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Woodinhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist) Zoological Institute RAS, St Petersburg LAMMI FINLAND August 2016 RESEARCH SUPPORT: GRANT 141400621 OF THE RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION

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Page 1: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Wood‐inhabiting nematodesQuick Start lecture for beginners 

Alexander RYSSDSc, Principal Researcher 

(Nematologist)Zoological Institute RAS, St Petersburg

LAMMI ‐ FINLANDAugust 2016

RESEARCH SUPPORT:  GRANT 14‐14‐00621 OF THE RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Page 2: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

NEMATODES ARE WORM‐LIKE ORGANISMS INHABITING POROUS SUBSTRATESThey move wave‐like in WATER FILM, but on LATERAL body surface  (in horizontal plane)

Ryss, 2016

Air bubble 

Soil particle

Soil particle

Air bubble  Air bubble 

Upper view Horizontal view

Picture: Ryss, 2016

Page 3: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• The body is highly

flexible because of

ANNULATED

SURFACE

CUTICLE,

facilitated by the

flexible LATERAL

CHORDS of

HYPODERMIS

From

 Bird

 & Bird

, 1991

Lat. CordLat. Cord

Surface cuticle

Support of undulation: body inner pressure 2.5‐3 atm + lateral chords;    muscles only longitudinal

Page 4: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Waves of antidromic contracions of logitudinal muscles

Sensory organs on the flexible lat. chords

Page 5: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• Nematodes are the most popular highest animals for the molecular and genetics’ studies

Page 6: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nobel prize 2002For the studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans resulting in a discovery of the genes responsible for regulation of the organs’ development and apoptosis (programmed cells’ death) 

Photos: W

ikiped

ia

Page 7: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nobel Prize 2006RNA‐interference in nematodes

Nobel Prize 2006Physiology & MedicineRNA‐interference (RNA‐i), NematodeCaenorhabditis elegans

Andrew Fire (Stanford Uni.)  and Craig Mello (Harvard Uni.), both‐ USA 

Photo: Wikipedia

Page 8: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

RNA‐interference (RNA‐i)

SmallInterfering RNA

P‐body  (micro‐organelle)

Wikipedia, 2013

Length of double‐stranded RNA: 20‐25 nucleotides with most often seq order (=mRNA picklocks)

Page 9: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Position of Phylum Nematoda among ANIMALIA

Telfo

rd et a

l., 2008

Page 10: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• Nematodes inhabit bottom grounds of water reservoirs, soil, dead organic materials, decaying wood

Page 11: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

In decaying organic substratum 

Photo: Ryss, 2016

Page 12: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Parasites of animals

Nematodes fam Filariidae (Dirofilariain the heart of the dog

(MetaPatho

gen.com/Diro

filaria im

mitis, 2012)

Page 13: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

(MetaPatho

gen.com/Diro

filaria im

mitis, 2012)

Page 14: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Entomopathogenic bacteria of the family SteinernematidaeNematodes glow because of the bacterial symbions with fluorescent siderophoresblocking  biodegradation processes in a dead insect host

Life cycle

Steinernem

a feltiae/

Heteroha

bditis 

bacterioph

ora

Images: Wikipedia

Page 15: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Images: www.zin.ru

Page 16: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nematodes ‐ parasites of plants

Rising of the nematode infective juveniles in water film upstairs to buds and leaves, in the night

Image: A.Ryss, 2008

Page 17: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Bacteria  pseudomonads (Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Ralstonia) and . Enterobacteriaceae.

vessel

nematodes

Page 18: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

•Stress resistance: •dormant stages and 

survival

Page 19: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

SURVIVAL TYPES

• Most remarkable feature of nematodes: their ability to survive the extremal conditions, (dryness, frууянтп

• QUIESCENCE (ОЦЕПЕНЕНИЕ) – a response to rapid change of environment, e.g. sudden freezing

