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International EMECS Center
Indigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and Restoration:
Experiences in Sato-umi and Other Community Initiatives
Workshop Report
The Nippon Foundation 助成事業
EAS Congress 2009International Conference
Habitat Protection, Restoration and Management (T3)
T3:2
SATO-UMI
WORKSHOPIndigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and Restoration:
Experiences in Sato-umi and Other Community Initiatives
24 November, 2009
Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines
Summit Hall D
Convener:
Partnerships in Environmental Management
for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)
Co-Convener:
International EMECS Center, Japan
Oyster Beds (Hiroshima Pref., Japan)
Presentation in Part 1
Presentation in Part 2
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Preface
“Sato-umi” has often been recently referred in Japan. Although, a concept of
“Sato-umi” is not officially defined, while the basic concept was initially proposed by
Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi of Kyushu University in 1998; as “high productivity and high
biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction”. On the occasion of
Sato-umi-spotlighted trend, then the concept of Sato-umi was described as Japan model
for protecting and restoring enclosed coastal seas by the Japanese Government in the
Strategy for an Environmental Nation in the 21st Century (2007) and the Basic Plan on
Ocean Policy (2008). Under these policies, Ministry of Environment started a project to
aid creation of Sato-umi in several local coastal areas in Japan.
International EMECS Center has been playing the role to spread the concept for the
promotion of Sato-umi concept through convening international conferences such as
EMECS 7 in 2006 in France and EMECS 8 in 2008 in China.
The co-hosting of this Sato-umi Workshop in The East Asian Seas Congress 2009 in
Philippines with PEMSEA (Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of
East Asia) was planned in order to encourage these activities.
The workshop was comprised of three parts from Part 1 to Part 3. In Part1, subtitled as
“The Sato-umi concept and its application in Japan: lessons and application”, there were
seven oral presentations from Japan. In Part 2, subtitled as “Indigenous knowledge and
community based approaches in protecting, restoring and managing key habitats”, there were
nine oral presentations from Thailand Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Korea and Philippines.
Part 3, subtitled as “Institutionalizing community-based efforts in habitat protection,
restoration and management within an ICM framework”, was the panel discussion; Prof.
Matsuda as coordinator, and Prof. Yanagi, Director McDonald and Prof. Ferrer as
panelists. Panelists, presenters and participants all together exchanged their opinions
actively and positively. Oral presentations and panel discussion brought fruitful results.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all who contributed to this workshop,
especially to Professor Emeritus Osamu Matsuda of Hiroshima University, Professor
Tetsuo Yanagi of Kyushu University, and Director Anne McDonald of United Nations
University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, who have
developed this workshop as the members of its internal committee. And with special
thanks to the staff of PEMSEA for managing laborious arrangement for this workshop.
Finally let us express our great appreciation to the Nippon Foundation for precious
financial support for our workshop.
International EMECS Center
― 1 ―
1. Outline
Theme
Indigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and Restoration:
Experiences in Sato-Umi and Other Community Initiatives
Date
November 24, 2009
Venue
Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines,
Summit Hall D
Conveners
Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas
of East Asia (PEMSEA)
International EMECS Center, Japan
Sponsor
The Nippon Foundation
― 2 ―
2. Background and Focus
Brief Introduction to “Sato-umi”
What is “Sato-umi”? Why much attention is paid to “Sato-umi” nowadays? Since in
Japanese “Sato” means local village or community where people live their life and
“Umi” means the sea, simple literal meaning of “Sato-umi” is the sea associated with
village. In many seas of that kind, sustainable community-based management of the sea
had long been made historically in Japan with traditional manner. However, during the
phase of nation’s high economic growth after the World War II, this type of traditional
coastal management was gradually deteriorated affected by changes of local community
and life style of the people. During the same time, coastal environment, habitat and
living resources were also seriously damaged by water pollution, eutrophication and
land transformation based on urbanization and industrialization of coastal area. As a
result, social demand to create and establish new type of “Sato-umi” defined as high
biological productivity and high biological diversity in the coastal sea with human
interaction has arisen and been strong. In other word, “Sato-umi Renaissance” is taking
place to realize rich and healthy coastal sea. In Japan, community-based habitat
restoration activities have been gaining ground in recent years partly because concept of
“Sato-umi” was incorporated into official institutional systems of national policy.
The term and concept of “Sato-umi” is relatively new compared with “Sato-yama” in
which “Yama” means forest and mountain in Japanese. “Sato-yama” is traditional land
management system including local village, agricultural field and forest near by and
therefore “Sato yama” is a term indicating such landscape including those components.
So, although “Sato-yama” and “Sato-umi” have different historical and socioeconomic
background, nowadays “Sato-yama” and “Sato-umi” is often used in pairs as a similar
term indicating sustainable coastal and terrestrial management, respectively.
“Sato-umi” is originally one of the traditional Japanese practices of the coastal
communities co-existing with nature at which people’s livelihood and their culture are
deeply involved productivity is sustained, biodiversity is protected and conserved while
ecosystems are able to function and material cycling is maintained. These community
efforts were undertaken through comprehensive and integrated management from land
to coastal area. Combination of “Sato-yama” that focuses on forest and agricultural area
with “Sato-umi” is expected to develop a Japanese model of integrated coastal
management (ICM).
“Sato-umi” in the international society
New concept for coastal sea management called “Sato-umi” has been recently noticed
― 3 ―
not only in its originated place of Japan but also in some international meetings held in
both western and Asian countries. New concept of “Sato-umi” and some cases of its
implementation had been presented in the 7th International EMECS conference held in
Caen, France in 2006 and the new concept was highly evaluated in the reviewing
session as “symbiosis among human communities and coastal/marine area - a more
rational vision of co-existence”. As a next step, “Sato-umi Workshop” was held in the
8th International EMECS conference held in Shanghai, China in 2008 in order to
deepen the concept collecting many similar cases of management and good practices
from many countries. As a result of this workshop, it was made clear that there were
many similar types of sustainable coastal management and community-based practices
in the world. Indigenous knowledge, traditional culture and community actions have
already contributed significantly in protecting and restoring several coastal, island
environment and natural resources in several countries. And finally, outcome of the
workshop was incorporated into the Shanghai Declaration adopted on the final day of
the conference.
And then another “Sato-umi Workshop” was organized in the EAS Congress 2009
which was held in Manila in 2009 in order to discuss “Sato-umi” from the view point of
indigenous knowledge in Asian countries for farther understandings of “Sato-umi” and
related practices. This “Sato-umi Workshop” in the EAS Congress was cooperatively
organized by both PEMSEA and International EMECS Center with financial support of
Nippon Foundation. From the view point of organization system, it is noticeable that
PEMSEA tied an official non-state partnership with International EMECS Center in
2008, after that official cooperation and collaboration between both organizations
started in many ways. Since PEMSEA has long experience in the implementation of
ICM and International EMECS Center has some experiences in “Sato-umi” related
activities, cooperation by both was expected to provide a good opportunity to find new
approaches towards sustainable coastal management.
Background of “Sato-umi Workshop” in the EAS Congress
It might be quite significant in the process of internationalization of “Sato-Umi” that
“Sato-umi Workshop” titled “Indigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and
Restoration: Experiences in Sato-umi and other Community Initiatives” was held in
EAS Congress 2009 in the theme of “Habitat Protection, Restoration and Management
(Theme 3)”. Thinking about overall theme of the Congress “Partnership at Work: Local
Implementation and Good Practice”, the standpoint of “Sato-umi Workshop” can be
made more clear.
Communities living along coasts and small islands have acquired invaluable
― 4 ―
indigenous knowledge on how to live in harmony with nature in Japan. With long lasted
traditional knowledge, these communities are able to sustain the continuous supply of
natural resources without deteriorating the habitat and ecosystem. However,
unfortunately, rapid economic development and indiscriminate exploitation of primary
products and unsustainable consumption over the last several decades have seriously
damaged the functional integrity of ecosystem and specific habitat such as seaweed bed
and tidal flat demonstrated by decreasing biodiversity and fish catch and degraded
social well being of these communities. These experiences in Japan may be applicable
to many countries although the time of drastic change is different. Under these
circumstances, “Sato-umi Workshop” was designed as one of well-timed program of the
EAS Congress 2009.
Major focuses of the workshop
Major objectives of this workshop is to deepen the understandings on indigenous
approaches to habitat protection and restoration through experiences in “Sato-umi” and
other related community-based initiatives in many countries. The workshop was divided
into three parts. In Part 1 titled as “the Sato-umi Concept and its Application in Japan:
Lessons and Application” were presented in Part 1 by 7 presenters. 7 presentations
included concept, 4 case studies in Japan, supporting activities for the creation of
Sato-umi in Japan by central government and Satoyama Sato-umi Sub-Global
Assessment in Japan. In Part 2 titled as “Indigenous knowledge and community based
approaches in protecting, restoring and managing key habitats”, 9 presentations were
made from varieties of groups and countries. Part 3 was discussion and conclusive
session titled as “Interactive session/wrap-up: Institutionalizing community-based
efforts in habitat protection, restoration and management within an ICM framework”.
This interactive session was chaired by Prof. Osamu Matsuda with 3 invited panelists of
Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi, Director Anne McDonald and Prof. Elmer Ferrer including the
discussion with floor participants. This session aimed to seek applicability of
“Sato-umi” from the international viewpoint and to strengthen the effective
implementation of “Sato-umi” and related community-based activities under the variety
of natural and socioeconomic conditions.
Chair of the Workshop
Osamu MATSUDA, Ph. D
Professor Emeritus, Hiroshima University, Japan
― 5 ―
3. Program
10:30-10:35 Opening Address by Int’l EMECS Center
Introduction by Workshop Chair
Chair: Matsuda O., Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus), Japan
Co-Chair: Yanagi T., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan
Co-Chair: McDonald A., United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Operating
Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan
10:35-13:00 Part 1: The Sato-umi concept and its application in Japan: lessons and
application
Chair: Yanagi T., Co-Chair: Matsuda O.
