wisconsin motorcycle manual | wisconsin motorcycle handbook

8/2/2019 Wisconsin Motorcycle Manual | Wisconsin Motorcycle Handbook

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June 2014

WMH


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DMV service centerswww.dot.state.wi.us/about/locate/dmv/index.htm

DMV web sitewww.wisconsindmv.gov

Motorcycle crash factswww.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/motorist/crashfacts/docs/motorcyclefacts.pdf

Motorcycle licensewww.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/apply/types/motorcyc.htm

Motorcycle safety (Motorcycle Safety Course information)www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/index.htm

Motorcycle training providers and locationswww.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htm

Wisconsin Motorcyclists Handbookwww.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/apply/cycle-handbook.htm

Schedule a skills test appointmentwww.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/schedule.htm

For other information or inquiries:www.wisconsindmv.gov

Milwaukee/Waukesha area: (414) 266-1000

All other areas: (608) 264-7447

State Patrol Regions(1) Southwest Region . . . (608) 846-8500 (3) Northeast Region . . . . . (920) 929-3700

(2) Southeast Region . . . (262) 785-4700 (4) North Central Region . . .(715) 845-1143

(5) Northwest Region . . . . . (715) 839-3800

Take a rider courseGet skills test waivedIf you are applying for, or interested in applying for, a cycle license, we stronglyrecommend that you complete a cycle rider course (under certain circumstances,a rider course is required). Te Motorcycle Rider Course: Riding and Street Skills(basic rider course) is designed for beginning riders. Te course was developed,and the instructors are certified by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation and approvedby the Department of ransportation. Te course is taught off-street, out oftraffic, and motorcycles and helmets are provided. For detailed information,

visit www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/index.htm.

Note: Tis manual is intended to inform the user of the Rules of the Road(Wisconsin state laws and Administrative Rules), as well as important safety tips.Information in this and other handbooks and manuals published by the Divisionof Motor Vehicles is not al l-inclusive and is subject to change at any timedue to new or revised laws.
http://www.dot.state.wi.us/about/locate/dmv/index.htmhttp://www.wisconsindmv.gov/http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/motorist/crashfacts/docs/motorcyclefacts.pdfhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/apply/types/motorcyc.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/index.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/apply/cycle-handbook.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/schedule.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/index.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/index.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/schedule.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/apply/cycle-handbook.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/index.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/drivers/drivers/apply/types/motorcyc.htmhttp://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/motorist/crashfacts/docs/motorcyclefacts.pdfhttp://www.wisconsindmv.gov/http://www.dot.state.wi.us/about/locate/dmv/index.htm


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Keeping Your Distance. . . . . . . . . . . 19

Lane Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Following Another Vehicle . . . . . . . . 19Being Followed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Passing and Being Passed. . . . . . . . 20

Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Being Passed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Lane Sharing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Merging Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Cars Alongside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

SEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Evaluate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Execute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

I n t e r s e c t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4

Blind Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Passing Parked Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Parking at the Roadside . . . . . . . . . . 26

Increasing Conspicuity . . . . . . . . . . 27

Clothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Headlight(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Brake Light(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Using Your Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Head Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Horn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Riding at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Crash Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Quick Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Swerving or Turning Quickly. . . . . . . 31

Cornering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Handling Dangerous Surfaces . . . . 33

Uneven Surfaces and Obstacles . . . 33

Slippery Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Railroad Tracks, TrolleyTracks and Pavement Seams . . . . . . 34

Grooves and Gratings. . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Mechanical Problems. . . . . . . . . . . .35

Tire Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Stuck Throttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Wobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Chain Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Engine Seizure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Wisconsin Licensing Information . . . 3

Requirements forMotorcycle Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Type 1 Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Type 2 Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Motor Bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Moped. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Class M License in Four Steps . . . . . 5

1. Get Cycle Instruction Permit. . . . . . 5

2. Practice Riding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3. Take Motorcycle Skills Test . . . . . . 64. Obtain Class M License . . . . . . . . . 6

The Motorcycle Skills Test. . . . . . . . . 6

The Pre-test Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . 6

The Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Motorcycle Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Lane Position (Turning) . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Farm Safety/Rural Driving . . . . . . . . 10

Railroad Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Preparing to Ride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Wear the Right Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Helmet Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Helmet Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Eye and Face Protection. . . . . . . . . . 12

Clothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Know Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . 13

The Right Motorcycle for You . . . . . 13

Borrowing and Lending . . . . . . . . . . 13

Get Familiar With theMotorcycle Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Check Your Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . 14

Know Your Responsibilities. . . . . . . 15

Ride Within Your Abilities. . . . . . . . . 16

Basic Vehicle Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Body Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Shifting Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Turning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18


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Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Flying Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Getting Off the Road. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Carrying Passengers and Cargo. . . 38

E q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8

Instructing Passengers. . . . . . . . . . . 38Riding with Passengers . . . . . . . . . . 39

Carrying Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Group Riding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Keep the Group Small . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Keep the Group Together . . . . . . . . . 40

Keep Your Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Single-File Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Being in Shape to Ride. . . . . . . . . . . 42

Why this Informationis Important. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Alcohol and Other Drugsin Motorcycle Operation . . . . . . . . . . 42

Alcohol in the Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Alcohol Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Alcohol and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Alcohol Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Minimize the Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Dont Drink or Use Drugs . . . . . . . . . 45

Step in to Protect Friends. . . . . . . . . 45

Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Earning Your License . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Sample KnowledgeTest Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

On-Cycle Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Motorcycle Rider Courses. . . . . . . . 49

Learn From the Pros . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

The Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

I n s t r u c t o r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

Provided For You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

You Provide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Who Can Attend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Waiver of Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Point Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51


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PREFACEMotorcycling can be an exciting wayto travel. While riding, a cyclist can hear,see and feel things a driver inside a carcannot. But cycling calls for special

knowledge, skill, and constant attention.The chances of being involved andseriously injured in a traffic crash aregreater riding a cycle than driving a car.

y A cycle is easily tipped over.

y Weather and road conditions often make cycling difficult.

y A cycle is small. Other drivers, looking for carsand trucks, do not always see the cycle.

y

Other drivers often disregard the rights of cyclists.y In a crash, a cycle offers little protection to the rider.

2012 WISCONSIN MOTORCYCLE STATISTICS

www.dot.wisconsin.gov/safety/motorist/crashfacts/docs/motorcyclefacts.pdf

y 2,398 motorcyclists were injured on Wisconsin roads in 2012. Thatrepresents a 14.2% increase from the 2,100 injured in 2011 anda 17% increase from 2002. An additional 136 non-motorcyclists

were injured in crashes involving motorcycles in 2012.

y In 2012, 112 motorcyclists, including passengers, were killed intraffic crashes compared to 80 in 2011, a 40% increase. This figureis also 44% higher than the 78 fatalities that occurred in 2002.

y 1624 year olds account for only 3.8% of the licensedmotorcyclists but account for 15.6% of those in crashes in 2012.

y Alcohol and/or speed were the primary contributingfactors in 56% of fatal single unit motorcycle crashes

in 2012 and in 31% of all single unit crashes.y Nine out of 10 motorcycle crashes occurred

on dry pavement in 2012.

The five most frequent possible contributing circumstances in both fataland non-fatal motorcycle crashes in 2011 were:

y Failure to control (the motorcycle)

y Inattentive driving

y Speed too fast/conditions

y Driver condition (e.g. alcohol use, driving while sleepy, etc.)

y Exceeding speed limit

Improve your riding skills and learn from experienced riders.

Consider taking a Motorcycle Rider Course.

See page 49 for more details.
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Studying this manual, taking a motorcycle rider course and practicingyour riding skills can reduce your risk and increase your safety.

This manual shows safe riding techniques and contains what youneed to know to pass the motorcycle knowledge test. You should

also study the Wisconsin Motorists Handbookfor safe drivingtips and additional information. However, these manuals arenot a complete statement of Wisconsin traffic law. For that youshould consult the general Statutes of the State of Wisconsin.

Many organizations worked together to developthe material in the following pages:

y Wisconsin Department of Transportation

y National Public Service Research Institute

y Motorcycle Safety Foundation, with support fromy The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

CONSIDER SAVING A LIFE BY BECOMING AN ORGAN DONOR

You will be asked if you wish to register as an organ, tissue andeye donor when you apply for or renew your identification (ID) card,

instruction permit or driver license. Upon death, donors help save andimprove lives through transplantation, therapy, research or education. Ifyou are 18 or older, checking the box indicates your legal consent fordonation. Check the box to include your name in the donor registry everytime you update your driver record. Please share your decision with yourfamily. You can also register online at www.DonorRegistry.Wisconsin.gov.

