tine Cornell University Library.
the United
in
subject
of
rhetoric,
that
to
study have changed, one element of the change niay particu-
larly be noted : the tendency
to
studied nowadays largely by
literary
they
sense in the
begins
within
to
of
the
;
neglects what
education
which
has tried
utterance. is in
work,
the other is merely the basis. The exposition is throughout
subjected
to
former work
would serve
Stevenson,
Bagehot,
De
No
authority
principles
to
Definition
.432
Principles
The
related as forecast
Audience
teach you to
can
be
told
by
effective
by
declannation
affecta-
ambition
which
thing
treatise
prodaction,
whether
the forms of
just
Eve,
he sees,
in smoothness
devices that
subject
alone,
not
for
be
acted
upon
broadly
three
main
lines
of
adaptation.
by
which
the reader facilities
grpat
body
of
everyday
writing,
and emotion
and original character
seen how broad is
comprehensive
made
effi-
cient
by
skill
science or theory, in
promotes
understanding
in which
aspect it
write,
can
do
keep
adapted to produce
rhetoric
as
discover
the
secret
own,
thus
pretending
to
think
or
especially the
wiser
way
is
to
in
quality,
and
full
of
and matters of
easy
a sentence
from Ruskin's
Introduction to
indulgence in,
our own
that
they
another.
naturally rise in any
cluster
the
inquiry
basis
for
effect
which
the
art
of
of
study
can
to
invention
the
demands
of
self-culture
such language
on each
escape either way, there
cises, and an
of
skill
It
this
rhetorical
1
maturity,
exquisite art
for
the
was busy fitting what I saw with
appropriate words
would
features of
with words. And what I thus
wrote was
for no
I
practiced to
diligence is
sense for
small
degree,
toward
making
rigorous artist
ders
a
two aspects
must
become
so
ingrained
as
to
be
a
preserve a fitting key of words, he should
long have prac-
sit.
simul-
taneously bidding for his choice, and he himself knowing what
he
wants
to
p. 214.
effect before
we can
facts
could
be
;
degrees
of
A
work
a
fitness,
dignity and
university.
residence
150
of
the
revolutionary
outbreaks
mentioned
above.
 At last I came within sight of the Pope's City. Saints
in
Heaven
I
above
the
a
bare
stonemason's chisel, on the very top of which was perched
a
castle
towers of our church
sight
into
the clouds I It was the Palace built by the Popes ;
and around and
below it was a piling up of houses—big, little,
long, wide,
Carpentras. When
I saw
came from it
songs
or the roll of drums or the crash of falling houses or the
firing
of
heart.
What was
I going to see, what was going to happen to me in the
midst
.'
1
The
Century
Cyclopedia
of
writing a
thought itself
is plain
subtle
shadings.
To
a
trained
sense
character,
whatever
phrase
correspond
thereto,
to
tell
exactly
ness what
is essentially
thought
each case the
the controlling thought
;
what he writes ; so
by
individuality
interest
man cannot obtain
peculiar
sense
the
sponta-
neous
mirror
of
a
vital
sense
of
key
of
words
and
surround-
ings
imparted,
aware
when
prosaic
passage
; when
a
when
glows
others
than
himself.
vocabulary,
And it
self, so
be glowing
with the
or
conduct
an
argument
with
truest self,
style belies, not
style is simply the
so
ingrained
sec-
ond
repre-
all the rich
endowments of his
;
would
belonging
whole scholarship,
his
whole
character.
III.
force is
absorbed by
it
takes
to
receive
given to
If
this
gives it. Some
reader's available
literature
as
of
giving
This kind of
vigor
to be
skilful economy
of means,
makes the
exaction from every sentence of
a
out of word to
space
or
at
least
not
interrupt
him
working
of
con-
tent
of
the
thought,
fine
concealed in baser matter, that
only
a
to
three
to purposes
more specific.
impurities, as not
—
he,
who
would
not
be
frustrate
religion ; it
one's
self
understood,
come to
power. Hence the
So
reader is willingly
universal.
To be clear, the writer must first be sure of a
meaning very
depends mainly on the writer's vocabulary,
the words he chooses to name his thought, rather than on
the
way
words
are
aspects
denotation
assumes
sake of
•
greatest plainness
and simplicity
of which
;
depends, as
is kept
and
phrases,
out his
keeps steadily
give
forth
that,
him the charm of an
incommunicable
simplicity.
ing on the
discriminative
the
long
run
to
usage of careful writers, by repeating hard ideas in simpler
or
more
spicuity, may
be called
; but the
aid
of
undertakings
of
litera-
ture,
those
works
in
idea
minds
or
deep
emo-
tions,
than its merely
life
and_y,igor
ardor
to
some
reader
in
the
subtlest
ways
or
other
the
degrees of delicacy, are
and
every
one
of
is
or contrasted
variously
known
as
condensed,
pointed,
or
epigrammatic
expression.
1
See
above,
p.
3.
former
is
clear.
Emerson's
expression,
striking
other hand,
if it
and
expression,
the
Compare
Whateley,
Elements
of
Rhetoric,
p.
351.
—
•
realizes
vividly
says,
and
has
not
its
deepest
analysis
merely echo it
same as
of
Harmony
beauty of style. It makes beauty possible
by
field
open,
is something positive, with a character of its own as
definite as force or clearness. For this
character
mony,
a
of word
and movement
which is
doubtless the
subtler con-
imagination is
taste
writer's individual
type of beauty in style, as it is the highest reach of his liter-
ary faculty,
is also
the slowest
artistic.
The
style is famil-
thought.
with their
renders
its
service
of
ing the student free from the superficial and tawdry. Thus
the effects
more
potent
because
unconsciously
in
the atmosphere of the region in which the writer is at
home.^
IV.
tuned
to
other scales.
will,
In each case above
described, the corrective lies
taste. It is
all.
namely,
that
wise temperament
which we may identify it with some type of diction.^
Every author has individualities of
diction,
acteristics
there
is
also
a
diction
which
point of view
our free
this
solemn
obligation.
The
universal
standard
blemishes
exactly
analo-
else is
obtained or
in this
earnest quest
that
well
and
conscience
of
literary
gay,
the unique word
account,
as
cxmcei-ved
to
mind.
sentence,
find
it. ,
to him.
can
ticular
—
 
unaltered.
p.
164.
-1
in
literary
history.
are part of the actual value of what one says.
But
the search is becom-
 
penetration, sagacity, astuteness, insight,
heretofore.
Soule's
are
this
kind.
Used
an
idea
while
at
new aspect
unlikeness,
synonyms
enable
one
on Friday there can be no
doubt,
of
its
age and the
justice may
is
in the last few
The foUbwing are instances of fine
discrimination between nearly
were
said.
the skill
of
vigor
in
expression.
Examples.
to hear such principles
 
;
bear it out. The
—
would
better
name
if
somewhat
excusable
the Latin
word :
precision,
namely,
to
to care
were bound up in him, to
watch
and outgoings, to stand
guard at every avenue that disease might enter, to leave nothing to chance
not merely to
Fate, while Death the
life, and shift the balance in
its
of
the
below,
p.
5
76.
house
Jesus
custom
and
tribute
followed ;
made
the
word
prevent
the
history
have preserved
trace the steps
the
be
adapted
reader must
of
average
information
and
intelligence.
fore,
peculiar to
be translated literally
effect
all
quite
consistent
while it adds
could do. As
regard
everything
c.
The
English
more
the adjective
/.
 