10:35-10:55 Concept and practices of Sato-umi in Japan and lessons learned
Yanagi T., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan
10:55-11:15 Concept and practices of Satoyama Sato-umi Sub-Global Assessment in Japan
McDonald A., United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies,
Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan
11: 15-11:35 Case of Fushino River Estuary Initiatives in Japan
Ukita M.*, Sekine M.
*, Yamamoto H.
**,
*Yamaguchi University,
**Yamaguchi
Prefecture, Japan
11:35-11:55 The Ago Bay Management Initiatives in Japan
Maegawa M.*, Uranaka H.,
*Mie University, Japan
11:55-12:15 Potential of urban wetland as a target of habitat restoration and management
Furukawa K., National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,
Japan
12: 15-12:35 Community-based sea grass bed restoration and management in Seto Inland Sea:
Case of Akou Coast in Japan
Matsuda O., Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus), Japan
12: 35-12:55 Supporting activities for the creation of Sato-umi in Japan
Muroishi Y., Yamada T., Ogawa N., Office of Environmental Management of
Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the Environment, Japan
13:00-14:00 Lunch
― 6 ―
14:00-16:20 Part 2: Indigenous knowledge and community based approaches in protecting,
restoring and managing key habitats
Chair: McDonald A., Co-Chair: Yanagi T.
14:00-14:15 Implementing an ecosystem approach to coastal management through
community based organizations: An example from the Andaman coast of
Thailand
Soonthornnawaphat S., Silva J., IUCN, Thailand Programme, Thailand
14:15-14:30 Implementation of Tri Hita Karana, a local wisdom of Bali to maintain
agricultural resources
Suprapta D. N., Director School of Postgraduate Udayana University,
Indonesia
14:30-14:45 Developing a mechanism of mobilization of various human and material
resources in planting, taking care and protecting urban green trees in Danang
city
Hai T. C., Danang Department of Natural Resource and Environment, Vietnam
14:45-15:00 Community Involvement in Coral Reef Restoration Projects in the Gulf of
Thailand
Yeemin T., Saenghaisuk C., Pengsakun S., Sutthacheep M., Marine
Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science
Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand
15:00-15:15 Evaluation of Artificial Reefs in West Coast, Peninsular Malaysia
Ismail I., Noh K. M., Arshad F. M., Noh A. F. M., Institute of Agricultural
and Food Policy Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
15:15-15:30 Community-based management approach at work in the Muan Wetland
Protection Area: Changing perception, changing practice and changing policy
Jang J. Y., Choi Y. R., Eco-Horizon Institute, Korea
15:30-15:45 When the cradle falls: A case of management failure in a community marine
reserve in southern Philippines
Guzman A. B., Mindanao State University at Naawan, Philippines
15:45-16:00 Conceptual framework of organizing communities for effective mangrove
management
Savaris J. P., Joven R., Rodney Golbeque and Edison Advincula Zoological
Society of London, Philippines
― 7 ―
16:00-16:15 Indigenous approaches to access, control and protection of coastal resources: A
review of some Philippine Experiences
Ferrer E., University of the Philippines, College of Social Work and
Community Development, Philippines
16:20-16:40 Coffee Break
16:40-18:10 Part 3: Discussion panel:
Interactive session/wrap-up: Institutionalizing community-based efforts
in habitat protection, restoration and management within an ICM
framework
Chair: Matsuda O.
Panelists: Yanagi T., McDonald A., Ferrer E.
― 8 ―
Part 1: The Sato-umi concept and its application
in Japan: lessons and application
― 9 ―
4. Part 1 Summary
The title of part 1 is “The Sato-umi concept and its application in Japan: lessons and
application”.
At first, T.Yanagi introduced the new concept of Sato-umi which is “the coastal sea
with high bio-diversity and bio-production under the moderate human interaction”. He
stressed the importance to arrange adequately the man-made habitat for marine biota in
the coastal sea area in order to increase the bio-diversity on the basis of scientific
knowledge and local wisdom. High bio-production (high fish catch) is the result of high
bio-diversity. A question is raised from the floor; “Is there any experience of
co-operation between scientists and local fishermen for the creation of Sato-umi in
Japan?”. He introduced the examples of man-made tidal flats in the central part of Japan
and rehabilitation of sea-grass beds in the central part of the Seto-Inland Sea based on
the cooperation between scientists and local fishermen. Fish catch has increased in both
areas.
A. McDonald introduced the trial of integrated environmental management from the
forests to the coastal seas in the Noto Peninsula, the central northern part of Japan. She
stressed the importance of the cultural background for the successful management. M.
Ukita also introduced the successful experience of the integrated environmental
management of the forests, rivers and estuaries in the watershed of Fushino river, the
western part of Japan. He stressed the importance of the establishment of central
committee for the management. M. Maegawa introduced the recovery of fishing ground
in Ago Bay, the southern central part of Japan, where the self pollution by pearl oyster
culture is very severe. He pointed out the importance of governmental guidance for the
local management. K.Furukawa introduced an interesting trial of man-made small
scale tidal flats in the urban area of Tokyo Bay. He claimed that such small scale tidal
flats are very useful for the environmental education for the urban young students. O.
Matsuda introduced a trial of creation of Sato-umi in the central part of the Seto Inland
Sea by co-operation of some NPOs there. He stressed the importance to communicate
well for many people there in order to negotiate the different stakeholders. Y. Muroishi
introduced the main concept and budget system of the Ministry of Environment, Japan
for the support of Sato-umi activities in Japan.
Part 1 could succeed to introduce the concept and importance of Sato-umi and some
successful activities related to Sato-umi in Japan to the participants of this workshop.
The main contribution of this part 1 for this workshop is to clarify the importance of the
support of the environmental friendly primary industries, that is, the forest industry in
the mountain, the agriculture in the field and the fisheries in the coastal sea. The
― 11 ―
creation of the habitat for the marine biota is only possible under the good water quality
and the good water quality in the coastal sea is a result of good management in forest
and land by the environmental friendly forest industry and agriculture.
Chair of Part 1
Tetsuo YANAGI, Ph. D
Professor, Kyushu University, Japan
― 12 ―
5. Part 1 Oral Presentation
Concept and practices of Sato-umi in Japan and lessons learned --------------------15
Yanagi T., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu
University, Japan
Concept and practices of Satoyama Sato-umi Sub-Global Assessment in Japan ---29
McDonald A., United Nations University, Institute of Advanced
Studies, Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan
Case of Fushino River Estuary Initiatives in Japan -------------------------------------37
Ukita M.*, Sekine M.
*, Yamamoto H.
**,
*Yamaguchi University,
**Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
The Ago Bay Management Initiatives in Japan -----------------------------------------42
Maegawa M.*, Uranaka H.,
*Mie University, Japan
Potential of urban wetland as a target of habitat restoration and management -----48
Furukawa K., National Institute for Land and Infrastructure
Management, Japan
Community-based sea grass bed restoration and management in Seto Inland Sea:
Case of Akou Coast in Japan ---------------------------------------------54
Matsuda O., Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus), Japan
Supporting activities for the creation of Sato-umi in Japan ---------------------------63
Muroishi Y., Yamada T., Ogawa N., Office of Environmental
Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the Environment,
Japan
― 13 ―
CONCEPT AND PRACTICES OF SATO-UMI IN JAPAN AND
LESSONS LEARNED
Tetsuo YANAGI
Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
A new concept for coastal sea management called “Sato-Umi”, defined as “High
productivity and biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction”, is
proposed. To establish the Sato-Umi, it is necessary to realize comprehensive material
cycling and appropriate fish resource management in coastal sea areas.
It is said that “Nature takes its best state without mankind”. Would it be true that no
environmental problems would exist if mankind was not present on Earth? However,
there would be no meaning to a discussion regarding environmental problems without
the presence of mankind.
Nature does exist that takes its best state under mankind’s interaction. In Japan, it is
called “Sato-Yama”. In Japanese, “Sato” means the area where people live and “Yama”
means the forest. Sato-Yama is thus the forest near where people live. In 1987, the area
of Sato-Yama in Japan was about 4,500,000 ha making up about 20% of Japan’s total
area of forest of 25,000,000 ha.
In this paper we discuss a new concept for coastal sea management that is based on
the ideas of Sato-Yama. Is it possible to create a “Sato-Umi” similar to Sato-Yama? In
Japanese, “Umi” means the sea, so “Sato-Umi” is defined as “High productivity and
biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction” (Yanagi, 1998, 2007).
To establish the Sato-Umi, we first need to understand quantitatively material cycling
in the coastal sea area. That is, we need to know the quantity of nutrients that are loaded
from the coast, and what are the primary, secondary and tertiary productions in the area.
We need to clarify what kinds of actions by mankind are permissible or prohibited in the
coastal sea area from the viewpoint of increasing production and biodiversity. The
important focus is to establish comprehensive material cycling in Sato-Umi.
Yanagi, T. (1998) To create “Sato-Umi” in the coastal sea area. Journal of the Water
Environmental Society, 21, 703 (in Japanese).
Yanagi,T. (2007) Sato-Umi: A new concept for coastal sea management. Terra Scientific
Publishing Company, Tokyo, 96pp.
― 15 ―
Sat
o-u
mi:
A n
ew c
once
pt
for
coas
tal
sea
man
agem
ent
Tet
suo Y
AN
AG
I
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te f
or
Ap
pli
ed M
echan
ics
Kyu
shu
Un
iver
sity
tyan
agi@
riam
.kyu
shu
-u.a
c.jp
We
hav
e su
ffer
ed f
rom
Min
am
ata
des
ease
, re
d t
ide,
hyp
ox
ia,
fish
catc
h r
edu
ctio
n a
nd
so
on
in
th
e
coas
tal
seas
all
ov
er t
he
wo
rld
The
bas
ic r
easo
n i
s th
at
hu
man
bei
ng
s, w
ho
liv
e o
n l
and
, do
not
under
stan
d t
he
sea.