The Department of Transportation intends for the products andservices it offers to be accessible to all. If you need accommodations

or do not understand any part of this publication, please [email protected] call (608) 266-2353.

Information in this and other handbooks and manuals published bythe Division of Motor Vehicles is subject to change due to passage ofnew laws. For the latest information visit www.wisconsindmv.govorcontact a DMV Service Center.

Visit our web site at www.wisconsindmv.govfor more

information on driver licensing products and services.Ifyou have additional questions, email them [email protected] call (608) 266-2353.
http://www.donorregistry.wisconsin.gov/mailto:driverrecords.dmv%40dot.wi.gov?subject=BDS110%20Motorcycle%20Handbookhttp://www.wisconsindmv.gov/mailto:driverrecords.dmv%40dot.wi.gov?subject=mailto:driverrecords.dmv%40dot.wi.gov?subject=http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/http://www.wisconsindmv.gov/mailto:driverrecords.dmv%40dot.wi.gov?subject=BDS110%20Motorcycle%20Handbookhttp://www.donorregistry.wisconsin.gov/


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Exemptions to ridercourse requirementsfor persons under 18:

If you live more than 50 road milesfrom a basic rider course site.

If you have a valid motorcyclelicense from another jurisdiction.

Non-residents must have ap-propriate licensing for motorcycleoperation from their home state.

New Wisconsin residents witha driver license from anotherjurisdiction authorizing operation ofmotorcycles may be able to get aWisconsin Class M license withouttaking the knowledge or skills tests.

Residents of Wisconsin who plan tooperate any of the following vehicleson public roads need either a Class

D (regular or special restricted)or Juvenile Restricted License:

Type 2 Motorcycle

A Type 2 motorcycle is:

A motor vehicle designed andbuilt to have at least threewheelsin contact with theground with a curb weight

less than 1,500 lbs. and, A passenger and operator area

with sides permanently enclosedwith rigid construction and atop which may be convertible.Examples of Type 2 vehiclesare motorized golf carts, PostalDepartment mailsters, etc.

Motor Bicycle A motor bicycle is a bicycle

to which a power unit has beenadded to permit travel at no morethan 30 mphon dry, level, hardsurface, with no wind, anda 150 lb. operator.

WISCONSIN LICENSING INFORMATION

REQUIREMENTS FORMOTORCYCLE OPERATION

All Wisconsin residents who planto operate a Type 1 motorcycleon public roads must have aClass M (motorcycle) license.

Most Class M license holders alsohold a Class Dcar and light trucklicense. However, if you want tooperate only a Type 1 motorcycle, a

motorcycle only license is available.For more details, email the addressor call the phone number listed onpage 2 or inquire at your local DMVService Center.

Type 1 Motorcycle

A Type 1 motorcycle is a motorvehicle capable of speeds inexcess of 30 mph on a dry levelhard surface road with no wind,with a power source as an integralpart of the vehicle, while carrying

A 150 lb. operatorANDis oneof the following:

y Designed and built with twowheels in tandem, seatingfor the operator and may

have a side-car attached.OR

y Designed and built to haveno more than 3 wheels,seating for the operator andno more than 3 passengers,and does not have theoperator area enclosed.

Under 18 requirement:

Wisconsin residents under theage of 18 must have proof thatthey have completed drivereducation and have successfullycomplete a basic rider course tobe eligible for a Class M license.


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Moped

A moped is any of the followingvehicles (excluding a tractor) capableof speeds not more than 30 mph,with 150 lb. rider on a dry, level,hard surface with no wind, a powersource as an integral part of thevehicle, and a seat for the operator:

A bicycle-type vehicle with fullyoperative pedals and an enginecertified by the manufacturerat not more than 130 cc.

A Type 1 motorcycle with anautomatic transmission and enginecertified at not more than 50 cc.

A Class M license or MotorcycleInstruction Permit (CYCI) is not

required to operate these vehicles,however a Class D is and saferiding techniques as outlined inthis handbook should be followed.

For details on special licensing tooperate the above vehicles, contactyour local DMV Service Center.

* .....eye protection worn during hours of darknessmay not be tinted

or darkened. Section 347.485(2) Wis. Stats. (emphasis added).

In other words, faceshields, goggles, glasses worn at night must

be clear.Prescriptionphotosensitive correctivelenses are

acceptable. The wearing of other tinted or darkened eye protection

while operating a motorcycle during hours of darkness is illegal.

Required

Helmet, meeting standards,if you are under 18 yearsof age or if you have amotorcycle instruction permit.

Eye protection (faceshield/goggles/glassesor an approved windshield).*

All ages, all circumstances.

Recommended

Helmet highly recommendedif you are 18 or older.

Gloves.

Jacket or shirt with

long sleeves. Long pants.

Boots or shoes thatcover the ankles.

Faceshield or gogglesare recommended forbetter eye protection,even if you have glassesor an approved windshield.*

PROTECTIVE GEAR FOR MOTORCYCLE OPERATION


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CLASS M LICENSEIN FOUR STEPS

1. Get Cycle Instruction Permit

Study this handbook.

Be at least 16.

If under 18, you must havesponsorship of a parent orguardian, and you must haveproof you have completeddriver education.

If under 18, you must provideproof of enrollment in a basicrider course. To obtain proof

of enrollment, you will need toenroll in a basic rider course(please see list of motorcycletraining providers at www.dot.state.

wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/

training.htm) and pay the requiredcourse fees. Ask your basic ridercourse provider for the blue copyof DMV form MV3575 (Motorcycle

Skills Test Waiver Authorization),which you canshow at the DMV ServiceCenter as proof of enrollment.

Pass a test of knowledgeof traffic laws as they relateto cycle operation.

Depending upon what otherinstruction permits or licensesyou have, or wish to have, youmay need additional tests suchas a Class D knowledge test,highway signs test or visionand hearing screening.

Upon meeting all requirementsand paying a fee, you will receivea Cycle Instruction Permit (CYCI)

which is valid for 6 months. If you complete a department-approved basic rider course,you are not required to holda motorcycle instructionpermit unless you do anyon-street practice riding.

If you have held 3 CYCIs, youmust successfully complete, or be

enrolled in, a basic rider coursebefore applying for a 4th CYCI.

If you do not reside within50 highway miles, by themost direct route, of a basicrider course site, you mayobtain a 4th CYCI without therider course requirement.

If you choose to take the basicrider course and NOTobtaina CYCI prior to successfullycompleting it, the fee for theCYCI is not required whenyou apply for your Class M.

2. Practice Riding You mustwear an approved

helmet, with the chin strapproperly fastened, whetheroperating the cycle or riding as apassenger (see Protective Gear).

You musthave eye protection(see Protective Gear).

You maycarry a licensedperson as a passenger.However, DMV does notrecommend carrying passengersuntil you are experienced.(see Carrying Passengersand Cargo). The licensedperson must:

y have at least 2 years licensed

driving experience.y have a Class M License.

During hours of darkness,you must be accompaniedby a licensed person who:

y is at least 25 years old.

y has at least 2 years licenseddriving experience.

y has a Class M license.(The licensed person doesnot need to be a passenger onyour cycle, but must be nearby).

Practice on low speed, lowtraffic volume streets first, thengradually move to higher speed,higher traffic volume streets and

highways as skill progresses.
http://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htmhttp://www.dot.state.wi.us/safety/vehicle/motorcycle/training.htm


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3. Take Motorcycle Skills Test

orsuccessfully complete anapproved basic motorcyclerider course, and presentsatisfactory proof of coursecompletion to the driver licenseexaminer. A basic motorcyclerider course may be required.

Schedule an appointment for askillstest at www.wisconsindmv.gov. For the skills test, you must:

y provide a cycle in safe, legaloperating condition.

y wear eye protection.

y wear an approved helmet.y be at least 16.

If you have failed 2 motorcycle-in-traffic skills tests, and you still wishto obtain a Class M license, you

must successfully complete a basicrider course. Then, upon application,your skills test will be waived.

4. Obtain Class M License

Upon satisfactory completion of

the skills test, or upon presentationof a motorcycle skills test waiverform, and payment of a fee, a ClassM license will be issued to you.

Note:Cycle riders with a physicalimpairment or disability willneed to demonstrate their abilityto safely operate a motorcycle

at a DMV Service Center. Thisevaluation will determine ifrestrictions are necessary andcannot be waived by presenting amotorcycle skills test waiver form.

THE MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST

The Pre-test Inspection

Your cycle will be inspectedbefore the test. The test will notbe given if any of the followingequipment defects are found:

Handlebars defective, repairedor improvised, or handlebarsobviously rising more than 30"

above the lowest part of the topof the seat when occupied.