not
get
 
?
of
is
the
in
banish-
ing
this
is
mad. For the proper
criti-
ape
them
away for immeiiiately
very much
or local color,^ calls for
a
of
addition
writers and tourists from
simply
as
provincialisms,
regarding
their
connotation,
even
when
understood,
is
so
apt
to
be
low
and
immoral
scholars to whom alone
language
ity
the
cases there is a definite
orientation
of
granite wraps around the inclu-
sion
in
a
characteristic. For about two hundred yards
east of the contact, the
schist
is
cut
by
varying
mass, in
was more
become so natu-
as is pretty
by such
the force
of a
the
incarnation
to a thought
pungency
of
vegetative,
professor, says,
of the
nature of
an excretion. Its materials have been taken in, and have acted
upon the
circulated and done its office
in one
milk or
it is something which
can
part
or
in
matured
imbedded, a. mere potentiality,
^
than it
—
 
belief
which it is thus set to confirm. It is a kind of fairy-tale,
which a man
grant,
 
orageuse,
can
recall
such
words
as
heau
monde,
savoir
/aire,
faux
pas,
entre
i.
Foreign
idioms,
too,
are
to
be
recognized
and
exotics
sans dire);
being
Words used in
travel, or in
intended for readers
suggestive
houses, muddy
streets, dingy
this
phenomenon
of
growth
and
nor on the
frontiers of
whose
of
authors
has
safe
one
ing, and for a
apparent
of science may bring
consider, for
has
words unknown a few
science, with its microbes,
the
and
people's
a
transient
occasion.
In
years
the
1
metaphysi-
cal
movement
many years to
therefore,
will
of the language. Racy
that
and
beacon
use of
of slang
causes a
slang expression
 
laid
before
the
word. Such
such
expressions
as
current,
their
day
goes
made for
and
liberty
from materials
nects
itself
occasion.
I. The one real occasion, it would seem, is the demand of
precision
for
to be
terminations
to
fit
it.
Examples.
occasion to use
again, nor would
dictionary,
yet
found
upon this. To
do that, and
or humor
dom of
are
a
sermon :
and anchor-
how easy
and how
risky it is for a writer of imperfect culture to
make coinages for
congruity.
2.
Humorous
coinage.
with
great
cheerfulness.
puffy
wholesome and
itself in
which has succeeded to
for
new
of a
The most prevalent ways in which the old powers of
the
—
as in shone (which
-est in the
negative un- in widely enlarged application
as,
ttnwisdom,
unfaith.
in reviving the
attend all good
plain con-
viction and
hight,
fancy for
vival of
the Biblical
average culture, it is
what the
scholar, that is, as a
model
and
authority
senting it.
This has
but
to
choice
of
his resources of
vocabulary, one
general purpose these strata,
the
more
learned
its place and
of a
the third fault in
on which
our magnificent
us an affluence
each source
but a great
scarce
time to
how
but tender. Yet so It was,
that through the
along.
Nor
was
there
puff-
ing
another
sticks
lost their shoes in the
mire.
you? and a
I
chosen for the
a
:
—
 
ing
and with regard
unmixed
Idiom
readily with
those long,
a very valuable list of equivalent words from these
different sources.
ii.
degree
the
immediately
superinduced
the vocabulary of
are, therefore,
sentiments.
Saxon,
came
as
recourse
more
to
found
derivatives have
climax ; and
thus from
their value
and
oratory.^
fineness,
near as pos-
sible to the
the
predominantly
 
pretentious
words
as
perennial claim, there
and facts in fresh
sion, the
mate
pretentious than the
instru-
ments
rushifig in where
angels fear to
small boys. She had
being thrust
same sturdy little
were
^
also,
happy
expressions
they
are
liable
to
And
them seems to strike the note
of insin-
;
least
individual manner
by,
as :
go without saying
the holiest
 
say,
words
the ear.
from his
theme is not
figura-
they
the management
of them
; see
above,
pp.
or maudlin or
with illustrative thought, and
one
object
of
run
away with him ; he must hold them well in hand and make
them
to
say
actual art.
; or for the
its
is made
; or
something
qualities,
the associated
to, etc.) expressed or implied, and
when these
When
the
relations
is
(a:b), and
analogy by
a tree
and
it
seemed
a toy for the hand of a lady. Spread it ; and the armies of powerful
Sultans
is
one
the
particles
of
another.
Ben
Jonson
which
two
lish
Shakespeare, with the
all
by
the
quickness
of
his
Shakespeare
figure than simile,
pleasure
Bethesda.
l
Here
in
or
more
than
season in
thought
simile.
3.
kinds
of
than dramatic poetry.
they are not
hard
circumstances
in
which
were he Presi-
Laboratories and
cles behind
^  
genius,
and
if
1605
colossal peak of King
Shakespeare
;
always
and
freely.
first,
may be sure it is only a temporary electrical snapping,
I shall soon
be purring again.
simply throws
his characters
will. ^
explication
and
in
outworn metaphors
the
often
a
delicate
test
dull.
Examples.
the fence,
p.
64.
the word
little recognized
of them
^
 
of an
arch is
risen, probably, had
the figure been
Sometimes
figures
become
mixed
not
by
 
These are cases
the use of the
to put
blow the King and
They shortly found
when
the
explosion
combination
Irene and Penelope
tell
would' just
Corey
headache.
truth.
s
person
;
where
no
end
occasion
for
the
a
person :
in civili-
to
make
a
world, our
;
and subjected to
empty device
persons
an initial capital.
lesson is
fundamental
metaphor,
and
followed
out
narrative,
sometimes
as
allegories,
Bunyan's
valuable means
peculiar
ways,
disappointment
at
says,
win titles and compete with fortune. These are my bullets
these
I
'11
and
He
come yet. The coach with the mitre
and crosier
to have
on the
into
his own
dictionary, need
it gives
also a
whole
passage,
treading in
the truth
day by
*
—
word
ible from the excess
disfigured only by blemishes which
pass unnoticed in the general blaze of excellence.
^
and
once
it
was
chiefly
harangue,
unless
brightness of
to
action
natural
to
the
object.
Examples.
fiU'd
2
Highgate
Hill,
smoke-tumult, like a sage
the same
2.
Metonymy
interchangeable with it.
good chance
his
remarked that
thing
alluded
to,
The
Samson
in
church preferment.
of metaphorical
or allegori-
cal mould
prosperity
knowledge
of
the
event
referred
to
his
discussions,
boulevard,
problems
involved
: it
is
due
to
period of singular revival
the rest
of the
threshing-floor, the
not need it
but compasses are
story
of
Giotto's
marvelous
skill
in
drawing
a
[Newman]
or what
on
—
numbers came. '
spirit
 
of
song.
1
a
a tinge of senti-
words,
Beyond
—
2
due
to
their
word
to
and vice versa.
the
sudden
irruption
of
 
.
mass of
by saying that
weighs sixty
eater,
worker,
witty laughter, the
yet
clearly
be
the
Key of Words
of mind.
in the
to mere
to be
question
how genuine, how well-motived,
writer's
mood.
Exclamation
; but
formerly, and
connote
so
moderate
may take
the place
as
world's
poetry,
^
the
opposite
the
affirmation;
and
wept
in
shame
for
the
?
 
