workshop on hypoxia in narragansett bay october 2, 2006 - fieldwork in support of hydrodynamic...
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WORKSHOP ON HYPOXIA IN NARRAGANSETT BAY
OCTOBER 2 , 2006
- FIELDWORK IN SUPPORT OF
HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS
1) Large Scale CTD Surveys - Deacutis, Murray, Prell
2) Moored + Vessel-based Circulation Studies – Kincaid, Bergondo
3) Towed Undulator Surveys - Ullman
4) Moored Vertical Profilers – Vaudrey, Kremer
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“The Day Trippers”
– Large Scale CTD Surveys 2006
Survey Dates :
Neap Tide Surveys :
6/6/06, 7/6/06, 8/3/06,8/31/06
Spring Survey : 8/11/06
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PRS 07
PRN 1
http://www.geo.brown.edu/georesearch/insomniacs/
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Deanna Bergondo & Chris Kincaid – Bottom Mounted ADCP Sites
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Providence River Bottom Mounted ADCPs
-20
-10
0
10
20
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Win
d V
eloc
ity (
m/s
)
Bottom Flow
-200
-100
0
100
200
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
)Surface Flow
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
) EYC-shallow s
Influenced by wind
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Providence River Bottom Mounted ADCPs
-20
-10
0
10
20
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Win
d V
eloc
ity (
m/s
)
Bottom Flow
-200
-100
0
100
200
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
)Surface Flow
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
) EYC-deep
Outflow
Inflow
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Providence River Bottom Mounted ADCPs
-20
-10
0
10
20
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Win
d V
eloc
ity (
m/s
)
Bottom Flow
-200
-100
0
100
200
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
)Surface Flow
-200
-100
0
100
200
7/7 7/17 7/27 8/6 8/16 8/26 9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
) Conimicut
Outflow
Inflow
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Providence River Bottom Mounted ADCPs
0
100
200
300
400
500
9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Flo
w (
m3/s
)
-20
-10
0
10
20
9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Win
d V
eloc
ity (
m/s
)
Bottom Flow
-200
-100
0
100
200
9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
)
Surface Flow
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
9/5 9/15 9/25 10/5 10/15 10/25
Vel
ocity
(m
m/s
)
Conimicut EYC-deep EYC-shallow s
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Summary Bottom Mounted Results
• EYC shallows – average surface flow to North
•Influenced by prevailing winds
•Two layer flow in EYC and Conimicut channels
•Southward winds enhance return flow
•Northward winds stall return flow
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Physics: Observations & Modeling
Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers - C Kincaid
Bottom mounted Ship mounted
Data coverage:Excellent temporalPoor Spatial
Data coverage:Good spatialPoor Temporal
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Results: Providence River
Prevailing outflow - shallow, western side shipping channel
Prevailing inflow - deep, eastern side shipping channel
Series of weak, recirculation eddies in shallow edges
Strong wind-induced water column response/reorientation
Physics:
Goal to characterize circulation, mixing, flushing, transport, etc
Methods are Observations & Modeling
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
18 underway surveys: summer vs winter
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
1.5 years of BM-ADCP data
18 underway surveys: summer vs winter
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Summer: strong long-shore flow
bottomsurface
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Summer: strong long-shore flow
Summer: prevailing (depth-averaged) counter-clockwise flow
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Summer: strong long-shore flow
Summer: prevailing (depth-averaged) counter-clockwise flow (CCF)
Dominant exchange through mouth
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Strong wind-induced exchanges
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Strong wind-induced exchangesSE winds enhance CCF, trigger RIS intrusion
Wind
Extent of counter
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Strong wind-induced exchangesSE winds enhance CCF, trigger RIS intrusion
Wind
?
?