No headlight.

Defective mechanical signals(if cycle was manufactured withsignals, they must be installedand operating).

Defective or no horn.

Inadequate seat. Foot pegs or foot rest

for operator missing.

Defective/noisy muffler.

Defective brakes (front or rear).Cycle must have both brakes ifmanufactured with two brakes.

No brake light.

No speedometer.

Excessively worn tires (tire cordvisible or inadequate tread depth).

No left rear view mirror.

Expired or no registration.After 30 days expiration, youmust show proof that youhave applied for registration.

Note:If you take the test on a threewheel cycle you will be restrictedto operating on that type cycle.
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The Skills Test

The Motorcycle-in-Traffic Test is aseries of traffic situations designedto measure how you respond toroad and traffic conditions. Youwill be given a small radio receiverthat is worn under the helmet. Theexaminer will follow several carlengths behind you, giving directionsover the radio. During the test, theexaminer will score your speed,attention while riding, skill andposition in the lane and throughintersections, and a number of right

and left turns. The following possibletest situations will help you prepare:

Crossing a blind intersectionfrom a stop sign.

Turning at a blind intersectionfrom a stop sign.

Crossing an intersectionfrom a stop sign on a streetwith 2-way traffic.

Turning right and leftfrom a stop sign.

Crossing blind intersectionwith right-of-way.

Turning at a blind intersectionwith right-of-way.

Entering and leaving thestreet or roadway.

Controlling speed. Making a quick stop.

Changing lanes.

Making a U-turn.

Turning left from a one-way street.

Crossing an intersection on aone-way street from a stop sign.

Stopping and starting on a hill.

Turning left across traffic. Preparing for oncoming vehicles

turning in front of cycle.

Stopping behind other vehicles.

Observing behind thecycle using the mirrors.

Passing parked vehiclesor roadway hazards.

Meeting and being overtakenby other vehicles.

Observing properfollowing distance.

While you ride, the driver licenseexaminer will be observing your:

Use of front and rear brakes.

Observation of the trafficand pedestrian scene.

Obeying stop signs, speedsigns and other laws.

Use of proper minilanes when turning.

Position for seeing and being seen.

Use of turn signals, andpossibly hand signals.

Proper selection of gaps

when entering traffic orturning across traffic.

Speed control.

Mirror usage and checking blindspots (use of head checks).

Keeping a properfollowing distance.

Lane selection and position

within the lane. Foot position on pegs,

when in motion.

If you have any questions pleaseask the driver license examiner.


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Motorcyclists are entitled to use a fulltraffic lane. You may not ride in anypart of a lane occupied by anothervehicle except when two cyclistsagree to ride side by side in one lane.

Operators and passengers under18 or with a cycle instruction permitmust wear approved helmets (U.S.DOT standard at minimum) withthe chin straps properly fastened.

All operators must wear eyeprotection except when the cycleis equipped with a windshield risingat least 15"above the handlebars.

During darkness or times whenlittle light is available, eye protectionmust not be tinted or darkened.

When riding on a highway, headlightand taillight must be on at alltimes. During daylight hours, motordriven cycles may be ridden toa repair shop for replacement

of a defective headlamp.

Motor driven cycles may beequipped with modulatingheadlamps and decelerationwarning lights.

Some Type 2 motorcycles ormopeds may not be allowed onhighways. Check with your local

police department or State Patrol.

Operators of Type 2 vehicles aresubject to the same rules of the roadas Type 1 motorcycle operators,with the following exceptions:

helmets and eye protection are notrequired (they are, nevertheless,highly recommended).

mopeds may be operated 2abreast in a single lane onlywherethe speed limit is 25 mph or less.

where speed limit is morethan 25 mph, mopeds maybe operated only single file,in extreme right-hand lane.

a moped may not carry

any passengers.

MOTORCYCLE LAWSOnly motorcycles certified by thefederal government for highwayoperation are permitted on thehighway. Cycles cannot be attached

to any other moving vehicle unlessthe cycle is being towed for repair.

No person may operate a motorvehicle in Wisconsin, includinga motorcycle, unless the owneror operator of the vehicle hasliability insurance in effect for thevehicle being operated and carriesproof of insurance when driving.

Law enforcement may ask forproof of insurance at any trafficstop or accident. Failure to haveinsurance could result in up to a$500 fine. Failure to have proof whenrequested could result in a $10 fine.

You do not need proof of insurancewhen registering a vehicle or

obtaining a driver license, unlessDMV specifically requested proofof financial responsibility (SR-22)after a revocation or suspension.Refer to Section 344.61344.65Wis. Stats. for full details.

Riding side saddle is forbidden.

A single passenger may ride upon

the motorcycle if the passenger: rides on the seat designed

for passengers,

does not ride in front ofthe operator, and

rests his/her feet on standardequipment foot rests or pegs.(The passenger must

be tall enough so his/herfeet reach the pegs.)

More than one passenger mayride upon the motorcycle if themotorcycle is designed for morethan one passenger. See thedefinition of a Type 1 motorcycle.


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SELECT THE PROPER

LANE POSITION

9

When facing a red light, you mayproceed CAUTIOUSLY throughthe intersection when the lightis still red if ALL of the followingconditions are present:

You reasonably believe the signalis vehicle activated (if the signalis timed, you may not proceedthrough a red light no matter howlong it takes to change to green);

No other vehicles are presentto activate the signal;

You have stopped at the signalfor at least 45 seconds; and,

You yield right-of-way tovehicles proceeding throughon a green signal and topedestrians and bicycles inthe crosswalk or intersection.

A driver convicted of failure toyield right-of-way (FYR) is requiredto attend traffic safety school.

Type 1 motorcycles may park atan angle in a parallel parking area.If parallel or angle parking spacesare marked, three cycles may parkin a space. If there is a parking meterinstalled for the space, and parkingregulations are violated, the operatorof each cycle parked in the spacewill receive a citation for violation

of time restriction (parking ticket).

Mopeds are considered bicyclesfor the purposes of parking. Mopedsmay be parked on a sidewalk, in abike rack, or other area designatedfor bicycle parking. They may notimpede the flow of pedestrian traffic.

When making a RIGHT

turn, you should position

yourself so traffic cannot

fit between you and the

curb.In addition, you want tocontrol your lane of traffic so othersdo not try to squeeze throughon the left side as well. However,you will also need to evaluate thecondition of the roadwayloosegravel, parked cars, etc., whendetermining the best path.

For a LEFT turn, the approachshould be similar to preventother drivers from sharing yourlane or passing you in the turn.

LANE POSITION (TURNING)You are entitled to full use of atraffic lane. However, incorrectpositioning within the lane as youapproach a turn can be hazardous.

Knowing how to make a safe turnis a vital part of safe riding.

Proper lane position will increasevisibility, communicate yourintentions and protect your lane.

As you ride, mentally divideyour traffic lane into thirds. Asyou approach the turn, evaluatewhich path is safest.


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10

FARM SAFETY/RURAL DRIVINGYou should be aware of specialhazards in rural areas of Wisconsin.These may include slow moving

tractors, horse drawn wagons orcarriages, farm machinery exitingfields or on the roadway, widemachinery, debris on the road (suchas mud and manure), and livestockon or crossing the highway. Farmmachinery operators may havedifficulty seeing or hearing othertraffic, and the machinery may not

have brake lights or turn signals.

Be alert for deer, especially duringthe dusk to dawn hours and whenyou see Deer Crossing signs.Scan the sides of the road for motionduring the day and the reflection ofyour headlight in the eyes of deer atnight. Reduce speed and sound thehorn if you see a deer near the road.There may be other deer nearby. Ifyou must avoid a deer, brake first,then swerve if necessary. Do notcombine braking with swerving.

Separate the two to maintain control.

RAILROAD CROSSINGSMotorcyclists should approachall highway-rail intersections

VERY slowly and be alert to thepossibility of rough crossings.

Expect a train on any trackin any direction at everyhighway-rail intersection.

Never ride onto a railroad crossinguntil you are sure you can clearthe tracks on the other sidewithout stopping. Do not stop onthe tracks and DO NOT SHIFTgears while crossing tracks.

If the gates are down, stay in yourlane and do not cross the tracksuntil the gates are raised and thered lights stop flashing. It is againstthe law to drive around gates.

When you are at a multiple-trackcrossing and the last car of theclosest train passes by, before

starting to cross, look and listencarefully for another train on anothertrack coming from either direction.

Trains appear to be moving muchslower than they are. Do not takea chance and try to beat a train ata crossing. If there is any doubt,stop and wait for the train to pass.

