ChinaTimeline1 Oct 1949: Mao took over China

June 1950: Agrarian Reform Law: Land of landlords and wealthy farmers was redistributed between millions of peasants

1953-1957: Five year plan was aimed at Soviet style heavy development, but failed

1958: All land was collectivised and farmers were organized into large Peoples Communes

1958-1961: The Great Leap Forward triggered the largest famine in human history, est. 45 million deaths and caused the first negative growth

Timeline1961-1965: Increase in production and import of agricultural inputs

1961-1965: Readjustment and recovery through the Agriculture First policy improved the food situation

1966-1976: Mao called for a cultural revolution to purge China of the four olds: customs, culture, habits and ideas

9 Sept 1976: Mao died and Hua Guofeng took over

1977: Guofeng starts the open door policy which is initially rejected, but later included in the four modernizations

1978-1990: Introduction of pragmatism in Chinas economic and political system promoted market elements

Timeline1978-1979: Deng Xiapong introduced stepwise economic reforms in the Four Modernizations in agriculture, industry, national defence and science and technology

1979: Introduction of the Household Responsibility System in agriculture greatly improved Chinas food situation

1980: Special Economic Zones were established in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen and Hainan

1980-1990: Great improvements of Chinas food security, significant reduction in rural poverty

Timeline1984: 14 coastal cities are completely opened to foreign investment

1986: Deng Xiaping boosts the open door policy to encourage Foreign Direct Investment

1988: Excessive economic growth led to an 18.5% inflation

Dec 1989: Stock markets were opened in Shanghai and Shenzhen

1990-2004: The process of closing state owned enterprises and allowing private businesses was accelerated

1992: Deng Xiaping accelerated market reforms to establish a Socialist Market Economy

Timeline1995: Overheating of the economy caused 17% inflation

1998: The Asian Financial Crisis slowed down the Chinese economy, but it avoided the worst of it

2001: China became a member of the World Trade Organization

2006: CNOOC (A Chinese oil company) bought stakes in Nigerian offshore oil and gas

Nov 2008: The government announced a $586 billion economic stimulus package

Feb 2009: 20 million migrant workers lost jobs in China due to the global economic crisis

TimelineFeb 2009: Chinalco invested $19.5 billion into Rio Tinto (mining company) for metals and minerals

Nov 2009: China became the largest automobile market in the world

Dec 2009: New gas lines between China and Turkmenistan

2011: China overtook Japan as the worlds 2nd largest economy

Rural ChinaHalf of Chinas population lives in rural areas

In the Southern and coastal rural areas, towns and villages are becoming more developed

Of all rural towns, 85% had improved water sources in 2010

In many places, houses are being knocked down and replaced with new cities (White Horse Village)

The Household Responsibility System gave farmers more responsibility over their land

Rural ChinaSince 1978, the national poverty line dropped from 20 million to 14 million

Since 1984, the Rural Household Survey collected data to deliver aid to where it was needed most

Rural population: 737,403,030

Birth Rate: 12.1

Death Rate: 7.1

Number of rural poor: 18,435,075

School enrollment: 111.1 per 1000

Literacy rate: 94 per 1000

Doctors: 1.4 per 1000

HIV rate: 0.1 per 1000

Rural Urban inequalities IncomeChinas income inequality is ranked 52nd in the world

The Rural-Urban gap reached its highest in 30 years in 2009

City residents earn 3.33 times as much as farmers

Urban per capita net income was 17,175 yuan ($2,525) last year while rural is 5,153 yuan ($829)

Urban income growth is twice rural

The main cause of the widening gap is the low prices paid for agricultural goods

The loss of income due to the global financial crisis contributed

Rural Urban inequalities SocialFarmers are offered the compensation that urban residents would receive for accidents

A family in Gangsu accepted $29,000 for the death of a son due to tainted milk, an urban family wouldnt accept that

The Houko Registration System discriminates against rural migrants

Lack of social security for ageing population in rural areas 3.8% receive access, compared to 60% in urban areas

