armor wires -~ are not fatigued by repeated bendingin the same area by the sheave wheel or measuring device.

c. Use common sense in "spudding". "Spudding" here means "yo-yoing" the tool up and downto break through solidified drilling mud. The cable was designed to work in tension - notcompression.

Splices--Cables are frequently spliced, which will be itiscussed later but with regard to cablestrength the following )oints should be remembered.

a. A properly made splice, either shimed or welded, will develop 90% of the strength of anunspliced cable in a straight pull.

b. Splices will not tolerate spudding. drastic reductions of strength of a splice can occur if it isput in compression.

c. Splices fatigue rapidly in bending around sheave wheels and measuring devices. The smallerthe sheave diameter, the more rapid the detoriation of the splice.

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Torsion and Rotation--All cables currently in use in oilfield operations generate a specific torquewhen subjected to a load. When permitted, the cable will rotate many revolutions. For 7J46 cablethe approximate values are:

a. Torsion - 2 ft. lbs/1000 lbs tension change

b. Rotation - 7 revolutions/1000 ft/1000 lb tension change

When the cable is first put into use it will "spin-out" in response to the tension profile itexperiences. Once the cable has "spun-out", there will be a torque generated and tendencies forthe cable to rotate only when there is a change in the tension profile.

The cable experiences a change in tension profile every time the cable goes into and comes out ofthe hole as a result of the frictional drag on the tool and cable. If the cable were lowered andpulled out at a uniformly slow speed, there would be virtually zero frictional drag. Under thoseconditions, a seasoned cable would have no tendency to rotate. Under practical operatingconditions the tension going into the hole is several hundred or even a thousand pounds less thanthe tension coming out. This results in significant torque and rotation in the cable during everyround trip into and out of a borehole.

There in no limit to the speed at which the cable can be spooled except as how it affects thetension in the cable and the resulting torque and rotation.

To avoid any cable problems resulting from cable torque, the tension at any given depth should neverbe less than 1/2 of the tension going into the hole at that same depth coming out of the hole. When the tension drops to 1/3, there is loss of contact between the inner and outer armor andmud lumps can be generated.

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Wireline Voltage Ratings

Camesa cables are conservatively rated with respect to the voltage the cable will withstand beingapplied across it's insulation.

Camesa cables are rated at DC rather than AC. Rating a cable for maximum AC voltage presentsdifficulties. AC voltage ratings are dependent an frequency and wave shape. Usually an ACvoltage that varies in time is characterized by what equivalent DC voltage can be used to providethe same amount of heat in a resistor.

In many applications, AC power is transmitted as alternating voltages and currents in a sine orcosine wave variation in time. Also, 60 HZ is a common power frequency. If this is the method oftransmission, then a 707 volt sine wave has 1000 volts peak voltage. Thus 707 average voltage ata frequency of 60 Hz would correspond to 1000 Volts DC.

At higher frequencies there can be more stress on the dielectric due to heating. Generally, thehigher the frequency, the lower the breakdown voltage.

Also, for different waveshapes such as squarewaves rather than sinewaves, the peak and averagevalues are the same, rather than in the ratio of l:.707 as is the case with a sine or cosine waveform.

Voltage Rating--The voltage rating of a new 7J46 cable is

1200 volts D.C. of any conductor with respect to armor. All new cables are tested at twice thecatalog maximum voltage rating for 5 minutes before they leave the factory. The catalog listedmaximum voltage is conservative. This rating attempts to take into account possible splices (inused cables) and some physical abuse the cable will normally experience in field use.

Since this catalog voltage rating is between any conductor and armor, +1200 volts DC can be puton one set of conductors, while -1200 volts DC is applied to adjacent conductors, withoutviolating the voltage rating restriction.

The catalog voltage ratings are not reduced by temperature within the temperature rating of thecable. Also, the catalog voltage ratings are conservative. The ratings should apply to usedCamesa cables provided that splices are done carefully, and physical abuse to the exterior of thecable is not excessive.

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Power Handling--There is no real limit to the current that can be carried by the cable. Thecombination of cable maximum voltage rating and the conductor electrical resistance are thefactors that limit the conductor current.

One exception to no limitation on current would be the situation of passing several amps throughone or several conductors for several hours with a portion of the cable tightly wound on the drum. Since the heat buildup in the conductor can not dissipate, the cable on the drum acts as a bigheating coil. High currents in such situations can cause sufficient heating to melt the plasticinsulation around the conductor.

Insulation Leakage--All plastic insulation used in logging cables are such an excellent dielectricsthat in an unspliced cable there should be no measurable leakage in any conductor. To checkcable insulation be sure:

a. Cable is disconnected from collector (sliprings)

b. Cable is disconnected from the head or bridle cable

c. The insulation at both ends has been cleaned and all conductive coating material is removed.

Under the above conditions there should be NO measurable leakage once the conductor is fullycharged. This leakage will not vary with surface temperatures.

The insulation resistance is so high, over 105 megohms/1000 ft, that even though it decreasesslightly with temperature to the range of l04 or 103 megohms/1000 ft., the decrease is of nosignificance. The one exception might be Tefzel insulated conductors (7J46RZ) in the 425-500degree F range. Teflon does not show the same amount of decrease in insulation resistance thatTefzel does. For this reason Camesa suggests use of the 7J4ERTZ rather than the 7J46RZ. Mostgenerally, low insulation resistance is caused by rubber, neoprene, or similar type boots in contactwith the connector pins.

Insulation Defects--If any leakage can be observed after taking the above precautions it will bedue to:

a. Manufacturing defects

b. Mechanical damage to cable

c. Splice in conductor

d. Z-kinks

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Methods of locating leaks will be discussed later under service, but experience clearly indicatesthat most electrical failures are associated with mechanical damage to the cable. One; form ofmechanical damage is caused by shooting with multi-conductor cables. This can result in theformation of "z" kinks in the conductors near the cable end.

Conductor Resistance - The~maximum electrical resistance of the cable conductors is listed in thecatalog. For the 7J46,.. the maximum electrical resistance is 10.6 ohms/Kft. at 68 degrees F. A7J46 line typically has 10 ohms/Kft. at 68 degrees F.

The conductor is made of copper and therefore the resistance of the-~ conductor varies withtemperature as

For T in degrees Centigrade

R RT T2 1

9214 00393=

+(. . T )

( .9214 + .00393 T )

1

2

For T in degrees Fahrenheit

R R (.08515 + .00218 T )

(.8515 + .00218 T )T2 T1

1

2

More specifically for a 7J46 cable with a typical resistance of ohm/1000 ft. at 68 degrees F,

For T in degrees Centigrade RT = (9.21 + .0393 T) Ohm/1000 ft.

For T in degrees Fahrenheit Rt = (8.52 + .0218 T) ohm/1000 ft.

At 274 degrees C (526 degrees F) the resistance of copper is double its value at 20 degrees C (68degrees F)

This demonstrates the significant effect of temperature on conductor resistance. Of course asthe resistance increases, the cables ability to transmit power and return signals decreases!

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As a cable is lowered into the hole the total conductor resistance for the 7J46 cable will be

For T in degrees Centigrade

RL = (9.21 + .0393 TS )L + [9.21 + .0197 (TB - TS )]D ohms

For T in degrees Fahrenheit

RL = (8.52 + .0218 TS )L + (8.57 + .0109 (TB - TS )D ohms

where RL - total conductor resistance - ohms

L - total length of cable on truck winch - units of 1000 ft.

TS - surface temperature

D - depth of tool - units of 1000 ft.

TB - bottom hole temperature

ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION

A variety of signals are transmitted from down hole instruments to the surface by means of thecable conductors and armor. These signals vary in frequency for DC to 100 KHZ. At 100KHZthe attenuation of a 7J46RP cable is in the range of 1.2 db/kft. For a 25 Kft cable, the totalattenuation is of the order of 30 db Attenuation vs. frequency is measured for all Camesa 7conductor cables manufactured and is available on request.