R R

CROSSIN

GRAIL

ROAD


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11

PREPARING TO RIDE

What you do before you start a trip goes a long way towarddetermining whether or not youll get where you want to go safely.Before taking off on any trip, a safe rider makes a point to:

Wear the right gear.

Become familiar with the motorcycle. Check the motorcycle equipment.

Be a responsible rider.

even one case in which a helmetkept a rider from spotting danger.

Most crashes happen on shorttrips (less than five miles long), just

a few minutes after starting out. Most riders are riding slower than

30 mph when a crash occurs.At these speeds, helmets cancut both the number and theseverity of head injuries by half.

No matter what the speed,helmeted riders are three times

more likely to survive headinjuries than those not wearinghelmets at the time of the crash.

Helmet Selection

There are two primary typesof helmets, providing twodifferent levels of coveragefull face and three-quarter.

Whichever style you choose,you can get the most protectionby making sure that the helmet:

Meets U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) and statestandards. The Motorcycle SafetyFoundation (MSF) recommendshelmets with a label from the SnellMemorial Foundation which givesyou an added assurance of quality.

Fits snugly, all the way around.

Has no obvious defectssuch as cracks, loosepadding or frayed straps.

Wear the Right Gear

When you ride, your gear is rightif it protects you. In any crash,you have a far better chance of

avoiding serious injury if you wear: An approved helmet.

Face or eye protection.

Protective clothing.

Helmet Use

Crashes are not rare eventsparticularly among beginningriders. And one out of every fivemotorcycle crashes results in heador neck injuries. Head injuries arejust as severe as neck injuriesandfar more common. Crash analysesshow that head and neck injuriesaccount for a majority of seriousand fatal injuries to motorcyclists.Research also shows that, with

few exceptions, head and neckinjuries are reduced by the properwearing of an approved helmet.

Some riders dont wear helmetsbecause they think helmets willlimit their view to the sides. Otherswear helmets only on long trips orwhen riding at high speeds. Hereare some facts to consider:

An approved helmet lets you seeas far to the sides as necessary.

A study of more than 900 motor-cycle crashes, where 40% of theriders wore helmets, did not find


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12

Whatever helmet you decide on,keep it securely fastened on yourhead when you ride. Otherwise,if you are involved in a crash, itslikely to fly off your head beforeit gets a chance to protect you.

Eye and Face Protection

A plastic shatter-resistant faceshieldcan help protect your whole face ina crash. It also protects you fromwind, dust, dirt, rain, insects, andpebbles thrown up from cars ahead.These problems are distractingand can be painful. If you have todeal with them, you cant devoteyour full attention to the road.

Goggles protect your eyes, though

they wont protect the rest ofyour face like a faceshield does.

A windshield is not a substitutefor a faceshield or goggles. Mostwindshields will not protect youreyes from the wind. Neither willeyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasseswont keep your eyes from watering,and they might blow off when

you turn your head while riding.

To be effective, eye orfaceshield protection must:

Be free of scratches.

Be resistant to penetration.

Give a clear view to either side.

Fasten securely, soit does not blow off.

Permit air to pass through,to reduce fogging.

Permit enough roomfor eyeglasses orsunglasses, if needed.

Tinted eye protection should not

be worn at night or any other timewhen little light is available.

Clothing

The right clothing protects youin a collision. It also providescomfort, as well as protection fromheat, cold, debris, and hot andmoving parts of the motorcycle.

Jacket and pants should coverarms and legs completely. Theyshould fit snugly enough tokeep from flapping in the wind,yet loosely enough to movefreely. Leather offers the mostprotection. Sturdy syntheticmaterial provides a lot ofprotection as well. Wear a jacketeven in warm weather to preventdehydration. Many are designedto protect without getting youoverheated, even on summer days.


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Boots or shoes should be highand sturdy enough to coveryour ankles and give themsupport. Soles should be madeof hard, durable slip resistantmaterial. Keep heels short sothey do not catch on roughsurfaces. Tuck laces in so theywont catch on your motorcycle.

Gloves allow a better grip andhelp protect your hands in a crash.Your gloves should be made ofleather or similar durable material.

In cold or wet weather, your clothes

should keep you warm and dry, aswell as protect you from injury. Youcannot control a motorcycle wellif you are numb. Riding for longperiods in cold weather can causesevere chill and fatigue. A winterjacket should resist wind and fitsnugly at the neck, wrists and waist.Good-quality rainsuits designed for

motorcycle riding resist tearing apartor ballooning up at high speeds.

1. Test Yourself

A plastic shatter-resistantfaceshield:

A. Is not necessary if you

have a windshield.B. Only protects your eyes.

C. Helps protect your whole face.

Answers appear on page 47.

KNOW YOUR MOTORCYCLEThere are plenty of things on the

highway that can cause you trouble.Your motorcycle should not be oneof them. To make sure that yourmotorcycle wont let you down:

Read the owners manual first.

Start with the rightmotorcycle for you.

Be familiar with themotorcycle controls.

Check the motorcyclebefore every ride.

Keep it in safe riding

condition between rides. Avoid add-ons and modificationsthat make your motorcycleharder to handle.

THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLEFOR YOUFirst, make sure your motorcycle isright for you. It should fit you. Your

feet should reach the ground whileyou are seated on the motorcycle.

At minimum, your street-legalmotorcycle should have:

Headlight, taillight and brakelight.

Front and rear brakes.

Turn signals.

Horn.

Two mirrors.

BORROWING AND LENDINGBorrowers and lenders ofmotorcycles, beware. Crashes arefairly common among beginningridersespecially in the first monthsof riding. Riding an unfamiliarmotorcycle adds to the problem.

If you borrow a motorcycle, getfamiliar with it in a controlled area.

And if you lend your motorcycleto friends, make sure they arelicensed and know how to ridebefore allowing them out into traffic.

No matter how experienced youmay be, ride extra carefully on any

motorcycle thats new or unfamiliarto you. More than half of all crashesoccur on motorcycles ridden by theoperator for less than six months.


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Light Switch (high/low)

Choke (varies)

Turn-SignalSwitch

Ignition Key(varies)

Horn Button

Clutch Lever

Speedometer& Odometer

Fuel Supply Valve(if equipped)

Gear-Change Lever

Engine Cut-offSwitch

ElectricStartButton

Throttle

Front Brake Lever

Tachometer(if equipped)

Rear Brake Pedal

Kick Starter(if equipped)

14

Get Familiar With theMotorcycle Controls

Make sure you are completelyfamiliar with the motorcycle beforeyou take it out on the street. Be

sure to review the owners manual.This is particularly importantif you are riding a borrowedmotorcycle. If you are going touse an unfamiliar motorcycle:

Make all the checks you wouldon your own motorcycle.

Find out where everything is,particularly the turn signals, horn,

headlight switch, fuel-controlvalve, and engine cut-off switch.Find and operate these itemswithout having to look for them.

Know the gear pattern. Work thethrottle, clutch, and brakes a fewtimes before you start riding. Allcontrols react a little differently.

Ride very cautiously and beaware of surroundings. Accelerategently, take turns more slowly, andleave extra room for stopping.

Check Your Motorcycle

A motorcycle needs more frequentattention than a car. A minortechnical failure in a car seldomleads to anything more than aninconvenience for the driver.

MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

If somethings wrong with themotorcycle, youll want to find outabout it before you get in traffic.Make a complete check of yourmotorcycle before every ride.


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Before mounting the motorcyclemake the following checks:

Tires: Check the air pressure,general wear and tread.

Fluids: Oil and fluid levels.

At a minimum, check hydraulicfluids and coolants weekly.Look under the motorcyclefor signs of an oil or gas leak.

Headlights and Taillight:Check them both. Test yourswitch to make sure both highand low beams are working.

Turn Signals: Turn on both right

and left turn signals. Make sureall lights are working properly.

Brake Light: Try both brakecontrols, and make sure eachone turns on the brake light.

Once you have mounted themotorcycle, complete the followingchecks before starting out:

Clutch and Throttle: Makesure they work smoothly. Thethrottle should snap backwhen you let go. The clutchshould feel tight and smooth.

Mirrors: Clean and adjust bothmirrors before starting. Itsdifficult to ride with one handwhile you try to adjust a mirror.

Adjust each mirror so you cansee the lane behind and as muchas possible of the lane next toyou. When properly adjusted,a mirror may show the edgeof your arm or shoulder: butits the road behind and to theside thats most important.

Brakes: Try the front andrear brake levers one at a time.Make sure each one feels firmand holds the motorcycle whenthe brake is fully applied.

