1. 1. Dr. Shrikant Sant (PT) Asst. Professor Community Physiotherapy Department Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy Pimpri, Pune.
2. 2. Year Number Incidence Number Incidence Number Incidence rate(#) rate(#) rate(#) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2000 486 0.22 23490 10.70 23976 10.93 2001 627 0.29 27737 12.64 28364 12.93 2002 540 0.16 19913 5.98 20453 6.14 2003 525 0.11 15907 3.23 16432 3.33 2004 562 0.08 14458 2.13 15020 2.21 2005 613 0.09 14163 1.97 14776 2.06 2006 1068 0.13 18844 2.28 19912 2.41 2007 821 0.10 14469 1.81 15290 1.91 2008 478 0.06 5494 0.74 5972 0.80 2009 668 0.10 5983 0.92 6651 1.03 # Rate per 1000 workers employed. Note : Data is based on the returns only. LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Table 32.17: INDUSTRIAL INJURIES IN FACTORIES Fatal Non-Fatal Total Source: Labour Bureau Chandigarh, Ministry of Labour and Employment
3. 3. Year Death Total Death Total Perma- Tempo- Perma- Tempo- nent rary nent rary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2000 1377 1507 4765 7649 193004 104783 32016 329802 2001 1346 1520 4381 7247 221595 126183 32923 380701 2002 1501 1592 3649 6742 289912 150620 28297 468829 2003 1663 1912 4136 7706 371091 222800 45075 644964 2004 1581 1662 3507 6750 328612 127335 23599 479546 2005 1780 1522 2814 6116 380510 187074 49922 617506 2006 1514 1836 2425 5775 576160 249384 31319 856863 2007 1670 1144 2792 5606 376790 104336 80554 561680 2008 1344 982 2697 5023 432705 141225 40780 614710 2009 (P) 871 498 2343 3712 244983 55550 15985 316518 (P): Provisional Note: 1. Figures relate to compensation of injuries under Workman's Compensation Act. (`' 000) _______________________________ 2. The figures in the table above may not be strictly comparable due to difference in area covered varying response or non- response etc. LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Table 32.21: WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION Source: Labour Bureau Shimla, Ministry of Labour and Employment Disability Disability Amount of compensation paid Number of compensated injuries _______________________________
4. 4. Work-Related (WMSDs) are occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders that involve soft tissues such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, blood vessels and nerves
5. 5. Daily stress to anatomical structures that may occur when a person is exposed to certain high risk activities If the accumulating stress exceeds the bodys normal recuperative ability, inflammation of the tissue can follow Chronic inflammation may lead to the development of WMSDs May require weeks, months or years for development - and for recovery
6. 6. The Musculoskeletal System includes the following: Bones The load-bearing structure of the body Muscles- Tissue that contract to create movement Tendons Tissues that connect muscles to bones Ligaments Tissues that connect bones to bones Cartilage Tissue that provides cushioning and reduces friction between bones Nerves Communication system that links muscles, tendons and other tissue with the brain Blood Vessels Tubes that circulate nutrients throughout the body
7. 7. What Are Examples of WMSDs? Sprain Overstretching or overexertion of a ligament that results in a tear or rupture of the ligament Strain Overstretching or overexertion of a muscle or tendon Tendonitis Inflammation of the tendon inside the sheath Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the sheath around the tendon Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the heel of the hand
8. 8. Tennis elbow or Golfers elbow Medical term is Epicondylitis inflammation of the tendons at the elbow. Trigger Finger Common term for tendonitis or tenosynovitis that causes painful locking of the finger(s) while flexing Pitchers Shoulder Rotator cuff tendonitis inflammation of one or more tendons at the shoulder White Finger Medical term is Reynauds Phenomenon constriction of the blood vessels in the hands and fingers Digital Neuritis Compression of the nerves along the sides of the fingers or thumbs
9. 9. Caused by operating vibrating machinery especially in cold, damp weather
10. 10. Painful joints Pain in wrists, shoulders, forearms, knees, etc. Pain, tingling or numbness in hands or feet Fingers or toes turning white Shooting or stabbing pains in arms or legs Back or neck pain Swelling or inflammation Stiffness Burning sensations Weakness or clumsiness in hands; dropping things