Capacitance and Resistance--The cable is basically a R-C network for most of the frequenciesused on the cable. Therefore, to improve signal transmission, it is desirable to reduce capacityand resistance. Unfortunately as the conductor diameter is increased to reduce electricalresistance, the electrical capacitance of the conductor (with respect to armor) increases.

For the center conductor, #7, of a 7J46flP cable, the D/d ratio of 2.4 gives it a nominalcharacteristic impedance in the range at 38 to 50 ohms for the frequencies normally used. Theattenuation of this conductor, #7, using the armor as a return circuit is shown on the attachedgraph.

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Dielectric Materials--signal attenuation in different dielectric materials varies due to thedifferences in dielectric constants.

a) Poly Propylene 2.3

b) Tefzel 2.6

c) FEP Teflon 2.1

d) PFA Teflon 2.1

The dielectric losses for all of these materials is so low over the frequencies involved that it can beignored.

Temperature Effects--For all practical purposes the dielectric constant of all the plastic materialsis unchanged up to the maximum operating temperature. On the other hand the resistance of thecopper conductors goes up rapidly and therefore so does the attenuation of the cable. At 526degrees F. the resistance of copper is double its value at 68 degree F. Therefore that portion of acable at 526 degree F. will have double the attenuation of that portion of the same cable at 68degree F.

Shielding--Different service companies use different combinations of the 7 conductors and armorto send a variety of signals up the hole and power down the hole. To minimize cross talk betweenconductors, a semi-conductive electro-static shielding material is applied around and between allconductors. The string fillers between conductors and the tape binding the seven conductorstogether are also conductive to provide a good ground to the armor.

When terminating or testing a cable electrically it is very important to clean all of this shieldingmaterial off of the conductors.

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Wireline Temperature Ratings

Camesa manufactures cables in a number of different temperature ranges, and the principaldifference between these cables is the type of plastic used in. the insulation we rate 'PropyleneCopolymar' Casually called Polypropylene) at 3OO~F, and 'Tefzel 280' at 5OO~F. (In between

these two temperatures we have manufactured cables rated at 4000F using a number of differentplastics at different times, including 'Tefzel 200' and TPX.)

You will find that the temperature ratings which we put on a cable are in excess of therecommended maximum temperatures specified by the plastic manufacturer. (Please note that, tothe best of our knowledge, all of the logging cable manufacturers purchase their high temperatureplastic from the same source.) However from years of operational experience with these cables,we are confident that the cables can perform at the rated temperatures without loss of electrical insulation for the following reasons.

At the bottom of a well, where the temperature is at its highest) the tension in the cable is verylow, and for instance at the cable head, the tension is usually only tool weight, plus some drag. however, at surface, where tension is much higher (tool weight, plus cable weight, plus drag), thetemperature is quite low, usually at amibient or a little above1

Tension in a contrahelically armoured cable produces compressive forces on the core of the cable,and at high temperatures the plastic insulation softens, which can allow the armour to squeeze theplastic sufficiently to cause it to deform and cause cable failure However, this situation will notoccur, even though the plastic may be softened at high temperatures, without considerablecompressive loads on the core. When we rate a cable at 500'F, therefore, this temperature ratingshould be considered to be at a cable tension of the order of 15% - 20% the breaking load or thecable.

Please note that cable temperature ratings have been arrived at over a period of many years, and we feel confident that the cables can perform at the temperatures stated, in Conventional Wells.

However, if surveys are to be made in injection wells or in geothermal wells, where thetemperature profile in the well is totally different with high temperatures at surface where thereare also high compressive loads caused by high tension in the armour, then the cable must bedown rated possibly by as much as 1OO0 F - 15Oo F. Also in producing wells, temperatureprofiles are different from drilling wells and long term production logging surveys can result intemperature related problems, even though bottom hole temperature is within the specified ratingof the cable.

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I trust that the above helps to clarify the situation, but if necessary you can always offer your customer a higher rated cable such as PFA. However, since PFA is a slighlty softer plastic thanTefrel 280, we would only recommend this cable in the conventional 15/32" (24/24 armour), 7-J46RA and not in the 0. 472 Super or Slam cable which uses 18-18 armour packaging.

The temperature ratings given in the cable catalog are the temperatures at which the cable willperform satisfactorily under normal operating conditions defined as:

1. Temperature gradually increases with depth.

2. The principal load carried by the cable will be the cable weight.

Catalog temperature ratings are absolute maximums for the insulations used in the cable. Routineoperation or operation for extended periods of time at the absolute maximum temperature ratingsare not recommended.

Cables can fail at temperatures less than rated due to:

1. Excessive tension

2. Low inner armor coverage.

3. Corrosive materials in the borehole

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Wireline Compression Gap

When an Electromechanical cable is designed, the size of the armor wires, their lay length and the lay angle are all calculated to provide maximum strength and wear characteristics coupledwith minimum torque

The armor coverage is also a product of the above calculations, and is designed to be as high aspossible, and generally, depending on the type of cable, to be of the order of 97% - 99%. If thecoverage was up to 100%, the cable would be so stiff that it would not bend (around a sheavewheel for example) without damage to itself, so the armor must have some gap in order for thecable to be flexible.

In a perfect cable, the compression gap will be equally spaced all around the periphery of thecable, so that between each armor wire and its neighbor there is a equal gap. However, duringmanufacture, it is difficult, it not impossible, to ensure that the gaps are all equally spaced aroundthe circumference of the cable, and it df ten happens that most of the gap lies between twoparticular armor wires. practically this is of no consequence, and in usage the gap will often evenitself up between all the armor wires as the cable beds in.

On a brand new cable, the compression gap is often more obvious than on an older cable, due tothe fact that the anticorrosive grease put into the cable during manufacture shows up as distinctdark line between the bright galvanized armor wires.

We trust that this simple explanation of compression gap in logging cables will help you inunderstanding that an apparent gap between armor wires is not detrimental. If you requirefurther information, please do not hesitate to contact us.

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Corrosion Resistant Wirelines

Camesa introduced the concept of SUPASEAL about four years ago for use in monoconductorcables which are used in pressure control systems.

In the past there has often been a problem in using a brand new cable in a producing well, n it hasbeen almost impossible to produce an efficient seal with the grease injection system, due mainly tothe fact tat fluids and gas migrate up the cable itself in the void spaces between the armour layers.In a well worn cable, the inter-armour void space is normally filled with rust, corrosion, mud, sandand other solid matter which finds its way into the cable during the course of its life. This solidmatter helps to form the cable into a fairly reasonable seal when it is run in a pressure controlhead.

However, when a cable is brand new, the inter-armour voids are clear for the passage of fluids(especially gas) which can pass up the inside of the cable, regardless of the quality of the greaseseal on the exterior surface of the cable. In order to overcome this problem, Camesa developedSUPASEAL which forms an effective seal inside a new cable.

SUPASEAL is a compound which is applied during manufacture to the inner armour of the cable,just before the outer armour is wound onto the cable, and the constituents of SUPASEAL ~e suchthat it contains solid particles in a high viscosity paste to prevent it being forced out of the cableby wellhead pressures.

SUPASEAL was on field test in numerous gas wells far a period of over two years withexceptionally good results, and is now incorporated, as standard, on our full range ofmonoconductor cables. Laboratory tests on production cables have shown drastic reductions inthe amount of fluid leaks get past a pack off, and measurements on cables built with SUPASEALindicate a fluid leak age of only two to three percent of a cable without

SUPASEAL.

One additional feature of cables with SUPASEAL is the fact that the solid matter between thearmour layers increases inter-armour friction, which resists torsional movement of the armourlayers relative to one another. Reduced twist in the cable is the net result and will mean increasedservice life, less armour milking (and consequent birdcaging) and reduced need for cable repairinvolving retwisting of loose armour.

All Camesa monoconductor cables are now built with SUPASEAL in the armour and this majorcontribution to effective pressure control is offered at no increase over our previously untreatedcables.