^
legiti-
mate
it is a means of
taking the reader into partnership with the writer, as it were,
in
conducting
—
 
What is it to be a gentleman ? Is it to have lofty
aims,
;
your fireside
through
life
exhibits
;
be
Here if
intense we should
expect, not the
and
the
challenge the reverse,
suggest the principle
to
address
some
object
notes intense
vivid
example :
departed from
except with
upon and departing from
be,
with
is
ready
in his
a book), or as
story is brought back to the ordinary
past tense of narration
Hyperbole.
effect on
the writer
Salisbury
Plains.
i
;
incredible what a length
is meant, there being something in the context or in
the
as
it
does
Irony connotes contempt for
way from playful
ladies in this
dropped the key, or stained
it with blood
husband
was a cowardly fabri-
cation of the serpent's.
a
the very luxury of baseness. His
former
placed
him
he
produces
a
der,
even
in
betrayed
than
betray his
writers
who
that
by
the
throat,
the
spot.
1
Thackeray,
little
were
reply.
A
man
him to
fully
as
much
thus
stronger
than
Collecting all his might, dilated
stood.
Like
Teneriff
crest
Sat
our
and of strips of
laugh at its object
and
conveys
a
disparaging
far larger
author.
illustrate, but it
endeavoring to
white summer
cloud, say
of words to each
enthusiasm or
unerring
only
by skill in the various strata or levels of the
vocabulary
only
the
by which the same
give
half
fONNOTATION,
105
wealthy nobleman a fool, that will face danger or death, and
spend half his
;
the
following
exile
and
of defeat, and a landlord calling out for his bill
and the dignity of mis-
fortune
is
straightway
drink is scored up
which
the
reader's
imagination,
works
as
l
Thackeray,
Henry
tion
satirical
playfulness,
the
mood
being
evident
wrested by
no common
common foe. He had
 
viewed
as
vehicles
military reviews,
were not
a stupendous
to
consider
of the words and
of
diction,
then,
is a problem of artistry : of giving such marshaling and man-
agement
to
considered
con-
diction
we
point
well
furnished
by
application.
of
words
ments, the
was
life.
A
of
prose,
simply
another
meant
that
any
;
and some have
even the
much
in
made
rules would
—
As
simplicity
fact, the
this into
in
utility.
needful in
due
distinction.
Epithet
the
to
keep
always
of
taken from
Abbott and
use
the
expression
 
 
;
sword
useless finery
the
more vivid.
—
;
thought
of
words,
The
to
the
kind
words
imagine,
1
The
subject
of
Epithet
will
see
below,
p.
147,
2
the
egg
and has
^
the
much
more
is true,
but so as to give the reader just so much more than
he bargained for ; he
delight.
poetry,
diction
was
like,
pp.
163-170,
below.
II.
Prose
of
prose as
course,
are
open
new order, however
each
at
all
;
to throw an element into a
desired
reason than the demands
of accent and metre
;
out
imports crude lack of
conformity of sound to
is shown in the
to be
unsuspected.
As
one
stage
and at the same time joined with each other as
parts
of
one
relations are not
obvious,
or not natural, the effect is that of a jolt or disloca-
tion, and not infrequently
To illustrate how much and what kind of material that
may
be
prose,
let
us
endeavor
to
express
the
ordinary standard will be
fulness :
? If worthy
order,
for
the
poetic.
The
added
rendered by
the world for this work of mine ? If [it is] worthy [of]
praise,
judge
justly.
Justice
demands
be]
gener-
ous?
to
it is to
the
thought.
prose
diction
and
poetic
diction,
note
the
vocabulary
of
every
language,
OCCASION.
occasions
of
a
general
to certain
to
the
choice
of
persons beyond the
moment may
belong ideally
standard,
the
style
becomes
dainty. There is a
sturdiness in
can he make
salient
of
these.
once,
his
audience
from
the
enforced
in
has to
to a greater or less degree with inert or wandering
attention.
In
consideration
of
these
dic-
reappear not once
importance
various
every hearer.
repeat without seeming
as to pound
allusive figures are
there
is
a
natural
tendency
;
intense
extreme significance
than can
be brought
and hateth
not his
father and
his mother,
public
speakers
are
such
that
they
can
represent
themselves
and colorings
advantage
extempore
and the
part of
the
what they do
any
exaggerated
terms.
I
have
of the
writing.
ampli-
fication
tissue of style suitable
for
the
really
but
to
lift
probation.
put yourselves in
some interest, that
scene
of
the battle
the
they
knew,
the Grand Monarch. But
a
implacable fury
yourself
—
thinks that there
should be a.
in the meantime we
excited mind : a
II.
for the
/all occasions.
add another standard : what is  written, that is, as seriously
meant literature, is
;
devise
is
The motive of per-
revision or
constant
recollection
conversation,
discards
'//
of
Professor
Huxley's
Less varied,
because it
at
the
time
hot-headed
and
say,
as
the
on
shrank into herself more
course must
are neces-
of
relation
but merely modify the
accepted
1
distinction,
more
by
American,
is
the
occasional
employment
out to
of
culture,
former
Evangelist
(said
to
be
^
—
downright emulation.
dream
8
Davidson,
The
Doctrine
of
of
interpretation
and
shading.
Examples.
tried
test, I will not call it education, whatever may be
the
force
of
second
we commonly call
preliminary symptoms of her
the ear.
the
comma
into
the
eign
language.
The
thinking
is
according to
the less
cedent
training.
to
and sounding
about
such relics
of the
than of single hard-
inasmuch
as
the
Bible
is
the
fact
that
a
of
the
modern
split
infinitive.
the foreigner's
certain district take the
called
when,
as
been
spent
The
mastery
up
to
The Literary Shaping.
task. All these
usage
artistic
nor
intelligible
of these
usages is
just enough accen-
it,
a
refinement,
uncouthness
nature's
noblemen
dic-
must
be
Sagas
ally
the
history
reported to be generous, and to give his
men as
gave of silver, but
he starved them in
there on
defined,
We enter
woe.
and higher,
and. that
the congruous
when a slang or
in
once
aware
of
the
claims
of
tone,
the note :
amusing little
a native
Hindostanee, was
published in
difference
See
p.
113,
2
so
up
to
non-professional
if
cocks
of
to his tiffin, and
^
a
passing
ture,
pleasing
y^
according
employed.
Example.
the account would naturally
merely a form
mood, and thought. To this compre-
;
thesis
as
in
the
two
kinds
of
ways
of
expression
their
are children
patri-
mony.
not a//
So the nuisic of
feeling,
that
underlies
—
rhetoric,
diction interacts with the diction of prose
that is to say, when prose has an emotional or imaginative
occasion
it
of
expression,
pre-
teristics
symbolic words,^ with
as
little
of
capital
vigor into
not synonymous
with length
and you feel no lack of poetic thrust in the
long rolling words
the word
—
 
 
Through increased faith iny^thing/^reports belie,
vhere
the
2. From
yet
good
literary
resources
of concentration
greatest
innovators
of
him
the
intensity of the
passion
pitched
forward-
looking
thoughts
 
;
 
to prose as to poetry
;
 
;
1
Christian heart, yet Orthodoxy,
in prose,
is to
everyday and
work.
I . Archaisms An
have
former
set in a key somewhat
more
to
him
-eth, gives an archaism very
common, more the
ject
and
sentiment :
the door-wards there, and the roofs were thatched with gold
Earls
were
doors
that cast
battle adown
both on its
discussed above
were in
gathering
common
non-colloquialism).
2.
particular in
this respect
and dictate
is made of
—
cockney
dialect,
is
poetry
by
liars,
we
an'
in
you an' your friends, an' the work you may 'ave
to do,
for to say you
An'
stant effort
literal
is to
;
as it is,
must be kept soberly and judiciously in hand ; it may easily
clog
produce the
effect of
to
be
an
attribute
but (as
the derivation
 to add
to, implies)
be defined and
numerous
is in
in
the
noun.
these,
as
epithets,
epithets
use
The
longer
as an illustration
ness
is always
in council
is
running.
style,
prose, and
in full. It is a much
valued means
as it will bear.
The
last
blot,
could afforded to
main,
the
time, as she
The
deco-
mean-
ing.
or,
as it were a
without adjectives
. . To allot
smartest and
express his
assurance that
Honorable
members
corruptly,
Examples
modfel
was
never
than this
culture.
by
greeable effect of obeying a tendency to run adjectives into
groups
influences, to keep the mind
of a restless and doubting age true to the purest and sweetest ideals.'' This
ought to have been more
carefully revised before
epithet indeed as its
occasion
the
picturing
power
noun,
the
poetic career
;
mountain-tops,
tion.
by
seeming
reducing
\i.e.
bringing
spread
her
a model
even from
pleasing
quaintness
IV.
to the
funda-
rhyme,
recur-
ring
difference
of
euphonious
tive
A
striking
the fact that
indicating by
the
;
In prose, euphony is
from
the
jolts
and
harshnesses
which
remedied,
therefore,
by
con-
the
test
is
the
must be
adopted, special
harsh and
euphonious language,
compare the
And the blue sky,
perused by
unac-
only com-
spontaneous device in
In later
as a
passage of the old
—
 