We
hav
e to
mo
re d
eep
ly u
nd
erst
and
th
e co
asta
l se
a.
Ho
w c
an w
e as
soci
ate
wit
h t
he
coas
tal
sea?
Hu
man
an
d N
atu
re
So
me
peop
le s
ay “
Nat
ure
is
at b
est
wit
hou
t H
um
an”.
Is t
his
tru
e?
Ther
e ex
ists
the
nat
ure
whic
h i
s at
bes
t under
the
inte
ract
ion w
ith h
um
an.
It i
s th
e “S
ato
-Yam
a”.
(th
e fo
rest
nea
r th
e vil
lage)
Sat
o:
vil
lage
in J
apan
ese
Yam
a: f
ore
st i
n J
apan
ese
Sat
o-Y
am
ain
Jap
an
4,5
00,0
00 h
a an
d 2
0 %
of
the
tota
l fo
rest
are
a in
1987
― 16 ―
Def
init
ion
of
“Sat
o-Y
ama”
Sat
o-Y
am
ais
the
fore
st w
ith
hig
h p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd h
igh b
io-d
iver
sity
under
the
inte
ract
ion w
ith h
um
an a
ctiv
itie
s.
Peo
ple
pla
nt
oak a
t S
ato
-Yam
aan
d c
ut
them
ever
y 2
0-3
0 y
ears
for
char
coal
and m
ush
room
cult
ivat
ion.
Dro
pped
lea
fs a
re u
sed f
or
the
fert
iliz
er.
hig
h-p
rod
uct
ivit
y
Flo
ra i
s ri
ch a
t S
ato-Y
am
adue
to i
ts b
rightn
ess.
Inse
cts
gat
her
for
hon
ey o
f fl
ow
er a
nd
oak.
Sm
all
anim
als
com
e fo
r ac
orn
of
oak.
Per
iodic
al h
um
an d
istu
rban
ces
are
good f
or
bio
div
ersi
ty.
hig
h-b
iod
iver
sity
Sat
o-Y
ama
Dec
idu
ou
s b
road
leaf
tre
es.
Peo
ple
work
ther
e.H
igh p
roduct
ivit
y.
Hig
h-b
iod
iver
sity
Ric
h f
lora
an
d f
aun
a
Sat
o-Y
ama
pu
bli
shed
in
(200
1)
― 17 ―
Sat
o-u
mi
Um
i: t
he
sea
in J
apan
ese
Sat
o-u
mi
: th
e co
asta
l se
a w
ith h
igh p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd
hig
h b
iodiv
ersi
ty u
nder
the
hu
man
’s i
nte
ract
ion
.
In o
rder
to r
eali
ze “
Sat
o-U
mi”
,
we
firs
t have
to u
nder
stan
d q
uan
tita
tivel
y t
he
mat
eria
l
cycl
ing i
n t
he
coas
tal
sea.
8th
EM
EC
S
(Envir
onm
enta
l
Man
agem
ent
in E
ncl
ose
d
Coas
tal
Sea
s)
at S
han
ghai
on
29
Oct
ob
er,
20
08
Rep
ort
Invit
ed:7
Ora
l:6
Post
er:1
2
8th
EM
EC
S (
Envir
onm
enta
l M
anag
emen
t in
Encl
ose
d C
oas
tal
Sea
s)at
Sh
angh
ai o
n 2
9 O
ctob
er, 2
008
•S
pec
ial
Ses
sio
n o
n “
Sat
o-U
mi”
in t
he
8th
EM
EC
S a
t S
han
ghai,
Ch
ina
•T
.Yan
agi
(Kyu
shu
Un
iver
sity
, Ja
pan
) “D
efin
itio
n o
f S
ato
-Um
i”
•J.
Gre
er(M
aryla
nd
Sea
Gra
nt
Co
lleg
e, U
niv
ersi
ty S
yst
em o
f M
aryla
nd
, U
SA
)
“Res
olv
ing O
yst
er C
onfl
icts
in t
he
Ches
apea
ke
Bay:
The
Co
nce
pt
of
Sat
o-U
mi”
•J.
P.D
ecro
toy
(Un
iver
sity
of
Hu
ll,
U.K
.) “
Man
agin
g e
utr
op
hic
atio
nin
meg
atid
al
estu
arie
s in
No
rth-W
este
rn E
uro
pe
thro
ugh I
nte
gra
ted
Co
asta
l Z
one
Man
agem
ent”
•W
.K.
Chan
g (
Ko
rea
Mar
itim
e In
stit
ute
, K
ore
a) “
Nat
ional
In
itia
tive
on E
nv
iro
nm
ent
Man
agem
ent
in
Co
asta
l ar
ea o
f K
ore
a”
•J.
Fan
g(Y
ello
w S
ea F
isher
ies
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te,
Chin
ese
Aca
dem
y o
f F
isher
ies
Sci
ence
, C
hin
a)
“Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
inte
gra
ted
mu
lti-
tro
phic
aquac
ult
ure
in C
hin
a”
•P
. S
ongsa
ng
jind
a(C
oas
tal
Aq
uac
ult
ure
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te,
Dep
artm
ent
of
Fis
her
ies,
Thai
land
)
“Sil
vo
-aq
uac
ult
ure
: an
eco
syst
em b
ased
man
agem
ent
for
sust
ainab
le c
oas
tal
aqu
acu
ltu
re i
n T
hai
lan
d”
•B
.Mo
sse
(Pat
tim
ura
Univ
ersi
ty A
mb
on,
Indo
nes
ia)
“Sas
ila
ut:
His
tory
and
its
ro
le o
f m
arin
e co
asta
l
reso
urc
e m
anag
emen
t”
The
Shan
ghai
Dec
lara
tion
Oct
ob
er 3
0,
20
08
…A
t E
ME
CS
8 w
e le
arn
ed a
n i
nfo
rmat
ive
new
con
cep
t, s
ato-u
mi,
wh
ich
sign
ifie
s “h
igh
pro
du
ctiv
ity a
nd b
iod
iver
sity
of
a co
asta
l se
a as
res
ult
of,
and i
n h
arm
on
y w
ith
, h
um
an a
ctiv
ity”…
….…
.Sat
o-u
mi
pla
ces
incr
ease
d e
mp
has
is o
n p
rom
oti
ng p
osi
tive
inte
ract
ion
bet
wee
n
hu
man
kin
d a
nd
ou
r co
asta
l en
close
d s
eas…
……
…It
may b
e re
aliz
ed
thro
ugh
con
cern
ed,
conti
nu
ou
s en
vir
on
men
tal
con
serv
atio
n p
rogra
ms.
Su
stai
nab
le e
con
om
ic r
etu
rnth
rou
gh
eco
syst
em-b
ased
res
ou
rce
man
agem
ent
and
agri
cult
ura
l p
ract
ices
are
oth
er a
spec
ts o
f sa
to-
um
i……
…F
inal
ly,
sato
-um
ip
lace
s a
hig
h p
rem
ium
on
an
ed
uca
tion
that
con
nec
ts y
ou
ng p
eop
le w
ith
th
e nat
ura
l w
orl
d a
nd
pro
vid
es t
hem
op
port
un
ity t
o l
earn
th
rou
gh
han
ds-
on e
xp
erie
nce
s h
ow
th
eir
sin
cere
con
cern
for
the
nat
ura
l w
orl
d r
elat
es t
o t
he
wel
l-b
ein
g o
f th
eir
com
mu
nit
y,
fam
ily,
and
th
emse
lves
.
Written b
y W
ayn
e B
ell
(Mary
land,
US
A)
― 18 ―
The
Shan
ghai
Dec
lara
tion
Oct
ob
er 3
0,
20
08
…A
t E
ME
CS
8 w
e le
arn
ed a
n i
nfo
rmat
ive
new
con
cep
t, s
ato-u
mi,
wh
ich
sign
ifie
s “h
igh
pro
du
ctiv
ity a
nd b
iod
iver
sity
of
a co
asta
l se
a as
res
ult
of,
and i
n h
arm
on
y w
ith
, h
um
an a
ctiv
ity”…
….…
.Sat
o-u
mi
pla
ces
incr
ease
d e
mp
has
is o
n p
rom
oti
ng p
osi
tive
inte
ract
ion
bet
wee
n
hu
man
kin
d a
nd
ou
r co
asta
l en
close
d s
eas…
……
…It
may b
e re
aliz
ed
thro
ugh
con
cern
ed,
conti
nu
ou
s en
vir
on
men
tal
con
serv
atio
n p
rogra
ms.
Su
stai
nab
le e
con
om
ic r
etu
rnth
rou
gh
eco
syst
em-b
ased
res
ou
rce
man
agem
ent
and
agri
cult
ura
l p
ract
ices
are
oth
er a
spec
ts o
f sa
to-
um
i……
…F
inal
ly,
sato
-um
ip
lace
s a
hig
h p
rem
ium
on
an
ed
uca
tion
that
con
nec
ts y
ou
ng p
eop
le w
ith
th
e nat
ura
l w
orl
d a
nd
pro
vid
es t
hem
op
port
un
ity t
o l
earn
th
rou
gh
han
ds-
on e
xp
erie
nce
s h
ow
th
eir
sin
cere
con
cern
for
the
nat
ura
l w
orl
d r
elat
es t
o t
he
wel
l-b
ein
g o
f th
eir
com
mu
nit
y,
fam
ily,
and
th
emse
lves
.
