woodlands and wildlife living on the land 2017€¦ · managing groups of native trees • many...
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WOODLAND MANAGEMENT
LAUREN GRANDOSU EXTENSION FORESTER
Living on the Land
Backyard Woodlands• Whether you own a few trees or several acres, maintaining the health of your trees & woodland is important.
• Individual trees, groups of trees (woods or groves) and forests (stands or acres of trees) may have similar requirements but require different management approaches.
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Planning for Land Stewardship
• Develop your goals
• Have a plan
• Understand what it
takes to get there
• Take action!
Questions to Ask Yourself About Your Land
#1 What do I have?
#2What do I want?
#3Am I getting what I want?
#4How do I get what I want?What help is available?
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Assessing What You Have
• Inventorying and mapping your property
• Identifying important natural resources or historic aspects
Resources on Your Property
• Soil• Water• Trees/plants• Wildlife• Cultural
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Limitations/Issues
• Insects & disease• Wet or boggy areas
• Soil problems• Invasive plants• Access issues• Fuel & Fire Risk
Making a Map
• Lane County Assessor database
http://lcmaps.lanecounty.org/LaneCountyMaps/ZoneAndPlanMapsApp/
• My Land Planhttps://mylandplan.org/ • Google earth prohttps://www.google.com/earth/ • Forest Plannerhttp://forestplanner.ecotrust.org/
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Questions to Ask Yourself About Your Land
#1 What do I have?
#2What do I want?
#3Am I getting what I want?
#4How do I get what I want?What help is available?
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Goals for Your Land Ownership
• Personal use & enjoyment• Recreational• Wildlife• Fuel Reduction• Income• Firewood• Solitude/Living Environment • Maintenance & ecological sustainability
• Stewardship
Income Sources• Fruit & nut production• Christmas trees• Timber• Firewood• Post & poles• Mushrooms, boughs, and other greenery
• Fee enterprises (fishing)• Carbon sequestration
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Questions to Ask Yourself About Your Land
#1 What do I have?
#2What do I want?
#3Am I getting what I want?
#4How do I get what I want?What help is available?
Analyzing Where You Are
• Are you goals being met?
• Is your property in the shape you want it to be in?
• Is your property providing you the kind of wildlife, satisfaction, money or other values you expect?
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Questions to Ask Yourself About Your Land
#1 What do I have?
#2What do I want?
#3Am I getting what I want?
#4How do I get what I want?What help is available?
How Do You Go About Meeting Your Goals?
• Time
• Physical Labor
• Consultant &
Contractor Services
• Information &
Education
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Shortcuts to Tree Species
If you see these characteristics, then you most likely have. . .
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Douglas-fir
Pseudotsuga menziesii
If you see round buds and upright cones on branches, you’re probably
looking at. . .
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A species of true fir
Grand fir in low elevations of Lane County
Distinguishing Fir Trees
• Douglas-fir is not a true fir• Cones point downward• Cones remain intact on forest floor• Cones have distinctive bracts• Branches arch upward – “happy tree”• Bark is thick and deeply furrowed• Buds are pointed
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A drooping top and needles of several distinct sizes that are green on top and white underneath are indicative of. . .
Western hemlockTsuga heterophylla
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If you see scale-like foliage with butterfly patterns on underside, upright cones shaped like rose buds when open, and frond-like branches reaching upward then you’re looking at. . .
Western redcedarThuja plicata
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Distinguishing Cedar TreesPort-Orford-
Cedar*Westernredcedar
Incense -
Cedar
Fluted wine glassesshaped cones
Tiny white X’sround cones
Butterfly markings & cones are upright on branches
Needles that are sharp, twigs with pegs, and cones that hang down belong to. . .
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Sitka sprucePicea sitchensis
Spruce trees vs. fir trees
• Resemble fir trees in silhouette• Needles are prickly• There are pegs where the needles connect to branches• Cones hang downward, like Douglas-fir, but lack the pointy bracts
• Bark is scaly
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Short, twisted needles in bundles of two and small prickly cones is likely.
Lodgepole pinePinus contorta
** This species is also known as shore pine along the coast
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Distinguishing Pine Trees
Two needles per bundle: lodgepole
Three needles per bundle: ponderosa
Five needles per bundle: western white and whitebark
Large, egg-shaped leaves with double-toothed edges that roll under and small woody “cones” belong to. . .
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Red alderAlnus rubra
*White alder (Alnus Rhombifolia) does not have rolled edges and is found in the riparian areas in the Willamette Valley.
Large, palmate leaves with 5 lobes, and samaras at a right angle with hairs, belong too…
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Bigleaf mapleAcer macrophyllum
Simple, alternate lobed leaves and acorns with shallow caps belong to. . .
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Oregon white oakQuercus garryana
Distinguishing Oak Trees
White Oak• Rounded lobes• Shallow cap acorn• galls
Black Oak• Pointy lobes • Deep cap acorns• No galls
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Leaves that are simple, alternate, and evergreen with bark flaking off in strips are unique to. . .