jonne,
as
I
1
Example
to do with
rhyme ; as,
a distinct col-
What he read
a
was
;
blasting
Day
to height.
In Tennyson's
ality
describe
by
the
the
reader
aware
of
the
full
operation
the writer needs
to
make
they do
mighty
come
Greek
or
come
pause.
brave human
souls,
to deal with life at first hand, to act without the
paralysis
to die
as men
as they are.
perpetually
men.
But
itself
p.
38,
above.
he
is
telling,
or
a
has learnt how
lop and top
a. riotous
manner, have
of things
power in
In the
The steep
deli-
Examples.
tionally hard alliteration and utter
want
again.
blank
day.
s
:
—
 
:.
5
Harmony, see above,
Its
up
from
its
midst.
 
;
 
night, and
words :
up
energy
which
has
minutes, is loose, and
and
a
feel again
the
the
Alienisms
as
such,
be chosen,
this description. This choice of the
best
word
Beyond
and
a
this
on elements of lightness,
than mere
to
way. Its roots
identification of the
soul with the subject. As soon as men are concerned with
a
subject
become excited,
causes that give
vitality and technic
exciting
any literary
work in
three
funda-
—
No effort is made
display his feelings
 
British
expected. Setting an example
himself, he twice gave orders to cease firing upon the Redoubtable,
suppos-
means
received
then situation
of the
shoulder,
about
fell upon
his face,
secretary's
blood.
Hardy,
who
'
Had he
but concealed
England
perhaps
would
not
have
the
news
of
the
men,
midshipmen's
amination, that the wound
from
himself
being certain, from the sensation in his back and the gush of
blood he felt momently
avail him, insisted that
those
the crew of
gleamed
in
turned upon
distinctly heard to
 
'
he uttered.
he
had
he
the
news
tion is
:
ondly, there
is a
are equally at
words, in the
Monu-
ment,
discourse:
tion. Heaven
death
population,
foot
defence. All is peace
partake the
us, your
the name of
the name of liberty, to thank
you   . . .
heart
bands, whom
fire of
anxiety
country rise
whether it
of bondage  
the utter-
poor work may perish
soever among men a
patriotism and
liberty, its
point
out
a
few:
structure
and
dency
to
to
and olives
the gentian and of the olive which the s ork
and
for
a
of
the sea-
moun-
flowers heavy
plumy
palm,
that
abate
us
pass
farther towards the north, until we see the orient colors change
gradually into a vast belt of rainy green, where the pastures of Switzerland,
and poplar valleys of France, and dark forests of
the
those
of
brooks, spreading low
heathy
purple that belt of field and
wood, and splintering
ice-drift,
the
last
forests
north wind bites their peaks into
barrenness
durable like iron,
soon
elements
to
into
emo-
tion
undirected.
of poetry, is
even
of
measure
or
systematic
recurrence
another element
Thus the standard
distin-
of
accented
classi-
of sing-song
lable of
indifferent or
labic
the elegy—
are written
in iambic
to
be
the
measure
;
from
Shakespeare
among the iambics
prevailing
or
determining
measure,
as
Its
further
what
the
:
dignified senti-
discordance between
stately march
in Latin
it
is
the
an
occa-
sional
as also the
tive sentiment
cially at
—
 
;
it
; two
feet,
dimeter
will
be
remembered,
correspond
to
imperative
by
the
fact
that
tutes
to end every
derivation
it
the
turning,
that
is,
of
the
written
or
chanted
current
;
as a
The
use
kinds, can be
there is no
1
But
to
And though he were
common.
in his
Hudibras. It
qualities
for his narrative romantic
syllables
beset
uproars
beat.
In
trochaic
metre
as
the
measure
In
In
:
—
 
Left them in a mighty hurry,
Stating
Stating in
emphatic language
printing this
ivied casement,
Orion sloping slowly
four feet as a line, separating noun and adjective, would
here be intolerable.
their celebrity.
six
183
vy _
I
w
line
is too
sustained poem.
olbion, but not with the
effect
the
Alexandrine
the
onomatopoeia
along.
of
Longfellow's
and Greek
exemplified in
my dreaming.
full
stop
two
for
rhyme
the metrical period round
of Tennyson's
despair
the eyes,
thought.
Examples.
of verse to its highest capability
in epigram
Has
Go
the
Howards.
tion of
run-on lines, and has not so carefully sought balance and epigram-
matic point ;
3.
lyrical
paragraph.
become
historic
or
lines rhyming
rhyming syllable
takes ii
stanza
sion, fits the
both
stanza,
iambic,
consisting
rhymed, and
rhymes
sometimes
inverted.
suitable only
taken the long metre
rhymes
(from
with the effect that, as the
suggestion
of
Keble
For without thee I
die,
Memoriam :
Odyssey.
Example.
Of her
chast person,
and a
faythfull mate
And, when she wakt, he wayted
diligent.
From
her
fayre
eyes
and
one
of
Its measure
is iambic
pentameter, and
end of the
said, is a complete
Shakes-
the Portuguese,
stanza form
from
blank
sentiment,
tune,
the
the
at
all.
the
schemes only by much crowding and stretching, and
even
of
interchange
while
accord-
ing
to
ourselves frankly
of lyric metre, which in truth are not anomalous or
erratic,
falling
Illustration.
How much more satisfactory is a musical than a pro-
sodical
be seen from Tennyson's
the
only
hippity-hop movement
palpable
triple
time.
absolutely
line is often, and
tag or
line.
4.
The
interior
feet
are
positions, in lines
193
The
following
by
complete
illustrate
setting of
with the corresponding
Kingsley's Three
actually exists
:
—
poem
m
eSe
?^:p:
-V-
of
and varied
reality the hardest and
indefinitely form a rigid
of verse
and accent the verse,
varied,
movement. The causes
of this we
already been in part
Rationale and
Limits The
bottomless
pit,
or
to be
metrical scheme
of
irregularity,
is
trochee
into
iambic
measure,
lightening
is trochaic, the similar
with its offsetting
(
).
as in the line
:
—
long syl-
no
means
infrequent,
of a contiguous
pause, which takes  into itself some of the value of a
succeed-
ing
foot
line is left unmarked.
The reason is that while the scheme calls for a long the
syllable is
In the following
well-known lines from
»i)
over to succeeding
sounds
rug-
ged
writer
or
teacher
be
its
interactions
out
of
accented
sole
judge.
It
and rhythmic language
a
prose
is
to
be
lawless
and
to
divide
to
the
of the metrical.
just as
the
caesu-
ral
clause
which
it
comes.
reckon the
verse
has
a
pause
or
a
good
reader,
whereby
the
verse
each
pronounced
virtually
new rhythmical pattern.
to a rigid
ought to
as
five
as by the conscientious
to our definition,
line consists of four groups, or, if you prefer
the phrase,
contains four
one word
the
and yet our schoolboy, with no other
liberty but that of inflicting pain, had trium-
phantly
scanned
the others.
What had
fours.
all, but
into fours.
rapid
bottomless pit.
become monoto-
nous, is
the
—
 