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Stainless Steel Cables - Camesa can armor cables using 3 different types of stainless steels - SUPA-75 AND SUPA-8O manufactured by Bridon and 20MO-6 manufactured by CarpenterTechnology. These steels have increased resistance to H2S and C02 when compared to the

conventional armor material GIPS high carbon steel armor. Camesa has available on requestliterature from the stainless steel wire manufacturer discussing the relative merits of these differentmaterials. These steels are each high in nickel content which offers increased resistance tochloride stress corrosion and cracking. shown below are the main constituents of each stainlesssteel:

%Ni %Cr %C(max) %Mo %Mn(max)

SUPA-7 5 25 20 .02 6.5 1.7

SUPA-80 31 27 .01 6.5 1.0

20MO-6 36 24 .03 5.7 1.0

The tensile strength range of all three of these stainless steels in the diameter of wire used inpressure cables (.025"-.036" diameter) is less, 240,000 - 270,000 psi, than the tensile of the GIPSgalvanized improved plow steel, 270,000 - 300,000 psi. Thus cables made with these stainlesssteels are rated at a slightly lower breaking strength than the common plow steel cables.Additionally the tensile range drops as the temperature rises. At 500 degree F, 20M0-6 has about83% of the tensile rating as it does at 200 degrees F. Thus at higher temperatures, the breakingstrength of the cable is less than at room temperature.

MP-35N - In higher concentrations of H2S, C02 or other corrosive materials, the best and most

expensive armor material to use is armor wire made from the alloy MP-35N. MP-35N has thesame tensile strength as GIPS high carbon steel and thus the cable break strength is the same asconventional high carbon steel armored cables.

Electrical Resistance Considerations for Stainless Steel and MP-35N Cables.

In addition to attacking the armor, H2S will attack the copper conductor inside the plastic

insulation. Camesa uses nickel coated copper to retard such attacks. Since nickel coated copperhas a higher resistance than pure copper, the conductor resistance of the corrosion resistant cablesis roughly 10% higher than ordinary plow steel cables.

Also, the electrical resistance of each of the types of corrosion resistant armor is significantlyhigher than plow steel.

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The sum of the higher conductor resistance and the significantly higher armor resistance leads to amuch higher overall electrical resistance for the corrosion resistant cables. As a result it is sometimes necessary to modify operating procedures or equipment so that instrumentationnormally used on high carbon steel lines can be run on cables with this higher electrical resistance.

MPZ5N AND STAINLESS STEEL OPERATING PROCEDURES

Camesa would like to offer some simple advice regarding operating procedures with corrosionresistant cables in order for you the user to obtain the maximum trouble free life from the cable.

One major difference between the corrosion resistant cables and the ordinary plow steel cable isthat the corrosion resistant cables will not rust or corrode. It often appears after several runs as ifthe corrosion resistant cable is a "brand new' cable.

With normal GIPS high carbon steel cables, the buildup of rust and other borehole particlesbetween the armor wires during logging operations helps to stabilize the cable once the tension-rotation profile has been established after the first several runs. The absence of such a buildup inthe corrosion resistant cables leads to a cable more susceptible to torque and rotation problems,even if the cable has many runs on it. If the outer armor is allowed to become loose, it can easilybe 'milked'. Armor wire 'Birdcages' can form at the entrance to flow tubes or pack-offs.

In order to minimize torque effects, the cable should be run relatively slowly, and moreimportantly, large differences in cable tension between running into the well and coming out of thewell should be avoided. Such differences build up torque, cause rotation, and can lead to loosearmor. It is very important that these cables are run carefully, and closely inspected for signs ofloose armor after every few runs

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MP35N*

MP35N is a nickel/cobalt/chromium/molybdenum age-hardenable, nonmagnetic Super-alloy4 High strengths are attainable without sacrificing the excellent corrosion resistance and goodductility of the material. Typical applications are it; food and chemical processing, nonmagneticelectrical components, seawater environments, and in oil and gas wells.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (UNS Ra0035)

Nickel 33.00 - 37.00 Carbon 0.025 maxCobalt Balance Manganese 0.150 maxChromium 19.00 - 21.00 Silicon 0.150 maxMolybdenum 9.00- 10.50 Phosphorous 0.015 maxIron 1.0 max. Sulfur 0.010 maxTitanium 1.0 max. Boron 0.010 max

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Density 0.304 lb./in.3

Melting Range 2400-26250FSpecific Gravity 8.43

Elastic Modulus (Cold-worked and aged) 34.05 x 106 psi (780F)31.76 X 106 Psi (450~F)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Tensile properties are developed by cold-working and aging. Recommended aging )f cold-worked material is in the temperature range 80O-1200oF. Optimum tensile properties are

developed by heat-treating the cold-worked material at 1000-1100oF for four (4) hours and air

cooling.

U.T.S. . 2% Yield Elongation(ksi) (ksi) (%)

Annealed 158 83 48Cold-drawn 47% 260 197 4.5Cold-drawn 47% & Aged 320 295 1.8

Aging treatment: 1050F, 4 hrs., AC Elongation based on 10-inch gage length

Trademark of SPS Technologies, Inc.

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Inelastic Stretch--New Cable--The inelastic or permanent stretch of the cable is the stretch thatalways occurs when the cable is first put into service. This elongation of the cable is permanentand in normal use this will occur completely in the first 30 runs in a well designed cable. Thisstretch is of the order of 1 foot per 1000 feet of cable. Once a well designed cable has been“seasoned” it will act like an elastic member without further elongation. Factors effecting inelasticstretch in new cables are:

a. Voids in cable coreb. Embedment of armor into corec. Inner armor coveraged. Hot pretensioninge. Post-tensioningf. Storage of Cable

Inelastic Stretch--Old Cables--Under certain conditions ~4. even old or seasoned cables mayexperience additional permanent -elongation or inelastic stretch. This can be caused by:

a. Excessive tensionb. Excessive temperaturec. Spuddingd. Low inner armor coveragee. Storage of cable for long periods at low tension

Elastic Stretch--The cable is a very elastic member. However, as long as the tension and theelastic stretch coefficient of the cable are known, the true length of the cable can be determined. The stretch coefficient K of the cable is obtained by using an extensionmeter or "stretch meter"and measuring the elongation of the cable when the tension is varied a precise amount.

K = ∆L / ( L ∆T) where: ∆L = change in length-ft.L - sample length-ft.∆T - change in tension lbs.K - stretch coefficient-ft/ft/lb.

Values for K for the 7J46 cable are typically 0.77ft/lOOOft/lOOOlb.

Factors that can cause the stretch coefficient to change are:

1. Age of Cable2. Rotation3. Temperature

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CABLE TERMS AND SPECIFICATIONS

ROCHESTER CABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 1 - H 220 -A

1 - Designates the number of electrical conductors

H - Identifies the type of strength member

H: is for served round wiresR: is for rope constructionSC: is for center strength member

220 - Signifies the approximate diameter in mils

A - Designates the temperature code

A = 300F (149C) maximumC = 375F (190C) maximumD = 420F (216C) maximumG = 450F (232C) maximumK = 500F (260C) maximumM = 600F (316C) maximum

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CAMESA CABLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 1 - N - 32 - W - P

1 - Designates the number of electrical conductors

N - Designates the number of Inner and outer armour wires

N = 12 inner and 18 outerL = 12 inner and 12 outerK = 15 inner and 15 outerF = 11 inner and 15 outerH = 18 inner and 18 outerJ = 24 inner and 24 outerQ = Other/Special

32 - Signifies the approximate diameter in hundredhs of an inch

W - Identifies the type of copper electrical conductor construction

R = 7 wire strandS = 7 wire strandP = 19 wire strandW = 49 wires (7X7) ropeY = Other/Special

P - Designates the temperature code

P = Propylene CopolymerT = Teflon FEI 100Z = Tefzel X = CamteneA = PFA

Trademarks of Dupont

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Cable Terminology

CABLE DIAMETER Knowing the correct diameter of your cable will help you evaluate the accuracy of themeasuring system, and determine the correct grease flow tube I.D.

This will be covered more in depth later.

WEIGHT/1000' Knowing the correct weight per 1000 feet of your line will help you evaluate the accuracy andsensitivity of the weight indicator system.

BREAKING STRENGTH Knowing the breaking strength of the cable can help you determine the maximum loads thatcan be applied to the cable.