Written b
y W
ayn
e B
ell
(Mary
land,
US
A)
Sat
o-y
ama
and
Sat
o-u
mi
hig
h p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd h
igh
bio
-div
ersi
ty
under
the
inte
ract
ion w
ith h
um
an a
ctiv
itie
s
Vill
ag
e
Sato-
Yam
a
High
Mountain
Sato
-Umi
Deep
SeaE
co-t
on
e
Eco-t
on
e
Shallow sea
Sea-weed bed
Tidal flat
Mat
eria
l cy
clin
g i
n S
ato
-um
i
Thic
k, lo
ng a
nd s
mooth
mat
eria
l cycl
ing
(Com
pre
hen
sive
mat
erai
lcycl
ing)
must
be
esta
bli
shed
in S
ato-u
mi
for
hig
h p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd h
igh b
io-d
iver
sity
.
fore
stb
ird
Mat
eria
l cy
clin
g i
n t
he
coas
tal
sea
Red
tid
es
Red
tid
es m
ean t
he
thic
k m
ater
ial
flow
but
the
short
and n
o-s
mooth
mate
rial
flo
w
bec
ause
the
big
bio
mas
s of
dea
d p
hyto
pla
nkto
n
con
sum
es t
he
dis
solv
ed o
xygen
in t
he
bott
om
layer
and r
esult
s in
hyp
ox
ia a
nd f
ish m
ort
alit
y.
Th
ey a
re n
ot
go
od
for
Sat
o-U
mi.
― 19 ―
Eu
tro
ph
ico
r o
lig
otr
op
hic
coas
tal
seas
In t
he
eutr
ophic
coas
tal
sea,
we
hav
e to
red
uce
the
nutr
ient
load
from
the
land
.
In t
he
oli
gotr
ophic
coas
tal
sea,
we
have
to i
ncr
ease
the
nutr
ient
supply
fro
m t
he
aphoti
cla
yer
by t
he
arti
fici
al u
pw
elli
ng r
eef.
CO
D l
oad
and r
ed t
ides
in t
he
Set
oIn
land S
ea,
Japan
-
50
0
1,0
00
1,5
00
2,0
00
2,5
00
19
61
19
68
19
72
19
79
19
84
19
89
19
94
19
99
20
04
Fis
ca
l Y
ea
r
COD Load (ton/day)
Ho
us
eho
ld+
Oth
ers
Oth
ers
Ho
us
eho
ld
Indu
str
y
0
50
10
0
15
0
20
0
25
0
30
0
35
0 1960
70
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
2000
02
Ye
ar
Cha
ng
e in C
OD
loa
d a
nd t
he o
ccurr
ence n
um
ber
of
red t
ide
s
in t
he S
eto
Inla
nd S
ea,
Japa
n
CO
D lo
ad
Red t
ides
197
3:
La
w o
n M
ea
sure
s f
or
the
Environ
menta
l P
reserv
atio
n;
CO
D lo
ad d
ecre
ase t
o 1
/2
Eutr
op
hic
ate
dcoasta
l se
a
Art
ific
ial
up
wel
lin
g r
eef
H=
10
m,
L=
20
m
Fie
ld e
xp
erim
ent
was
car
ried
ou
t in
the
Set
oIn
land S
ea,
Japan
in 1
987.
eup
ho
tic
aph
oti
c
upw
elli
ng
Tid
al
curr
ent
Art
ific
ial
reef
Olig
otr
op
hic
coasta
l se
aS
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
― 20 ―
Eff
ect
of
arti
fici
al u
pw
elli
ng
ree
f
arra
ngem
ent
1987
bef
ore
1989
afte
r
Yan
agi
and
Nakaj
ima
(19
91
)
Impo
rtan
ce o
f b
io-c
hem
ical
pro
cess
es
Phosp
horu
s
flu
x
Res
ult
s of
nu
mer
ical
eco
syst
em
model
.
Nit
rogen
flu
x
Hayas
hi
and Y
anag
i(2
002
)
Co
asta
l se
a as
a h
abit
at
•It
is
ver
y i
mp
ort
ant
for
the
coas
tal
sea
as a
h
abit
at f
or
mar
ine
bio
ta i
n o
rder
to
es
tab
lish
th
e co
mp
reh
ensi
ve
mat
eria
l cy
clin
g t
her
e.
•B
ecau
se t
he
bio
-ch
emic
al m
ater
ial
flu
x i
s v
ery l
arg
e in
th
e co
asta
l se
a.
Bio
div
ersi
ty a
nd
Hu
man
inte
ract
ion
oli
go
tro
phic
eutr
ophic
Connel
l (1
978)
Ben
thos
Co
ral
reef
(a)
(b)
Ko
ku
bu
et a
l. (
20
07
)
― 21 ―
Str
ait-
upli
fted
coas
t or
gen
tle-
slop
ed c
oas
t
We
hav
e to
pro
vid
e good c
ond
itio
n f
or
mar
ine
life
in S
ato-U
mi.
low
tra
nsp
aren
cy
hig
h t
ransp
aren
cy
New
tec
hn
olo
gy i
s d
evel
op
ed:
Fis
hin
g g
ear
to a
vo
id s
mal
l fi
sh c
atch
Sm
all
fish
Lar
ge
fish
Tra
sh
Fis
h r
esourc
es m
anagem
ent
is a
lso v
ery i
mp
ort
ant
for
the
esta
bli
shm
ent
of
Sat
o-U
mi.
Fis
h r
eso
urc
es m
anag
emen
t
Yea
r-to
-yea
r var
iati
on i
n f
ish
cat
ch o
f H
ata-
hat
a
in A
kit
a P
refe
ctu
re
Pro
hib
it o
f fi
shin
g i
n 1
99
2-1
99
5,
Aft
er t
hat
Ap
pli
cati
on
of
TA
C(T
ota
lA
llow
able
Cat
ch)
Sat
o-U
mi
Co
mm
on
s
Com
mo
ns
; sy
stem
for
co-u
se a
nd
co-m
anage
of
reso
urc
es
or
reso
urc
es t
hem
selv
esla
nd o
r p
lants
It i
s si
tuat
ed b
etw
een n
ature
and h
um
an.
Nat
ure
is
hu
man
ized
in C
om
mon
s an
d
Hu
man
must
be
nat
ura
lize
d i
n C
om
mon
s.
Then
hum
an’s
and n
ature
’s s
ust
ainab
le d
evel
op
ments
are
poss
ible
in C
om
mon
s.
― 22 ―
Hu
man
ized
nat
ure
•M
any e
xam
ple
s su
ch a
s g
entl
e-sl
op
ed
coas
t o
f K
ansa
i In
tern
atio
nal
Air
port
Mu
d e
cosy
stem
has
ch
ang
ed t
o a
lgae
-bed
eco
syst
em t
her
e b
y h
um
an a
ctiv
ity.
Kan
sai
Inte
rnat
ion
al A
irp
ort
Rec
laim
ed A
irp
ort
Art
ific
ial
gen
tle-
sloped
coas
t.
sea
sand
gen
tle
slop
e
Art
ific
ial
sea-
wee
d b
eds
Lar
vae
of
rock
fish
mig
rate
in t
he
wh
ole
are
a of
Osa
ka
Bay
fro
m t
he
arti
fici
al s
ea-w
eed
bed
s.
Art
ific
ial
sea-
wee
d b
eds
are
dev
eloped
on
th
e gen
tle-s
loped
coas
t of
Kan
sai-
Air
port
Hu
man
nat
ura
liza
tio
n
Hu
man
nat
ura
liza
tion i
s to
foll
ow
the
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m
by p
ress
ing d
ow
n t
he
hu
man
’s d
esir
e.
We
hav
e to
un
der
stan
d t
he
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m a
t fi
rst.
Mar
ine
scie
nce
is
imp
ort
ant
for
under
stan
din
g t
he
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m.
Fis
her
men
in
Jap
an h
ave
man
y r
ule
s fo
r p
rese
rvat
ion
of
fish
reso
urc
es
in o
rder
to f
oll
ow
th
e n
atu
ral
rhyth
m.
― 23 ―
Man
y r
ule
s ar
e nec
essa
ry f
or
sust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
Sat
o-Y
ama
This
is
nat
ura
liza
tion o
f hu
man
in S
ato-Y
am
a.
187
7
188
2
188
4
189
6
190
7
item
s of
rule
Sas
i
•T
he
stri
ct r
ule
s in
Sat
oyam
ais
sim
ilar
to
“Sas
i”in
th
e S
ou
thea
st A
sia
cou
ntr
ies.
“Sas
i”is
rule
s fo
r th
e nat
ura
l re
sourc
es
man
agem
ent
in t
he
So
uth
east
Asi
a.
Co
nse
rvat
ion
or
Pre
serv
atio
n
Sat
o-U
mi
does
not
pre
serv
e th
e co
asta
l se
a
but
con
serv
e th
e co
asta
l se
a.
It i
s a
way o
f “W
ise
Use
”of
the
coas
tal
sea.