in
poetry,
free
mindful of the
bound
to
shun.
becomes
inaudible.
Note.
of
the
effect
or creeps,
is
smaller
than
up
the
vocal
modulations
As
undertone
with
yet
order, is less
removed from the
more
intense
uniambically
; and
yet
heroic line
be said
other measure to
gested.
is lost,
existing before
the metrical
flow of
elogufint .or
well-ordered speech.
is
the most skilfully and
of
opportunity in
ness of movement, and
is ideally free, cannot
diction,
moods of literary art
ing to be
become,
Dr.
.
We
the
path becomes
ode, has
true
prose
rhythm
against
encroachments
of
the
smoother
or
more
regular
flow.
;
2
^
of
elided
pleasing
combination
of
vocabulary.
helping out the balance
group the phrasal architecture
in
uniform patterns of twos or threes may become a real bond-
age,
and
caution
segmen-
and
as
no striking divergence.
main distinction,
—
 
bright that
by
make prayer less
forts
shall
pleas-
ear is enticed very
But
decided
overtone
and transitions of
now, all the
a
line of a poem designed to show the value of the monosyllable, is unrhyth-
mical
because
the other
by
the
ode.''
rhythmical
Whitman, and could have
been carried to greater success than appears in his work, if
he had had
phrase.
Example.
the
Open
Road, will show both his principle of clausal verse and the
curious
jumble
he is continually
this
souls along
the grand
universe.
Of the progress of the souls of men and women along the
grand roads of the uni-
verse,
emblem and
know that
or level prog-
more pedestrian
of
rhythm,
greatest and the best but like
a
froward
with
and
care
is
over.'
one
in
eighteenth
century
'
movement is
clause,
indeed
is
nothing
and unnatural.
of
music
quoted
from
his
and
depend
agement of the pause
very naturally
the
succeeding
syl-
lable
the pause
after pain, which is a whole beat and an eighth rest
over.
In
the
Cadence.
rhythm,
orNthe
lack
places
fall, not a
to
1
See
this
practically
spear, writhed
are
inaccurate,
but
because
they
-/-
potencies
of
the
processes
constructive forms
we have
in view
emphasis,^:s
promoted
by
far
literary
forms, we are dealing with that larger stage of organism, that
work with the discovery and
ordering of
ship to
viewed
not
the
requirements
to take it
of
rhetoric.
tion of words
the question
for our
junction. In other words, the present chapter deals with ele-
ments of
without
o^ syn-
up
made to agree
with the nearest
and
the
as his
the most
nor less than
the clear expression
the
ground
that
the
singular verb, it may
(Howells)
has
cases the
ventures
stock of
shops, the
tides is
now well
ances. Before
I am an abject coward, and I have at last
concluded to admit
noun.
Examples.
the
action
individualized
in
thought
to it, so that
on
this
made it
a constant
numbers,
which
is
the
auxiliary forms
benefited. Say rather,
—
to have been
him,
a difficulty, however,
herself
with
pose, there
;
to it
should be
Ordi-
clause,
;
of ambiguity,
it may
of birds, an aviary is always to be found in
the grounds.
refer to the
her Majesty's
lately
quitted the tumults of a party and the intrigues of a court,
they (viz.
^
in
nor written for
for me
ous,
fit character to
be assumed as
pronominal.
construction
participle when
left to
of mind, he
is
poetic
license.
finally
be
is enough
 if
unaccompanied,
or
i.
The
first
is an
instance where
the subject,
not being the same as the subject of the sentence, needs to
accompany
its
participle :
ought,
like
as
brief
and
rapid
as
may
be,
makes an unprepared-for
declared anti-reformers,
of
^
play the part of censor for the
public
good  
the work
they have
interfere
refused delay, and ordered a writ of attachment to immediately
be
issued.
A word, however, about
has
to its
rightful stress,
adverb
instinct
would say, ' I
follow-
ing
to or coordinate with the
other
—
One or two aids to clearness may be mentioned. Two infini-
tives coordinate
connected
dependence of infinitives may
(»'«
with
him
to
Here it
capital,
study
medi-
cine.'
common
because the
by facile
idioms
are
willing neglecter.
another,
indicative
for both nupibers
except in the verb to be, where in the present it
adopts the
be. In the past tense, except in the verb to
be (were'),
14.
In
the
the sub-
is a
miracles
to know
is
uSed
for
a
neutral
is
not],
 
;
 
presence
would not
believe it
against
is]
fast
exam-
ple we reach this contrary implication by a kind of double
negative.
using the
to
 
;
 
had come of it all ? Louie was a strong lass
now, if she
overgrown.
need
was
shown
it
cases like this last that the indicative is most actively
supplanting
the
with their
of the
some cases
of
emerges and
however,
 
He will go, in spite of all I can say, where the auxiliary has
the
stress
clause ; or
 
future implied
and familiar : but style is the image of character ; and
the habits of
labor or design, the
which
is
the
involved in shall.
interesting reversals
thus
secured
both
When,
as
future
sec-
ondary, the will of the second or third person is changed
to
univer-
sality,—
 
z.
if
noth-
^
-^
there is so much exception
to
fact
that
it. This distinction is present to the sense, whether
brought
out
that
the
sense, their office
its antecedent
is not
its mean-
equivalent,
by
shall ye
have got
much.
sentence.
in
while the which-A'i.MSS
—
—
A coordinative or additive clause is generally set off by a
comma ; a restrictive clause is not.
20.
There
the proper
restrictive sense.
while
the
requirements
of
euphony
or
restrictive relative, under the two heads of
Euphony
relative but also a demonstrative,
a
pronominal
which
custom
these, those, they
 
made
a
pause-word
their
neigh-
bors.
Here
wAo
would
preposition
to
the
an adverb,
rose above
this is
the construction with which
live
by.
effect.
of existence
to,
brisk, fiery little
instead of that
in order to
or restriction, it
this respect a
important
to
have
at
command
the
various
classified according
need
evident
statement
by
 
volumes. There
being combined, in the
whereby,
worth
—
juxtaposition thereby, the
for
follow-
/^
the
fame and fortune, between the antecedent and the relative clause,
dis-
princi-
(=
as:
etc.).
It
is
in
III.
COLLOCATION.
earlier,^
about
through
the
choice
are
placing,
if
Examples.
was
happy;
the
been
persistent.
backward reference
:
 
places where Protestant
January besought the
come
pleasure''
Here
the
 
contempt.
People have been crying out that Germany never could be an
aggressive
jurisprudence
influence
of
such
extends
more than one clause, and
need
another.
Examples.
will be lost,
here
 
fascinated
by
the
quaintness
of
our
the of the next clause.
—
in the brute,
of
recast is needed,
beginning,  The fact
that something approaching
in the sentence
typical
position,
be con-
early
grace of style
Examples.
But at last, and
even here, it seemed as if the years of this loyal and
eager poet had
ences,
a sort of centre to which
beauties the most opposite converge.
In this latter
example the adjunct
with at most an
cumber
the
but produces
and ease.
in France, and I
I
fear,
—
 
and
some
of the
livid lights of a then only incipient Rationalism on his mind.
In these
sentences the
it seem like
its
verb
there-
at
will.
placed
at
realizing and
ceiving those things he habitually deals with, and not other
things. Here
:
 
etc. Here
humiliate
publicly.
ambiguity
(cf.
IT
24)
the
justification
of
delaying
the
position
roadside
bird.
collocated
to
justify
itself,
literature.
IV.
RETROSPECTIVE
REFERENCE.
retrospec-
tive
reference
tabular
view.
TABLE
cate these
discriminating
Before proceeding to the discussion of means, it may be
desir-
some
 
the
should
most
lifelike
not
accurately
discriminated.-
buy all
for
what he will for
the
various
otherwise
than
leave;
all
was as
selects its proper
this
history,
search of
—
—
sense of
in position for
may naturally
later
 