INDIVIDUAL WIRE STRAND BREAKING STRENGTH Knowing this can help you be able to calculate the strength of the cable clamp or to modifythe strength of the cable clamp when using some types of reheads.

ELONGATION/1000' @ VARIOUS TENSIONS Knowing this factor you can calculate the stuck point. You can also verify which, either cableor tool, is stuck and where it is stuck.

CONDUCTOR D.C. RESISTANCE/1000' This factor can be used to calculate the length of the cable on a unit. It is useful in evaluatingelectrical problems. It can be used to calculate the amount of current available at the end ofthe cable to operate equipment or fire explosive devices.

CONDUCTOR TOTAL D.C. RESISTANCE Knowing the total D.C. resistance of your cable will help in troubleshooting cable problems. Italso is needed to determine the total length of the cable.

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ELASTIC STRETCH Elastic stretch is cable stretch, or elongation, that occurs each and every time the cable is runin the well. Elastic stretch is a reasonably constant factor and must be compensated for indepth measurements.

INLASTIC OR PERMANENT STRETCH During the cables "break in period", which is the first 20 - 25 runs. The cable will bephysically pulled out, or stretched to a longer total length. The cable will remain at this longerlength for the rest of its life. Remember "Permanent stretch" occurs only during the first 20 -25 runs of the cable's life, and then remains for the rest of the life of the cable. Permanentstretch cannot be compensated for in depth measurements.

ELASTIC LIMIT Elastic limit is the maximum amount of strain (tension) that a cable can withstand withoutsuffering permanent, irreparable damage. The elastic limit of a cable can be calculated fromthe cables total breaking strength. The elastic limit of the cable can be calculated by using apercentage (e.g. 60%) of the cable total breaking strength.

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE RATING The maximum temperature that a cable can be operated at is determined by the type ofinsulating material used. Polypropylene has the lowest rating (300o F). The wellboretemperature also has a definite effect on the conductor(s). As the wellbore temperatureincreases the resistance of the conductors will increase.

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ROCHESTER CABLE SPECIFICATIONS

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CAMESA CABLE SPECIFICATIONS

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CABLE INSTALLATION

Receiving and Handling

Here are some tips to help you to avoid cable damage during initial handling of your cable.

UNLOADING AND HANDLINGWhen unloading reels of electromechanical cable, do not drop the reels to the ground or floorfrom the freight car or truck. Reels are not designed to withstand this abuse. The weight of thecable could collapse the reel. Removing cable from a collapsed reel is very difficult and very likelyto damage the cable permanently. When using a bar to roil a reel of cable pry against the reelhead, not against the cable it self. When moving the reel in any way avoid contact with the cable.

Unload the reel directly from the truck or freight car onto the loading dock when possible.

THE CORRECT WAY TO UNREEL ELECTRO MECHANICAL CABLE1. The reel may be mounted on a shaft supported by two jacks. (See Fig. 1.) By holding the end

of the cable and walking away from the reel, the workman pulls the cable from the reel and thereel rotates properly.

2. The reel may also be mounted on a unreeling stand. (See 2 Fig. 2.) It can then be unwound -asabove. However, extra care -must be exercised to keep the cable under sufficient back-tension. if slack accumulates --and the cable drops below the lower reel-head kinks willform.Solid back tension will also -assure tight spooling onto the winding drum for initialservice.

UNREELINGDuring the unreeling process. it is imperative that the reel rotates as the cable is unwound.

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SPOOLING FROM REEL TO DRUMTo reel a cable onto the spooling drum, the cable should travel from the top of the reel to the topof the drum. This will prevent a reverse bend in the cable A reverse bend may make the cablelivelier and harder to handle.

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GAUGING GROOVESGrooves in running sheaves should be checked to fit the particular cable being used. (See Fig. 5.)It is important that the cable lit properly in the sheave groove. (See Fig. 6.) If the groove is tootight, the armor wires of the cable will wear quickly and soon break. (See Fig. 7.) If the groove istoo wide, the tension on the cable will flatten it, which will also result in uneven wear andrjremature failure. (See Fig.8.)

To gauge electromechanical cables, measure the diameter twice, with the second measurement ata right angle to the first. By averaging the two figures, you will arrive at an accurate estimate ofthe cable's diameter. (See Fig. 4.) This method assures you an accurate gauging, since it com-pensates for any flattening of the cable that may have occurred during winding.

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Installation & Spooling

The cable is not only used on every job, it is used every trip in the well. Our cable must be ableto stand up to harsh borehole conditions, high frictional forces and wear, and still be able toprovide flawless service job after job.

Proper Installation: This is the First Key of the Three Keys to longer cable life. Be sure youset up for the proper Fleet Angle, watch the spooling crew, don't get in too big of a hurry, keepchecking the tension and inspect the cable.

Bed Layer and Filler Material

First thing to do is to inspect the condition of the bare drum. Make sure the flanges arestraight, that is, perpendicular to the core. Check for any mashed or crushed places on thecore, it must be smooth and straight with no dishing.

Keep in mind when rigging up that the cable should come off from the TOP of the supplyspool and go to the TOP of the Truck or Skid drum. Proper back tension is necessary toget a good spool job and to protect the cable from being pulled down into itself later whengoing in the well. Proper tension depends on cable size (diameter) and the depth the cablewill be operated at.

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Correct equipment alignment is critical. The angle from the Truck / Skid to the first fixed pointis known as the Fleet Angle. This angle must be no greater than 1-1/4 degrees at the flange. The correct Fleet Angle can be established by measuring the distance from flange to flange ofthe drum. Then multiply the measured distance in feet times 25. Example: If the drummeasures four feet flange to flange then 4 x 25 = 100. This means we must have 100 feetbetween the Truck/Skid drum and the first fixed point

To install the cable properly cross-over points or "Breaks" must be established. Thepurpose of these breaks is to move the cable ½ pitch (½ the diameter of the cable) each 180o

rotation of the drum.

By using a large carpenter's square a chalk line can be drawn across the core from thecable entry hole in the core, and then perpendicular up both sides of the flanges. This isrepeated 180 degrees around the drum from the original marks. This is the time tocalculate the correct number of "wraps" or turns to put on the bed layer (flange widthdivided by cable diameter).

As the cable is spooled on the drum (with the proper tension watch the "Breaks" closely.After the third or fourth layer is put on the "Breaks" should move back slightly. If theymove back quickly there are too many turns in the bed layer. If the breaks move forwardtoo quickly it means that there are not enough turns on the bed layer. If all is well,continue spooling successive layers with the recommended tension and watch that thebreaks keep moving back slightly. Problems may develop due to a change in cablediameter. It may be possible to compensate by adjusting the tension.

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SPOOLING RIG UP - (Single Sheave)

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SPOOLING RIG UP (Double Sheave)

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Drum Crush

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Single vs Double Break

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Magnetic Marking

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Wireline Operation & Maintenance

Wireline Operations

Proper Reheading: Rehead once a month, use the correct parts, calculate the correct numberof strands to use or the proper tension link/cable. Inspect the cable head before and after eachjob (in hostile environment every run).

Spot the truck properly: Remember the Fleet Angle. Truck should be further away from therig than the derrick is high for safety. Spot so the cable will not be rubbing or binding on anypart of the rig, safety rails, catwalk ladder, or other equipment between our Truck and thebottom sheave.

Rigging up and down: Use care and common sense when rigging up and down. Be especiallywatchful where the cable lays. Watch for anything that may kink or mash it. Have preplannedand defined hand signals or other mode of communication when picking up and laying downtools. Park a vehicle between the catwalk and your truck to prevent someone from driving intothe cable. When picking up tools pull all the "slack" cable through the bottom sheave towardthe truck.

Keep tension on cable: The cable is designed and constructed to operate under tension at alltimes and should never be run in the well so fast that it is put into compression. As speedincreases going in the well, a point will be reached where the tool will begin "floating". Furtherspeed increase results in the cable trying to push the tool down the well. This puts the cable ina compressed condition. When this happens the armor wires go slack and large gaps mayappear between the wires. The insulator and conductor are very susceptible to damage, alsothis is when "mud lumps" may form in the armor.

