WORK STUDY

Week 1

Productivity

Productivity has a number of different meanings General equation of productivity

Productivity=Output/InputThe others;*Labor productivity=units produced/hours worked*Capital productivity=output/capital input*Material productivity=output/materials input

Determine a productivity term related with you! ----Total scores / Target skores?

An input-output model of the firm

Productivity Index

Labor productivity and “output per hour” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics holds a

standard guidelines. All relationships are determined output/input

Labor productivity index=Total annual output/the total hours worked.

Output=“real” annual sales Input= average number of employees×average number of hours during

the year………….

Technological Innovation Changes in technology =increase in productivity expected. Technological innovations=increased labor output, a reduction in

costs, reduction in the price of the product or service. Examples; dial telephone? Hybrid seeds, fertilizer, farm machinery? Computer?What are the high technology requires?

increase in investmentIncrease in employees’ skills

Heavy working conditionsRisky repetitive operations by machines.Computer is an integral parts of machine

Measurement of Individual Worker Productivity Worker performance can be measured by worker productivity It is necessary standard time of a job. For example, if the standard time to assemble a bench grinder is

3.00 minutes and if the operator 260 grinders during the day. Output? Input ? 260×3.00=780 8 hours (480 minutes)

Performance index= %5.162100480

780

Productivity of Capital

The productivity of capital= tools, machines and other operating facilities

Factors: maintenance, obsolescence Million dolar investments…..

Motion and Time study and Productivity

What is relations between Motion and Time study and Productivity?

Productivity of Organization and Individuals Elimination of unnecessary work The design of methods and procedures Most effective and least effort System must be suited to the person. Measuring work methods for determining a

performance index or productivity index.

Motion and Time study and Productivity

Motion and Time Study, Problem solving processes Industrial engineers Staff specialist Managers Supervisors Employees Design of jobs, determine work schedules, human

effectiveness, improving life satisfactions

Definition and Scopes of Motion and Time Study

Our objective is to find the ideal method or the method nearest to the ideal that can be practically used.

Motion and time study is the systematic study of work systems with the purposes of

1. Developing the preferred system and method 2.Standardizing this system and method 3.Determining the time required by a qualified and properly trained

person working at a normal pace to do a specific task and operation

4. Assisting in training the worker in the preferred method.

Definitions

Motion study or work methods design:for finding the preferred method of doing work. That is, the ideal method or one nearest to it.

Time study or work measurement: for determining the standard time to perform a specific task.

Scope of motion and time study-tools and techniques

Indirect factory labor? Increasing the use of mechanization and automation direct

labor decreased and attention was given to the indirect labor. Factory operations; machinesmore complex highly trained people for operate,

service and maintain.Employees are important for out of main factory operations such

as;*electronic data processing*recording,*analyzing,*measuring nonrepetitive activities*work sampling

Nonmanufacturing Activities

Increase in indirect factory laborincrease in office work (banks, mail-order houses, hospitals, department stores, supermarkets, government and military)time and motion study principles are need for this field.

History of Motion and Time Study

Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) Midvale Steel Company (1881) Time studies are belong to Taylor Taylor started his study by two good steady

workers who were physically strong. Which is the best way to do this job? What should constitute a day’s work?

History of Motion and Time Study Frank and Lilian (1878-1972) Gilbeth. Motion studies are belong to them Their activities cover a wide range Inventions and improvements in building and

construction work, fatigue, monotony, transfer of skill, development of such techniques as the process chart, micromotion study, and chronocyclegragh.

History of Motion and Time Study

Henry Laurence Gantt(1861-1919);The assistant of Taylor, Gantt chart, incentive payment. Humanist policies for employees.

Harrington Emerson (1853-1931); He studied subject of productivity and wages,

Ralph M. Barnes (1900-1984) the first professor who was studying on work measurements.

Marvin E. Mundel (1916-1996); Work measurement , to simplify the tools.

The General Problem-Solving Process

Methods design is a form of creative problem solving.

There are five steps described here are useful in the logical and systematic approach to solving almost any problem

1. Problem definition 2. Analysis of problem 3. Search for possible solutions 4. Evaluation of alternatives Recommendation for action

Problem definition

Costs are too high. Output must be increased There is a bottleneck in order filling in the

warehouse. ? ?

A case study

Problem definition: In a bank system, employees are complaining long working hours. Their motivations and job satisfactions are low.

The manager want to do new arrangement. Analysis of problem Search possible solutions Evaluation of alternative solutions

Methods design worksheet-problem definition

Analysis of Problem

Case study

Search possible solutions

Evaluation of alternative solutions Multiple shift design Multiple break assignments

Compressed workweeks (3, 4, 5 workdays)