working with dream weaver

8/6/2019 Working With Dream Weaver

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WORKING WITH DREAMWEAVER

Unique integration features make it easy to work on files

interchangeably in Dreamweaver and Fireworks.Dreamweaver and Fireworks recognize and share many of

the same file edits, including changes to links, image maps,

table slices, and more. Together, the two applications

provide a streamlined workflow for editing, optimizing, and

placing web graphics files in HTML pages.

If you want to modify Fireworks images and tables placed in

a Dreamweaver document, you can start Fireworks from the

Property inspector in Dreamweaver to make edits and thenreturn to the updated document in Dreamweaver. If you

want to make quick optimization edits to images and

animations, you can open the Fireworks Export Preview

dialog box from the Dreamweaver Property inspector and

enter updated settings. In either case, updates are made to

the placed files in Dreamweaver, as well as to the source

Fireworks files, if those source files were opened.

To further streamline the web design workflow, you cancreate image placeholders in Dreamweaver for future

Fireworks images. You can later select those placeholders

and start Fireworks to create desired graphics in the

dimensions specified by the Dreamweaver placeholder

images. Once in Fireworks, you can change the image

dimensions if desired.

ABOUT WORKING IN FIREWORKS

Fireworks is a versatile program for creating, editing, and

optimizing web graphics. You can create and edit both

bitmap and vector images, design web effects such as


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rollovers and pop-up menus, crop and optimize graphics to

reduce their file size, and save time by automating repetitive

tasks. When a document is complete, you can export or save

it as a JPEG file, GIF file, or file of another format--along with

HTML files containing HTML tables and JavaScript code--foruse on the web. You also can export or save a type of file

specific to another program, such as Adobe Photoshop or

Adobe Flash, if you want to continue working in the other

program.

ADOBE DREAMWEAVER

Adobe Dreamweaver (formerly Macromedia Dreamweaver) is a webdevelopmentapplication originally created by Macromedia, and is now

developed by Adobe Systems, which acquired Macromedia in 2005.

Dreamweaver is available for both Mac and Windowsoperating systems.Recent versions have incorporated support for web technologies such as CSS,

JavaScript, and various server-side scriptinglanguages and frameworks

including ASP, ColdFusion, and PHP.

SYNTAX HIGHLIGHTING

As of version 6, Dreamweaver supports syntax highlighting for the followinglanguages out of the box:

ActionScript

Active Server Pages (ASP).

ASP.NET

C#

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

ColdFusion

EDML

Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

Java

JavaScript

JavaServer Pages (JSP)

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
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Visual Basic (VB)

Visual Basic Script Edition (VBScript)

Wireless Markup Language (WML)

It is also possible to add your own language syntax highlighting to its

repertoire.

In addition, code completion is available for many of these languages.

ADDING RICHNESS TO WEB PAGES WITH 3D EFFECTS

3D effects can suggest a rich, multi-layered, realistic, believable

environment. The golden rule is: use with care Nothing works if it's applied to

everything - things need something to stand out *against*.

USE 3D GRAPHICS CONSISTENTLY

Light source is often crucial. Two things to remember about all 3D/shadingeffects is that they're both light effects and illusions.

For the illusion to work, the user needs to believe that what they're seeing

could be real. To create a physical illusion, you need a plausible facsimile of

reality, and consistency in treatment. For example, if you had an elementappearing to be both behind and in front of another element, the illusion

effect could be broken.

One of the most common mistakes in 3D effects is to use different lighting

sources on different elements. It's OK to have more than one light source,

and a lot of design does that today, because it produces lighter and softer

effects. However, the overall light environment has to be just believableenough.

3D graphics can give web page designs a range of 3D illusions, which are

powerful devices for managing attention. Using 3D graphics in web design

can also add significantly to overall page filesize, and can reduce usability ifoverused, so should be used deliberately and with care
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Markup_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocompletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBScripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Markup_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocomplete


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ADOBE FLASH

Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) is a multimediaplatform that ispopular for adding animation and interactivity to web pages. Originallyacquired by Macromedia, Flash was introduced in 1996, and is currently

developed and distributed by Adobe Systems.

Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and variousweb page Flash components, to integrate video into web pages, and more

recently, to develop rich Internet applications. Flash can manipulate vector

and raster graphics, and supports bidirectional streaming of audio and video.

It contains a scripting language called ActionScript. Several softwareproducts, systems, and devices are able to create or display Flash content,

including Adobe Flash Player, which is available free for most common web

browsers, some mobile phones and for other electronic devices (using FlashLite). The Adobe Flash Professional multimedia authoring program is used tocreate content for the Adobe Engagement Platform, such as web applications,

games and movies, and content for mobile phones and other embedded

devices.

Files in the SWF format, traditionally called "ShockWave Flash" movies,"Flash movies" or "Flash games", usually have a .swffile extension and maybe an object of a web page, strictly "played" in a standalone Flash Player, or

incorporated into a Projector, a self-executing Flash movie (with the .exe

extension in Microsoft Windows). Flash Video files[spec 1] have a .flv file

extension and are either used from within .swffiles or played through a flv-aware player, such as VLC, or QuickTime and Windows Media Player with

external codecs added.

VRML

VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language, pronounced vermal or by itsinitials, originally before 1995 known as the Virtual Reality MarkupLanguage) is a standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D)

interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in

mind. It has been superseded by X3D.[1]

FORMAT

VRML is a text file format where, e.g., vertices and edges for a 3D polygoncan be specified along with the surface color, UV mappedtextures, shininess,

transparency, and so on.[2]URLs can be associated with graphical

components so that a web browser might fetch a webpage or a new VRML file
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from the Internet when the user clicks on the specific graphical component.Animations, sounds, lighting, and other aspects of the virtual world can

interact with the user or may be triggered by external events such as timers.

A special Script Node allows the addition ofprogram code (e.g., written in

Java orJavaScript (ECMAScript)) to a VRML file.

VRML files are commonly called "worlds" and have the *.wrl extension (forexample island.wrl). Although VRML worlds use a text format, they may often

be compressed using gzip so that they transfer over the internet more

quickly (some gzip compressed files use the *.wrz extension). Many 3D

modeling programs can save objects and scenes in VRML format.

STANDARDIZATION

The Web3D Consortium has been formed to further the collective

development of the format. VRML (and its successor, X3D), have been

accepted as international standards by the International Organization forStandardization (ISO).

The first version of VRML was specified in November 1994. This version was

specified from, and very closely resembled, the API and file format of the

Open Inventorsoftware component, originally developed by SGI. The current

and functionally complete version is VRML97 (ISO/IEC 14772-1:1997). VRMLhas now been superseded by X3D (ISO/IEC 19775-1)

MEDIA (COMMUNICATION)

In communication, media (singular medium) are the storage andtransmission channels or tools used to store and deliver information or data.

It is often referred to as synonymous with mass media or news media, but

may refer to a single medium used to communicate any data for anypurpose.[1][2][3]

ELECTRONIC MEDIA

Main article: Electronic media

In the last century, a revolution in telecommunications has greatly alteredcommunication by providing new media for long distance communication.

The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast occurred in 1906 and led to

common communication via analogue and digital media:

Analog telecommunications include traditional telephony, radio, andTV

broadcasts.
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Digital telecommunications allow for computer-mediated

communication, telegraphy, and computer networks.

Modern communication media now allow for intense long-distance exchanges

between larger numbers of people (many-to-many communication via e-mail,

Internet forums, and teleportation). On the other hand, many traditionalbroadcast media and mass media favor one-to-many communication

(television, cinema, radio, newspaper, magazines, and also teleportation).