Rural Urban inequalities EconomicSpecial Economic Zones only benefit urban areas and is disproportionate in comparison to rural areas

The One Child Policy reduced the working population of rural areas, decreased agricultural productivity and reduced rural living standards further

16% of the rural population will be over 60 in 2020 which will cause further problems for the rural economy

Rural Urban inequalities EducationPrimary education in rural areas have been marginalised due to more attention placed on urban

Due to lack of public funding, parents of children who cannot pay have to pull their child out of education

1.1 million rural children were unable to attend school

Urban youth are 3 times more likely to attend college and university than rural youth

The proportion of rural students dropped from 20.8% in 1998 to 17.6% in 2000

There is a two track system tertiary career based education for urban residents and labour for rural residents

Social Welfare EducationThe Chinese see education as a pathway to success

All citizens must go to school for 9 years from age 6

Many families dont have connections to put their children through university

Literacy jumped from 20% to 91% between 1949-2012, but this still leaves 85 million illiterate Chinese

Adult literacy rate: Male 95.1%, Female 86.5%

Communists reduced illiteracy by simplifying characters

In May 2010, 6 million students graduated university

Social Welfare TransportBridges and tunnels were built along the Yangtze

The G50 expressway covers 1200 miles between Changqing and Shanghai

China has 53,000 miles of expressways

6 of the top 10 shipping ports are in China

China has 46,235 miles of train track

In 2010, there were 60 subway projects in 20 cities

There are half a billion bicycles 1 per household

$300 billion high speed trai

ns are the heart of Chinas Leapfrog development

Social Welfare HealthA $68 billion project will take water from South China to the drier North

Life Expectancy: Male 71.1, Female 74.8

Infant mortality: 22 per 1000

Newborns with defects are rising, supposedly due to women giving birth later and environmental factors

Obesity is a growing problem, with 120 million

The domestic Chinese medicine market is valued at more than $1 billion

Urban China ShanghaiPopulation: 23 million

75 million in the whole region

Receives 50% of all Foreign Direct Investment to China

Produces of Chinas GNP

1/3 of import and trade

1% of Chinas total land area

Urban China Shanghai IssuesPeople and Space

-Housing shortages, overcrowding, 50% of population occupies 5% of land, of 1.3 million households 50% had substandard living conditionsTransport issues

-Low capacity road system, 9 million bikes, 1 million cars, 400% increase between 1990-2000Flood Hazard

-4m above sea level, sank 2.6m between 1921-1965, monsoons, tropical cyclones, rising sea levels

Urban China Shanghai IssuesSocio-economic problems

-Growing income gap, average income 2,900 but ex-rural income 1/5 thatProblems with the Brown Agenda

-Less than 60% of waste water and 40% of sewage water are dealt with, Shanghai has the highest cancer mortality rate(*Urban China BeijingPopulation: 19.6 million

Alpha and global city

Been Chinas urban centre for 3,000 years

Capital city for 850 years

Has the largest public square in the world (Tiananmen)

Urban China Beijing Economic

-166 foreign embassies for trade-2008 Beijing Olympics-GDP: $146 billion, $8000 per capita-73% of buildings are in the service industry-Peoples Bank of China HQ is in Beijing-2009 tourism revenue was 236 billion yuan-2006: 33% of the worlds technology was exported from Beijings Silicone Valley-10 construction projects in 2009 provided infrastructure and jobsUrban China BeijingSocial issues

-Air pollution-Non-emission standard cars were banned-2010: 500 electronic taxis were introduced-Population were educated on recycling to combat the 18,400 tonnes of domestic waste a day-Bad health implications-70 establishments of higher education e.g. Peking-Good transport links: 9 expressways, 11 highways-56 million passengers through Beijing airport in 2009

Urban China Urban SprawlEconomic

-Lead to rural structures being economically and socially imbalanced, urban areas are expensive to live in, had led to rural:urban income gap of 1:6Social

-People move to cities for work, reduces quality of life of cheap labourers, people have to move back to rural areas as prices rise, uncontrolled construction of informal housing and illegal migrants, high levels of suicideUrban China Urban SprawlEnvironmental

