Shaping Machine• The function of shaping machine or shaper is,

primarily the production of flat surfaces .

• The tool reciprocates over the work. During the forward stock of the tool, it removes metal from work piece. At the end of return stroke the feed operators to move the table and work to the desired amount.

Principal parts of shaper

• BASE: The base is the necessary support required for the machine.

• Column: The column is mounted on the base and is the main support for the operating mechanisms. The top of column is machined to form a flat bearing for the ram. The front vertical face of the column is also machined to enable the table to be raised or lowered.

• Ram: It is the reciprocating part of the shaper. It reciprocates on the guide ways provided on the top of the column. It carries the tool head at extreme forward end. The ram is connected to the quick return mechanism which allow the ram to move at slower speed during the cutting stroke and faster speed during return stroke.

• Tool Head: It is mounted at the front of the ram. It can be swivelled to any angle to enable the tool to take angular cuts. Vertical feed to the tool is given by the vertical tool feed screw.

• Table: It is a box type casting having T-Slots for clamping the vice. An elevating screw and other necessary parts are provided to accomplish the vertical movement. For the horizontal movement, a cross feed screw and other necessary parts are provided.

Different operations performed by a shaper.

• Machining a horizontal surface:

The workpiece to be shaped is held in the vice provided on the table of shaper. The bed is raised so that the workpiece is just near to the tool fitted in the tool holder. The tool is fed on to the work by lowering the tool head.The tool as it moves forward, removes material from work. The work moves laterally a little when it is ready for cut during next forward stroke

• Machining Vertical Surface:

The downward feed is used for marching such as finishing the sides of tongs, cutting keyways. The work mounted on the vice . The vertical set exactly at zero position and apron is swiveled in a direction away from the surface being cut down. The swiveling of apron prevents the side of the tool from dragging of the plained vertical surface during return stroke.

Machining angular surface

• The work is set on the table and the vertical side of the tool head is swiveled to the required angle from the vertical position.

Machining irregular surface

• To produce a small irregular surface a forming tool is used. For Machining a large irregular surface, the required shape is initially scribed on the surface of the workpiece. The operator by skillful manipulation of the vertical and horizontal feeds, guides the cutting tool to follow the scribed line.

• Drilling is the operation of making holes in a work piece by forcing a rotating tool called drill against it.

Principal Parts of drilling machine

Principal Parts of a drilling machine

• Base: The base of a drilling machine is a rectangular casting on which the column is mounted .

• Column: The column is a vertical member in the machine which supports a table. The head supporting the motor and spindle is mounted on the top of the column.

• Table: The table of the drilling machine supports the workpiece or other work holding device. It can be moved up and down on the column.

• Drill Head: It is mounted on the top column and support the spindle head and motor. The spindle head houses drill holding and rotating device. A hand wheel is provided for upward and downward movement of the spindle. A drill chuck is mounted in the spindle for holding the drill. The spindle receives power from motor through belt and pulley. The speed of the spindle can be varied by shifting the belt on different steps of the cone pulley.

Drilling operations

• Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are

Drilling Reaming Boring Counter boring Counter sinking Spot facing Tapping

Drilling

• It is the operation of producing circular hole using a drill by removing metal from workpiece.

Reaming

• Reaming is the operation of sizing and finishing a hole by means of a reamer having several cutting edges.

• A reamer does not generate a hole. It merely follows a drilled hole and removes a very small amount of metal.

Boring

• Boring is the operation of enlarging a hole by means if an adjustable single point tool.

Counter Boring

• It is the operation of increasing the diameter of a hole for certain distance down.

Counter Sinking

• It is the operation by which a cone shaped enlargement is made at the end of the hole

Spot facing

• It is the operation of flattering and smoothening and squaring the surface around a hole drilled in a rough surface.

• It provides a flat seating for nut and washer.

Taping

• It is the operation of cutting internal threads by means of a tool called tap.