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Working towards a Discipline‐Specific Vocabulary Core (DSVC) for postgraduate International Law
Jenny Kemp [email protected]
TALC 2018 @ University of Cambridge, July 19th 2018
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
needs of PG Law (LLM) students
vocabulary
socio‐legal context
Northcott (2008, 2009); Deutch (2003)
Northcott (2009)
Carver (1994), Schoonen et al (1998), Nassaji 2003)
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Carr & Stone (2014, p.159)
VocabProfiler: http://www.lextutor.ca/vp/eng/Kemp TaLC 2018
All on Gardner and Davies’ (2014) New Academic Vocabulary List (AVL), but with a specific meaning in Law
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Research Questions1. What specialist lexis (single words, collocations,
multi‐word units) do postgraduate International Law students need for reading?
2. What text coverage does this Discipline‐Specific Vocabulary Core (DSVC) provide?
3. When students begin their LLM course, do they know this DSVC?
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Corpus linguistics
English for Academic Purposes
Data Driven Learning (DDL)
Prof. Vijay BhatiaLegal English
forensic linguisticsOn the use of corpora in the analysis of forensic textsCoulthard, Malcolm. International Journal of Speech Language and the Law, 2/18/2013, Vol.1(1), pp.27‐43
Legal translation
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The DSVC International Law Corpus
LLM reading texts
Corpus (c.2m words)
Discipline‐Specific Vocabulary Core
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written legal texts
Prescriptive
treaties
agreements
conventions
acts
directives
regulations
codes of practice
(contracts, wills)
Hybrid
Descriptive
textbooks
monographs
edited volumes
journal articles
practitioner texts
commission reports
web articles and summaries
case summaries
case digests
case comments
commentaries
(essays, dissertations, theses)
cases + appeals
panel reports
tribunal reports
court proceedings
advisory opinions
(statements, briefs, advice)
Communicative function
(My categories develop the work of: Bhatia, 1983; Šarčević, 1997; Williams, 2007; Gozdz‐Roszkowski 2013)Kemp TaLC 2018
function no. of texts
Prescriptive 66Hybrid 47Descriptive 288
401
date no. of texts
pre‐1980 261980‐1999 352000‐2019 340
401
tokens 1,950,302words 35, 806lemma+POS (lempos) 29,581
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The DSVC International Law Corpus
12 domains:1. Company Law
2. Intellectual Property &Internet Law
3. Civil & Commercial ADR
4. Sale & Carriage of Goods, Marine Insurance, & Shipping
5. World Trade and Investment
6. Banking & Finance
7. Conflict of Laws
8. EU Constitutional &Administrative Law
9. EU Substantive Law
10. Public International Law
11. Armed Conflict &International Criminal Justice
12. International Human Rights Law
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Survey of modules in LLM programmes in 21 UK universities (2014/5)
modules
universities
banking law human rights
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Reading lists:titles + topics and themes
5000-word samples
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expert judgments on corpus content
1. In your opinion, does the list reflect examples of the topics, themes and principles that tend to be covered in this domain?
2. Is there any item which seems out of place? (If so, which item and why?)
3. Is there a topic/theme/principle which you believe is widely taught, but which is not covered here?
4. Is there a particular text which you believe is usually required reading, but which is not covered here?
5. Do the proportions of the different genres correspond approximately to what you would expect an LLM student to read?
16 experts
5 institutions
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The DSVC International Law Corpus
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Top 30 noun lemmas in the DSVC International Law (by raw freq)
1 law 11521
2 court 7975
3 article 7408
4 state 7341
5 right 5555
6 case 5359
7 party 5204
8 member 4728
9 company 3849
10 rule 3735
11 agreement 3548
12 states 3119
13 provision 2957
14 contract 2813
15 convention 2807
16 act 2728
17 treaty 2509
18 principle 2457
19 country 2340
20 system 2327
21 person 2310
22 jurisdiction 2248
23 time 2233
24 measure 2181
25 eu 2151
26 market 2143
27 decision 2119
28 order 2036
29 obligation 2036
30 part 2010Kemp TaLC 2018
1 bank 1,1842 financial 8303 market 5944 credit 4795 law 4756 system 3687 regulation 3628 service 3619 investment 35110 provide 34311 risk 33312 banking 33013 institution 32714 security 32615 firm 32516 consumer 30117 member 29918 rule 28519 act 27920 activity 278
Banking & Finance
Raw freq.
Pilot data (30 texts)range 8/30
Top content words
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provide
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY‐NC‐SA
In the light of
See discussion in Kemp 2018
Genre = cases
use by
copying and use of
use of works
registration and use of
the terms and conditions of the use of the work or other subject matter
in connection with any use of electronic communications
must be use as a trade mark
use of a trade mark
the use made of the work
to make use of electronic communications
where use is made of
fair use
of public non‐commercial use
against unfair commercial use
legitimate use
for private use
where the use is authorised by
unauthorised use of
permitted to use
the right to use
intending to use it
inhibit the use of
the use of the word '
could use
Use, as a concept, is important in IP/Internet Law at PG level.