Extent of counterSpatial extend of CCF
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Winter: Strong 2-layer flow
RIS water from southwest
Extent of counter
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Extent of counterMt. Hope Bay circulation/exchange/mixing study. ADCP, tide gauges (Deleo, 2001)
Bay-RIS exchange study (98-02)
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Bay Circulation Data Summary: Model boundary conditions
Extent of counterMt. Hope Bay circulation/exchange/mixing study. ADCP, tide gauges (Deleo, 2001)
Bay-RIS exchange study (98-02)
Narragansett Bay Commission: Providence & Seekonk Rivers
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This project: Mid-Bay focus
Extent of counterMt. Hope Bay circulation/exchange/mixing study. ADCP, tide gauges (Deleo, 2001)
Bay-RIS exchange study (98-02)
Narragansett Bay Commission: Providence & Seekonk Rivers
Summer, 07: 4 month deployment (Outflow pathways)
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This project: Mid-Bay focus
Extent of counterMt. Hope Bay circulation/exchange/mixing study. ADCP, tide gauges (Deleo, 2001)
Bay-RIS exchange study (98-02)
Narragansett Bay Commission: Providence & Seekonk Rivers
Summer, 08: Deep return flow processes
Outflow, inflow, exchange between Bay sub-regions
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High-Resolution Surveys of Hydrography, Currents, and Vertical Mixing
Dave Ullman (GSO)
Objectives:•Provide high resolution sections of physicaland biological parameters for assessment andcalibration of hydrodynamic and ecological models.•Estimate vertical turbulent mixing rates.
Methodology:•Towed undulating vehicle measuring hydrographicparameters and turbulent microstructure.•Shipboard ADCP measuring currents.
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Towed vehicle sensors:•Temperature•Conductivity•Pressure•Oxygen concentration•Chlorophyll fluorescence•Nitrate concentration•Microscale conductivity (turbulent mixing)
Towed Undulating Vehicle
Acrobat
MicrostructureSensors.
Ship-mounted ADCP:•Velocity profiles
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Along-channel sections suggest dynamical importance of the
“narrows” at Conimicut
Conimicut
Rapid variability in depth ofthermocline, halocline over short
distances.
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Intensive Sampling, Conimicut Region
Conimicut Pt.
Coordinate origin
Carried out repeated tows over approximately a full tidal cyclealong black line shown on bathymetry map:
•August 11, 2005 (Neap): 18 lines•August 18, 2005 (Spring): 20 lines
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Flood Tide Eddies
Aug. 11, 2005 early floodClockwise eddy innear-surface current(blue vectors) Extends down
to ~7 m depth.
East Component (m/s)
North Component (m/s)
•Commonly observed just south of narrows at Conimicut on flood tide.•Cause as yet unknown.•Potential to be an important horizontal dispersal mechanism.
Conimicut south
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Signature of Eddies in Hydrographic Fields?
East Component (m/s)
North Component (m/s)
T
S
O2
Chl-a
NO3
Doming of isolines in upper watercolumn in eddy region.
ADCP
Acrobat
Eddy
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Vertical Mixing Estimates
Micro-conductivity Sensor on Acrobat:•Measures conductivity at scales of O(1cm).•Sampled at 1024 Hz.
Methodology:•Compute variance of conductivity gradient.•Apply corrections for salinity contributionsand sensor response to get temperaturegradient variance.•Dissipation rate of temperature gradientfluctuations (T) is proportional to variance.
•Estimate vertical temperature gradient ( )from CTD sensors on acrobat.
•Turbulent thermal eddy diffusivitycomputed from T and gradient:
T
z
KT T
2T
z
2
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Example Vertical Diffusivity Section
Colors: log10(KT) (m2/s)Lines: t (kg/m3)
From a single tow on Aug. 18, 2005.Spring tide conditions, ebb flow.
Conimicut narrows:KT~10-4 - 10-3 m2/s(strong vertical mixing)
south
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Tidally Averaged Vertical Turbulent Diffusivity
Aug. 11 (neap) Aug. 18 (spring)
•Turbulent mixing appears to be enhanced in the Conimicut area.
Colors: log10(KT) (m2/s)Lines: t (kg/m3)
•Slightly stronger mixing on spring tides:Neap average = 2.9x10-5 m2/s.Spring average = 3.5x10-5 m2/s.