Pacific madroneArbutus menziesii
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All trees need the same things to survive and grow.
• Adequate sunlight
• Moist, well-drained soil
• Adequate nutrients
K.W. Zobrist, WSU Extension
Forest communities vary in space and time based on competitive advantage.
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W. hemlock
W. redcedar
Incense cedar
Grand fir
Douglas‐fir (western)
Pacific silver fir
Noble fir
Lodgepole pine
Ponderosa pine
Sugar pine
White pine
Engelmann spruce
W. larch
Shade
1
2
4
2
3
1
4
5
5
4
3
4
5
Drought
5
4
2
4
3
5
4
2
1
2
2
4
3
Flooding
2
1
3
2
5
4
4
1
3
3
2
2
2
Frost
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
Species Tolerance: 1 = High, 5 = Low
Red alder
Bigleaf maple
Oregon oak
Black oak
Oregon ash
Black cottonwood
Madrone
Bitter cherry
Chinkapin
Tanoak
Myrtle
Canyon live oak
Shade
5
2
5
5
3
5
4
5
2
1
2
4
Drought
4
3
1
1
3
5
2
4
3
3
3
1
Flooding
3
4
2
4
1
1
4
4
4
4
2
3
Frost
4
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
4
4
3
Species Tolerance: 1 = High, 5 = Low
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Management Aspects of Your Property
• Trees in the home landscape
• Groups of native trees
• Forests or stands of several acres
Monitor for health
• Look for thinning and discolored foliage
• Oozing • Broken tops or limbs
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Managing Landscape Trees
Hazard Tree Management
• Hazard tree management is important:
• Damage to your home & property
• Damage to your neighbors home & property
• Be aware of native disease signs and symptoms.
• Be aware of legal liabilities of danger trees – changes with insurance holder and negligence.
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Hidden dangers of internal decay
Fuel Reduction
• Reduce surface, ladder, and crown fuels
• Remove dead and dying material
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Managing Groups of Native Trees
Minimize Damage• Human/Building/construction damage
• Soil compaction and root damagecan be caused by
• Knives and blades• Trenching• Building sidewalks, driveways, and roads• Frequent running heavy equipment and
animals over roots
• Avoid working around trees - trunk damage can cause decay in live trees
• Be careful with change – soil disturbance, trenching, or changes in drainage
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Managing Groups of Native Trees
• Many species thrive in community with other trees/plants rather than alone.
• With groups of trees, try to mimic the natural environment as much as possible
Managing Groups or Groves• Avoid unnecessary competition between trees and plants
• Consider plant communities• Manage for small ecosystems
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Managing Forest Stands
The forest development cycle begins and ends with a stand-replacing disturbance.
Nat. Interagency Fire Center Archive, Bugwood.org
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Stand initiation is the first stage of forest development.
K.W. Zobrist, WSU Extension
Reforestation/Afforestation
• Matching seedlings to
the site
• Site Prep/veg. control
• Proper planting
• Protection
• Follow-up
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Stem exclusion is the dark, dense second stage of development.
The amount of resources used is proportional to tree size.
Many Small = One Large
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During this competitive process, trees differentiate into different crown classes.
Suppressed
Intermediate
Codominant
Dominant
Thinning • Improve tree & stand health
• Reduce competition
• Enhance understory vegetation
• Can provide income or constitute a cost depending on the size of trees removed.
• Improve wildlife habitat
• Remove damage or defective trees
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In understory reinitiation, space begins to open up for understory trees and shrubs.
Pruning
• Removes lower branches
• Reduce ladder fuels• Remove mistletoe• Aesthetics
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The formation of gaps is an important part of late-successional development.
Over time, shade-tolerant species fill in gaps.
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Thinning
• Create Gaps
• Develop variable densities of
trees
• Release hardwood trees
Eventually, shade-tolerant “late successional” species will dominate the overstory.
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Here are a few summary points.
• Forests are dynamic.• Disturbance is not necessarily a bad thing.• Density management is important.• Keep diversity in mind.
Regulations
• Regulations governing your land may come from the city, county, or state.
• These may involve trees, water, or wildlife
• Take time to learn what regulations govern your land.
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Neighbor Issues
• Actions of adjacent property owners
• Property line trees• Trespass• Getting along
ENHANCING WILDLIFE HABITAT
Living on the Land
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Section 1: Habitat Components
Section 2: Optimizing other Activities
Section 3: Managing for Particular Suite of Species
Section 4:Wildlife spotting tools
What We Will Cover
Red Fox
Section 1: Habitat Components
Habitat = everything wildlife need to fulfil their life histories
All wildlife need:• Food
• Water
• Shelter
• Space
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Your Land Changes Over Time
• All forest ages can be beneficial to wildlife.
• Which wildlife visit your land might change as the habitat changes.
Snags
• Snags, especially large ones, are often missing on the landscape due to historic land use practices.
• Snags are important for nesting, roosting, feeding, perching.
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Den sites
Protective coverForagingNest sites
Protective coverForagingMoisture
Down Wood
Hardwood Trees
Hardwoods provide important habitat contributions such as food, increasing cavity potential, and perch sites.