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1 D the management and/or controlling shareholder , which is essentially the st
2 D flow ownership by the controlling shareholder mitigates this incentive for
3 D in recent years, particularly as shareholder activism has developed and b
4 D investors. More recent examples of shareholder activism include a revolt by
5 D is not to suggest that shareholder activism is always a good
6 D rategic and operational matters require shareholder approval, company election p
7 D board (at least without formal shareholder approval) from taking any
8 D to raise loan capital and shareholder approval is not normally req
9 D orward financing proposals that require shareholder approval, they will know tha
10 D which takes account of minority shareholder interests and does not unfa
11 D the company is to maximise shareholder interests. The second answer
12 D striking the right balance between shareholder primacy and stakeholder mana
13 D mpany, including the shareholders. The shareholder primacy and stakeholder theo
14 D . Accordingly, Berle was not advocating shareholder primacy as we understand it
15 D for approval and where a shareholder proposal has been made pursu
16 D have the right to submit shareholder proposals to a vote. If
17 D ublicising underperformance and filing shareholder proposals to bring about imp
18 D company elections; nor usually can shareholder resolutions bind the board,
19 D can be supplemented by certain shareholder resolutions or agreements. S
20 D on the law relating to shareholder resolutions, proxies and cor
23 D those concerned with transparency and shareholder rights, also single out quot
24 D a fight on the Draft Shareholder Rights Directive is going on
25 D of US accounting standards and shareholder rights' protection; and the
26 D considerations and because it enhances shareholder value. The argument seems to
27 D business, that end is maximising shareholder value, which depends on busi
28 D with the obligation to maximize shareholder value. During the same p
29 D as a way of maximizing shareholder returns? The basic problem i
30 D with B as a minority shareholder, a position which may prove
31 D and thus becoming a minority shareholder may be such a costly
32 D the behest of a minority shareholder. b Practical impediments to
33 D existence of different and incompatible shareholder voting guidelines (5.8). 36
34 D holding periods for stock; increased shareholder voting influence in relation
35 D . At the same time, though, shareholder voting probably only operate
shareholder
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Civil & Commercial ADR
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Keywords
Ref corpus: EnTenTen13
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• The vocabulary that is relevant for PG Law students crosses frequency boundaries;
• It also stretches across word boundaries;
• So a keyword list of single words is not enough.
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Discipline Specific Vocabulary Core (DSVC)
collocations
multiword units
single words(high frequency)
single words (specific)
proper nouns
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Multiword units
collocations
Salient items in each domain subcorpus
Salient items in each communicative function subcorpus
Salient items in the whole corpus
Single words
Single wordsProper nouns
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Methodologically sound
Pedagogically useful
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How can we use this in the classroom?
• Observe
• Highlight
• Extract
• Use
1. corpus‐informed teaching
2. guided awareness‐raising activities
3. hands‐on learner training
Preshous & Kemp (2017)
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The following concordance lines are all taken from a small purpose‐built corpus of law reports from your reading lists.
• Study the examples in A‐C and work out the meaning(s) of the central phrase.
• Highlight useful patterns.
Remember that you
are looking for
patterns, so it must
occur at least twice
to be useful.
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• Observe
• Highlight
• Extract
• Use
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guided & freer practice
• Observe• Highlight• Extract• Use
Gapfil examples from BAWE and byu‐bncKemp TaLC 2018
"very useful for our future studies"/ “AntConc and the
knowledge [of corpora] was and is really useful"
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ReferencesBhatia, V., 1983. An Applied Discourse Analysis of English Legislative Writing, Birmingham: University of Aston.Gozdz-Roszkowski, S., 2013. Exploring near-synonymous terms in legal language. A corpus-based, phraseological perspective. Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series –Themes in Translation Studies, 0(12).Hyland, K. and Tse, P. 2007. Is there an "academic vocabulary"? TESOL Quarterly, 41(2), 235-253.Kemp, J. Forthcoming, 2018. ‘A rosy-fingered dawn for legal education? Insights from a corpus linguistic perspective on text’. Nottingham Law Journal, 27(2). Marín, M.J. and Rea, C. 2011. Design and compilation of a legal English corpus based on UK law reports: the process of making decisions. In Carrió Pastor and M. L. y Candel Mora, M. A. Las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones: Presente y futuro en el análisis de córpora. Actas del III Congreso Internacional de Lingüística de Corpus. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 101-110. Northcott, J. 2009. Teaching legal English: contexts and cases. In: D. Belcher, ed. English for Specific Purposes in Theory and Practice. Ann Arbor: University of Michegan Press, 165-185.Preshous, A. and Kemp, J. 2017. Exploiting corpora to address the discipline-specific vocabulary needs of students. In J. Kemp (Ed.) EAP in a Rapidly Changing Landscape: issues, challenges and solutions. Proceedings of the 2015 BALEAP Conference. Reading: Garnet, 205-216.Šarčević, S., 1997. New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Williams, C. 2007. Tradition and Change in Legal English: Verbal constructions in prescriptive texts. 2nd edn. Bern: Peter Lang.
Images: Word clouds: http://www.wordle.net/create and https://www.wordclouds.com/ Other images the authors own or licensed by Creative Commons unless otherwise indicated.
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