Horn: Try the horn.Make sure it works.

In addition to the checks you shouldmake before every trip, check thefollowing items at least once a week:wheels, cables, fasteners, andfluid checks. Follow your ownersmanual to get recommendations.

2. Test Yourself

More than half of all crashes:

A. Occur at speeds greaterthan 35 mph.

B. Happen at night.

C. Involve riders who have

ridden their motorcyclesless than six months.


KNOW YOURRESPONSIBILITIES

Accident implies an unforeseen

event that occurs without anyonesfault or negligence. Most oftenin traffic, that is not the case. Infact, most people involved in acrash can usually claim someresponsibility for what takes place.

Consider a situation where someonedecides to try to squeeze throughan intersection on a yellow light

turning red. Your light turns green.You pull into the intersection withoutchecking for possible latecomers.That is all it takes for the two ofyou to tangle. It was the driversresponsibility to stop. And it was yourresponsibility to look before pullingout. Neither of you held up your endof the deal. Just because someoneelse is the first to start the chain ofevents leading to a crash, doesntleave any of us free of responsibility.


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As a rider you cant be sure thatother operators will see you or yieldthe right of way. To lessen yourchances of a crash occurring:

Be visible: wear proper clothing,

use your headlight, ride in the bestlane position to see and be seen. Communicate your intentions:

use the proper signals, brakelight, and lane position.

Maintain an adequate

space cushion: following,being followed, lane sharing,passing and being passed.

Scan your path of travel12 seconds ahead.

Identify and separatemultiple hazards.

Be prepared to act:remain alert and knowhow to carry out propercrash-avoidance skills.

Blame doesnt matter when some-one is injured in a crash. There israrely a single cause of any crash.The ability to ride aware, makecritical decisions, and carry themout separates responsible ridersfrom all the rest. Remember, itis up to you to keep from being

the cause of, or an unpreparedparticipant in, any crash.

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIESThis manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed,or balance. Thats something you can learn only through practice.But control begins with knowing your abilities and riding withinthem, along with knowing and obeying the rules of the road.

Basic Vehicle ControlBody Position

To control a motorcycle well:

Posture: Sit so you can use yourarms to steer the motorcyclerather than to hold yourself up.

Seat: Sit far enough forwardso that arms are slightly bentwhen you hold the handlegrips.Bending your arms permitsyou to press on the handlebarswithout having to stretch.

Hands: Hold the handlegripsfirmly to keep your grip overrough surfaces. Start with yourright wrist flat. This will help youkeep from accidentally using too

much throttle. Also, adjust thehandlebars so your hands areeven with or below your elbows.This permits you to use the propermuscles for precision steering.

Knees: Keep your kneesagainst the gas tank to helpyou keep your balance asthe motorcycle turns.

Feet: Keep your feet firmlyon the footpegs to maintainbalance. Dont drag your feet.If your foot catches on some-thing, you can be injured andit could affect your controlof the motorcycle. Keep yourfeet near the controls so youcan get to them fast if needed.

Also, dont let your toes pointdownwardthey may getcaught between the roadand the footpegs.

HOLDING HANDLEGRIPS

correct

incorrect


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17

Shifting Gears

There is more to shifting gears thansimply getting the motorcycle to pickup speed smoothly. Learning to usethe gears when downshifting, turning,or starting on hills is importantfor safe motorcycle operation.

Shift down through the gearswith the clutch as you slow orstop. Remain in first gear whileyou are stopped so that you canmove out quickly if you need to.

Make certain you are riding slowlyenough when you shift into a lower

gear. If not, the motorcycle willlurch, and the rear wheel may skid.When riding downhill or shiftinginto first gear you may need to usethe brakes to slow enough beforedownshifting safely. Work towardsa smooth, even clutch release,especially when downshifting.

It is best to change gears beforeentering a turn. However, sometimesshifting while in the turn is necessary.If so, remember to do so smoothly.

A sudden change in power to therear wheel can cause a skid.

Braking

Your motorcycle has two brakesone each for the front and rearwheels. Use both of them at thesame time. The front brake ismore powerful and can provide atleast three-quarters of your totalstopping power. The front brake issafe to use if you use it properly.

Remember:

Use both brakesevery time youslow or stop. Using both brakesfor even normal stops will permityou to develop the proper habit or

skill of using both brakes properlyin an emergency. Squeeze thefront brake and press down onthe rear. Grabbing at the frontbrake or jamming down on therear can cause the brakes to lock,resulting in control problems.

If you know the technique, usingboth brakes in a turn is possible,although it should be done verycarefully. When leaning themotorcycle some of the traction isused for cornering. Less tractionis available for stopping. A skidcan occur if you apply too muchbrake. Also, using the frontbrake incorrectly on a slippery

surface may be hazardous.Use caution and squeeze thebrake lever, never grab.

Some motorcycles haveintegrated braking systemsthat link the front and rearbrakes together by applying therear brake pedal. (Consult theowners manual for a detailed

explanation on the operation andeffective use of these systems.)


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Turning

Riders often try to take curvesor turns too fast. When they canthold the turn, they end up crossinginto another lane of traffic or goingoff the road. Or, they overreactand brake too hard, causing askid and loss of control. Approachturns and curves with caution.

Use four steps for better control:

y SLOW

y LOOK

y LEAN

y

ROLLSLOW: Reduce speed beforethe turn by closing the throttle and,if necessary, applying both brakes.

LOOK: Look through the turn towhere you want to go. Turn just yourhead, not your shoulders, and keepyour eyes level with the horizon.

LEAN: To turn, the motorcycle mustlean. To lean the motorcycle, presson the handgrip in the direction ofthe turn. Press leftlean leftgoleft. Press rightlean rightgo right.Higher speeds and/or tighter turnsrequire the motorcycle to lean more.

ROLL: Roll on the throttle throughthe turn to stabilize suspension.Maintain steady speed or accelerategradually through the turn. This willhelp keep the motorcycle stable.

In normal turns, the rider and themotorcycle should lean togetherat the same angle.

3.Test Yourself

When riding, you should:

A. Turn your head and shouldersto look through turns.

B. Keep your knees awayfrom the gas tank.

C. Turn just your head and eyesto look where you are going.


In slow tight turns, counterbalanceby leaning the motorcycle onlyand keeping your body straight.

NORMAL TURNING

SLOW TURNING


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KEEPING YOUR DISTANCEThe best protection you canhave is distancea cushionof spaceall around yourmotorcycle. If someone else makes

a mistake, distance permits you: Time to react.

Space to maneuver.

Position yourself in the portion ofthe lane where you are most likelyto be seen and you can maintain aspace cushion around you. Changeposition as traffic situations change.Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles andother potential problems are onyour left only. Remain in path 1 or 2if hazards are on your right only. Ifvehicles are being operated on bothsides of you, the center of the lane,(path 2), is usually your best option.

The oily strip in the center portionthat collects drippings from cars is

usually no more than two feet wide.Unless the road is wet, the averagecenter strip permits adequatetraction to ride on safely. You canoperate to the left or right of thegrease strip and still be withinthe center portion of the trafficlane. Avoid riding on big buildupsof oil and grease usually found at

busy intersections or toll booths.

Following Another Vehicle

Following too closely is amajor factor in crashes involvingmotorcyclists. In traffic, motorcyclesneed as much distance to stop ascars. A minimum of two secondsfollowing distance is recommended

under ideal driving conditions. Lessthan perfect riding conditions requireincreasing available time and space.

To gauge your following distance:

Pick out a marker, such as apavement marking or lamppost,on or near the road ahead.

When the rear bumper of the

vehicle ahead passes the marker,count off the seconds: one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two.

If you reach the markerbefore you reach two, youare following too closely.

Lane Positions

In some ways the size of themotorcycle can work to youradvantage. Each traffic lane

gives a motorcycle three pathsof travel, as indicated inthe above illustration.

Your lane position should:

Increase your abilityto see and be seen.

Avoid others blind spots.

Avoid surface hazards.

Protect your lane fromother drivers.

Communicate your intentions.

Avoid wind blast fromother vehicles.

Provide an escape route.

Select the appropriate path tomaximize your space cushionand make yourself more easilyseen by others on the road.

In general, there is no singlebest position for riders to beseen and to maintain a spacecushion around the motorcycle.No portion of the lane need beavoidedincluding the center.

LANE POSITIONS


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FOLLOWING

20

A two-second following distanceleaves space to stop or swerve if thedriver ahead stops suddenly. It alsopermits a better view of potholesand other hazards in the road.