SOCIAL IMPACT

Media technology has made communicating increasingly easier as time has

passed throughout history. Today, children are encouraged to use mediatools in school and are expected to have a general understanding of the

various technologies available. The internet is arguably one of the most

effective tools in media for communication. Tools such as e-mail, MSN,

Facebook etc, have brought people closer together and created new onlinecommunities. However, some may argue that certain types of media can

hinder face-to-face communication and therefore can result in complications

like identity fraud.

In a large consumer-driven society, electronic media (such as television) and

print media (such as newspapers) are important for distributingadvertisement media. More technologically advanced societies have access

to goods and services through newer media than less technologically

advanced societies.

Media, through media and communications psychology, has helped to

connect diverse people from far and near geographical location. It has alsohelped in the aspect of online/ internet business and other activities that

has an on-line version. All media intended to affect human behavior is

initiatied through communication and the intended behavior is coucned in

psychology. Therefore, understanding media and communications psychologyis fundamental in understanding the social and individual effects of media.

The expanding field of media and ocmmunications psychology combines

these established disciplines in a new way.

Timing change based on innovation and efficiency may not have a directcorrelation with technology. The information revolution is based on modern

advancements. During the 19th century, the information "boom" explodedwith advancement of postal systems, increase in newspaper accessibility, as

well as schools "modernizing". These advancements were made due to theincrease of people becoming literate and educated.The methodology of

communication although has changed and dispersed in numerous directions

based on the source of its sociocultural impact. The sociopsychomedia effect

coined by media and learning psychologist Bernard Luskin applies thesociocultural implications of media to society and human behavior.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-to-manyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-manyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement#Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociopsychomedia_effect&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-to-manyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-to-manyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement#Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioculturalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociopsychomedia_effect&action=edit&redlink=1


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Media consumption

Listening of music

Watching tv

Watching movie on theatre

Listening radio

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications isthe physical transfer ofdata (a digitalbit stream) over a point-to-point or

point-to-multipoint transmission medium. Examples of such media are copper

wires, optical fibers, wireless communication media, and storage media. Thedata is often represented as an electro-magneticsignal, such as an electrical

voltage signal, a radiowave or microwave signal or an infra-red signal.

While analog communications is the transfer of continuously varying

information signal, digital communications is the transfer of discrete

messages. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses bymeans of a line code (basebandtransmission), or by a limited set of

continuously varying wave forms (passbandtransmission), using a digital

modulation method. According to the most common definition ofdigital

signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams areconsidered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only

considers the baseband signal as digital, and the passband transmission as a

form ofdigital-to-analog conversion.

Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, forexample a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a

phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using

pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding (data

compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out bycodec equipment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiowavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_streamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-magnetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiowavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra-redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec


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BASEBAND OR PASSBAND TRANSMISSION

The physically transmitted signal may be one of the following:

1. A baseband signal ("digital-over-digital" transmission): A sequence of

electrical pulses or light pulses produced by means of a line codingscheme such as Manchester coding. This is typically used in serialcables, wired local area networks such as Ethernet, and in optical fiber

communication. It results in a pulse amplitude modulated signal, also

known as a pulse train.

2. A passband signal ("digital-over-analog" transmission): A modulatedsine wave signal representing a digital bit-stream. Note that this is in

some textbooks considered as analog transmission, but in most books

as digital transmission. The signal is produced by means of a digital

modulation method such as PSK, QAM or FSK. The modulation anddemodulation is carried out by modem equipment. This is used in

wireless communication, and over telephone network local-loop and

cable-TV networks.

SERIAL AND PARALLEL TRANSMISSION

In telecommunications, serial transmission is the sequential transmission ofsignal elements of a group representing a character or other entity ofdata.

Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or

optical path sequentially. Because it requires less signal processing and less

chances for error than parallel transmission, the transfer rate of eachindividual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances as a

check digit or parity bit can be sent along it easily.

In telecommunications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous

transmission of the signal elements of a character or other entity of data. Indigitalcommunications, parallel transmission is the simultaneous

transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths.

Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits

simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can beachieved with serial transmission. This method is used internally within the

computer, for example the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such

things as printers, The major issue with this is "skewing" because the wires in

parallel data transmission have slightly different properties (not intentionally)

so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. Aparity bit can help to reduce this. However, electrical wire parallel data

transmission is therefore less reliable for long distances because corrupt

transmissions are far more likely.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_amplitude_modulatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passband_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_amplitude_modulatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passband_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation#Digital_modulation_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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Simplex

Half-duplex

Full-duplex

Point-to-point

Multi-drop:

o Bus network

o Ring network

o Star network

o Mesh network

o Wireless network

o Template:Jitenra computer

ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSMISSION

Main article: comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling

Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to signify thebeginning bit ASCII character would actually be transmitted using 10 bits e.g.:A "0100 0001" would become "1 0100 0001 0". The extra one (or zerodepending on parity bit) at the start and end of the transmission tells the

receiver first that a character is coming and secondly that the character has

ended. This method of transmission is used when data are sent intermittentlyas opposed to in a solid stream. In the previous example the start and stop

bits are in bold. The start and stop bits must be of opposite polarity. This

allows the receiver to recognize when the second packet of information is

being sent.

Synchronous transmission uses no start and stop bits but insteadsynchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of

the transmission using clock signals built into each component. A continual

stream ofdata is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no

start and stop bits the data transfer rate is quicker although more errors willoccur, as the clocks will eventually get out of sync, and the receiving device

would have the wrong time that had been agreed in protocol (computing) for

sending/receiving data, so some bytes could become corrupted (by losing

bits). Ways to get around this problem include re-synchronization of theclocks and use ofcheck digits to ensure the byte is correctly interpreted and

received.

DIGITAL AUDIO BROADCASTING
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half-Duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full-Duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrop_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jitenra_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_synchronous_and_asynchronous_signallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half-Duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full-Duplexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidrop_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jitenra_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_synchronous_and_asynchronous_signallinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte


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For other digital audio broadcasting systems, see Digital radio.

Countries with DAB, DAB+ or DMB broadcasts[1]

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), is a digital radio technology forbroadcastingradio stations, used in several countries, particularly in Europe.

As of 2006, approximately 1,000 stations worldwide broadcast in the DABformat.[2]

The DAB standard was initiated as a European research project in the 1980s,[3] and the BBC launched the first DAB digital radio in 1995.[4] DAB receivers

have been available in many countries since the end of the nineties. DABmay offer more radio programmes over a specific spectrum than analogue

FM radio. DAB is more robust with regard to noise and multipathfading for

mobile listening, but DAB reception quality degrades rapidly when the signal

strength isn't strong, whereas FM reception quality degrades slowly.

An "informal listening test" by Professor Sverre Holm has shown that forstationary listening the audio quality on DAB is lower than FM stereo, due to

most stations using a bit rate of 128 kbit/s or less, with the MP2 audio codec,

which requires 160 kbit/s to achieve perceived FM quality. 128 kbit/s gives

better dynamic range or signal-to-noise ratio than FM radio, but a moresmeared stereo image, and an upper cutoff frequency of 14 kHz,

corresponding to 15 kHz of FM radio.[5] However, "CD sound quality" with MP2

is possible "with 256..192 kbps".[6]

An upgraded version of the system was released in February 2007, which iscalled DAB+. DAB is not forward compatible with DAB+, which means thatDAB-only receivers will not be able to receive DAB+ broadcasts.[7] DAB+ is

approximately twice as efficient as DAB due to the adoption of the AAC+

audio codec, and DAB+ can provide high quality audio with as low as64kbit/s.[8] Reception quality will also be more robust on DAB+ than on DAB

due to the addition ofReed-Solomon error correction coding.