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Future Interaction with Modelers
Compare observations to ROMS model output:• Tidal eddies
Present in model? If so, what is the mechanism by which they form?(Examine model momentum balance) How do they affect horizontal property transport?
• Vertical mixing How does magnitude of model vertical mixing(computed by turbulence closure submodel) comparewith observed mixing rates? Can observations be used to tune model turbulenceparameterizations?
• Stratification Is model vertical stratification of similar magnitudeas observed?
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Profiling Units
4 Locations
Field’s Point
Bullocks Reach Buoy
east of Conimicut Point Light
Warwick Neck
Sampling Set-Up
sample every 15cm in the vertical
1 profile every 3 hours
deployed for ~ 2 weeks
3 Deployments
June, July, September
J. Kremer & J. Vaudrey
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1
2
3
4
5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 130
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
dep
th o
ff th
e b
otto
m (
m) Temperature
Salinity
DissolvedOxygen
oC
ppt
mg/L
day of deployment (day 1 = 8/31/06)east of Conimicut Light
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1
2
3
4
5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
1
2
3
4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
1
2
3
4
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
dep
th o
ff th
e b
otto
m (
m)
Temperature
Salinity
DissolvedOxygen
oC
ppt
mg/L
day of deployment (day 1 = 6/27/06; day 16 = 7/13/06)
Warwick Neck
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
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END
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Grid Resolution: 100 mGrid Size: 1024 x 512Vertical Layers: 20River Flow: USGSWinds: NCDCTidal Forcing: ADCIRC
Open Boundary
Hydrodynamic Model
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DYE_08
DYE_02DYE_03
DYE 05
DYE_01
DYE_09DYE_07
DYE_06 DYE 04
Modeling Exchange Between Biological Model Grids
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Dye Experiment
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Dye Experiment
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Dye Experiment
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Model-Data Comparison
Salinity - Phillipsdale
Sal
inity
(pp
t)
Time (days)
Model
Data
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Model-Data ComparisonShallows: North-South Component
-0.25
-0.15
-0.05
0.05
0.15
10 15 20
Time
Mo
de
l Ve
loci
ty
(m/s
)
-250
-150
-50
50
150
Ob
serv
ed
Ve
loci
ty
(mm
/s)
Bottom-model
Bottom
Channel: North-South Component
-0.25
-0.15
-0.05
0.05
0.15
0.25
10 15 20
Time (days)
Mo
de
l Ve
loci
ty
(m/s
)
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
Ob
seve
red
V
elo
city
(m
/s)
Bottom-model
Bottom
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Seekonk River
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
7/7/06 0:00 7/7/06 12:00 7/8/06 0:00 7/8/06 12:00 7/9/06 0:00 7/9/06 12:00 7/10/06 0:00 7/10/06 12:00 7/11/06 0:00
Time
No
rth
-So
uth
Vel
oci
ty (
mm
/s)
Seekonk River Bottom Mounted ADCPs
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Goal: Understand chemistry, biology and physics
of the Bay, at all points in the Bay, for all time
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Goal: Understand chemistry, biology and physics
of the Bay, at all points in the Bay, for all time
Goal 2: Understand coupled processes given anycombination of external forcing conditions
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Initial Conditions
Forcing Conditions
Output
EquationsMomentum balance x & y directions:u + vu – fv = + Fu + Du t xv + vv + fu = + Fv + Dv t yPotential temperature and salinity :T + vT = FT + DT
t S + v S = FS + DS
t The equation of state:= (T, S, P) Vertical momentum: = - gz o
Continuity equation:u + v + w = 0x y z
Numerical Model
ROMS Model
Regional Ocean Modeling System
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Narragansett Bay Commission: Providence & Seekonk Rivers
3 month BM-ADCPs
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Narragansett Bay Commission: Providence & Seekonk Rivers
3 month BM-ADCPsUnderway ADCPs