Words of the DayAP Review #3

Define the following terms in your notebook:

•Experiment

•Hypothesis

•Population

•Random Selection

•Experimental Group

Answers• Experiment: research method that

involved manipulation of an IV under controlled conditions; measures effect on DV

• Hypothesis: Prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related

• Population: All of the individuals in the group in which the study applies

Answers

• Experimental Group: Subgroup of the sample in an experiment that receives the treatment or IV

• Random Sample: A method of choosing members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen for a sample

Social Relations

How do we relate to others?

Attraction Conflict and Prejudice Altruism and Peacemaking Aggression

I love you…no wait. I hate you. I love you…no wait. I hate you. I am not sure, but you are hot.I am not sure, but you are hot.

Throughout your life (and in particular Throughout your life (and in particular during high school) you will feel a lot of during high school) you will feel a lot of powerful emotions towards others.powerful emotions towards others.

Three of the big ones will be…Three of the big ones will be…

– Attraction Attraction

– LoveLove

– AggressionAggression

Attractionbeing drawn towards something

5 Factors of Attraction….

Proximity• The more you are around something, the more

likely you are to be attracted to it. …ever spent a week at camp??

Mere exposure effect• Repeated exposure to something breeds liking.• And the greater exposure the more likely you will

find similarity

Similarity• Birds of the same

feather do flock together.

• Similarity breeds content. In background, attitudes, and values

Reciprocal Liking

• You are more likely to like someone who likes you.

• Why?

• Except in elementary school!!!!

Liking through Association• Classical Conditioning can play a part in attraction.

• If I wanted ____ to like me and I knew she loved Godiva chocolate, I would start showing up every time she ate Godiva.

• Godiva is the UCS and the happy feeling is the UCR. At this point I am neutral but hope to become the CS when she associates me with chocolate.

• Once she experiences acquisition every time she sees me she will become happy (CR)

• So don’t try to pick someone up at the dentist – they may associate you with those negative stimuli

Physical Attractiveness

Matching Hypothesis

States that people tend to pick partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to

themselves

The Hottie Factor• Physically attractiveness often predicts greater

success in certain areas of life – For example dating frequency (they date more).

• Research shows…they are perceived as…– Healthier– happier– more honest– have better personalities– greater job competence– and more successful than less attractive

counterparts.

What is beauty?• Some people say beauty is facial symmetry.

What is considered beautiful??Beauty and CultureBeauty and Culture

Are these cultures really that different?

LOVE•Passionate Love:

– an aroused state of INTENSE positive absorption of another.

•Compassionate Love: – the deep affectionate

attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

What makes compassionate love work?

•Equality

•Self-disclosure

Aggression

• Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

• Two types –Hostile – Instrumental

•Hostile – Aggression that has no clear

purpose– Rachel just felt angry one day and

kicked the ---- out of Sam = hostile

• Instrumental– Aggression that has a purpose– Rachel wanted Sam’s lunch money

and slapped him aside the head to get his cash = aggression has a goal = instrumental

• There are many theories to why aggression exists.

• How would the main theorists view aggression?

– Freud??• Defense mechanism

– Skinner??• A reinforced learned behavior

– Bandura??• Observational learning

The Biology of Aggression

• Genetics• Neural

Influences (aggression in the brain)

• Biochemical

The Psychology of Aggression

Frustration-Aggressive Principle:

• When one is frustrated they become aggressive

• the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger which generates aggression.

Goals can be:

•Sports or work

•Relationship

•Body Condition etc…

Hot Weather and Aggression

Can we learn to be aggressive or gentle?

They can be learned…through models...but…

Once learned they are difficult to change.

Bandura thought

so…

If this is true, turn on the cartoon channel and If this is true, turn on the cartoon channel and think about what we are teaching our kidsthink about what we are teaching our kids

Aggression and TV

Watches =

• By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in school

•2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week.

•By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed 8000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV

•Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain

•As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong positive correlation.

•How do you think TV has effected sexual aggression?

• Even though aggression gets most of the research… sometimes people do positive things towards each other – This is called pro-social

behavior (PSB)

• Altruism– Unselfish regard for the

welfare of others.

• However, there are some exceptions

• Kitty Genovese case.

Words of the DayReview #4

• Confounding Variables

• Placebo

• Quasi-Experiment

• Naturalistic Observation

• Survey

• Case Study

Answers• Confounding Variables- Factors that cause

differences between the experimental group and the control group- ex: experimental bias

• Placebo- Physical or psychological treatment given to the control group that resembles the treatment given in the study

• Quasi-Experiment- Measurement of DV when randomly assigned to groups of a randombly selected sample is not possible; can suggest cause and effect

Answers• Naturalistic Observation- Careful observation of

humans or other animals in real-life situations; provides behavior data; lacks experimental control

• Survey- Obtain large samples of abilities, beliefs, or behaviors through questions; can get distorted, response bias; ex: post facto- retrospective survey look at effect and seek cause

• Case Study- Intensive investigation of the behavior and mental processes to a specific person; provides detailed data

Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Kitty Genovese and the Bystander EffectEffect Stabbed and eventually murdered by a Stabbed and eventually murdered by a

man in NYC while more than 35 people man in NYC while more than 35 people watched or listenedwatched or listened

Bystander EffectBystander Effect bystanders less willing to help if there are bystanders less willing to help if there are

other bystanders aroundother bystanders around

WHY???WHY???

Diffusion of ResponsibilityDiffusion of Responsibility The presence of others may diffuse the sense The presence of others may diffuse the sense

of individual responsibilityof individual responsibility People tend to assume that someone else will People tend to assume that someone else will

take action so they need not to do sotake action so they need not to do so

Bystander Effect #2Bystander Effect #2Pluralistic IgnorancePluralistic Ignorance• People seem to decide what People seem to decide what

appropriate actions to take by looking appropriate actions to take by looking at other peopleat other people

Example: If we are sitting in the classroom Example: If we are sitting in the classroom and we hear a really loud noise and I look and we hear a really loud noise and I look at you guys and you guys do nothing…I at you guys and you guys do nothing…I think to myself “they must know what the think to myself “they must know what the noise is” and you look at me and think the noise is” and you look at me and think the same thing. And none of us do anything!!same thing. And none of us do anything!!

Social Exchange Theory

• The idea that our social behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Social Responsibility Norm• A societal rule that tells people

they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly

Wrap Up

Answer the following questions in your notebook:

1.What is mere exposure effect?

2.Give an example of bystander effect.

3.What are the five factors of attraction?

4.How can TV and video games affect aggression in children?