women‘s rights in the context of islam. structure 1.islamic feminism 1.1. historical context: iran...
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Women‘s Rights in the context of Islam
Structure
1.Islamic Feminism
1.1. Historical Context: Iran 1.2. „Definition of Feminism“ 1.3. Debate on Islamic Feminism 1.4. Outlook
2. The Rhetoric of „Salvation“ 2.1. Historical Context: Afghanistan 2.2. Debate on „Salvation“
Historical Context: IRAN January 1979 : Islamic Revolution
• April 1979: Islamic Republic – Ayatollah Khomeini
• Islamic Law
• Abolishing of Family Protection Law from 1967
Islamic Family Law
• diminishing of legal status and social position of women
• 1980s: Islamic modernization
• September 1980: War with Iraq
• 1990s: increase of women in government
• 1996: 38% women as civil servants
• late 1990s: Reform Movement
Education •literacy of women:
29% in 1976
87% in 2005
• 1998: first time more women in
universities
• 2012: 60% women in
universities
• female doctor‘s increase 269%
Shirin Ebadi• 2012: exclusion from 77
university degree courses in
36 state universities
• to stop women‘s
progresses, return them to
private domain
What is feminism for you? The advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
(Oxford Dictionary)
Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism.
(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
The belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state.
(Cambridge Dictionary)
What is feminism for you? The advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
(Oxford Dictionary)
Feminism is both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks justice for women and the end of sexism in all forms. However, there are many different kinds of feminism.
(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
The belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power, and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state.
(Cambridge Dictionary)
FEMINISM - ZIBA MIR-HOSSEINI
„For me feminism is both, a consciousness that women suffer discrimination at home, at work, in society and in life because of their gender, as well as an action to do something about this. So it is a striving for justice and equality for women in a just world; it is a frame of mind and a way of life, a kind of path that can be followed by everyone.“
WHAT IS ISLAMIC FEMINISM?
Demands● Gender equality and
justice● Women equal to males● Seperating religion from
patriarchy● Rejecting orthodox
views of complementary rights
● Hugely varied
Method● Rereading and
Reinterpretation– return to the Qu'ran
● Expose patriarchy as no natural part of Islam
● Distinction fiqh and Sharia
http://www.islamandfeminism.org/myriam-franccedilois-cerrah.html
THE DEBATE – ACADEMIC DISCOURSE
Najmabadi, Mir-Hosseini
Exploring possibilities that exist within Islam concerning women‘s interests
Haideh Moghissi, Sharzad Mojab, Hammed Shahidian
Against the possibility that activists in Isamic framework should be described as „Islamic feminists“
Defendors Opponents
DEFENDORS - ARGUMENTS● Making visible the question of women● Rereading → improvement, modernization● Dialogue ● New discourses on gender● Repression → resistence and empowerment● Reform possible● Re-negotiation● Public debate, discussion
OPPONENTS - ARGUMENTS● Oxymoron● Not a matter of choice● Exaggeration of gains● Reforms at best very limited● Strengthening legitimacy of Islamic system● Illusory● No reform possible
TENSIONS AND CONFLICTS
● Political Islam● Islamic traditionalism● Secular fundamentalism● Western critique of Islam● Fellow Western feminists
AND NOW?
● substantive equality● justice and equality are contested and
relative concepts● global women's movement● re-definition of feminism● Emphasis on practice on action, not on
ideology● feminism should not be an exclusive club,
the ideas should be accessible to everyone
História dos direitos das mulheres no Afeganistão1919-1929 Reino de Khan: expansão dos direitos das mulheres (liberdade em espaços públicos, menor controle pela família, educação, desvelamento, abolimento do casamento forçado e redução da poligamia)
08 de novembro de 1959 Fim do velamento imposto pelo Estado
1964 Nova Constituição democracia moderna: igualdade de direitos e as mulheres podem partecipar na política
1977 "Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan“
1978 Partido Democrático reformas sociais: a separação da religião do governo, a proibição da burca, o aumento da idade mínima para o casamento, educação, trabalho
1996 Os talibãs ao poder:as mulheres devem velar-se plenamente, não podem sair de casa, difícil assistência médica, batimentos, prostituição e escravidão
2001 Intervenção americana para "salvar“ as mulheres
2004 Nova Constituição direitos iguais, as mulheres podem votar.
2009 Governo Karzai "código de conduta"
Human rights Watch 2014 Proteção frágil para mulheres e meninas:
-parentes de acusado não podem testemunhas em processos penais
-não foi abolida a acusação das mulheres para os crimes morais
-série de ataques e assassinatos
-muitos casos de violência - ainda negada a educação, mas melhor acesso aos cuidados médicos e uma assistência médica qualificada
“Do Muslim Women Need Saving?” Lila Abu-Lughod
Explicações culturais para dividir o mundo:
"homens brancos salvam mulheres marrons de homens marrons“(Feminismo Colonial)
Laura Bush: http://solstice.ischool.utexas.edu/projects/index.php/Afghanistan
Cultura como motivo de ataques políticos
Discurso de Laura Bush para justificar a "Guerra ao Terrorismo" no Afeganistão
“mulheres afegãs que estarem regozijantes por sua liberação pelos americanos”
Política do véu
Contra a interpretação reducionista do véu como sinal da falta de liberdade das mulheres
Símbolo de respeitabilidade e modéstia
Reconhecer e respeitar as diferenças
A liberdade total não é possível em qualquer comunidade social
Para além da retórica da salvaçãoSenso de superioridade dos ocidentais
Os movimentos islâmicos surgiram em um mundo moldado pelo intenso engajamento das potências ocidentais na vida do Médio Oriente.
O trabalho missionário eo feminismo colonial pertencem ao passado.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYAM7gMEd1g(Lila Abu- Lughod)
"Salvando as mulheres muçulmanas: feminismo, política dos Estados Unidos e a guerra contra o terrorismo" Janine Rich
Justificação ao colonialismo europeu:erradicar culturas colonizadaspara "salvar" as mulheres
Intervenções americanas pioraram a situação dos direitos das mulheres
Manipulação e simplificação dos fatos e omissão intencional da profunda culpa dos Estados Unidos
“Feminism is local, and has many colors, and isn’t always called ‘feminism’ because ‘feminism’ is owned and run by White women who bring White men in fighter planes” Shabana Mir
Discussion Question
Do you think the West should intervene in Islam‘s women discourses?
Which role should the West take in this debate?
Texts:
http://www.countercurrents.org/gen-badran100206.htm
http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/womens-rights.html
http://www.zeit.de/2015/13/gleichberechtigung-frauen-iran/seite-3
http://ajammc.com/2012/08/22/no-iran-didnt-just-ban-women-from-universities-2/
http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2012-08/frauenrechte-iran-shirin-ebadi
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php
http://www.islamandfeminism.org/-start-exploring.html
http://www.countercurrents.org/sikand070210.htm
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/9487761/Anger-as-Iran-bans-women-from-universities.html
Pictures:
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rraham/khomeini.jpg
http://niemanreports.org/articles/iranian-journalist-a-job-with-few-options/
https://woodturtle.wordpress.com/2010/11/18/gender-jihad/
http://ajammc.com/2012/08/22/no-iran-didnt-just-ban-women-from-universities-2/
http://missionfreeiran.org/2010/12/19/dec-9-2010-npc/
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8934132/Afghanistans-women-languishing-in-prisons-10-years-after-fall-of-Taliban.html
Obrigada pela vossa atenção