MP
AC
hin
jyu-n
o-u
mi
Marin
e
Culture
Sato
-um
i
Buff
er
zo
ne
Hum
an a
ctivitie
s
Pre
serv
ed
zo
ne
EU
an
d
US
A
Ja
pa
n
Hu
man
an
d N
atu
re
Separa
tion o
f hum
an a
nd n
atu
reC
o-e
xis
tence o
f hum
an a
nd N
atu
re
― 24 ―
Ap
pro
pri
ate
zon
ing
Fore
st
S
ea
1)N
eed
le-l
eaf
fore
st
1
)Aq
ua-
Cu
ltu
re
Jap
anes
e ce
der
, Ja
pan
ese
cyp
ress
s
ea w
eed
, o
yst
er,
yel
low
tai
ls
2)S
ato-y
ama
2
)Sat
o-u
mi
3)C
hin
jyu
-no-m
ori
3
)MP
A (
Mar
ine
Pro
tect
ed A
rea)
Ever
-gre
en-l
eaf
tree
s
Nu
trie
nts
cycl
ing
(din
ofl
agel
lata
)R
ed t
ide
Hyp
oxia
Nu
tire
nts
N,P
>S
i)N
uti
ren
tsN
PS
i
Tid
al f
lat
Sea
-gra
ss b
ed
Ben
thic
dia
tom
ph
yto
pla
nkto
n
fish
pas
tnow
Mult
iple
pat
hs
Th
ick m
ater
ial
cycl
ing
Sim
ple
pat
h
Nar
row
mat
eria
l cycl
ing
Dec
reas
e o
f ri
ver
dis
char
ge
du
e to
dam
co
nst
ruct
ion
pas
tnow
VR
Wea
ken
est
uar
ine
circ
ula
tion
Red
tid
e an
d H
yp
oxia
gen
erat
ion
R
V
Art
ific
ial
Tid
al F
lat
and
Cla
m
Cult
ure
of
clam
ju
ven
ile
Art
ific
ial
tidal
fla
t
Akas
uka
Fis
her
men
Un
ion
― 25 ―
Har
ves
t v
aria
tio
n
Yea
r-to
-yea
r var
iati
on
s in
cla
m h
arves
t an
d p
rice
Dec
reas
e o
f se
a-g
rass
bed
are
a
Rep
rod
uct
ion o
f se
a-gra
ss b
edH
inas
echo
Fih
serm
enU
nio
n
Sea
-gra
ss b
ed r
epro
du
ctio
n a
reas
Ex
pan
din
g s
ea-g
rass
bed
― 26 ―
Ho
list
ic g
ov
ern
ance
fro
m
the
top
of
the
mo
un
tain
to
th
e se
a
Mat
eria
l cy
clin
g
Res
ou
rce
man
agem
ent
So
cia
syst
em i
nn
no
vat
ion
pro
du
ctio
nco
nsu
mp
oti
on
)
Ch
ange
of
val
ue
Tec
hn
olo
gy i
nn
ovat
ion
Fis
her
ies
law
Nav
igat
ion
law
unif
ied
Wat
er p
oll
uti
on
law
Fis
her
men
an
d C
itiz
en
•F
ish
erm
en a
re t
he
mai
n p
layer
s fo
r th
e
crea
tio
n o
f S
ato
-um
i
•H
ow
ever
th
e p
op
ula
tion
of
fish
erm
en i
s o
nly
0.1
% o
f to
tal
pop
ula
tion
in J
apan
.
•T
he
clo
se c
oll
abo
rati
on o
f fi
sher
men
an
d
citi
zen
(9
9.9
%)
is n
eces
sary
fo
r th
e cr
eati
on
of
Sat
o-u
mi.
•H
ow
? U
nd
er s
tud
y.
Ter
ra S
cien
tifi
c P
ub
lish
ing
Com
pan
y
200
7,
96
p.
Sat
o-U
mi
A n
ew c
on
cep
t fo
r co
asta
l se
a
man
agem
ent
1.I
ntr
od
uct
ion
2.M
ank
ind
an
d c
oas
tal
sea
2.1
Ric
hn
ess
of
the
coas
tal
sea
2.2
Cri
sis
of
the
coas
tal
sea
3.
Man
kin
d a
nd
th
e fo
rest
3.1
Sat
o-Y
ama
4. S
ato-U
mi
4.1
Co
nce
pt
of
Sat
o-U
mi
4.2
Har
ves
t o
f se
a-gla
ss b
ed
4.3
New
tec
hn
olo
gy
4.4
Sto
ck e
nh
ance
men
t an
d f
ish
cult
ure
4.5
Sea
far
min
g
4.6
Fis
h r
eso
urc
es m
anagem
ent
5.
En
vir
on
men
tal
eth
ics
5.1
En
vir
on
men
tal
eth
ics
and
Co
mm
on
s
5.2
Pre
serv
atio
n a
nd
Co
nse
rvat
ion
5.3
En
vir
on
men
tal
edu
cati
on
6.
Co
ncl
ud
ing r
emar
ks
Fis
h P
rod
uct
ivit
y i
n
the
Set
oIn
lan
d S
ea
― 27 ―
Red
uce
of
fish
cat
ch
in t
he
Set
oIn
lan
d S
ea
Its
cau
ses
1)
Reg
ime
shif
t
2)
Var
iab
ilit
y o
f oce
anic
con
dit
ion
3)
Over
fish
ing
4)
Des
truct
ion
of
shal
low
sea
5)
Mar
ine
poll
uti
on
, eu
trophic
atio
n
8th
EM
EC
S (
En
vir
on
men
tal
Man
agem
ent
in E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal
Sea
s)at
Sh
ang
hai
on
29 O
cto
ber
, 20
08
•S
pec
ial
Ses
sio
n o
n “
Sat
o-U
mi”
in t
he
8th
EM
EC
S a
t S
han
ghai,
Ch
ina
•T
.Yan
agi
(Kyu
shu
Un
iver
sity
, Ja
pan
) “D
efin
itio
n o
f S
ato
-Um
i”
•J.
Gre
er(M
aryla
nd
Sea
Gra
nt
Co
lleg
e, U
niv
ersi
ty S
yst
em o
f M
aryla
nd
, U
SA
)
“Res
olv
ing O
yst
er C
onfl
icts
in t
he
Ches
apea
ke
Bay:
The
Co
nce
pt
of
Sat
o-U
mi”
•J.
P.D
ecro
toy
(Un
iver
sity
of
Hu
ll,
U.K
.) “
Man
agin
g e
utr
op
hic
atio
nin
meg
atid
al
estu
arie
s in
No
rth-W
este
rn E
uro
pe
thro
ugh I
nte
gra
ted
Co
asta
l Z
one
Man
agem
ent”
•W
.K.
Chan
g (
Ko
rea
Mar
itim
e In
stit
ute
, K
ore
a) “
Nat
ional
In
itia
tive
on E
nv
iro
nm
ent
Man
agem
ent
in
Co
asta
l ar
ea o
f K
ore
a”
•J.
Fan
g(Y
ello
w S
ea F
isher
ies
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te,
Chin
ese
Aca
dem
y o
f F
isher
ies
Sci
ence
, C
hin
a)
“Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
inte
gra
ted
mu
lti-
tro
phic
aquac
ult
ure
in C
hin
a”
•P
. S
ongsa
ng
jind
a(C
oas
tal
Aq
uac
ult
ure
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te,
Dep
artm
ent
of
Fis
her
ies,
Thai
land
)
“Sil
vo
-aq
uac
ult
ure
: an
eco
syst
em b
ased
man
agem
ent
for
sust
ainab
le c
oas
tal
aqu
acu
ltu
re i
n T
hai
lan
d”
•B
.Mo
sse
(Pat
tim
ura
Univ
ersi
ty A
mb
on,
Indo
nes
ia)
“Sas
ila
ut:
His
tory
and
its
ro
le o
f m
arin
e co
asta
l
reso
urc
e m
anag
emen
t”
― 28 ―
CONCEPT AND PRACTICES OF SATOYAMA SATO-UMI
SUB-GLOBAL ASSESSMENT IN JAPAN
Anne MCDONALD
Director, United Nations Univ., Institute of
Advanced Studies, Operating Unit
Ishikawa/Kanazawa,
Hirosaka-chosha 2F 2-1-1, Hirosaka, Japan
In 2000, then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for a
scientific-based assessment of the state of the world’s ecosystems. The following year,
the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was initiated and for the next 4 years over
1,300 experts across the globe were asked to assess the changes in ecosystems and the
consequences of those changes to human well-being. Published in 2006, the MA
framework has since been applied to continued ecosystem assessment analyses as
follow-up work to the MA.
Efforts in Japan to join other sub-global ecosystem assessment work gained
momentum in 2006 and scoping for a Japan Sub-Global Assessment (Japan SGA) was
initiated by the Ecosystem Assessment programme at the United Nations
University-Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS). In the fall of 2007,
geographically delineated assessment teams referred to as clusters were formed and the
Satoyama Satoumi Sub-Global Assessment (Japan SGA) began. The findings are to be
published in the months leading up to the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the
Conventional on Biological Diversity (COP10) in Nagoya, Japan in October 2010 in an
effort to contribute to global discussions of biodiversity and sustainability.
This paper will introduce the governance structure of the Japan SGA along with the
conceptual framework of the MA. This will be followed by exploration of the scoping
process, specifically why satoyama and satoumi were selected as the focus for the Japan
SGA, examining evolving working definitions of the concepts. Satoyama satoumi
concept examination will be followed by a look at assessment efforts of the
Hoku-Shinetsu Cluster. Working closely with non-academic stakeholders to collect data
of satoyama satoumi over the last 50 years, this cluster applies a bottom-up approach.
The strengths, limitations and potentials of multi-stakeholder bottom-up assessments
will be identified in hopes to provide insight into future potentials of bottom-up
― 29 ―
approaches to ecosystem assessment in areas where financial and human capacity may
be limited.
One of the overarching aims of the Japan SGA is to link the findings to effective
comprehensive policy making both at the local, regional and national levels in Japan.
Further, the Japan SGA aims to link their findings to other SGA efforts around the globe,
contributing to global discussions of sustainable resource use and conservation based on
culturally diverse approaches which effectively combine traditional ecological
knowledge with environmentally sound science and technologies. Whether or not the
Japan SGA achieves these aims cannot be answered until the report is completed in
2010, however for the purposes of this paper, the potentials of satoyama satoumi
assessments in Japan will be explored in hopes to identify common challenges and
solutions of sustainable marine resource use, management and conservation that
integrate locally-specific and universally applicable approaches.
