Made By:Made By:YASH SHAHYASH SHAH

yash6595@yahoo.com120110116038120110116038

Outline of the presentation

Background: Facts about India Women in Modern Times

EducationEmploymentEmpowerment

Famous Faces Indian Women Action Conclusion

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

“Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women and girls, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life”.

Violence against women and Violence against women and girls is on the increase.girls is on the increase.

More violent forms, such as More violent forms, such as femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders, femicide, acid attacks, ritual rapes and murders, gang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced early gang rapes, abductions, defilement and forced early

marriages, marriages, Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war, Military sexual slavery, rape as a weapon of war,

trafficking in women and girls and trafficking in women and girls and ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.ill-treatment of widows have become more widespread.

WOMEN IN MORDEN TIMES

EducationGender gaps in higher education

○ About 1 percent of total women population has college education

○ Women account for a third of the students at college/university level

○ In engineering and business, the proportion of female students is much smaller

○ In education, nearly half of the students are women

Barriers to Female EducationPoverty: one-fourth of India’s population

lives below the poverty line (2002)Social values and parental preferencesInadequate school facilitiesShortage of female teachers: 29 percent at

the primary level and 22 percent at the university level (1993)

Gender bias in curriculum

EmploymentDifficult to get an overall picture of employment

among women ○ Most women work in the informal sector

Women accounted for only 23 percent of the total workers in the formal sector in 1991

The number of female workers has increased faster than the number of male workers

Female unemployment rates are similar to male unemployment rates

Barriers to Female Employment

Cultural Restrictions○ Hierarchical society (caste system)○ Purdah system: the veiling and seclusion of women

Discrimination at Workplace○ More prevalent in fields where male competition is high○ Less prevalent in fields where competition is low

Lack of employment opportunities

Empowerment Social Empowerment

Education ○ There is no direct relationship between education

and work force participation; but may affect their participation in household decision making

Economic Independence: ○ Economic independence does not imply significant

improvement in social standing ○ Culture and tradition play an important role○ A small fraction has opened up towards Western

values

Economic Empowerment

Property Rights○ Patriarchal society

Economic Decision Making○ In the household○ In businesses

Political Empowerment

Representation in democratic institutionsGovernment reservations policy for women: the constitutional

amendment of 1990s

Famous Faces

Indira Gandhi Mother Teresa Mira Nair Kalpana Chawla Gurinder Chadha Arundhati Roy Jhumpa Lahiri Aishwarya Rai Sushmita Sen

Holistic approach to Empowerment

Health& Nut.

Education

Water & San.

Skills

Technology Credit

PoliticalParticipation

Marketing

Asset base

Action Areas Women availing servicesavailing services of public utilities

like road transport, power, water and sanitation, telecommunication etc.

Training Training of women as highly skilled workers- top end skills

Research/TechnologyResearch/Technology for women Women in the work force Asset ownershipAsset ownership by women Women as EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs

Implementation of Laws likeEqual remunerationMinimum Wages Factories Act

Infrastructure for women likeWater and sanitation at workplaceCrechesWorking Women HostelsTransport servicesSecurity

To Conclude “It is more important to create a general

awareness’ and understanding of the problems of women’s employment in all the top policy and decision making and executive personnel. There is also the special problem facing women like the preference for male children for social and cultural reasons. This will require awareness, understanding and action. The best way to do so is to educate the children, orient the teachers, examine the text books and teaching-aids and ensure that the next generation grows up with new thinking.”

Thank YouThank You