11. 11. Awkward Postures High Hand Force Highly Repetitive Motion Repeated Impact Heavy, Frequent or Awkward Lifting Moderate to High Hand-Arm Vibration Caution Zone Look for These Indicators:
12. 12. Being in these work positions for more than 2 hours total per day Hands above head Elbows above shoulder Back bent forward more than 30 degrees Neck bent more than 30 degrees Squatting Kneeling
13. 13. For more than 2 hours per day
14. 14. For more than 2 hours per day
15. 15. For more than 2 hours per day
16. 16. For more than 2 hours per day
17. 17. For more than 2 hours per day
18. 18. For more than 2 hours per day
19. 19. For more than 2 hours per day
20. 20. More than 2 hours per day of: Pinching 2 or more pounds weight or 4 or more pounds force
21. 21. More than 2 hours per day of: Gripping 10 or more pounds weight or force
22. 22. Workers repeat same motion every few seconds for more than 2 hours per day with: neck shoulders elbows wrists hands
23. 23. Intensive keying for more than 4 hours per day
24. 24. Using hands or knees as a hammer more than 10 times per hour more than 2 hours per day
25. 25. Lifting objects more than: 75 lbs. once/day 55 lbs. more than ten times/day 10 lbs. more than twice/minute for more than 2 hours per day 25 lbs. above shoulders, below knees, or at arms length for more than 25 times/day
26. 26. Moderate Level more than 2 hours/day
27. 27. High Level More than 30 Min/day
28. 28. Use a systematic method to look at: -physical demands -layout of work area -size, shape, and weight of objects handled The results will help to determine controls
29. 29. Risk factors become hazardous when: -there is a longer duration of exposure -there is greater intensity -there is a combination of risk factors
30. 30. The ERGONOMIC TRIANGLE FREQUENC Y FORCE POSTURE THE GOAL IS TO ELIMINATE AT LEAST ONE FROM EVERY TASK
31. 31. Awkward Postures Shoulders: Hands above Head Elbows above shoulders For More Than 4 hrs/day
32. 32. Awkward Postures Shoulders Repetitive : raising >once/minute For More Than 4 hrs/day
33. 33. Awkward Positions Neck Bent >45 without support or ability to vary posture More than 4 hrs/day
34. 34. Awkward PositionsBack Bent forward >30 Without support or ability to vary posture More than 4 hrs/day Bent forward >45 Without support or ability to vary posture More than 2 hrs/day
35. 35. Knees - Squatting More than 4 hrs/day Awkward Positions
36. 36. Awkward Positions Knees -kneeling More than 4 hrs/day
37. 37. High Hand Force Arms, Wrists, Hands Pinching unsupported object 2 or more pounds/hand Or Pinching with force of 4 or more pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper) + Highly repetitive motion More than 3 hrs/day
38. 38. High Hand Force Arms, Wrists, Hands Pinching unsupported object 2 or more pounds/hand Or Pinching with force of 4 or more pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper) + Wrists bent in flexion 30 or more, or in extension 45 or more, or in ulnar deviation 30 or more More than 3 hrs/day
39. 39. High Hand Force Arms, Wrists, Hands Pinching unsupported object 2 or more pounds/hand Or Pinching with force of 4 or more pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper) + No other risk factors More than 4 hrs/day
40. 40. High Hand Force Arms, Wrists, Hands Gripping an unsupported object 10 lbs or > per hand Or Gripping with force of 10 lbs or > per hand (clamping light duty jumper cables onto battery) + Highly repetitive motion More than 3 hrs/day
41. 41. High Hand Force Arms, Wrists, Hands Gripping an unsupported object 10 lbs or > per hand Or Gripping with force of 10 lbs or > per hand (clamping light duty jumper cables onto battery) + Wrists bent in flexion 30 or more, or in extension 45 or more, or in ulnar deviation 30 or more More than 3 hrs/day
42. 42. High Hand Force Arms, Wrists, Hands Gripping an unsupported object 10 lbs or > per hand Or Gripping with force of 10 lbs or > per hand (clamping light duty jumper cables onto battery) + No other Risk Factors More than 4 hrs/day
43. 43. Extension Ulnar Deviation Flexion
44. 44. Highly Repetitive Motion Intensive Keying Awkward posture, including wrists bent in flexion 30 or more, or in extenson 45 or more, or in ulnar deviation 30 or more