;
operative.
30.
But
equal.
a
both
In
the
suspect
warmly provoked
be referred to a wholly
indefinite ante-
con-
in
l
the
phrase of ref-
antecedents,
a
matter
requir-
manner
of reference not only to represent but to describe, or other-
wise enrich the meaning
as
unaided
referring
sufficiently
bringing
did
the
ambiguity
is
quite
insurmountable.
Say,
however,
quoted on
God's help,
hardships
and
periods
you
cannot
architectural
summer.
l
sen-
tence
not'do otherwise
assured
boy of the
prevent his
and clause-
thefacti
heralded
1
Stowe,
of
remark,
acquires
a
a single day
of my life
use of it in the same
passage always sug-
money. Here
the second
after its
lessness in the mixture of
functions.
has
a
grip.
is
death
not
is
^
through an unexplored
who are
on which he is
this word.
. . .
and worthy
position,
but
defined
beforehand
personal pronoun is
no more direct relation
to it than her
beauty.
35.
are especially
useful in
plan of what
its bounds
and stages.
The
common
of his
speeches before
first
one
words
is a
compared.
36.
it either,
 
Pleasure and excitement had more attraction for him than his
friend.
Here,
preposition
should
points are really
through heedlessness,
Cenci
by
Shelley;
Here
the
thing. If we
else the liberty of your
country
is
endangered.
sentence.
sentence a sudden
also, when correla-
What part of
before a
suc-
cessful,
but
first, as
not only
the Kingdom
from Macaulay,
who used
this construction
Yet
that history should retain its
old character.
Often this
first member, with-
pretend to
the
flexibility,
writer's expression, are
in general
 
ing the same rank,
conjunctive link,
and moving in
Type Conjunction
is AND. Others are : also, yea, likewise, in like manner,
again,
besides,
too,
these head
their clauses ; the word too, however, is put after another word
in
ing an
eye not
only upon
adverbial
buried in its clause.
me,
Let
needs often
to be
intensify are
cumulo,  to
heap up.
;
worth saying.
and dogmatic, but exceedingly courageous.'' Here cour-
ageous does not arrest any natural inference from the preceding ; on the
contrary
it
in
the
being
emotional
and
dogmatic,
writers, gives a
;
support it.
writing.
of
but
back again.
informing Captain Adam of
the second
of
the
which is going
to,
subordinately.
45.
The
force of
the conjunction,
quently
misused,
lest in any part
below his ideal.
does not express
ancillary
assertion with such condition-
ing and modifying parts as serve to give its true and
limits.
implication, as
while, unless, save, except. The particles
when,
government
just
like
a
^clauses
cating the
conditional relation.
cipal
is
not
composition
 
steadier
the
resolve
that
but ye
in
the
first
clause
 
whereunto ye
48.
conjunction
may
and obtrusive,
sion
permits,
and
by
putting
on
of the sentence.
hath not
a
doubt)
Here
word
indeed,
subordination would be better
for poetry
—
must
be
nature
of
 
to
the
2
all its
therefore,
applica-
tions
extend
to
they belong, in fact, to all organization of thought.
Here,
suggest their functions
idea,
Degrees of Negation.
these two forms of negation
:
 
life perfectly to
was something
This Mahomet,
then, we
will in no wise consider as an Inanity and Theatricality, a poor conscious
ambitious schemer
truest Prophets
than one
it
I   Here the absolute no is so strong that it can
dispense with the verb and make
its
assertion
alone.i
available.
or in- (sometimes
word nor, uncorrelative, at the
beginning
it stands
written there
measure
them
; they
are
/Kcommensurable
not, or to know what
he
knows
much milder this is than to say,  No more in
fiction than
prefix, is
extensively employed.
in the
of
precision.
Examples.
power
practice of auricular
the
thing
is
probable,
fact
grew
accustomed
to
be overworked
of an
Examples.
 
'
affirmative:
 Where
Peter
got
sidering that his law practice
was said to
tions just at present
II. ANTITHESIS.
off each other, is one
of
from
1
Bagehot,
Literary
to
construct
a
mould
appears rise
of
words
of
the figure may
you would seek to make one rich, study not to
increase
his
stores,
the
always wise, and,
out of their
more
deadly
pur-
pose
than
the contrast
be
employed
sense
of
kind
of
may
seriously
maintain
that
was involved in
the
Knight
—
•
 
other world
now
concealed
account of
the most
truly epigrammatic,
It, and
interests of
silver side of
parents.
2..
The
different
spirit,
thus
giving
it
an
—
not
5.
mere
and lively
rather
than
of
Antithesis.
is apt to be abused,
antithesis, with its
we may
antithesis
may
be
faulty
by
being
exist.
— it is unbecoming. He
the
gods
and ungodlike.
too
often
tempted
to
or wKi/ervalue, the antithesis is so light as to sound
somewhat artificial, more
The
same,
though
—
 
promise more antithesis
9.
antithesis con-
opposition
about the
Puritans, when
spectators ; but the
have caused the
 
p.
99.
2
Tennyson,
Godiva.
s
These
English
Comfosition,
p.
88.
Pascal
man, skilfully disguising
; but
the
eternally
make the
must be all false
the
writer
sentence,
epigrams
are not good for
without attracting
as the word or
unwonted
place
gives
it
distinction.
to the
it ought to
and
is
•become
a
distant,
respectful
antidote against
have
a
nation
of
gallant
men,
'
a. prose hymn
by com-
—
 
time
1
articles of
ornament, piece
and the future offered them no hope. Here to say
 were their
is
crude.
from Burke above,
 
and
practical
attraction :
the
predominant
idea
ORGANIC PROCESSES. 279
an indignity, to wfiich he was determined in no case to
submit. Here
effort to get the word
this at the
ourselves.
Us,
our
Here
the
inver-
was very
lyle
it will be seen how the inverted last sentence obeys the
attraction of
obstreperous
fierce-
^
—
groups
correspondent
adverbial
of the
again under
element,
carrying
with
in
the follow-
rhetorically is
nothing but
When
The
Dancing
this,
and
more,
God
've
seen  
Here
the
last line, by its sudden turn, flashes back a light
on all the non-
has solemnly
allowed the
statement and the
action be shaped by circumstances.
It will readily be seen from these
examples that the suspended structure
is
leave the
or
solution,
structure calls for putting prelim-
inaries, of
whatever kind,
;
effect,
repeated so as to make up quite a copious accumulation
of
preliminary
details.^
Examples.
to
scaffolds of
the
^
bottom of derided
failure;
not
to have any theory but profit and yet, at an equal expense, to outstrip
all
competitors
in
deformity
and
to
do all this in what is, by nature, one of
the most
agreeable neigh-
but
at my
feeling
of
the
authors
are
to
superior race,
if you
could take
clear note
a few yards,
dependent
on
of it s descriptive.
—
;
For by a singular
destiny England, with a
her,
has
chosen
for
lost her crowning
2
16.
The
principal
caution
is
against
accumulating
an
excessive
until
the
apodosis
1
Arnold,
On
recapitulation
.as
any
feelings,
is
of parts
is aiSrmed
or denied : here you cannot dismiss and have done with the
ideas as you go along
all is hypothetic ; all
are
not
complex
you
in order to
and
wisdom perpetuated,
into unity, national character is
fixed, a people speaks, the
past and the
brought into communication with each other,
—
family,
its
study
^
 