― 30 ―
Co
ncep
ts a
nd p
ractices o
f
SA
TO
YA
MA
SA
TO
-UM
I
Su
b-G
lob
al A
sse
ssm
ent
in J
apa
n
Habitat P
rote
ction, R
esto
ration a
nd M
anagem
ent (T
3)
T3:2
Indig
enous A
pp
roaches to H
abitat P
rote
ction a
nd R
esto
ration:
Exp
eriences in S
ato
-Um
iand O
ther
Com
munity Initia
tives
SA
TO
-UM
I W
OR
KS
HO
P
Anne
McD
onald
, D
irecto
r
United
Natio
ns U
niv
ers
ity-I
nstitu
te o
f A
dva
nced
Stu
die
s O
pera
ting U
nit
Ishik
aw
a/K
anazaw
a
MA
Co
nce
ptu
al F
ram
ew
ork
(modifie
d fro
m M
illenniu
m E
cosyste
m A
ssessm
ent
2005)
eco
syste
m s
erv
ices n
ext
slid
e:
su
ppo
rtin
g, p
rovis
ion
al, r
eg
ula
tin
g &
cu
ltura
l
serv
ices
EC
OS
YS
TE
M S
ER
VIC
ES
the b
en
efi
ts p
eo
ple
ob
tain
fro
m e
co
sy
ste
ms
& c
on
sti
tue
nts
of
wellb
ein
g(m
odifie
d f
rom
Mill
enniu
m E
co
syste
m A
sse
ssm
ent
2005
)
constitu
ents
of
wellb
ein
g:
security
, basic
mate
rials
for
a g
ood life, good s
ocia
l re
lations
freedo
ms a
nd c
ho
ices
JS
GA
Go
ve
rna
nce
(modifie
d fro
m U
NU
-IA
S J
apan S
GA
Secre
tariat govern
ance s
tructu
re 2
008)
― 31 ―
JS
GA
scopin
g p
rocess:
wh
y t
he inte
rest in
sato
yam
asato
um
ito
da
y?
wh
y s
ato
yam
asato
um
i?
nosta
lgia
driven a
ttem
pts
to r
ecaptu
re fadin
g p
ast tr
aditio
nal ru
ral la
ndscapes? o
r attem
pts
to look
to p
ast tr
aditio
ns o
f re
sourc
e m
anagem
ent and h
um
an s
ocie
ties r
ela
tions w
ith n
atu
re a
s p
ote
ntial
keys to u
nlo
ckin
g the c
halle
nges o
f th
e futu
re?
i) i
nte
rest
in
sa
toy
am
asa
tou
mi
lan
dsc
ap
esa
nd
rec
og
nit
ion
of
thei
r p
ote
nti
al
as
a p
roto
typ
e fo
r a
su
sta
ina
ble
sy
stem
ha
s g
row
n b
eyo
nd
co
nse
rva
tio
n e
colo
gy
cir
cles
to i
ncl
ud
e p
oli
cy m
ak
ers
an
d
citi
zen
s co
nce
rned
wit
h t
he
soci
o-c
ult
ura
l a
nd
en
vir
on
men
tal
imp
act
s o
f co
nte
mp
ora
ry l
ifes
tyle
s in
Ja
pa
n.
ii)
this
gro
win
g i
nte
rest
in
sa
toy
am
asa
tou
mi
lan
dsc
ap
es i
s in
a s
ense
ref
lect
ive
of
the
gra
du
al
shif
t in
fo
cus
of
the
na
ture
co
nse
rva
tio
n m
ov
emen
t; s
pec
ific
all
y t
ha
t fr
om
co
nse
rvin
g d
esig
na
ted
p
rote
cted
zo
nes
an
d/o
r re
mo
te a
rea
s se
pa
rate
fro
m h
um
an
set
tlem
ents
to
co
nse
rvat
ion
wh
erei
n
hu
ma
n i
nte
rven
tio
n i
n n
atu
re i
s re
cog
niz
ed a
s a
n i
nte
gra
l el
emen
t. T
his
ha
s le
d t
o a
na
lysi
s o
f h
ab
ita
t m
od
ific
ati
on
an
d e
nv
iro
nm
enta
l d
egra
da
tio
n p
atte
rns
ob
serv
ed t
hro
ug
h s
ato
ya
ma
sato
um
ila
nd
sca
pes
. O
f p
art
icu
lar
inte
rest
to
res
earc
her
s is
hu
ma
n i
nte
rven
tio
n w
ith
in s
ato
ya
ma
sato
um
ien
vir
on
men
ts a
nd
its
im
pa
cts
on
sp
ecie
s d
iver
sity
, su
sta
ina
ble
res
ou
rce
extr
acti
on
, u
se a
nd
m
an
ag
emen
t.
definin
g S
AT
OY
AM
A
MA
’sre
levance t
o S
ato
ya
ma
an
d S
ato
um
i:
So
urc
e:
Min
istr
y o
f E
nvir
on
men
t, J
ap
an
sourc
e: m
inis
try o
f th
e e
nvironm
ent, japan
sato
yam
ahis
tori
ca
l backgro
und:
fro
m f
eu
da
l era
to c
onte
mpora
ry ja
pa
n
sato
rice
pa
dd
y+
soil
= v
illa
ge
ya
ma
= m
ou
nta
in
i) f
irst
wri
tte
n r
efe
ren
ce t
o s
ato
ya
ma
wa
s in
Mis
cell
an
eou
s S
tori
es o
f K
iso
Mo
un
tain
, a
bo
ok
pu
bli
she
d i
n 1
75
9 b
y fo
rest
ma
na
ge
r H
yoe
mo
nT
era
uch
i d
uri
ng
th
e f
eu
da
l T
ok
ug
aw
a E
ra (
160
3-1
86
7).
Th
e b
oo
k r
eco
rde
d t
he
li
ve
lih
oo
ds
of
rura
l m
ou
nta
in w
oo
dla
nd
co
mm
un
itie
s a
nd
use
d t
he
te
rm s
ato
ya
ma
to d
esc
rib
e t
he
hu
ma
n
ma
na
ge
d m
ou
nta
ino
us
lan
dsc
ap
es
surr
ou
nd
ing
th
ose
ru
ral
com
mu
nit
ies.
ii)
the
te
rm s
ato
ya
ma
, a
lon
g w
ith
th
e n
atu
re v
iew
s, l
ife
styl
es,
cu
ltu
ral
va
lue
s, t
rad
itio
na
l k
no
wle
dg
e a
nd
re
sou
rce
m
an
ag
em
en
t p
ract
ice
s e
mb
od
ied
in
th
e t
erm
, w
ere
re
intr
od
uce
d b
y f
ore
st e
colo
gis
t T
sun
ah
ide
Sh
ide
in t
he
19
60
s a
s a
gri
cult
ura
l w
oo
dla
nd
s. S
hid
e’s
rev
iva
l o
f th
e s
ato
ya
ma
con
cep
t w
as
in p
art
a c
ou
nte
r re
act
ion
to
th
e f
ue
l a
nd
ch
em
ica
l fe
rtil
ize
r re
vo
luti
on
s o
f th
e 1
96
0s
an
d t
he
im
pa
cts
rap
id e
con
om
ic d
ev
elo
pm
en
t w
as
ha
vin
g o
n t
he
so
cia
l,
cult
ura
l a
nd
na
tura
l la
nd
sca
pe
s o
f J
ap
an
.
iii)
sato
ya
ma
ha
s si
nce
ev
olv
ed
an
d i
s u
sed
in
dif
feri
ng
co
nte
xts
. A
mo
ng
ne
o-t
rad
itio
na
l co
nse
rva
tio
nis
ts,
sato
ya
ma
oft
en
bro
ad
ly r
efe
rs t
o t
rad
itio
na
l ru
ral
lan
dsc
ap
es
an
d h
as
be
com
e f
or
ma
ny
a s
ym
bo
l o
f h
um
an
-m
an
ag
ed
la
nd
sca
pe
s w
he
re h
um
an
s a
nd
na
ture
co
ex
ist
in a
ha
rmo
nio
us
sym
bio
tic
rela
tio
nsh
ip.
As
eco
log
ists
e
xp
lore
ha
bit
at
mo
dif
ica
tio
n a
nd
hu
ma
ns
use
of
na
tura
l la
nd
sca
pe
s, t
he
sa
toy
am
aco
nce
pt
ha
s e
volv
ed
to
in
clu
de
w
ha
t is
de
scri
be
d a
s sa
toy
am
ala
nd
sca
pes
com
pri
sin
g o
f sa
toy
am
a,
cult
iva
ted
la
nd
s (f
arm
lan
ds)
, a
nd
re
serv
oir
s (t
rad
itio
na
l m
an
-ma
de
irr
iga
tio
n p
on
ds
refe
rre
d t
o a
s ta
mei
ke
an
d n
atu
ral
we
tla
nd
s in
clu
siv
e);
all
ele
me
nts
lin
ke
d
tog
eth
er
as
pa
rt o
f th
e t
rad
itio
na
l a
gri
cult
ura
l la
nd
use
sys
tem
of
Ja
pa
n.
― 32 ―
definin
g S
AT
OU
MI
sato
um
ibackgro
un
d
sato
= v
illa
ge
+
um
i=
sea
i)sa
tou
mi
con
cep
t w
as
firs
t p
rop
ose
d b
y D
r. T
ets
uo
Ya
na
gi
of
Ky
ush
u U
niv
ers
ity
in
19
98
. D
r. Y
an
ag
id
efi
ne
d
sato
um
ia
s a
co
ast
al
are
as
wh
ere
hu
ma
n i
nte
ract
ion
ha
s re
sult
ed
in
a h
igh
de
gre
e o
f p
rod
uct
ivit
y a
nd
bio
div
ers
ity
, a
nd
wh
ere
a d
eep
re
lati
on
ship
be
twee
n h
um
an
lif
e a
nd
tra
dit
ion
al
cult
ure
ha
s le
d t
o t
he
co
ex
iste
nce
of
hu
ma
ns
an
d n
atu
re.
ii)
ori
gin
al
focu
s o
f sa
tou
mi
wa
s th
e S
eto
Inla
nd
Se
a a
rea
: co
mm
un
itie
s’w
ork
ing
to
ge
the
r w
ith
re
sea
rch
ers
an
d
po
licy
ma
ke
rs t
o a
sse
ss h
um
an
im
pa
cts
on
th
e c
oa
sta
l m
ari
ne
en
vir
on
men
ts a
nd
eco
syst
em
s.
iii)
gro
win
g r
eco
gn
itio
n o
f sa
tou
mi
as
a c
om
pa
rab
le t
erm
to
sa
toy
am
ab
y p
oli
cy m
ak
ers
in
Ja
pa
n a
s a
po
ten
tia
l m
od
el
for
sust
ain
ab
le m
ari
ne
an
d c
oa
sta
l re
sou
rce
uti
liza
tio
n a
nd
ma
na
ge
me
nt.