A larger cushion of space is neededif your motorcycle will take longerthan normal to stop. If the pavementis slippery, if you cannot see throughthe vehicle ahead or if traffic is heavyand someone may squeeze in front ofyou, open up more following distance.

Keep well behind the vehicle aheadeven when you are stopped. This

will make it easier to get out of theway if someone bears down on youfrom behind. It will also give you acushion of space if the vehicle aheadstarts to back up for some reason.

When behind a car, ride where thedriver can see you in the rearviewmirror. Riding in the center portion of

the lane should put your image in themiddle of the rearview mirrorwherea driver is most likely to see you.

Being Followed

Speeding up to lose someonefollowing too closely only ends upwith someone tailgating you at ahigher speed.

A better way to handle tailgaters isto get them in front of you. Whensomeone is following too closely,change lanes and let them pass.If you cant do this, slow downand open up extra space aheadof you to allow room for both youand the tailgater to stop. This willalso encourage them to pass.

If they dont pass, you will havegiven yourself and the tailgater moretime and space to react in case anemergency does develop ahead.

PASSING ANDBEING PASSEDPassing and being passed by anothervehicle is not much different thanwith a car. However, visibility is morecritical. Be sure other drivers see you,and that you see potential hazards.

PASSING

Riding at the far side of a lanemay permit a driver to see you ina sideview mirror. But rememberthat most drivers dont look at

their sideview mirrors nearly asoften as they check the rearviewmirror. If the traffic situation allows,the center portion of the lane isusually the best place for you tobe seen by the drivers ahead andto prevent lane sharing by others.


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Passing

1. Ride in the left portion of thelane at a safe following distanceto increase your line of sight andmake you more visible. Signaland check for oncoming traffic.Use your mirrors and turn yourhead to look for traffic behind.

2. When safe, move into the leftlane and accelerate. Selecta lane position that doesntcrowd the car you are passingand provides space to avoidhazards in your lane.

3. Ride through the blind spotas quickly as possible.

4. Signal again, and completemirror and headchecks beforereturning to your original laneand then cancel signal.

Being Passed

When you are being passed frombehind or by an oncoming vehicle,stay in the center portion of yourlane. Riding any closer to them couldput you in a hazardous situation.

Avoid being hit by:

The other vehicle:A slightmistake by you or the passingdriver could cause a sideswipe.

Extended mirrors:Some driversforget that their mirrors hangout farther than their fenders.

Objects thrown from windows:Even if the driver knows yourethere, a passenger may not seeyou and might toss something onyou or the road ahead of you.

Blasts of wind from larger

vehicles: They can affect yourcontrol. You have more roomfor error if you are in the middle

portion when hit by this blast thanif you are on either side of the lane.

Do notmove into the portion ofthe lane farthest from the passingvehicle. It might invite the other driverto cut back into your lane too early.

Lane Sharing

Cars and motorcycles need a

full lane to operate safely. Lanesharing is usually prohibited.

Riding between rows of stoppedor moving cars in the same lanecan leave you vulnerable to theunexpected. A hand could come outof a window; a door could open; a carcould turn suddenly. Discourage lanesharing by others. Keep a center-

portion position whenever driversmight be tempted to squeeze by you.Drivers are most tempted to do this:

In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.

When they want to pass you.

When you are preparing toturn at an intersection.

Remember, passes must

be completed within posted

speed limits, and only where

permitted. Know your signs

and road markings!

BEING PASSED


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When you are getting in an exitlane or leaving a highway.

Merging Cars

Drivers on an entrance ramp maynot see you on the highway. Give

them plenty of room. Changeto another lane if one is open.If there is no room for a lanechange, adjust speed to open upspace for the merging driver.

Cars AlongsideDo not ride next to cars or trucksin other lanes if you do not haveto. You might be in the blind spotof a car in the next lane, whichcould switch into your lane withoutwarning. Cars in the next lane alsoblock your escape if you come upondanger in your own lane. Speed

up or drop back to find a placeclear of traffic on both sides.

MERGING

4. Test Yourself

Usually, a good way tohandle tailgaters is to:

A. Change lanes andlet them pass.

B. Use your horn and makeobscene gestures.

C. Speed up to put distancebetween you and the tailgater.


BLIND SPOTS


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SEEGood experienced riders remainaware of what is going on aroundthem. They improve their ridingstrategy by using SEE, a three-step

process used to make appropriatejudgments, and apply them correctlyin different traffic situations:

Search

Evaluate

Execute

Lets examine each of these steps.

Search

Search aggressively ahead, tothe sides and behind by checkingmirrors and blind spots to avoidpotential hazards even before theyarise. How assertively you search,and how much time and spaceyou have, can eliminate or reduceharm. Focus even more on findingpotential escape routes in or around

intersections, shopping areas andschool and construction zones.

Search for factors such as:

Oncoming traffic that mayturn left in front of you.

Traffic coming fromthe left and right.

Traffic approaching from behind.

Hazardous road conditions.

Be especially alert in areas withlimited visibility. Visually busysurroundings could hide you andyour motorcycle from others.

Evaluate

Think about how hazards caninteract to create risks for you.

Anticipate potential problems andhave a plan to reduce risks.

Road and surface

characteristics: Potholes,guard rails, bridges, telephonepoles and trees wont moveinto your path but mayinfluence your riding strategy.

Traffic control devices:Look for traffic signals, includingregulatory signs, warning signs,and pavement markings to helpyou evaluate circumstances ahead.

Vehicles and other traffic:May move into your path andincrease the likelihood of a crash.

Think about our time and spacerequirements in order to maintaina margin of safety. You mustleave yourself time to reactif an emergency arises.

Execute

Carry out your decision.

To create more space and

minimize harm from any hazard:

Communicateyour presencewith lights and/or horn.

Adjust your speedby accel-erating, stopping or slowing.

Adjust your positionand/or direction.

Apply the old adage one step at a

time to handle two or more hazards.Adjust speed to permit two hazardsto separate. Then deal with them oneat a time as single hazards. Decisionmaking becomes more complexwith three or more hazards. Weighthe consequences of each and giveequal distance to the hazards.

In potential high risk areas, suchas intersections, shopping areasand school and construction zones,cover the clutch and both brakes toreduce the time you need to react.


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of-way. Cars that turn left in front ofyou, including cars turning left fromthe lane to your right, and cars onside streets that pull into your lane,are the biggest dangers. Your useof SEE at intersections is critical.

There are no guarantees that otherssee you. Never count on eye contactas a sign that a driver will yield.Too often, a driver looks right at amotorcyclist and still fails to see him.The only eyes that you can count onare your own. If a car can enter yourpath, assume that it will. Good riders

are always looking for troublenotto get into it, but to stay out of it.

Increase your chances of beingseen at intersections. Ride withyour headlight on in a lane positionthat provides the best view ofoncoming traffic. Provide a spacecushion around the motorcycle thatpermits you to take evasive action.

5. Test Yourself

To reduce your reactiontime, you should:

A. Ride slower than

the speed limit.B. Cover the clutch

and the brakes.

C. Shift into neutralwhen slowing.


INTERSECTIONS

The greatest potential for conflictbetween you and other traffic is atintersections. An intersection canbe in the middle of an urban areaor at a driveway on a residentialstreetanywhere traffic may crossyour path of travel. Over one-half ofmotorcycle/car crashes are causedby drivers entering a riders right-

LARGE INTERSECTIONS


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As you approach the intersection,select a lane position to increaseyour visibility to the driver. Coverthe clutch and both brakesto reduce reaction time.

Reduce your speed as you

approach an intersection. Afterentering the intersection, moveaway from vehicles preparing toturn. Do not radically change speedor position. The driver might thinkthat you are preparing to turn.

Blind Intersections

If you approach a blind intersection,

move to the portion of the lane thatwill bring you into another driversfield of vision at the earliest possiblemoment. In this picture, the riderhas moved to the left portion of thelaneaway from the parked carso the driver on the cross streetcan see him as soon as possible.

Remember, the key is to be seen as

soon as possible and remain visibleto others while protecting your space.

If you have a stop sign or stop line,stop there first. Then edge forwardand stop again, just short of where

the cross-traffic lane meets your lane.From that position, lean your bodyforward and look around buildings,parked cars, or bushes to see ifanything is coming. Just make sureyour front wheel stays out of the crosslane of travel while youre looking.

SMALL INTERSECTIONS BLIND INTERSECTIONS

STOP LINE


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Passing Parked Cars

When passing parked cars, staytoward the left of your lane. Youcan avoid problems caused bydoors opening, drivers getting outof cars, or people stepping frombetween cars. If oncoming trafficis present, it is usually best toremain in the center-lane positionto maximize your space cushion.