• DIAPAUSE (life cycle obligatory dormancy as a response to specific stimuli), e.g. a cyst stage of cyst‐forming nematode

• DAUER– a reserve alternative transmissive stage or generation in a life‐cycle as a response to specific stimuli from a host

Page 20: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

SURVIVAL TYPES

• MOST REMARKABLE FEATURE OF NEMATODES: THEIR ABILITY TO SURVIVE IN THE EXTREMAL CONDITIONS, (DRYNESS, FREEZING, RADIATION)

• QUIESCENCE (ОЦЕПЕНЕНИЕ) – a response to rapid change of environment, e.g. sudden freezing

• DIAPAUSE (life cycle obligatory dormancy as a response to specific stimuli), e.g. a cyst stage of cyst‐forming nematode

• DAUER– a reserve alternative transmissive stage or generation in a life‐cycle as a response to specific stimuli from a host

Page 21: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Time series micrograph of uncoiling nematode. 

Treonis A M , and Wall D H Integr. Comp. Biol. 2005;45:741‐750

The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology

A reverse from coiling quiescence  (А) to active moving stage (С)? “uncoiling response”

Quiescence is reversible!  After watering nematodes wake up to active moving

Page 22: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

DIAPAUSE in cyst forming potato nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis)Cyst is the mature dead female with 150‐200 eggs inside; each egg contain an alive infective juvenile

Turner & Subbotin, 2013

Page 23: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

JJ –juvenilesT – DAUERS =transmissiveJuveniles: Passive , non‐feeding

Life cycle without insect vector Life cycle with insect vectoring DAUERS (T)Ryss, 2009

JJ –juvenilesR – resistant (DIAPAUSE) juveniles

DAUERS  (T) IN LIFE CYCLES OF WOOD NEMATODES WITH INSECT VECTOR (BURSAPHELENCHUS)

Page 24: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

DAUERS in the life cycle of Bursaphelenchus, transmission 

DAUERS

Page 25: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• DORMANCY ‐ retardation of metabolism (anhydrobiosis)• CRYPTOBIOSIS – complete stop (cryobiosis)

• DORMANCY: examples we have seen before (diapause, dauers, quiescence)

• CRYPTOBIOSIS: when we take the ground from permafrost in Antarctica or North Siberia (Arctic) nematodes wake up and alive, after 10000 to 40000 years in cryptobiotic conditions. 

Page 26: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• DIAPAUSE enzyme ‐protector

• TREHALOSE disacharide , a product of glycogen degradation; it facilitate to protect DNA  and cell membranes at 1–5% of ‘bound water’

Image from Wikipedia

Page 27: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Trophic groups

• Bacteriotrophic• Mycotrophic • Plant parasites• Predators• Parasites of animals (insects and vertebrates)

• Different trophism = >> Different structure of stoma!! 

Page 28: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Stoma ofBACTERIOTROPHICNEMATODE: : funnel‐like, withbiting cuticular lips(photo)

Scale 10 µm

Photo: A.Ryss, 2015

Page 29: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

BACTERIOTROPHIC, with tubular stoma and a crone of sticky lip appendages 

Photo: A.Ryss, 2015

Page 30: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Mycotrophic nematode

Scale 10 µm

Weak needle (stylet) to penetrate Mycelium surface

Photo: A.Ryss, 2015

Page 31: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

PLANT‐PARASITIC NEMATODE WITH STRONG STYLETRyss, 2003

Page 32: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Predatory nematode: ♂Oncholaimus viridis (Bastian, 1865)

Photo: A.Ryss, 2015

Page 33: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

PIERCING PREDATORY NEMATODES (OMNIVORES) with a wide spear: Left adult, rightjuvenile, spear substitution in molt. Scale 10 µm

Photo: A.Ryss, 2015

Page 34: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Bulb (pump) in pharynx of stylet‐bearing nematodes: mycotrophic & 

plant parasites

Bulb (pump) facilitate a) the gland secretion output and b) the following suction of dissolved host cell content

bulbgland

Photo: A.Ryss, 2015

Page 35: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

GLAND  ENZYMES (cellulases, hemicellulases, ligninases of PLANT PARASITES (Meloidogyne )  are controlled by genes  inherited from ancestral bacteria (during  LGT< lateral gene transfer)(Whiteman, Gloss, 2010; Danchin et al., 2010; Vieira et al., 2011 ).