Te
rm/c
on
cep
t in
corp
ora
ted
in
th
e
3rd
Na
tio
na
l S
tra
teg
y f
or
Bio
div
ers
ity
(20
07
). A
lth
ou
gh
sa
tou
mi
no
t m
en
tio
ne
d i
n 3
cri
sis,
of
no
te:
Th
ird
Na
tio
na
l B
iod
ive
rsit
y S
tra
teg
y o
f J
ap
an
(N
ov
em
be
r 2
00
7)
ide
nti
fy t
hre
e c
rise
s: c
risi
s 1:
sp
eci
es
an
d h
ab
ita
t d
eg
rad
ati
on
du
e
to e
xce
ssiv
e h
um
an
act
ivit
ies;
cr
isis
2:
de
gr
ad
ati
on
of
sa
toy
am
ad
ue
to
in
su
ffic
ien
t le
ve
l o
f m
an
ag
em
en
t; c
risi
s 3
: e
cosy
ste
m d
istu
rba
nce
s ca
use
d b
y t
he
in
tro
du
ced
ali
en
sp
eci
es
an
d c
he
mic
al
con
tam
ina
tio
ns.
iv)
Sa
tou
mi
Cre
ati
on
Pro
ject
in
itia
ted
by
th
e J
ap
an
ese
Min
istr
y o
f th
e E
nv
iro
nm
en
t (M
OE
) in
Ju
ly 2
00
8.
Cu
rre
ntl
y 6
pil
ot
pro
ject
s in
Ja
pa
n,
coll
ect
ed
da
ta f
rom
pil
ot
pro
ject
s to
be
use
d a
s th
e b
asi
s fo
r a
na
tio
na
l S
ato
um
iM
an
ua
l.
JS
GA
effort
s: definin
g s
ato
yam
asato
um
ifo
r glo
bal dis
cours
e:
sato
ya
ma
sato
um
ieco
syste
m a
ssessm
ent
report
(ja
pan
su
b-g
loba
l assessm
ent
report
,
JS
GA
) w
ork
ing d
efinitio
n o
f sato
ya
ma
and s
ato
um
i(2
4 ju
ly2
00
9)
sato
yam
aand
sato
um
ica
n b
e d
efi
ne
d a
s d
yn
am
ic s
oci
al-
eco
log
ica
l co
up
led
pro
du
ctio
n s
yste
ms
com
pri
sin
g o
f a
m
osa
ic o
f d
iffe
ren
t e
cosy
ste
m t
yp
es
pro
du
cin
g s
yn
erg
y o
f a
bu
nd
le o
f e
cosy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s fo
r h
um
an
we
llb
ein
g.
OR
sim
ply
de
fin
ed
as:
mu
lti-
fun
ctio
na
l so
cio
-eco
log
ica
l p
rod
uct
ion
la
nd
sca
pe
sato
yam
ais
ru
ral
lan
dsc
ap
e f
or
ag
ricu
ltu
ral
an
d f
ore
stry
pro
du
ctio
n a
nd
liv
eli
ho
od
co
mp
risi
ng
of
com
mu
nit
ies,
fa
rmla
nd
, se
con
da
ry f
ore
st,
pla
nta
tio
ns,
gra
ssla
nd
, p
on
ds,
an
d i
rrig
ati
on
an
d d
rain
ag
e s
yste
ms.
sato
um
iis
coa
sta
l la
nd
sca
pe
fo
r fi
she
ry p
rod
uct
ion
an
d l
ive
lih
oo
d c
om
pri
sin
g o
f se
ash
ore
, ti
da
l fl
ats
, se
aw
ee
d b
ed
s a
nd
gro
un
ds
chara
cte
ristics o
f sato
yam
aand
sato
um
i:
div
ers
e m
ix o
f e
cosy
ste
m t
yp
es
pro
du
cin
g a
bu
nd
le o
f e
cosy
ste
m s
erv
ice
s, d
ep
en
din
g o
n s
pe
cifi
c d
epe
nd
ing
on
so
cia
l, e
con
om
ic,
an
d e
colo
gic
al
pa
ram
ete
rs.
In s
ho
rt,
the
y a
re c
on
tex
t a
nd
/or
pla
ce s
pe
cifi
c.
unu
-ia
sle
d s
ato
ya
ma
sato
um
i
eco
syste
m a
ssessm
en
t e
ffo
rts
linkin
g t
he
past
to t
he
pre
se
nt
& t
o t
he f
utu
rein
tegra
ting t
raditio
nal ecolo
gic
al kno
wle
dg
e/lo
cal w
isdo
m w
ith s
cie
nce a
nd lin
kin
g t
hese
findin
gs t
o e
ffective inte
gra
ted p
olic
y d
esig
n
SO
ME
QU
ES
TIO
NS
asked o
f JS
GA
contr
ibuto
rs:
i) w
hat
is t
he h
isto
rical conte
xt
of
sato
ya
ma
&sato
um
i?
ii) w
hat
is t
he c
urr
ent
sta
te o
f sato
ya
ma
&sato
um
ito
da
y?
iii)
over
the last
50 y
ea
rs,
wh
at
are
th
e d
rivers
of
de
gra
dation
? (
ab
an
do
nm
en
t +
overg
row
th,
overu
tiliz
atio
n a
nd la
nd-u
se c
ha
ng
e-d
riven d
egra
datio
n inclu
de
d)
iv)
how
do
es/c
an s
ato
ya
ma
&sato
um
icontr
ibute
to s
usta
ina
ble
reso
urc
e m
anag
em
ent
and b
iodiv
ers
ity?
― 33 ―
UN
U-I
AS
led S
ato
yam
aS
ato
um
iS
ub
-glo
bal E
cosyste
m
Assessm
ent C
luste
rs
Ja
pa
n S
ea
/ E
ast
Se
a
Pa
cif
ic O
ce
an
7
2
16
A.
To
ho
ku
an
d H
okka
ido
Clu
ste
r
13
67
81011
5
13
15
19
717
18
B. H
ok
u-S
hin
ets
uC
lus
ter
4
914
7
7
D. 1
27
E.
4
D. W
este
rn J
ap
an
Clu
ste
r
To
ho
ku
Su
b-c
luste
r
Ho
kkaid
o S
ub
-clu
ste
r
source:UNUIASSGASecretariat
CONTACT:MaikoNISHIatUNU
IAS
JS
GA
Ho
ku
-Sh
ine
stu
Clu
ste
r
Rep
ort
i) b
ott
om
-up a
pp
roach
ii) s
ato
ya
ma
&sato
um
iin
teg
rate
d a
pp
roach
po
ten
tials
an
d
lim
itati
on
s
•in
tegra
tive a
ppro
ach: in
volv
ing s
takehold
ers
fro
m
the b
egin
nin
g:
addre
ssin
g s
treng
ths a
nd w
eaknesses o
f M
A; sp
ecific
ally
end-u
ser
involv
em
ent
• polic
y m
aker
involv
em
ent in
data
gath
ering:
i)lim
itations =
polic
y p
rescrip
tive d
ang
ers
, ra
ised
exp
ecta
tions o
f re
sults/r
ep
ort
fin
din
gs; ii)
pote
ntial
str
eng
ths =
assess p
olic
y m
akin
g c
ap
acitie
s o
f g
overn
ment b
odie
s, bre
akin
g d
ow
n the w
alls
of
sectionalis
m; lin
k r
ep
ort
wri
ting
to s
ato
yam
asato
um
ib
iodiv
ers
ity s
trate
gy w
riting
for
Ishik
aw
a p
refe
ctu
re
• lim
ited h
um
an c
apacity leads to e
xplo
ring
part
ners
hip
s w
ith p
ara
llel in
itia
tives: i)
MO
E S
ato
-um
iC
reation P
roje
ct in
Nanao
Bay,
Ishik
aw
a P
refe
ctu
re—
esta
blis
h s
teeri
ng
com
mitte
e w
ith m
em
bers
fro
m
academ
ia, lo
cal-b
ased m
arine e
nvir
onm
ent and f
isheri
es
researc
h s
tations, p
refe
ctu
ral and m
unic
ipal g
overn
ment,
river
netw
ork
-rela
ted N
PO
, fisherm
en c
oop
era
tive, div
er
org
aniz
ation; ii)
part
ner
with e
ducation f
or
susta
inab
le
develo
pm
ent p
rog
ram
me
develo
pm
ent in
Nanao
Bay; iii
)p
art
neri
ng
with o
ther
researc
h initia
tives =
UN
U-I
AS
O
pera
ting
Unit a
nd Ishik
aw
a C
om
munity D
evelo
pm
ent
Div
isio
n p
refe
ctu
re d
esig
ned r
esearc
h p
roje
ct on
transm
issio
n o
f tr
aditio
ns fro
m s
ato
yam
aand s
ato
um
iin
N
oto
Penin
sula
; U
NU
-IA
S O
pera
ting
Unit b
ased J
SP
S –
UN
U p
ost docto
ral fe
llow
Dr
Edp
alin
aS
oc-M
on r
esearc
h
pro
ject in
Nanao
Ba
y; envir
onm
enta
lly-s
ound a
gri
culture
m
eth
ods s
tudy a
gri
cultura
l im
pacts
on m
arine
ecosyste
ms;
• outr
each a
ctiv
itie
s=
work
ing w
ith m
ed
ia: i) v
ideo
bri
efs
pro
duction o
f sato
yam
aand s
ato
um
iin
part
ners
hip
w
ith U
NU
Media
Stu
dio
http
://o
urw
orl
d.u
nu.e
du/e
n/
recent titles inclu
de H
arv
est tim
e in s
ato
yam
a, W
here
th
e s
ea w
his
tle e
choes; ii)
part
neri
ng
with o
ther
researc
h
initia
tives =
Kanazaw
a U
niv
ers
ity a
nd H
okkoku
New
sp
ap
er
50 y
ear
researc
h p
roje
ct N
atu
ral S
cie
nce
and E
thn
olo
gic
al stu
dy o
f A
ma-s
an o
f H
eg
ura
and
Nanats
uIs
land
― 34 ―
sato
ya
ma
&sato
um
iin
terl
inkages
su
nri
se a
ug
ust
20
08
am
a-s
an
: w
om
en
fre
e d
ivers
of
heg
ura
isla
nd
, is
hik
aw
ahere
ditary
fis
hin
g r
ights
& c
olle
ctiv
e r
esourc
e m
anagem
ent
― 35 ―
― 36 ―
CASE OF FUSHINO RIVER ESTUARY INITIATIVES IN JAPAN
Masao UKITA*, Masahiko SEKINE
* and
Hajime YAMANO**
*Yamaguchi University, Japan,
**Yamaguchi
Prefecture, Japan
The studied area is located near the west end of Honshu Island and faced to Suo-nada,
the west part of Seto Inland Sea. Tributary area of Fushino River is 322 , the length is
30km. Population in the basin is 108 thousands. The area of Yamaguchi estuary is about
1700 ha. There exists tidal flats totally ca.350 ha.