Proper spooling: If the cable is installed properly the cable should practically spool itself whenthe Truck is spotted right. If the cable is allowed to miss "corners" make gaps, stack up andcross over, it can lead to armor and/or conductor damage. Making the corners and getting a perfect spool job is important.

Do not overrun the cable: By "over-running the cable" we mean there is slack cable in thewell. It may lay beside the tool head, down alongside the tool, loop around itself, tie itself inknots or other horrible things. Cable speed must be controlled to avert these problems. Wehave total control of cable speed, so it is really a matter of exercising good judgement andresponsibility. Be aware of what excessive cable speeds can do to your cable (and profits).

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Conscientious spudding: We often have to spud our tools to try to get down the well, but atleast use a little common sense. We always worry about the logging tool taking a beating, andrightly so, but do you think about the beating your giving the cable and the cable head? Eachtime you spud a tool you are putting extra strain and shock forces on the cable and cable head. Electrical leakage in the cable and/or the cable head is often caused by excessive spudding.

Watching for cable problems: While running the reel one of your responsibilities is to inspectthe cable as it is spooled out and in. Watch for loose armor, high strands, broken strands,ropey cable, discoloration of the cable (by H2S or acid). You should always find out what kindof environment the cable will be run in. The well may contain KCL (salt water) it is corrosiveto our cable but the corrosion will be slow and we can reduce it's action and effects by wipingand lubricating the cable as it comes out of the well.

Hostile environment: The well may contain HydroChloric Acid (HCl) care must be exercisedin handling the cable and tools that are retrieved from the well. HCL is a very potent acid and reacts very quickly on metal. Check the cable and cable head every run. Before HCL ispumped in the well it should be inhibited. This means the acid will be retarded for a length oftime. Find out for certain BEFORE going in the well that the acid was inhibited.

Proper use of Hydraulic Pack-Off Heads: This consists mainly of communication. If the pack-off head needs to be packed down, be sure a good means of communication is set up, (visualand auditory) between the reel operator and the hydraulic pump operator. To much pressureon the packing rubbers will strip down the cable armor, and may break one or more wirestrands causing a "birdcage". It is possible to exert so much pressure on the cable that it willbe pulled apart. Always be sure you have the correct size rubbers and top and bottom brass.

Proper use of grease heads: The same care should be taken with regard to head pressurecontrol and correct size rubbers and brass as was just discussed in Hydraulic Pack-Off Headuse. Additionally, there ought always to be a minimal amount of grease pressure applied tolubricate the tubes and reduce line wear. One other caution that holds true for both standardand grease head pack off equipment is slow down, reduce line speed. Maximum 300 FPM.

Regularly Checking for leakage: Here regularly means after every job and anytime electricalproblems are suspected in the cable. This check tells us if there may be a breech in theconductor insulation. Before you hook up a meter to check for leakage make sure BOTH thecable head end and the reel end of the cable are OPEN. If the cable shows leakage, doublecheck both ends of the cable. Make sure moisture, dirt or grease on your hands is not addingto the reading. Strip the cable head "rope socket" down and check again before cutting offcable head. Each month during the Truck PM I the cable total resistance should be measuredand recorded in the cable record book. This measurement is a check of the conductor totalresistance from the cable head end to the reel end.

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Wireline Seasoning

The proper cable break in period and procedure is the Second Key to longer cable life. Thebreak in period for new line is the first 20 to 25 runs in the well. It takes this many runs to"season" the cable. Be aware! Nearly every Truck or Skid HES has in the field probably hassome new line on it! It may be only the bottom 3 or 4 wraps on some units, but it has not beenseasoned. Also, remember that when you cut off a large amount of cable (1000 ft or more) orgo on an unusually deep well, you may be running unseasoned cable. During the break inperiod run the cable slowly, always maintain at least 50 percent of your weight going in thewell. When coming out of the well keep line speed under 300 ft per minute to avoid causingexcessive reverse torque forces on cable. These forces can result in loose armor. During thebreak in period watch for any cable deformities or spooling problems and report themimmediately.

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Wireline Lubrication

Proper Cable Lubrication: Proper cable lubrication is the Third Key to longer cable life.The cable must be lubricated. By lubricating the cable we reduce wear, inhibit corrosion,protect the outer armor and increase the life of the cable (total number of service runs). Thesingle most important maintenance step to longer cable life is proper cable lubrication. Thereare four specific times that the cable needs to be lubricated.

1. If it is not to be used for one week or longer. (stacked trucks & skids)2. At least every five runs - more often under harsh conditions.3. Anytime the cable looks dry.4. The last run out of the well.5. After every job you should check out the cable oiler and refill the supply tank.

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Sheave Wheels

Use correct diameter sheaves: This means rig up sheaves. To small of a sheave causesextreme bending stress on the cable. This can cause loose or ropey armor. Largediameter sheaves are even more critical in deeper (below 15,000 ft) wells. The minimumsheave diameter is recommended by the cable manufacturer. It will be different for eachcable diameter. As the cable diameter increases the sheave diameter also increases. Thesheave wheel diameter will be approximately 60 times greater than the cable diameter.

Always check sheave wheel and frame for physical damage. Grease and check bearingsregularly.

Correct sheave groove: The sheave groove is even more important than the sheave diameter. The correct groove should cradle at least 120 degrees of the cable diameter. Sheave groovesthat are too small pinch the cable, resulting in excessive wear and may cause jerky cablemovement. If the sheave groove is too large, it results in flattening of the cable, possiblycausing the armor to deform, and may damage the insulator and/or conductor. Impropersheave grooves may also cause loose or ropey armor. Inspect all sheave grooves after everyjob to be sure they are clean, do not have any kinks, cuts, or burrs.

Regular sheave maintenance: Inspect all sheaves at least monthly for wear, damage andcleanliness. Stand sheave on end and spin to check bearings. Be sure sheave groove is cleanand is not cut, burred or worn. Check all screws and bolts to be sure they are tight. Checksheave wheel and frame for physical damage. Grease and check bearings at least monthly andrepaint wheels as necessary. Check all tie down cables of chains and fastening hardware.

Measuring Head/Horsehead: Check and grease all bearings, make sure idler and tensionwheels are in good condition, and are clean. Check height adjustment after starting in the welland correct if necessary to reduce the strain on the cable.

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Hostile Environment

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Hostile Wireline Operation

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Drum Crush

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Evaluating Used Wirelines

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Wireline ‘Z’ Kinks

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Reversing a Wireline

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Finding Electrical Leakage in a Wireline

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A PROCEDURE FOR CHECKING EXCELL 2000-A CABLE LEAKAGEWITH A SIMPSON METER MODEL 270

1. Open line by disconnecting cable at the safety switch inside truck or disconnecting cable atrotary connector on side of reel.

2. Put Simpson Meter in RX 10,000 scale, also put +D.C. or -D.C., D.C. switch in either +D.C.or -D.C. position.

3. Hold meter leads together and fullscale meter with zero ohms adjust knob.

4. Now clip one meter lead to the cable conductor and one lead to sheath (armour) and watchfor capacitance kick on meter between cable lead and sheath. (Switch polarity of meter orleads to see capacitance kick again)

5. After capacitance kick meter should read infinite. This is showing an open circuit.

6. Any reading on meter movement is an indication of electrical leakage or line being shorted.

7. While holding leads on cable and sheath, switch between +D.C. and -D.C. the meter shouldshow a capacitance kick with each polarity change. Watch to be sure the meter movementreturns to infinite reading after each kick.

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A PROCEDURE FOR CHECKING EXCELL 2000-A LOGGING CABLERESISTANCE USING A SIMPSON METER MODEL 270.

This procedure is to check continuity and total resistivity of the cable conductor from the cable head to therotary connector.