Page 36: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• NEMATODE ASSOCIATIONS AND SYMBIOSIS

Page 37: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Mycotrophic nematodes – a part of multi‐pathogens’ association

Historically, nematodes, bacteria & fungi are partners in processes of bio‐utilization, i.e. they are actors of the DETRITUS FOOD CHAIN(From Ryss, 2009)

Page 38: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

• NEMATODE ROLE IN THE DEAD ORGANIC DECOMPOSITION. 

• AN INCLUSION OF THE INSECT VECTORS IN THE NEMATODE LIFE CYCLE. 

Page 39: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Life Cycles of Mycotrophic Nematodes: 3 hosts, 2 generation types 

Ryss, 2009

JJ –juvenilesR – resistant stagesT –DAUERS(=transmissiveJuveniles)

III Beetle Vector of dauer juveniles

Host plantHost Plant

Host plantHost Fungus

II: TRANSMISSIVE GENERATION

I: PROPAGATIVEGENERATIONS

Page 40: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Life cycle of the Pine Wilt causative agent = PineWoodnematode of the genus Bursaphelenchus

Host plantInfection of pupaHost plant

DAUERS (DJ) = transmissive juveniles

Host plantVector to Healthy Plant

Host AdultplantAdult

Host Adultplant40 µm

Ryss, 2007

Page 41: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Ryss , 2009

Page 42: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Insertionof dauersJ4D  atvectoroviposition

Ryss, 2009

Upper Left photo:Mota, Vieira,(Eds) 2008;Others: Ryss, 2008‐2015

Page 43: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)
Page 44: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Pine wilt caused by the nematode+Ophiostoma fungus

Photo: Ryss, 2007

Page 45: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Wilt‐caused pest: beetle vector Monochamus (Cerambycidae)

A beetle vectors the nematode dauers and fungi, whereas  bacteria (symbiotic to nematode and killers of plant hosts) use  the nematode as their vector Photo: Wikipedia, 2014

Page 46: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nematode impact in pathogenesis:spread of fungi and bacteria within 

plant organism

Kuroda, 2008:                            Mamiya, 2008

B.xylophilus

Page 47: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Bacteria – symbionts in the surface coat of nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Photos from: B.Zhao, 2008)

Page 48: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Bacteria in nematode caused wilt of conifers: regional dominants

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Burkholderia arboris

Bacillus spp.

Figure from Ryss et al, 2012

Page 49: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

FungusOphiostoma

Two stages of infection: 1) bacterial/phloem2) Fungial /xylem 

Lower photos, Right from the book: Mota, Vieira (Eds): 2008; other: original, Ryss, 2012

Page 50: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

The causative wilt agents = ASSOCIATION OF 4 PATHOGENS

• Succession of Disease Stages beetle fungus• 1. Vector of Nematodes:  beetle of the genus Monochamus

• 2. Nematode of the genus Bursaphelenchus• 3. (Ecto) Symbionts of the nematode: bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Bacillus

• 4. Symbiont of nematode and insect: fungus, fam. Ophiostomataceae

Page 51: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN RUSSIAN NW

Page 52: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Dutch Elm Disease (DED). Symptoms: Red‐Brown Rings of SapWood (Phloem)Photo: A.Ryss 2015

Page 53: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Dutch elm disease of Ulmus spp.in parks of St. Petersburg

Pathogen: fungusOphiostoma novo‐ulmi

Vectors = beetles:Scolytus scolytusS. multistriatus

Page 54: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

In DED association: as a pathogen, the nematode Bursaphelenchus ulmophilus

BursaphelenchusKey character of the

Genus:Sticky BURSA

at the end of male tail 

Dutch Elm Disease (DED). Photo: A.Ryss 2015

Page 55: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

SOCHI, Palms, Material from Elena Zhuravlyova , Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugeneusNematodes Aphelenchoides bicaudatusи гриб Blastocysis sp.