A bigger problem can occurif the driver pulls away fromthe curb without checking fortraffic behind. Even if he does

look, he may fail to see you.In either event, the driver mightcut into your path. Slow downor change lanes to make roomfor someone cutting in.

Cars making a sudden U-turn arethe most dangerous. They may cutyou off entirely, blocking the whole

roadway and leaving you with noplace to go. Since you cant tell whata driver will do, slow down and getthe drivers attention. Sound yourhorn and continue with caution.

Parking at the Roadside

Park at a 90 angle to the curb withyour rear wheel touching the curb.

6. Test Yourself

Making eye contactwith other drivers:

A. Is a good sign they see you.

B. Is not worth the effort it takes.

C. Doesnt mean that

the driver will yield.Answers appear on page 47.

PARKED CARS

PARKING AT CURBS


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SIGNALING

27

INCREASINGCONSPICUITYIn crashes with motorcyclists, driversoften say that they never saw themotorcycle. From ahead or behind, a

motorcycles outline is much smallerthan a cars. Also, its hard to seesomething you are not looking for,and most drivers are not looking formotorcycles. More likely, they arelooking through the skinny, two-wheeled silhouette in search of carsthat may pose a problem to them.

Even if a driver does see you

coming, you arent necessarilysafe. Smaller vehicles appearfarther away, and seem to betraveling slower than they actuallyare. It is common for drivers topull out in front of motorcyclists,thinking they have plenty oftime. Too often, they are wrong.

However, you can do many thingsto make it easier for others torecognize you and your cycle.

Clothing

Most crashes occur in broaddaylight. Wear bright coloredclothing to increase your chancesof being seen. Remember, your

body is half of the visible surfacearea of the rider/motorcycle unit.

Bright orange, red, yellow or greenjackets or vests are your bestbets for being seen. Your helmetcan do more than protect you ina crash. Brightly colored helmetscan also help others see you.

Any bright color is better thandrab or dark colors. Reflective,bright colored clothing (helmetand jacket or vest) is best.

Reflective material on a vest andon the sides of the helmet will helpdrivers coming from the side spot

you. Reflective material can alsobe a big help for drivers comingtoward you or from behind.

Headlight(s)

The best way to help others

see your motorcycle is to keepthe headlight(s) onat all times(although motorcycles sold in theU.S. since 1978 automatically havethe headlights on when running.)Studies show that, during the day, amotorcycle with its light(s) on is twiceas likely to be noticed. Use of thehigh beam during the day increasesthe likelihood that oncoming driverswill see you. Use low beam at night,in inclement weather and whenmeeting and following other traffic.

Signals

The signals on a motorcycle aresimilar to those on a car. Theytell others what you plan to do.


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However, due to a riders addedvulnerability, signals are even moreimportant. Use them anytime youplan to change lanes or turn. Usethem even when you think noone else is around. Its the caryou dont see thats going to giveyou the most trouble. Your signallights also make you easier tospot. Thats why its a good ideato use your turn signals even whenwhat you plan to do is obvious.

When you enter onto a freeway,drivers approaching from behind

are more likely to see your signalblinking and make room for you.

Turning your signal light on beforeeach turn reduces confusion andfrustration for the traffic aroundyou. Once you turn, make sureyour signal is off or a driver maypull directly into your path, thinkingyou plan to turn again. Use yoursignals at every turn so driverscan react accordingly. Dont makethem guess what you intend to do.

Brake Light(s)

Your motorcycles brake lights is/are usually not as noticeable as thebrake lights on a carparticularly

when your taillight(s) is/are on.(It/They goes/go on with theheadlight(s)). If the situation willpermit, help others notice you byflashing your brake light(s) before youslow down. It is especially importantto flash your brake light(s) before:

You slow more quickly thanothers might expect (turning

off a high-speed highway). You slow where others may

not expect it (in the middleof a block or at an alley).

If you are being followed closely, itsa good idea to flash your brake lightbefore you slow. The tailgater may be

watching you and not see somethingahead that will make you slow down.This will hopefully discourage themfrom tailgating and warn them ofhazards ahead they may not see.

Using Your MirrorsWhile its most important to keeptrack of whats happening ahead,you cant afford to ignore situationsbehind. Traffic conditions changequickly. Knowing whats goingon behind is essential for youto make a safe decision abouthow to handle trouble ahead.

Frequent mirror checks shouldbe part of your normal scanningroutine. Make a special pointof using your mirrors:

When you are stoppedat anintersection. Watch cars comingup from behind. If the driver isntpaying attention, he could be on

top of you before he sees you. Before you change lanes. Make

sure no one is about to pass you.

USING MIRRORS


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Before you slow down. The driverbehind may not expect you to slow,or may be unsure about where youwill slow. For example, you signal aturn and the driver thinks you planto turn at a distant intersection,rather than at a nearer driveway.

Some motorcycles have rounded(convex) mirrors. These provide awider view of the road behind thando flat mirrors. They also makecars seem farther away than theyreally are. If you are not used toconvex mirrors, get familiar with

them.(While you are stopped, pickout a parked car in your mirror.

Form a mental image of how far

away it is. Then, turn around and

look at it to see how close you

came.) Practice with your mirrorsuntil you become a good judge ofdistance. Even then, allow extradistance before you change lanes.

Head Checks

Checking your mirrors is notenough. Motorcycles have blindspots like cars. Before you changelanes, turn your head, and lookto the side for other vehicles.

On a road with several lanes, checkthe far lane and the one next to you.

A driver in the distant lane may headfor the same space you plan to take.

Frequent head checks shouldbe your normal scanning routine,also. Only by knowing what ishappening all around you, areyou fully prepared to deal with it.

Horn

Be ready to use your horn toget someones attention quickly.

It is a good idea to give a quickbeep before passing anyonethat may move into your lane.

Here are some situations:

A driver in the lane next to youis driving too closely to the vehicleahead and may want to pass.

A parked carhas someone

in the drivers seat. Someone is in the street,

riding a bicycle or walking.

In an emergency, press the hornbutton loud and long. Be ready tostop or swerve away from the danger.

Keep in mind that a motorcycleshorn isnt as loud as a cars,

therefore, use it, but dont relyon it. Other strategies may beappropriate along with the horn.

Riding at Night

At night it is harder for you to seeand be seen. Picking your headlightor taillight out of the car lightsaround you is not easy for other

drivers. To compensate, you should: Reduce Your Speed:Ride evenslower than you would during thedayparticularly on roads youdont know well. This will increaseyour chances of avoiding a hazard.

Increase Distance: Distancesare harder to judge at nightthan during the day. Your eyes

rely upon shadows and lightcontrasts to determine how faraway an object is and how fastit is coming. These contrastsare missing or distorted underartificial lights at night. Open upa greater following distance thanduring daylight. And allow moredistance to pass and be passed.

Use the Car Ahead: Theheadlights of the car aheadcan give you a better view ofthe road than even your highbeam can. Taillights bouncingup and down can alert you tobumps or rough pavement.


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REAR

FRONT

BOTH

30

The following informationoffers some good advice.

Quick Stops

To stop quickly, apply both brakesat the same time. Dont be shy about

using the front brake, but dont grabit, either. Squeeze the brake leverfirmly and progressively. If the frontwheel locks, release the front brakeimmediately then reapply it firmly.

At the same time, press down on therear brake. If you accidentally lockthe rear brake on a good tractionsurface, keep it locked until you have

completely stopped. Even with alocked rear wheel, you can controlthe motorcycle on a straightaway if itis upright and going in a straight line.

Use Your High Beam:Get all the light you can. Useyour high beam whenever youare not following or meeting acar. Be visible, wear reflectivematerials when riding at night.

Be flexible about lane position.

Change to whatever portionof the lane is best able to helpyou see, be seen, and keepan adequate space cushion.

7. Test Yourself

Reflective clothing should:A. Be worn at night.

B. Be worn during the day.

C. Be worn day and night.


CRASH AVOIDANCENo matter how careful you are, therewill be times when you find yourselfin a tight spot. Your chances ofgetting out safely depend on yourability to react quickly and properly.Often, a crash occurs becausea rider is not prepared or skilledin crash-avoidance maneuvers.

Know when and how to stop or

swerve, two skills critical to avoidinga crash. It is not always desirableor possible to stop quickly to avoidan obstacle. Riders must also beable to swerve around an obstacle.Determining the skill necessary forthe situation is important as well.

Studies show that mostcrash-involved riders:

Underbrakethe front tireand overbrake the rear.

Did not separate brakingfromswerving or did not chooseswerving when it was appropriate.