1. Check to see that cable is disconnected at safety switch in truck or cable is disconnected atrotary connector.

2. Spool off enough cable to bring the cable head end to the wireline drum rotary connector.

3. Put Simpson Meter in RX 1 scale, also put +D.C. or -D.C., A.C. switch in either +D.C. or -D.C. position.

4. Shunt meter leads together and adjust meter to fullscale (zero ohms) with the adjust control.

5. At the cable head end of the cable, connect one meter lead to the cable conductor and onemeter lead to the conductor at the rotary connector.

6. Read meter on ohms RX 1 scale.

7. Record resistance reading in cable daily log book.

8. The total resistivity of the conductor can be used to calculate the approximate length of thecable.

9. EXAMPLE: 20,000 ft. of 5/16" logging cable with a resistance of 4 ohms per thousandfeet reads, approximately 58 ohms.

10. This reading should remain the same from job to job as long as the cable remains the samelength.

11. Different size and different length of lines will read a certain ohms value, but the value will notchange unless you have problem with cable, rotary connector, rehead or cable safety switch.

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CABLE RECORDS

A cable report is to be filled out each month for each spool of cable using the information from the cable logbook. The Cable History Card and the Head History Card should be completed each month using informationfrom the cable daily log book. This report is part of the HLS required Field Preventive Maintenance Program(FPM). The following information is needed on the report:

1. Total number of runs 2. Date of last cable marking 3. Length of cable in feet or meters 4. Additions from splicing on more cable 5. Subtractions from cutting off kinked or bad cable 6. Condition of the cable 7. Total Cable conductor D.C. resistance 8. Change in Magnetic Mark Strength 9. Number of runs since Marked 10. Weak Link or Head Pull Out Strength

Remember if you take care of your cable, it will take care of you.

«««« NOTES ««««

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Cable Strength and SafetyGeneral Safety ConsiderationsWARNING No one should be on the rig floor or near the cable while the cable tensionis above normal.Halliburton equipment is designed with an adequate safety factor if used under normalconditions. However, a stuck cable or tool is not considered a normal condition.Inspect the lower sheave chain to verify that it is free of nicks or other damage. Double-wrappingthe lower sheave chain does not always strengthen the connection. Tension in linked chains istypically resolved to one wrap or the other and is not distributed between the wraps.The upper sheave must be installed by the rig crew using a certified 14-ton chain. Make sure thechain is properly attached to the water table beams and has been inspected and approved asindicated by the inspection tag. Replace any chain permanently deformed by a sharp edge whilesupporting a heavy load. Never use a sling to attach any sheave.Keep the rotary table covered to avoid dropping objects into the well during rigging operations.Determine the maximum safe tension that can be applied to the cable. The cable never must bebroken. The weak point must not be broken until the HES representative has thoroughlydiscussed the situation with the customer and the customer has decided to break the weak point.Refer to the cable and weak-point data tables on the following pages and to “Choosing theFishing Technique” in Section 4, “Fishing Technique Overview.”

Cable StrengthThe strength of each new cable is known. Your estimate of the strength of a used cable should bereasonably accurate; however, the actual strength of any used cable is unknown. Since thecustomer often cites a broken logging cable as a reason to cancel charges, never state any tension capabilities of any cable.Instead, inform the customer that, because of well conditions andefforts to free the stuck cable or tool, the cable might break before the weak point.Note: The customer’s orders to pull on a stuck cable or tool must be withoutHalliburton’s guarantee (or estimate) on the cable strength.Never exceed 50% of the new-cable rating, except at the customer’s orders. Table 1 lists thecable ratings for typical logging cable. These ratings are based on a combination of ends-fixedand ends-free tension.

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Cable Tension Ratings

Camesa RochesterCable Size (in.) New Cable

Rating (lb.)Maximum Tension* (lb)

New Cable Rating (lb.)

Maximum Tension* (lb.)

7-ConductorSlammer (0.472) 22,000 11,000 22,200 11,100Baby Slammer (0.450) 21,000 10,500 N/A 15/32 18,0009,000 18,300 9,150 7/16 18,000 9,000 18,300 9,150Monoconductor5/16 11,000 5,500 11,200 5,6007/32 5,200 2,600 5,500 2,7503/16 4,000 2,000 3,900 1,950

Table 1*Maximum permissible tension without customer’s orders

Weak PointCAUTION Never pull more than 50% of the cable rating or two-thirds of the weak-point rating.The weak point must be chosen as the most practical compromise between “too weak” and “toostrong.” It must be strong enough to normally carry the logging tools involved until it is desiredto pull free, yet must also be able to break within 50% of the rating of the cable in use.Recognizing that a broken cable in the hole is a catastrophe while an occasional dropped tool isof much less consequence, the choice of the weak point must always be toward the lower ratingfor each condition.

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Weak-Point StrengthAlways choose the weak point so that it breaks before the cable breaks or is otherwise damaged.Although localized defects in the cable could cause it to break elsewhere, the most likely placefor the cable to break is at the sheave wheels or the measuring head.Safety is paramount when excess tension is applied to the cable. If the cable breaks, it will likelybreak above the wellhead, endangering all drilling and logging personnel on or around the rigfloor and logging unit.WARNING The free ends of a broken cable whip violently. Make sure that allpersonnel are well away from the wireline before applying unusually hightension. Apply truck parking brakes and chocks behind wheels. Off-shore,ensure the skid is securely restrained.The tension at any point in the cable on the tool side of the top sheave is equal to the weight ofthe cable below that point plus the weight of the tools (provided the tools are not stuck) plus anyadditional tension applied to move the tools. For a vertical or near-vertical well where linefriction is negligible, the closer to the logging tool, the lower the tension in the cable. At theweak point, the tension is the weight of the tools plus any additional tension applied to move thetools. If the tools are stuck, weak-point tension is equal to the tension in the cable at the surfaceminus the line weight.Select the weak point so that when the tools are at the deepest point in the well, the operator canpull the cable hard enough to break the weak point without exceeding 50% of the new cabletension rating at the surface. To select the proper weak point, the following data must be known:

depth of the well to be logged

mud weight used in the well

type of cable to be used

The weak link must be chosen according to OEB-96/081 (amended), included in Appendix C, orthe program WPCALC presently available for PCs. The Help file is available for reading here.

Weak-Point Calculation in a Vertical HoleFind the cable breaking strength and the cable weight per 1,000 feet in air or water, asappropriate, for the cable being used. The line cable document is available here.1. Calculate the cable weight in pounds.In air: Cable weight = depth (kft) _ cable weight in air (lb/kft)In mud: Cable weight = W CM = W CA - (W CA - W CW ) x W M /8.33OR,W CM = W CA - (V CA x W M ),whereW M = mud weight (lbs/gal)V CA = volume of cable (gal/kft)W CA = weight of cable in air

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W CW = weight of cable in waterW CM = weight of cable in mud

2. In a vertical hole, calculate the maximum pull on the cable as :P max = W CM x Z + T WP ,whereZ = total depth (in 1000 #s)T WP = theoretical weak point strengthTherefore, the theoretical weak point is T WP = 0.5 x (cable rating) - W CM x Z.3. Select the weak point with the greatest maximum breaking strength that does not exceed thetheoretical weak point. Table 2 lists the routinely available weak points and the rating ofeach properly assembled without torque.Tension-Link Weak-Point RatingsHLS P/N Minimum Breaking

StrengthMaximum BreakingStrength

Type Stamped Rating

3.40343 2,000 2,200 Tensile Bar 23.30776 2,900 3,350 Tensile Bar 33.30769 3,900 4,450 Tensile Bar 4707.11831 3,700 4,300 Aircraft Cable 373.30770 4,900 5,550 Tensile Bar 53.33806 5,000 (H 2 S)** Tensile Bar 5 3.307745,900 6,600 Tensile Bar 6 3.338055,900 (H 2 S)** 6,600 Tensile Bar 6 707.118326,100 6,700 Aircraft Cable 61 3.007126,900 7,700 Tensile Bar 7 707.36042* 7,800** Aircraft Cable none (experimental) 3.00713 7,9008,750 Tensile Bar 8 3.00711 8,900 9,850 Tensile Bar 9

Table 2* Requires 707.36056 and 707.36058 for installation.** Upper and lower limits not available at time of publication.