Palm weevilRhynchophoruspalmarum

Palm nematodeBursaphelenchuscocoрhilus + fungusBlastocysis sp. Photo: A.Ryss 2015

Page 56: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nematode succession in wood destruction stages (Betula, Ulmus, 

Fraxinus, Quercus, Malus) 

0: healthy  tissues1: destruction in phloem (sapwood), clefts in bark = gates of infection2: Complete phloem destruction expanded to surface of softwood, Scolytinaeinvolved3: Xylem destruction, blue stain fungi, Cerambycidae involvement4: Complete browning of  wood with the dissolving of filaments, Nitidulidaeinvolved5: wood softening to complete destruction  Picture: A.Ryss 2015

Page 57: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nematode succession in wood destruction stages (Betula, Ulmus, 

Fraxinus, Quercus, Malus) 

0: Myxomycetes‐ (=syn. Myxogastria‐) and algo‐trophic nematodes1: mycotrophic and bacteriotrophic nematodes2: mycotrophic, Scolytinae vectored3: mycotrophic, Cerambycidae vectored4: mycotrophic , Nitidulidae associated5: Predatory and bacteriotrophic nematodesN

EMATODES

Picture: A.Ryss 2015

Page 58: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Nematode succession in wood destruction stages (Betula, Ulmus, 

Fraxinus, Quercus, Malus) Stage N

wood  tissue in destruction 

Insect vector 

Nematode dominants Leading trophic groups

0healthy  tissues Laimaphelenchus , Plectus

Myxomycetes & algo‐trophic

1destruction in phloem noAphelenchoides, AnguinidaePanagrolaimidae,  Rhabditidae

mycotrophic and bacteriotrophic

2Complete phloem destruction expanded to surface of softwoodScolytinae Bursaphelenchus, Sphaerulariidae mycotrophic

3Xylem destruction Cerambycidae

Bursaphelenchus, Cryptaphelenchus, Ektaphelenchus, Sychnotylenchus, Parasitotylenchus mycotrophic

4

Complete browiningof  wood with the dissolving of filamentous structure but the structure is tough  Woody and not soft Nitidulidae Neotylenchidae mycotrophic

5wood softening and viscous gradually transforming to soil no

Monhysteridae, Dorylaimidae, Mononchidae, Rhabditida, ++TARDIGRADA

Predatory and bacteriotrophic

Page 59: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Self‐Check Questions

• Main morphological adaptations of nematodes to live in pores of substratum

• Nematode research awarded by Nobel Prize• Why nematodes are excellent biological models

• Position of Nematoda among Animalia• A diversity of niches which nematodes inhabit• Dormancy and survival types in nematodes

Page 60: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Self‐Check Questions• Trophic groups among nematodes, what structure may help to recognize a fungal feeder from predator?

• Lateral Gene Transfer, genes of what enzymes were borrowed  by nematodes and from which organisms? 

• Life cycle of Pine Wood Nematode• Nematode wood pathogenic associations: what taxa associated with nematodes and what diseases caused by nematode associations? 

Page 61: Wood inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners · Wood‐inhabiting nematodes Quick Start lecture for beginners Alexander RYSS DSc, Principal Researcher (Nematologist)

Acknowlegement

• RESEARCH SUPPORT:  GRANT 14‐14‐00621 OF THE RUSSIAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION

• Participation in the Dead Wood Meeting‐2016: Lammi Biological station, Finland, and Dr Dmitry Shchigel