-Depleting resources quickly, high levels of pollution from the rapid development has lead to China not being self reliant on food as the soil is not nutritious enough to grow crops, pollution will lead to 40% soil erosion in 35 years

Urban Sprawl Case Study ShanghaiPopulation is recorded at 13 million, but more likely 18-20

Highest amount of cranes ever recorded in one city

Different rules for residents and migrants

Education rates are poor as migrants leave children

The government had to create satellite towns

Parks are expensive to develop e.g. Xujihui

It must keep some traditions as such a historic town

Developing can decrease historic value

Urban Sprawl Case Study ShenzhenSmall border town next to Hong Kong

Huge urban area of almost 10 million people

Village of 30,000 grew by 325 times

70% of the town are migrants

Between 1979-1996 sprawl reached 645sq km

Current population is 8.62 million but only 2.12 million are permanent residents

Urban Sprawl Case Study ShenzhenEconomic impacts

Slowly running out of land

Urban villages and slums popped up overnight

Rising household incomes

Transportation improvements

Good for short term economic growth

Destroys cultural and historical sites

Increased cost for communities and taxpayers

Cultivated land has fallen below 120 hectare limit

Urban Sprawl Case Study ShenzhenSocial impacts

Rural workers quality of life is appaling, treated as 2nd class citizens

Keeps the population density low 2001-2005 reduced 0.06%

Reduces risk of disaster wiping out the whole city

Reduces traffic congestion

Ruins farmland which is currently of high demand

Visual clutter may cause elevated blood pressure, increased muscle tension and impacts on mood

Housing Reform in Urban ChinaAimed to change housing from a welfare provision to a market orientated industry

By 1999, 66% of urban residents owned their own home

Average living space rose from 7.1sq m in 1990 to 30 sq m in 2005

Expenditure on housing rose from 8.41 yuan in 1978 to 277.2 yuan in 1992

In 1994 18% of housing was privatised

The lack of public housing has led to them being illegally rented on the black market

Housing Reform in Urban China IssuesIncrease in public sector housing

Insufficient housing for increasing number of refugees

Lack of affordable housing

Commercial builders have too many unaffordable luxury houses

Housing reform still includes housing allocation through work units

Some people see no incentive to buy houses when the mortgage is greater than subsidies

Social Welfare in Urban ChinaBy 2009 there were 42,057 social welfare service institutions in China

Childcare, education, job placement, housing, subsistence, health care and elder care will largely be the responsibility of the work unit

The Five Insurances cover pension, medical, work-related injury, unemployment and maternity

Access to welfare, health and education is better for those with permanent Hokou status in urban areas

The vast majority of migrants are not available for urban residency so cannot claim on the welfare system either

Pollution in ChinaThe majority of airborne pollution comes from burning coal to produce energy and another coal-powered plant is opened every 7-10 days

Domestically, people use coal-burning stoves in their homes

China has developed a booming middle class who demand cars and other carbon-intensive luxuries

Solid waste pollution is regularly dumped in the Yangtze river and 3 gorges dam area (approx. 16 million tonnes annually)

Discharge of sewage and industrial waste has reached 25 billion tonnes annually

Pollution in China Social Issues750,000 people die prematurely annually from air pollution related respiratory illness

Preventable infectious diseases are increased by water pollution

Chronic degenerative related diseases are often linked to air pollution

In 2006, 32.8 million people had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

300 million people use contaminated water daily and 190 million people suffer annually because of this

Pollution in China Economic IssuesIt is estimated to cost 3.5-8% of the Gross Domestic Product

By 2020, China will be paying $390 billion to treat diseases cause by pollution

Management schemes require vast amounts of money to initiate and maintain

The Three Gorges Environmental Protection Plan started in 2002 aiming to build waste water treatment plants within SEPAs 10 year plan, but cost $4.8 million

Pollution in China Environmental IssuesChina emits more SO2 than any other country, causing acid rain on more than 1/3 of the nation

PM10s are rapidly increasing, dust storms regularly cover 1/8 of the country due to soil erosion