More than 20 countries provide DAB transmissions, and several countries,

such as Australia, Italy, Malta and Switzerland, have started transmitting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAC%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed-Solomonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DABcountries.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DABcountries.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_compatiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAC%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed-Solomon


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DAB+ stations. See Countries using DAB/DMB. However, in a majority ofthese countries very few DAB stations and DAB receivers exist.

DIGITAL RADIO

Digital radio describes radio technologies which carry information as adigital signal, by means of a digital modulation method. The most common

meaning is digital audio broadcasting technologies, but the topic may also

cover TV broadcasting, two-way digital wireless communication technologies,

and radio delivered via the Internet. The acronym DAB (Digital AudioBroadcasting) is synonymous with the Eureka 147 standard.

ONE-WAY DIGITAL RADIO STANDARDS

One-way standards those used for broadcasting, as opposed to those used for

two-way communication. While digital broadcasting offers many potential

benefits, its introduction has been hindered by a lack of global agreement onstandards. The Eureka 147 standard (DAB) for digital radio is the most

commonly used and is coordinated by the World DMB Forum, which

represents more than 30 countries. This standard of digital radio technology

was defined in the late 1980s, and is now being introduced in many

countries. Commercial DAB receivers began to be sold in 1999 and, by 2006,500 million people were in the coverage area of DAB broadcasts, although by

this time sales had only taken off in the UKand Denmark. In 2006 there are

approximately 1,000 DAB stations in operation.[1] There have been criticismsof the Eureka 147 standard and so a new 'DAB+' standard has been

proposed.

To date the following standards have been defined for one-way digital radio:

Two way digital radio

MOBILE TELEPHONY

Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network ofbase stations

(cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone

network (PSTN) (the exception is satellite phones).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_using_DAB/DMBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUREKA_147http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_DMB_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#DAB.2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telstra_Mobile_Phone_Tower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_using_DAB/DMBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUREKA_147http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_DMB_Forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#DAB.2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phone


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In 2008 there were 4.1 billion mobile cellular subscriptions in the world.[1]

MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING

Definition : MULTIMEDIA CONFERENCING IS ONE OF THE MAIN BUILDING

BLOCKS OF COLLABORATIVE MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING TODAY.

It has been repeatedly hailed as on the brink of ubiquity and as a panacea for

communications in distributed teams. In this article, we use the term

multimedia conferencing instead of videoconferencing because thesystems discussed in this section integrate multiple media formats into one

system, not just video. The multimedia conferencing market is believed to be

one of the key markets within the multimedia market segment. Recentdevelopments in multimedia systems and networking technology show that

using desktop multimedia conferencing for group decision-making on WANs

such as the Internet is feasible. Researchers have often discussed the failure

of video to support interpersonal communication.

The merging of workstation technology and real-time computer conferencinghas had a significant impact on CSCW and group decision-making and lead to

the term desktop conferencing. Research on early multimedia conferencingsystems such as those developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bellcore, and

NEC had as their aim the provision of the facilities found at face-to-facemeetings with remote groups. It is generally accepted that computer-

supported decision-making and communication results in many changes in

communication patterns, greater task orientation and shorter meetings. The

main obstacle, we argue in this chapter, is that group problem solving andtask accomplishments as well as organizational structure and process

support have never been addressed adequately. Research in communications

studies showed that voice is only a little slower than face-to-face

communications. This might imply that video is not relevant for effective andefficient communications. Hence, studies provided evidence that the final

outcome of any given task is not influenced positively by multimedia

conferencing support, although people were happy to use it.

Another promising area in multimedia conferencing research deals with so

called gazeawareness support. This research deals with the question ofhow to provide eye contact between conferencing participants. From a social

perspective people who use frequent eye contact are perceived as more

attentive, friendly, cooperative, confident, mature, and sincere than those
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephony#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_telephony#cite_note-0


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who avoid it. The loss of gaze-awareness is one important contributing factorto the failure of multimedia conferencing as a mass tool. Today, systems

supporting gaze-awareness are still in their infancy and mostly first research

prototypes.

working with dream weaver

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