share
in
any
and subjects to their
if I have assisted to loosen the foreign holdings of
the citizen, and
and for
his comfort
book :
significance
needed
This second
the
summary
pointed
out
by
much fatigue,
bad weather, to our
without
scruple,
refuse.
the
solution
has
alike in
should
; when
added
to
introduce
of
the
some say,
suspense, after
the
V. AMPLITUDE.
On the
and
natural impulse, sometimes, to put thought in such fulness
and
reader
delay
stages.
The
forms
here gathered
under the
name Amplitude.
fairly
wealth
of meaning. Such free range of utterance is one of the
primal aims
Write Clearly.
an author
again
so
many?
allied
to
preface
introduces a weighty aphorism that is to play an important part
in
or some
are
things ?
ness
to
prosaic
us
In like manner
to the
fight with.
influence, etc.^ Here
various expedients, more
himself,
modifying
nature :
due attention
to every
'
;
and venison,
and pheasant,
has
down
not u
who yet
Madame.
sion, in
much governed
orous
additions
is already sufficiently implied they are justified only
as
they
sentiment
him hear,
the words
here italicized
enhance the
epithets and
pp. 147,
abuse
;
capacities
of
humorous
[Pope] professed to have
period
of
perhaps his character may
receive some illustration, if a comparison be instituted between him and
the man
this from
lost no opportunity of
^
2. Of humorous circumlocution. The foUovring is spoken in the assumed
character
which
correct
eye,
business
unpleasant
or
delicate
obscuring their
elaborate
to cease
led him into a slight
excess
of
conviviality.
the thorough
maxim about
sparing the
^
cited example,
and striking,
the
matter
climax gradation:
^
unpaid,
yet
the
people
impoverished ; a church pillaged, and a state not relieved; civil and military
anarchy
and
national bankruptcy the
precarious,
support of
an empire,
from whence
they came,
when the
to
weak,
may
be
to
aldermen,
by
aldermen
to
and by
as
work of art you
murder,
robbing
dated his
at the time.
of clauses
is flat
not due
continued existence.
tone and sentiment to brevity or concentration, has
already
likewise already
an almost equal degree, though from more
complex motives. It is a tendency not less of mind than
of
on
and direct mind
and
strong,
nor is it the brevity that makes it strong. It must
in
27.
For
expressing
than
by so much
done in
 
has
sometimes
be
out
first lines of this
being cut down
from ships of
The souls
of mighty
the
passage
is laid
;
of
letting
the
me work best.
under pressure.
and aphorisms. The
(in third sen-
tence), and as
in
nature,
re^d.
not necessary
the universe to
which kills
;
is
better
he
*
—
 
Carterhaugh, than he
honors of
p. 268)
a dream. *
characteristic
of
explains
ditions
a person,
the
general reverence of mankind, and you rob her of half her
majesty. '
'
that quality of style by virtue of which the thought
is passed
without attempt
subordinate portions in any literary work call for merely
such
condensation.
30.
Rapidity
is
If
a
rapid
them
all.
It
is
the
importance
the
present
pur-
pose
or lumped
lighter touch
and more
expression to
phrase
to
the
positive
statement
to
adjectives in the
for
clauses
the clause they
reproduce all that is necessary for a rapid touch. The following,
in
ele-
be understood.
Russian
of
value than the
the
material.
conjunctional clause
is very
arriving there
day.
significance, too lengthy for
would
not
be?)
a
euphemism,
e.g.
ellipsis for
of
greater
;
of
particles,
Examples.
they taught.
these
reveres
delay
after
the
condemned,
on
 
forms of ex-
ology,
those who
—
pros-
be
paired
tip of
pleonastic, is,
in due
antithetical
characters
virtues
and
leisure. What are
them ? Nothing.
Nothing.
artifice
discouraged
contrary
couraged
-^-
without in the least meaning to do so, and indeed meaning
quite
36.
In
ideas,
ideas
whose
expression
a
following
serviceable
prose
style.
Poetry
has
a
will
acquire
a
both. This is what
excellence,
supremely powerful and influential in the last century, the first to come
and standing
the highest degree
poetic instincts, the
law
might acquire this
into the whole of the
daily life of
the century was a
a
good
precision, balance.
; and if
of successive enrichment
varied
like a wound,
servant,
the cellar key. He also does not dislike a good
bed.
came not
of
iteration,
1
Acts
xxviii.
3-5.
2
Sir
Walter
often obviated by
make
^
—
 His religion, his education, his life in this unsatisfying world, are
not the
kind. ^-
to acquisitive-
ness, and
tend to infidelity; but to have recourse to physics to
make
or giving a youngster
the
fault
if
first:
world
; it
has
 
;
moun-
here in
the fastnesses
and
to
scandalize.
principles
coti-
fessed;
repeat
:
 
task,
and
had
failing again, had
to apply the
that
of
[indolence of the] general, to capitulate
within
a
week.
i
struction
striking
example
thin figure,
^
here
wide, observes,
compares, classifies,
generalizes, both in the world of matter and [in the
world] of spirit.
in what is called
relief
clear definition
of heralds, they
were recorded
in the Book of Life. If their steps wete not accompanied
by
a
splendid
and therefore
|
members
of
 
...
materials
the
graph, and the Composition as a Whole, it will
be treated
essentially the
be regarded
as the
colorings
and
appear as a complete
; and by the cadence and
music,
by the purport and bearing, of his sentences, the master
of
the pure
intellect, there
pages
rarer.
exclamatory
and
interrogative
as
well
as
order,
being
;
ism : the
grammatical having
must, at this
ments,
must
the
thinking
predicate,
as
theme
and
treatment,
of
light
subject
sense
that
about
which
These, while in most
are
not
if is,
information or
than by
to be
massiri
aiSCTisskrrr,- whatever
its syntax,
predication,
as
is put in
accomplish.
greatest cities
but
under
circumstances.
prepared for by
a prospective clause :
any
problems of
Examples.
\
as
substantive,
is
adjectival
in
nature,
sentence, and this
it does in
to
it,
3.
or
cluster
add
together
than this
good or worse,
being
sentence repeats
the idea
procedure.
1.
The
articulation, we may
conjunction.
Sentences
may
assume
a
consid-
erable
is
clear.
 
the
Christian
Church,
born
into
for
the
subject, its
two members
adverbial time
wherein the
is
useful
and
though.
 
 
;
 
;
by no means displease her. Here each
of the
semicoloned members
two
members.
asyndeton
between
reason, but
wherein one
may
be
which
case
of
the
subordinating
class.''
Often
placed first,
and thus
the
distinction
of
clauses.
relatives, are here italicized.
just what it cost.
it^must be
which has its harbors in every
sea.
of
the
muster at
that
to
ill
required
that
Elwood
if
he
 