Always use both brakes at thesame time to stop. The frontbrake can provide 70% or moreof the potential stopping power.

If you must stop quickly while turningor riding a curve, the best techniqueis to straighten the bike upright firstand then brake. However, it may not

always be possible to straighten themotorcycle and then stop. If youmust brake while leaning, apply lightbrakes and reduce the throttle. Asyou slow, you can reduce your leanangle and apply more brake pressure

STOPPING DISTANCE


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until the motorcycle is straightand maximum brake pressure ispossible. You should straightenthe handlebars in the last few feetof stopping, the motorcycle shouldthen be straight up and in balance.

Swerving or Turning Quickly

Sometimes you may not haveenough room to stop, even if youuse both brakes properly. Anobject might appear suddenly inyour path. Or the car ahead mightsqueal to a stop. The only wayto avoid a crash may be to turnquickly, or swerve around it.

A swerve is any sudden change indirection. It can be two quick turns,or a rapid shift to the side. Apply asmall amount of hand pressure tothe handgrip located on the side ofyour intended direction of escape.This will cause the motorcycle to

lean quickly. The sharper the turn(s),the more the motorcycle must lean.

Keep your body upright and allowthe motorcycle to lean in thedirection of the turn while keepingyour knees against the tank andyour feet solidly on the pegs. Letthe motorcycle move underneathyou. Make your escape route thetarget of your vision. Press on theopposite handgrip once you clearthe obstacle to return to your originaldirection of travel. To swerve to theleft, press the left handgrip, thenpress the right to recover. To swerveto the right, press right, then left.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED,SEPARATE IT FROM SWERVING.

Brake before or afternever while swerving.

Cornering

A primary cause of single-vehiclecrashes is motorcyclists runningwide in a curve or turn and colliding

with the roadway or a fixed object.Every curve is different. Be alertto whether a curve remainsconstant, gradually widens, getstighter, or involves multipleturns. Ride within your skill leveland posted speed limits.

SWERVE, THEN BRAKE

BRAKE, THEN SWERVE


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Your best path may not always followthe curve of the road. Change laneposition depending on traffic, roadconditions and curve of the road. If notraffic is present, start at the outsideof a curve to increase your line ofsight and the effective radius of theturn. As you turn, move toward theinside of the curve, and as you passthe center, move to the outside to exit.

Another alternative is to moveto the center of your lane beforeentering a curveand stay thereuntil you exit. This permits youto spot approaching traffic as soonas possible. You can also adjustfor traffic crowding the center line,or debris blocking part of your lane.

CONSTANT CURVES

WIDENING CURVES

MULTIPLE CURVES

DECREASING CURVES

(Tighter Turns)


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OBSTACLES

8. Test Yourself

The best way to stopquickly is to:

A. Use the front brake only.

B. Throttle down and usethe front brake.

C. Use both brakesat the same time.


HANDLING DANGEROUSSURFACES

Your chance of falling or beinginvolved in a crash increaseswhenever you ride across:

Uneven surfaces or obstacles.

Slippery surfaces.

Railroad tracks.

Grooves and gratings.

Uneven Surfaces

and ObstaclesWatch for uneven surfaces such asbumps, broken pavement, potholes,or small pieces of highway trash.

33

Try to avoid obstacles by slowing orgoing around them. If you must goover the obstacle, first, determine ifit is possible. Approach it at as closeto a 90 angle as possible. Lookwhere you want to go to controlyour path of travel. If you have toride over the obstacle, you should:

Slow down as much aspossible before contact.

Make sure the motorcycleis straight.

Rise slightly off the seat withyour weight on the footpegs

to absorb the shock with yourknees and elbows, and avoidbeing thrown off the motorcycle.

Just before contact, rollon the throttle slightly tolighten the front end.

If you ride over an object on thestreet, pull off the road and checkyour tires and rims for damagebefore riding any farther.


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Slippery Surfaces

Motorcycles handle better whenridden on surfaces that permitgood traction. Surfaces thatprovide poor traction include:

Wet pavement, particularlyjust after it starts to rain andbefore surface oil washesto the side of the road.

Gravel roads, or wheresand and gravel collect.

Mud, snow, and ice.

Lane markings, steel

plates and manhole covers,

especially when wet.

To ride safely on slippery surfaces:

Reduce Speed:Slow downbefore you get to a slipperysurface to lessen your chances ofskidding. Your motorcycle needsmore distance to stop. And, it isparticularly important to reduce

speed before entering wet curves. Avoid Sudden Moves: Any

sudden change in speed ordirection can cause a skid. Beas smooth as possible when youspeed up, shift gears, turn or brake.

Use Both Brakes: The front brakeis still effective, even on a slipperysurface. Squeeze the brake lever

gradually to avoid locking thefront wheel. Remember, gentlepressure on the rear brake.

The center of a lanecan behazardous when wet. Whenit starts to rain, ride in the tiretracks left by cars. Often, theleft tire track will be the best

position, depending on traffic andother road conditions as well.

Watch for oil spotswhen youput your foot down to stop orpark. You may slip and fall.

Dirt and gravelcollect alongthe sides of the road: especiallyon curves and ramps leading to

and from highways. Be awareof whats on the edge of theroad, particularly when makingsharp turns and getting on oroff freeways at high speeds.

Rain dries and snow melts

faster on some sections ofa road than on others. Patchesof ice tend to crop up in low orshaded areas and on bridgesand overpasses. Wet surfacesor wet leaves are just as slippery.Ride in the least slippery portionof the lane and reduce speed.

Cautious riders steer clear ofroads covered with ice or snow.If you cant avoid a slippery surface,keep your motorcycle straight upand proceed as slowly as possible.If you encounter a large surfaceso slippery that you must coast,or travel at a walking pace, considerletting your feet skim along the

surface. If the motorcycle startsto fall, you can catch yourself.Be sure to keep off the brakes.If possible, squeeze the clutch andcoast. Attempting this maneuver atanything other than the slowest ofspeeds could prove hazardous.

Railroad Tracks, Trolley Tracks

and Pavement SeamsUsually it is safer to ride straightwithin your lane to cross tracks.Turning to take tracks head-on(at a 90 angle) can be moredangerousyour path may carryyou into another lane of traffic.

CROSS TRACKS-RIGHT


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Grooves and Gratings

Riding over rain grooves or bridgegratings may cause a motorcycle

to weave. The uneasy, wanderingfeeling is generally not hazardous.Relax, maintain a steady speedand ride straight across. Crossingat an angle forces riders tozigzag to stay in the lane. Thezigzag is far more hazardousthan the wandering feeling.

For track and road seams that runparallel to your course, move farenough away from tracks, ruts, orpavement seams to cross at an angleof at least 45. Then, make a quick,

sharp turn. Edging across could catchyour tires and throw you off balance.

CROSS TRACKSWRONG

PARALLEL TRACKSRIGHT

GRATE CROSSINGSRIGHT

GRATE CROSSINGSWRONG

PARALLEL TRACKSWRONG

9. Test Yourself

When it starts to rainit is usually best to:

A. Ride in the center of the lane.

B. Pull off to the sideuntil the rain stops.

C. Ride in the tiretracks left by cars.


MECHANICAL PROBLEMSYou can find yourself in anemergency the moment somethinggoes wrong with your motorcycle.In dealing with any mechanicalproblem, take into account theroad and traffic conditions you

face. Here are some guidelinesthat can help you handlemechanical problems safely.


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After you have stopped, checkthe throttle cable carefully to findthe source of the trouble. Makecertain the throttle works freelybefore you start to ride again.

WobbleA wobble occurs when the frontwheel and handlebars suddenlystart to shake from side to sideat any speed. Most wobbles canbe traced to improper loading,unsuitable accessories, or incorrecttire pressure. If you are carrying aheavy load, lighten it. If you cant,shift it. Center the weight lower andfarther forward on the motorcycle.Make sure tire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks, and dampers are atthe settings recommended for thatmuch weight. Make sure windshieldsand fairings are mounted properly.

Check for poorly adjusted steering;

worn steering parts; a front wheelthat is bent, misaligned, or out ofbalance; loose wheel bearings orspokes; and swingarm bearings. Ifnone of these are determined tobe the cause, have the motorcyclechecked out thoroughly bya qualified professional.

Trying to accelerate out of awobble will only make themotorcycle more unstable. Instead:

Grip the handlebars firmly,but dont fight the wobble.

Close the throttle graduallyto slow down. Do not applythe brakes; braking couldmake the wobble worse.

Move your weightas farforward and down as possible.

Pull off the roadas soon asyou can to fix the problem.

Tire Failure

You will seldom hear a tire go flat.If

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