Note: 707.XXXXX denotes G-series cable heads and 3.XXXXX denotes W-seriescable heads.

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For example, select a weak point using the following data.

Well = 17,000 ft

Mud weight = 9.5 lb/gal

Wireline = Camesa 15/32, 7J46RTZ4. Look up the required information in Appendix A. The weight per 1,000 ft is found on thefirst row of the Camesa tables in Appendix A.

Cable weight in water (W CW )= 274 lb/kft

Minimum breaking strength = 18,000 lba. W CM = 265 lb/kfLb. (0.5 x 18,000 lb) - 265 lb/kfL x 17 kft = 4500 lbsc. At a depth of 17,000 feet, a maximum pull of 4,500 lb can be applied to the weak pointwithout exceeding 50% of the breaking strength of the line. The strongest weak pointthat can be safely used is 3.30769 (Table 3-2), with a maximum breaking strength of4,450 lb and a minimum breaking strength of 3,900 lb.

Safe Load CalculationAfter the weak point is selected, calculate the safe load that the weak point can carry. Thetension on the weak point must not exceed two-thirds of its minimum breaking. For the examplein the previous section, 3,900 lb x 2/3 equals 2,600 lb. This amount is the maximum load that canbe applied to the weak point without permission from the customer. The weight in air of sometoolstrings can approach this value.Consequently, the maximum allowable logging tension in a perfectly vertical hole would be:P = W CM x Z + 2/3 T WPIn our example, P = 265 x 17 + 2,600 = 7,100 lbs, and the weak point would break between256 x 17 + 3,900 = 8,400 lbs and265 x 17 + 4,450 lbs = 8,950 lbsIf you are stuck at the tool near total depth (Note that the weak point would break within 50% ofthe cable’s breaking strength).In some cases, a weak point dictated by well conditions may not be able to safely support theweight of the required toolstring. Stronger cable might allow a stronger weak point to safely runthe entire toolstring. If stronger cable is not available, multiple runs with a smaller toolstringmay be needed to complete the job.The above discussion assumes a straight, near-vertical hole. A deviated or doglegged hole doesnot transfer all the cable tension applied at the surface to the weak point downhole. The tensionis lost because of friction between the cable and the borehall wall. For this reason, a weak pointwith a lower breaking strength generally must be used in deviated holes. For a properdetermination of a weak point in a deviated hole, please refer to OEB-96/081, included inAppendix C, or to the program WPCALC

Note: The weak-point ratings are limited by the maximum permissible tensions forcables.

Weak Point Reliability (Cased Hole Rehead)ConstructionThe outer armours and the inner armours of any logging cable are wound in helixes which run inopposite directions, i.e. one tends to unwind when the other gets wound up. Consequently,

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regardless of the type of cable used, always use at least one inner armour (and preferably two)when building a cased hole rope socket, as this will prevent the outer armours from unraveling.The cones should not be reused, especially in the case of a larger line, because the brass coneswill suffer indentations which tend to become preferential paths for the strands under tension,resulting in premature failure of the rope socket.The actual strength of a cased hole rehead is a function of the quality of the rehead, and dependsamong other things upon the level of expertise of the operator and upon the condition of thewireline. It is good practice for each base to occasionally perform local pull tests to check localtechniques.

Rig up/downA rope socket will break prematurely if a pull is applied in a non- uniform fashion, whichgenerally should not happen downhole, as the length of cable involved will result in elasticstretch first, which is equivalent to a shock absorber.On the other hand, during rig up and rig down operation, it is possible to get hung up in theChristmas tree or in a tool catcher while moving at excessive speeds, and the rope socket maybreak at half its published rating (function of speed). This emphasizes the importance of properoperating procedures, such as an operator weighing on the cable as the head approaches surfaceat low speed (the operator becoming the shock absorber).

Head typesThe following results are valid for the standard Halliburton 1-7/16 cased hole rehead, the olderdesign G-series 1-7/16 cablehead, the 1-7/16 cablehead manufactured by Applied Electronicsand the 3916 series 1-7/16 cablehead from Titan (also called type II); all these designs havecones which are strand type sensitive and have compression washers (cone retainers) which arethe same for all line sizes.No evaluation has been done for any other design, such as the 3915 design from Titan forexample, where the cone is the same regardless of the line size and where the compressionwasher is a function of the line.

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Rope socket strengthThe following values can vary by about +/- 10% as pointed out in “Construction.”MonoconductorsFor most monoconductor cables, the diameter of an outer armour strand is exactly the same as thediameter of an inner armour strand (two exceptions being the 1L18 from Camesa which is a 12 x12 design and the 1K22 series from Camesa, which is a 15 x 15 design). As a result, for thesecables, the rope socket strength is a function of the total number of armours used to build the ropesocket, regardless if they are inner or outer.The rope socket strength for a new monoconductor line is:85% x Total number of armours x armour breaking strengthSeven conductor cableFor all multiconductor cables from Camesa and Rochester, the diameter of the outer armour istypically quite bigger than the diameter of the inner armour (note that the same applies to the1L18 and 1K22 monocables from Camesa). Although it has been found in some cases that threeinner armours contribute the equivalent of one outer armour if the rope socket is perfect, we willconsider that from a practical standpoint the inner armour strength is negligible and the ropesocket strength is purely a function of the number of outer armours. The rope socket strength fora new multiconductor line is:For 7/16 and 15/32 cables: 85% x Number of outer armours x outer armour breaking strengthFor slammer cables : 80% x Number of outer armours x outer armour breaking strength

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Monoconductors, Cased Hole Rehead

CableBreakingStrength

Outerarmours

Innerarmours

Rope SocketStrength

7/32 line (18 x 12)Camesa 1N22Rochester 1H22

5,200 lbs 18/212 #0.031”

12/212#0.031”

5/2 1,260# 6/2 1,440# 7/2 1,620# 8/2 1,800# 9/2 1,980# 10/2 2,150#

7/32 line (15 x 15)Camesa 1K22

5,200 lbs 15/280# 0.0358”

15/139# 0.0248”

5/2 1,200# 6/2 1,400# 7/2 1,650# 8/2 1,900# 9/2 2,150# 10/2 2,400#

5/16 line (18 x 12)Camesa 1N32Rochester 1H314

11,000 lbs 18/430# 0.0445”

12/430# 0.0445”

5/2 2,550# 6/2 2,900# 7/2 3,250# 8/2 3,650# 9/2 4,000# 0/2 4,350#

7/16 line (18 x 12) Camesa 1N42

19,500 lbs 18/776#0.0585”

12/776# 0.0585”

5/2 4,600# 6/2 5,250# 7/2 5,900# 8/2 6,600# 9/2 7,250# 10/2 7,900#

7/16 line (18 x 12) Rochester1H422

17,800 lbs 18/727# 0.0575”

12/727# 0.0575”

5/2 4,300# 6/2 4,900# 7/2 5,550# 8/2 6,150# 9/2 6,800# 10/2 7,400#

7/16 line (18 x 18)Camesa 7H42 Rochester 7H422

18,000 lbs 18/750#0.0585”

18/400# 0.0425”

5/2 3,200# 6/2 3,800# 7/2 4,450# 8/2 5,100# 9/2 5,750# 10/2 6,350#

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CableBreakingStrength

Outerarmours

Innerarmours

Rope SocketStrength

15/32 line (24x24) Camesa 7H46 Rochester 7H464

18,000 lbs 24/535# 0.0495”

24/335# 0.039”

5/2 2,250# 6/2 2,700# 7/2 3,200# 8/2 3,650# 9/2 4,100# 10/2 4,550#

Slammer (18 x 18) Camesa 7H47 Rochester 7H422

22,000 lbs 18/910# 0.0655” 18/460# 0.047”

5/2 3,850#6/2 4,650# 7/2 5,400# 8/2 6,200# 9/2 6,950# 10/2 7,750#

Table 3

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REMARKS:1. The cased hole rehead cone has only 12 holes through which to thread the armours, which

essentially ensures that even with a new cable and a perfect rebuild, the rope socket breakingstrength should be less than half the cable breaking strength.