Another coal-powered power plant is opened every 7-10 days

1/3 of all rivers, 75% of major lakes and 25% of coastal rivers are now classed as highly polluted

Excess chemicals can cause Harmful Algal Blooms, which remove oxygen from water and effects the whole coastal ecosystem, including human consumption and health, food supplies and recreation

Eco-cities DongtanSocial sustainibility- First stage was due for completion in 2010 and would allowed for 25,000 residents which will be 80,000 by 2020 and 500,000 by 2030-Food will be sourced locally, encouraging fishermen in local wetlands-Housing density of 75 people per hectare, lower than other Chinese cities-The high promotion of walking and cycling also promotes fitness

Eco-cities DongtanEconomic sustainibility- 51,000 jobs generated- Big tourist attraction generates revenue-New infrastructure and projects generate even more jobs-An expressway connecting Dongtan to Shanghai helps commuters work in the city

Eco-cities DongtanEnvironmental sustainibility-Network of cycling and footpaths to cut vehicle emissions-Solar powered water taxis on canals and buses running on hydrogen cells emit no harmful emissions-Power from wind turbines, photovoltiac cells and biofuel from domestic and agricultural waste -Only the Dongtan district of Chongming island has been developed, wetlands and other conversational areas have been separated

Eco-cities ChengduSocial sustainibility-Houses were poor quality in the 1950s but more emphasis is being put on making affordable accomadation for all-New up market development in Jinguan New City provides 2,000 apartments-Ring road built in 2001 reduces congestion-Cycle lanes encourage cycling and reduce traffic- Metro and railway planned, bus and coach stations already in place

Eco-cities ChengduEconomic sustainibility-Previously had many SOE's but the competitive market put them out of business, bring employment to 13% on the East side-Poverty rose due to welfare-New industrial zones expanding provide more jobs -Unskilled rural workers are gaining skills while doing building jobs-SOEs are being sold of for more competitive biotech

Eco-cities ChengduEnvironmental sustainibility

- Fu Nan environmental rehabilitation project -1000 polluting industries were moved away from the river Min-14 km river dykes were built to protect from flooding-25 hectares of green space created-26 km sewage taken to treatment plant- 2006 project was completed to supply the city with clean tapwaterGlobalisation Impacts on ChinaCitiesMajor cities have embraced Western culture, brands such as Marriott hotels are emerging and the Chinese are buying Western ideas and products

Countryside

The rural areas are very isolated from development and don't accept Western culture. They are exploited for cheap labour and 6,037 houses were demolished to make way for the 2008 Beijing Olympic village.

MusicNew styles such as Hip Hop and R&B are emerging, as well as the use of some English words as lyrics.

Globalisation Impacts on ChinaGovernment

Only some parts of Western culture have been welcomed, with the internet becoming more accessible, but still restricted by guidelines with Google and Yahoo, as well as over 2,600 sites blocked, including Facebook, Youtube and Twitter.FoodMore Western food is popping up in major towns and cities, with 20% of the world's KFC outlets located in China. 97% of the population eat fast food, with 41% doing so on a weekly basis, but obesity has doubled from 3.5% to 7% between 1992 and 2002

China's relationship with AfricaTrade between China and Africa increased by 700% during the 1990s

As of August 2007, it is estimated that there are more than 750,000 Chinese nationals working in different African countries

There are an estimated 800 Chinese corporations doing business in Africa

One-third of China'soilsupplies comes from the African continent, mainly fromAngola

In Nigeria and Angola, oil and gas exploration and production deals reached more than $2 billion.

China's relationship with AfricaIn 1980, the total Sino-African trade volume was US$1 billion. In 1999, it was US$6.5 billionand in 2000, US$10 billion

During the year 2011, trade between Africa and China increased a staggering 33% from the previous year to US $166 billion

Places dubbed 'Little Africa' and 'Chocolate city' are increasingly receiving new immigrants, mostly Nigerians.

Most of the African immigrants are concentrated in the area of Guangzhouwith an estimated number of 20,000.It is estimated that there are around 10,000 illegal African immigrants

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