• Pacific madrone• Bigleaf maple• Red alder• Oregon white oak• Willow• Black cottonwood
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Fruiting Shrubs
80
Recommended Species:• Ocean spray• Elderberry• Cascara• Witch Hazel• Snowberry• Currants
Wilson’s warbler nests in shrubs and thickets in W. Oregon. Photo: J. Rivers
Wildlife respond to forest structural diversity:
• Tree size, age, shape
• Spacing
• Understory plants
• Dead wood
Thinning is your most useful tool
Composition and Structure
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Photo: Ken Bevis, WA DNR
Water and Riparian Zones
Remember:
• Safe access
• Protect riparian zones
Riparian zones
Due to their high diversity, riparian areas provide:
• High quality food
• Water
• Shelter
• Breeding space
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Section 2: Optimizing Activities
Reforestation
• Maintain fruiting shrubs• Plant a diversity of species• Install bird boxes• Limit broadcast herbicides – spot
spray instead• Retain snags and future snags
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Thinning
Thinning is one of the most powerful tools you have
• Create gaps
• Make snags
• Increase structural diversity
Mowing• Leave some areas unmowed
• Sow wildlife or pollinator grass mixes.
• Walk your field to scout for nests before mowing.
Early nesting season:February 1 – April 15
Main nesting season:April 15 – July 31
• Wait until later in the summer to conduct mowing.
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Regeneration Cut
• Retain or create snags and down wood
• Leave some live trees to become future snags.
• Retain a few hardwoods (10% is a magic number)
• Leave a few slash piles in each acre
Invasive Species
• Follow timing protocol.
• Have a plan for post‐removal, such as sowing native or wildlife‐friendly mixes.
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Bird and Bat Boxes
• Clean out every year.• Protect from predators.• Make sure entrance is correct size. • Protect from elements.
Fencing
• Consider wildlife travel.
• Install fencing you can lay down during high travel seasons.
• Make fencing tall enough adults won’t jump over.
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Roads
• On dirt roads and skid trails, plant a wildlife forage mix.
• Good roads divert water in a way that reduces sedimentation.
• Prevent trespass to save your roads and wildlife.
Slash Piles
Photo: Washington DNR
• Leave some slash piles near open areas so protection, food, and water can all be close.
• Slash piles made of hardwood trees will last longer.
• Avoid leaving slash piles close to roads, gullies, or other places that are vulnerable to water or disturbance.
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SECTION 3: Managing for particular species
Deer and Elk
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Songbirds
Chestnut‐backed chickadee
• Include hardwoods, fruiting shrubs and plants.
• Time work outside of nesting
• Include a diversity of plant layers (vertical diversity).
• Pet cats and dogs can negatively impact bird and small mammal populations.
Red‐breasted Nuthatch
Cavity-nesting birds Hairy Woodpecker
• Maintain and recruit snags and down wood.
• Create snags.• Build bird boxes.
Forest Tree decay stagecondition Live cavity tree Hard snag Soft snag
Young House wren American kestrel Western bluebird
Mature Red‐breasted Red‐bellied Red‐breastednuthatch woodpecker sapsucker
Old growth Spotted owl Pileated woodpecker Northern flyingsquirrel
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Bats
• Protect roost sites.
• Protect/create large snags especially near water.
• Leave slash piles, stacks of down logs. Long‐legged myotis
Amphibians and Reptiles
Columbia torrent salamander• Maintain ponds/streams and surrounding vegetation.
• Include loafing logs.
• Leave large down wood.
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Small Mammals
Douglas Squirrel
• Important role in ecosystem.• Retain a few slash piles.• Keep snags and down wood.• Promote species that produce nuts,
cones, fruit and seed.• Raptors, other predators can help
control small mammals• Pet cats and dogs can negatively
impact small mammal populations.
Fish
4 C’s:Clean cold water in complex and connected water bodies.
In‐stream wood guidelines:
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Upland Game Birds – turkey quail and grouse
Ruffed Grouse
• Manage for fruiting shrubs.
• Create a mix of cover types.
• Provide a place to escape.
• Most need nearby water source
• Wildlife seeding can be effective for food/cover.
If you build it they will come…
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Sensitive Species
Section 4: Wildlife spotting tools
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Game Cameras
Track Plates
Photo: NY Times
• Can be used with sand, chalk, mud.
• Placement is key.
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Indirect Evidence
Coyote scatBear peeling a tree
Recognition Programs
• You can be recognized for your stewardship efforts
• Tree Farm Program• National Wildlife
Federation
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Resources Available to You• OSU Extension Service
• Master Gardeners• Master Woodland Managers• Publications and web-based educational
materials• Oregon Department of Forestry
• One-on-one technical advice• Forest and Fire laws
• Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife• Advice on habitat improvement
• Soil & Water Conservation District• Soils, maps, etc.
• Certified Arborists• Hazard tree evaluation & removal
Resources Available to You Cont.• Know Your Forestwww.knowyourforest.org
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Thanks!