2. The multiplication coefficient of 0.85 is only 0.80 for the slammer cable, because due to thelarger diameter of the outer armour strands for the slammer cable, it is more difficult to build agood quality rope socket for that line size.

3. Cable breaking strength:

Note that the rope socket breaking strength can be determined as a function of the number ofarmours used in its construction because the armours work in pure tension.

For the cable itself, the armours are not parallel to the cable axis, but are wound around the core with alay angle which is a function of each particular cable. Consequently, the breaking strength of the cableitself is not:Ni x BS(i) + No x BS(o)but is given by the following formula:Ni x cos(i) x BS(i) + No x cos(o) x BS(o)Where: Ni = number of inner armoursi = inner armour lay angleBS(i) = breaking strength of an individual inner armourNo = number of outer armourso = outer armour lay angleBS(o) = breaking strength of an outer armour

Liability ConsiderationsVerify all facts before rendering an opinion to the customer about what you feel caused thefishing job. Protect Halliburton’s interests and be very cautious about making statements whichaccess blame or liability on the part of any party.

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Rope socket strengthThe following values can vary by about +/- 10% as pointed out in “Construction.”MonoconductorsFor most monoconductor cables, the diameter of an outer armour strand is exactly the same as thediameter of an inner armour strand (two exceptions being the 1L18 from Camesa which is a 12 x12 design and the 1K22 series from Camesa, which is a 15 x 15 design). As a result, for thesecables, the rope socket strength is a function of the total number of armours used to build the ropesocket, regardless if they are inner or outer.The rope socket strength for a new monoconductor line is:85% x Total number of armours x armour breaking strengthSeven conductor cableFor all multiconductor cables from Camesa and Rochester, the diameter of the outer armour istypically quite bigger than the diameter of the inner armour (note that the same applies to the1L18 and 1K22 monocables from Camesa). Although it has been found in some cases that threeinner armours contribute the equivalent of one outer armour if the rope socket is perfect, we willconsider that from a practical standpoint the inner armour strength is negligible and the ropesocket strength is purely a function of the number of outer armours. The rope socket strength fora new multiconductor line is:For 7/16 and 15/32 cables: 85% x Number of outer armours x outer armour breaking strengthFor slammer cables : 80% x Number of outer armours x outer armour breaking strength

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Line Type OD(in)

Temp(deg F)

BreakStrength

(lbf)

Weightin Air

(lb/Kft)

Weightin Water(lb/Kft)

NumInner

Armours

InnerBreak

Strength(lbf)

InnerWireDia

(inches)

NumOuter

Armours

OuterBreak

Strength(lbf)

OuterWireDia

(inches)

Cond.Res.

(ohms/kft)

ArmourRes.

(ohms/kft)

StretchCoef.

(ft/Kft/Klbf)

Min.Sheave

Dia.(inches)

Camesa 7H42RP 7/16 .426 300 18000 310 255 18 401 .0425 18 750 .0585 9.8 1.2 .75 23Camesa 7H42RX 7/16 .426 400 18000 319 264 18 401 .0425 18 750 .0585 9.8 1.2 .75 23Camesa 7H42RZ 7/16 .426 500 18000 319 264 18 401 .0425 18 750 .0585 9.8 1.2 .75 23Camesa 7H42RTZ 7/16 .426 500 18000 322 266 18 401 .0425 18 750 .0585 9.8 1.2 .75 23Camesa 7H42RA 7/16 .426 550 18000 322 267 18 401 .0425 18 750 .0585 9.8 1.2 .75 23Camesa 7J46RP 15/32 .464 300 18000 321 254 24 338 .039 24 535 .0495 9.8 1.3 .77 20Camesa 7J46RX 15/32 .464 400 18000 338 271 24 338 .039 24 535 .0495 9.8 1.3 .77 20Camesa 7J46RTZ 15/32 .464 500 18000 341 274 24 338 .039 24 535 .0495 9.8 1.3 .77 20Camesa 7J46RA 15/32 .464 550 18000 348 281 24 338 .039 24 535 .0495 9.8 1.3 .77 20Camesa 7H47RPSlammer

.474 300 22000 377 311 18 460 .047 18 910 .0655 9.8 1.1 .61 26

Camesa 7H47RXSlammer

.474 400 22000 392 326 18 460 .047 18 910 .0655 9.8 1.1 .61 26

Camesa 7H47RTZSlammer

.474 500 22000 392 326 18 460 .047 18 910 .0655 9.8 1.1 .61 26

Camesa 7Q52RP .521 300 24500 435 357 19 557 .051 20 910 .0655 9.8 .85 .58 26Camesa 7Q52RXZ .521 400 24500 445 367 19 557 .051 20 910 .0655 9.8 .85 .58 26Camesa 7Q52RTZ .521 500 24500 455 377 19 557 .051 20 910 .0655 9.8 .85 .58 26Rochester 7-H-422A .426 300 18300 314 258 18 397 .0425 18 766 .059 10.9 1.4 .9 23Rochester 7-H-422D .426 420 18300 324 268 18 397 .0425 18 766 .059 10.0 1.4 .9 23

Rochester 7-H-422K .426 500 18300 326 270 18 397 .0425 18 766 .059 10.0 1.4 .9 23

Rochester 7-H-464A .462 300 18300 326 260 24 335 .039 24 539 .0495 10.0 1.4 .9 20

Rochester 7-H-464D .462 420 18300 333 267 24 335 .039 24 539 .0495 10.0 1.4 .9 20

Rochester 7-H-464K .462 500 18300 347 281 24 335 .039 24 539 .0495 10.0 1.4 .9 20

Rochester 7-H-472A .472 300 22200 379 311 18 486 .047 18 929 .065 10.0 1.1 .8 26

Rochester 7-H-472D .472 420 22200 386 318 18 486 .047 18 929 .065 10.0 1.1 .8 26

Rochester 7-H-472K .472 500 22200 394 331 18 486 .047 18 929 .065 10.0 1.1 .8 26

Rochester 7-H-520A .522 300 26000 462 378 16 778 .0595 20 958 .066 10.5 .9 .6 26

Rochester 7-H-520D .522 420 26000 467 383 16 778 .0595 20 958 .066 10.5 .9 .6 26

Table 4

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DOS Deviated Well Wireline Tension ProgramThis is a sample input screen for a well that is vertical to a depth of 6,500 feet. At 6,500 feet theborehole kicks off at an angle of 30 degrees to a depth of 9,750 feet. At 9,750 feet the boreholemakes another dogleg and the angle reduces to 15 degrees. At 11,300 feet the deviation changesto 7 degrees until a total depth of 15,000 feet is reached. The mud weight in the well is 13.5pounds/gallon.

When you run the program it asks for the wireline you are using. In this example, Camesa7H47RX Slammer cable was chosen. After you choose a wireline the screen below is displayed. The depths and angles were entered by clicking on the appropriate boxes and typing them in. You do not need to press ENTER each time, just move on to the next data box using the mouseor the tab key. The default build rates of 5 degrees/100 feet were used in the example.

The mud weight is entered next. Notice that whenever you change the mud weight the weight ofthe cable in mud is automatically recalculated based on the data for the particular wireline youchose. After the mud weight is entered, click on calculate. The weak point value is calculatedand displayed in the information box at the bottom and is rounded down to the nearest 1000pounds and displayed as the Weak Point Strength. Clicking on Graph will display the resultinggraph on the screen. Clicking on Print Graph will print the results.

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TEN RULES FOR THE WIRELINE OPERATOR

1. SELECT PROPER CABLE. 2. INSTALL CABLE PROPERLY. 3. BREAK IN CABLE AT REDUCED SPEEDS. 4. USE PROPER SHEAVE SIZES. 5. SHEAVES TO BE PROPERLY GROOVED. 6. SHEAVES TO BE IN GOOD WORKING CONDITION. 7. SPOT UNIT WHERE CABLE WILL SPOOL PROPERLY. 8. DO NOT OVERRUN CABLE. 9. KEEP TENSION ON CABLE AT ALL TIMES. 10. KEEP CABLE LUBRICATED