—
 
in,
it, and
subject
to
ernment, I
remarked here
any
modifying
element
1
For the list of relatives, pronominal and adverbial, see Table of
Retrospective
Reference,
p.
247
unity. However
thought.
To
Two errors
the
THE
SENTENCE.
321
lowers
or
votaries
;
Saxon
Latin; though I thinlc wit more particularly
signifies that of poetry, as
may occur in remarlcs
on the Runic language.
subjects
of
the
censure
of
Here
the
was
exceedingly
beloved
nated Dr.
from
the
characterize
the
sentence
be
a sentence
explanatory clause
in with
his italics) from
^
to
your
sensible authority
remain
father ; the father of each swore by
the other lad
brackets is
from
general
intermediate
char-
the sentences in brackets
space, liberty
All things
assumes chief importance.
by likeness or
of such relation
the
principal
; it
may
not
necessarily
mar
the
unity
with the
I
shall
take
this
Obverse,
look pitiful
thoughts
1
of
implied,
inexplicit,
company. So it may come to pass that a sentence
may
be
made
smaller
it easily
unity
of
inclusion
heterogeneous.
Of
this
delicate
of
every
to
strange
parasitical
plants,
design of
over which the lofty palms, a forest upon a forest,
appeared
important
to
by
itself.
projectiles. The
tions of the
round,
down the
rippling bayou.
happens
to
them;
and
unprofitable,
and
hopeless,
parts and
an object
rest
is
obviously
all
up
significance of
definite a
vol-
applica-
single comprehensive principle,
of
addition,
more
specifically,
of
repetition,
loosely
related
subject-matter,
bearing.
Let
in
preaching in St. Mary's
the
is one
thing, to do is another ; the two things are altogether Repetition,
distinct.
A
man
knows
that
Take semicolons as they run, in the work of standard
writers, and these
With these modes of
though in full
of
attention to
instances
e.g.
should
get
up
in
this latter case
absurd
phrase.
of
a few
when a
coordinate,
significance.
Examples.
hand
and
my
heart
to do, or profitablest to do
;
ever
(sic)
2. Of the comma
summer, is
its
of an experience in which all is new, are but
enhanced,
like
that
of its
but
subjects
of
—
the grammatical
keeping
i
requested
by
certain eminent persons to send them some of those relics he
sought
for
messengers.
3.
and to us
or
parallel
is to separate
To
maintains
:
ondly, what your concession
certainly not
common course of war,
'
poet, not merely by
poems ; not
above
its true
All the
more need,
introduces
is
principally, that it differs from
the
colon.
construction,
or
an
epigrammatic
92.
2
Burke,
3
p. 156.
Slipped-in
explanation.
but contemplation
—
view
German
quite
 
—
of him.
Sumatra
there
is
<..
:
—
fully
as it
ing
more
a
well-
written
passage
the
stops,
be
without the
the sentence itself
let
Illustrative
Note.
of Hereford
supported
advancing
into
the
heart
justiciaries.
With
this
general
Accordingly we find
stress
be
augmented,
rounded fulness
remembered that
not create
realized. This,
depend
to
recognize
by
a
disciplined
tact
and as well also the
intermediate
or
outlying
and necessary to it. But
also such may be the
status
accom-
paniment
of
its necessary
of the predicate
this is the
The
distinction to
some par-
ticular word
into the
the beginning
goal
idea,
toward which the course of the sentence is to be
Grammatical
considerations,
Examples.
of
those
a
prefer-
ence
people
at
of admitting
of
civil
loss ; they try
from
it.
 The
Arabian
peninsula
coming despair
and madness
of
is to the human
at
the
can possibly be
and
by the dashes,
to be
ing man,
man,
herits
approving,
to
culmination
the
secured.
the
communicated ? and communicated
This illustrates the utility
at
significance
of
the
their
instead
of
pride,
resolution
 
 
as
phrase,  on the
and
II.
dynamic stress.
I. Making
sought out Hugh's dog, and took
him under
he
[Barnaby
Hugh's dog, and took him under his
care; and that he never could be
tempted
into
London.
on
the
fact that
Barnaby had the sense, but that the sense was so dim ; hence
the word
—
end
secures
this.
on
both
occupied a tug
;
the mental
centre of
sally talked
end
has
him-
self
next,
has
a
mind,
the privilege of
to
our
fortune-making;
busi-
 
shrines,
failed
to
to explain, is possible.
that
understand much
movement,
2.
A
natural
adjustment of succeeding
of
ginning
of
some
:
the
obsolete
the liter-
but
of all great literature.
and fall, the
whole work. This rises
sole exception of
second, and
this more apparent than real, are all constructed in precisely the
same way,
by and:
was beyond remedy. He
Journal, and Gov-
affect opinion,
brief
speeches,
which
were
singularly
felicitous,
and
not
 
reputation
leader. Yet
for a
was too absolute,
independence than his
and his literary
tastes made him
conversation
was
full
the
mourned
by
his
associates
faithful legislator.
description of diction given
organism,
the general coloring
;
from the prevailing char
of
a
passage
impress,
a graduated progress. Further,
tant
clatter,
merely flippant.
that
the use
a
year.
If
flatters
himself
that
he
can
have had blood. New treasons have been created.
The Press has been
been suspended.
Public meetings
have been
prohibited. The
ever.
What
chapter,
p.
321.
but as It goes on in the same continued stac-
cato^
be good, each
be wearisome.
tion.
The
short-sentence
fallacy
amplify
cially
mind,
either
as
expressed
briefly
at
the
outset
para-
graph,
qualities
of
impressiveness.
On the other hand, the long sentence imposes on the reader
a
burden
of
interpretation
; he
must,
to
follow
it
properly,
keep
aware
the
take
account,
and
make
type, is
rambling
the
abstractions,
the
juxtapositions,
of
creations, the
to
attending on his own
inward world of thought
as its very shadow :
is
another's
with and
relieve each
of style and of thought.
1.
A
combination
first
certain
but so
compactly
ordered
thought.
Thus is secured to an agreeable
extent the crispness of the short and the sus ained course of
the
long.
Example.
several members
;
down, and
the soft collar of
But now is to be changed. pleasing illusions, which made
power
gentle,
of
bland
assimilation,
private society, are to be dissolved
by
life is to be rudely torn off. All the
superadded ideas, furnished from the
wardrobe of a moral imagination, which the heart owns, and the under-
standing ratifies, as
of
the
succeeded
by
round
as
a
effectual
because
artistic.
of sen-
the thought
and its
effects in
sion
the
in the
types,
is
to
impart
subjects,
and
by tens and
it
What exactly do we
? We
imply
of,
vision
of
other diplomata
of human
or
which
of those successive themes,
by
pure
accident
have
cannot be such
power
to ease in read-
ponderous,
be
confined
will
by
literary
tact.
Note.
domestic
subjects
loose sentence the principle
the ideas to
apparent attempt
a
technical
term
for
a
to artistic
through deep
complete :
|
call of
like
easy, less
hard to make
thinking
; so in
the loose
tence
The antithetic
words living,
dead ; clamors,
silence; enemies,
to
remember,
because
the points that
are of most
that
comes
easily
overdone
of
its
From the craving for the familiar measure, there is
a
tempta-
tion
to
fill
out
with its aids of
writing,
is
illustrated
in
the
style
called
euphuism,
which,
though
utterly
vogue
few
sen-
tences
:
 
either remoue the cause,
shalt thou finde me as carefull with thee in thy
moane. If altogether
forted.
be procured, or
name of a
noticed,
page
275,
never
not : thy
but
I
can
it shalbe lawnced, if
of
up the cue at the end of the period preceding.
Thus the two
sentences
is
;
so-called
percentage of periodic sentences.
requirements
lengths,
derives
a
charm
or
tramp
knew
his
; he came out
communications.
rigidly throughout to the pefiodifc structure.
The same sen-
then be
natural course, too, the loose addition building its detail on
what
the
Example.
first part has yielded.
England, partly from the want of an Academy, partly from
a
to which that want of an Academy is itself due,
there
exists too little of what I may call a, public force of
correct
literary
opinion,
clear
and
recalling
ing
from
their advantages.
p. 341.
inde-
pendent
as the
by indenting,
rightly
both
the reader.
and
from running
on too
often he has been
the
mere
too short
as many
enough
to
be quoted.
paragraph
that
kind of
He lives
later
 
the typical
begin-
ning,
body,
and
thinking
thinking
of
clearly appre-
hended resultant
of
thought,
end, will
any reader
wide and
durable fame chiefly to this, that all those powers received
their direction
with
influence. There
senses.
is manifested
Paragraph. The glory
the Paragraph. The secret of
Macaulay's
balanced
have also undoubtedly their
masterly
philosophers as
and
or
syllogisms
tained
denying
that
were evils, and calling
plenty,
dSid^opa.
In his
opinions on all these subjects, he was not a Stoic, nor a