Prior to focus on the river mouth area, we made the plan in 2003 for integrated
management of the river basin, from forest to sea. The important keywords were, ‘local
production and local consumption’, ‘think of the source when drink water’. Then, we
followed the Nature Restoration Program of the Ministry of Env. The basic concepts are,
‘cooperation of local stake-holders’, ‘based on scientific knowledge’, and ‘adaptive
implementation’. In 2004, we established the Conference for Tidal Flats Restoration of
Fushino River Estuary consisting of citizens, academics, organization representatives,
local governments totally 60. The environmental section of Yamaguchi Pref. mainly
fulfills the office works.
The present important issues of the estuary are the decrease of fishery production especially
short necked clam, the decay of sea grass fields, and the protection of endangered species like
horse shoe crab. These problems are caused by the change of people s activities such as
forestry, agriculture, life style, waste treatment, construction works, land reclamation,
nearby industries, global warming, fishery itself and so forth, during this half century.
Main works for restoration program are, trying to restore short necked clam by
various ways, planting sea grass, surveying horse shoe crab distribution. Cleaning beach,
cleaning river upstream and planting tree are also conducted by the cooperation of local
people upstream and downstream. We issues local money ‘Fushino’ to stimulate those
activities. As the results, the area of sea grass field has been gradually recovering. The
net-covering on the tidal flat soil of plowed area was effective for the clam shell
production to prevent the damage by eagle ray or gilthead.
Ongoing tasks are, further scientific study on the cause of the changes, study on the
traditional Satoyama and Satoumi systems in the past, increase of participants and
administrative support, promoting environmental friendly fishery, forestry and
agriculture, and slow life with more free time in people’s mind.
― 37 ―
Ca
se
of
Fu
sh
ino
Riv
er
Estu
ary
Initia
tives in
Jap
an
Ma
sao
Ukita*,
Ma
sa
hik
o S
ekin
e*,
and
Hajim
e Y
am
ano
**
*Yam
aguchi U
niv
ers
ity,
**Y
am
aguchi P
refe
ctu
re
Hag
i
Ub
eYam
a-g
uch
i
Kyo
to
Hir
osh
ima S
eto
Inla
nd
Sea
Osa
ka
Sh
un
anIwak
un
i
Shim
o-n
ose
ki
Ok
ay
ama
Sh
iko
ku
Kyu
syu
Jap
an S
ea
Pac
ific
Oce
an
Su
o-n
ada
Yam
agu
chi
Pre
fect
ure
is
loca
ted i
n t
he
wes
t en
d o
f H
on
shu
Isla
nd a
nd f
aced
to S
uo-n
ada,
Set
o I
nla
nd S
ea
Fushin
o R
iver
Are
a : 322 k
m2
Length
: 3
0.3
km
Mo
unta
in h
eig
ht:
688
mP
opula
tion: 16
3,0
00
Estu
ary
: 1
,70
0 h
aT
idal flats
: 3
50 h
a Yam
ag
uchi
Estu
ary
Fushin
o
Riv
er
Su
o-n
ad
aG
oogle
Su
o-n
ada
Th
ere
are
wid
e ti
dal
fla
ts N
aka-
gat
a, S
hin
chi-
gat
a an
d M
inam
i-gat
a et
c,
tota
lly 3
50
ha.
We
can
fin
d m
any k
ind
s of
bir
d, an
d e
ndan
ger
ed s
pec
ies
hors
esh
oe
crab
s ar
e st
ill
aliv
e.
― 38 ―
Ch
an
ge
s o
f th
e r
ive
r b
asin
•P
op
ula
tion
incre
ase 1
17,0
00
(‘60)
16
3,3
00(’
00)
,main
ly
ca
usin
g t
o t
he
3rd
ind
ustr
ies. W
hile
po
pula
tion w
ork
ing in
the 1
stin
dustr
ies d
ecre
ase
d.
•F
arm
lan
d d
ecre
ase
d w
ith u
rbaniz
atio
n.
Pa
dd
y f
ield
70
km
2(1
96
5)
30 k
m2
(20
00)
•A
gri
culture
: m
odern
ize
d (
irri
gatio
n s
yste
m, m
achin
ery
use)
•S
ew
ag
e tre
atm
ent
pro
cee
de
d.
18%
(‘8
5)
67 (
‘01)
75
%
(’05)
•C
onstr
uction
work
s: S
hin
ka
nsen(-
’75),
Hig
hw
ay(-
’83),
tw
o
dam
s (
-’8
8)
(tri
buta
ry a
rea <
5%
of
the b
asin
) ,
oth
er
river
co
nstr
uction
s t
o p
reve
nt
dis
aste
r.
•L
an
d r
ecla
ma
tio
n
34
0 h
a s
ince 1
94
7 t
o 1
969
.
•G
ravel m
inin
g in m
ou
nta
in a
reas a
nd p
revio
us s
an
d m
inin
g
in t
he r
iver
mo
uth
are
a.
192
7
170
ha
196
9
60
ha
194
76
4
28
0h
a
‘59‘6
4
Top
ogra
ph
ic m
ap i
n 1
90
2L
and
rec
lam
atio
n a
rea
and
per
iod
Aji
su
Tota
lly
34
0 h
a w
as
recl
aim
ed
sin
ce
Po
ssib
le c
au
se o
f cla
m s
he
ll d
ecre
ase
De
cre
ase o
f n
utr
ien
t, N
,P a
nd
oth
ers
Fe e
tc.
Sed
ime
nt ch
ang
ed
fin
er
In
cre
ase
of fine
p
art
icle
s s
up
ply
, a
nd d
ecre
ase
of sa
nd
su
pp
ly)
Influe
nce
of e
ag
le r
ays
(Aetobatusflagellum
)
as p
red
ato
rs,
re
latin
g t
o g
lob
al w
arm
ing
Ne
two
rk o
f la
rva
sup
ply
wa
s d
am
ag
ed
by
lan
d r
ecla
ma
tio
n a
nd
abu
se
d fis
hery
― 39 ―
SS
()
Various c
hang
es r
ela
ting t
he p
rod
uctivity o
f estu
ari
es
Dam
Weir
Inta
ke
Urb
aniz
ation
Decre
ase
of flow
Land
recla
mation
Fin
e p
art
icle
soil
Change o
f
paddy fie
lds
Coasta
l
constr
uction
Decay o
f S
ato
-yam
a
Art
ific
ial fo
rest
not w
ell
managed
Decre
ase o
f hum
ic s
ubsta
nces
Sin
k o
f sand
and g
ravel
Constr
uction
for
flood
contr
ol
Land
develo
pm
ent
Decre
ase o
f
estu
ary
cir
cula
tion
Change o
f
Pollu
tant lo
ad
Origin
al figure
aft
er
Ku
nio
Takats
uki (T
okyo K
yuei
Co.L
td.)
Tid
al flat
Tid
al
flat
Incre
ase o
f
fine p
art
icle
soil
Unbala
nce
or
short
age o
f nutr
ients
Decre
ase o
f
larv
a s
upply
Pre
dation b
y
Eagle
rays
Changes o
f m
ain
facto
rs d
uring 5
0 y
ea
rs r
ela
ting
to
the d
eca
y o
f fisheries in Y
am
aguchi estu
ary
Pa
dd
y f
ield
s
Po
nds f
or
Po
olin
g w
ate
r
Wetlands
Paddy
field
s
Netw
ork
s o
f ecosyste
m in r
iver
basin
(Tw
o d
ime
nsio
ns)
Bro
oks
in f
ore
st
Wate
rways
in f
arm
Wate
rways in
resid
ential are
a
Tid
al flat
Eelg
rass f
ield
Riv
er
ban
k w
ith
natu
ral fluctu
atio
n
Rela
ting
to
nu
trie
nt
flow
via
ecosyste
m
( Ir
on e
tc.)
Lost
of
the c
ontinuity
of
org
anis
ms f
rom
riv
er
basin
to t
he
estu
ary
Import
ance o
f cro
ss s
ectional netw
ork
s
Wetland
Pa
dd
y f
ield
Riv
er
chann
el
Shelter
in flo
od tim
eS
paw
nin
g a
nd
nurs
ery
pla
ce
Flo
od w
ate
r
level
Dik
e
Decre
ase o
f w
etlands
Dis
connection o
f river
with p
addy fie
ld
Flo
od w
ate
r
level
Pa
dd
y f
ield
Riv
er
chann
el
Dik
e
Art
ific
ial
bank w
ith
co
ncre
te
Origin
al figure
aft
er
Yukih
iro S
him
ata
ni K
yushu U
nv.
Soil
ba
nk
with n
atu
ral
fluctu
atio
n
Cha
ng
e
duri
ng
50 y
ears
― 40 ―
Dis
pers
ion o
f cla
mshell
larv
a in S
uo-n
ada
usin
g the m
odel b
y C
ME
S E
him
e U
niv
ers
ity
Spring
Autu
mn
Aft
er
N.T
ezuka (
National R
esearc
h I
nstitu
te o
f F
isheries a
nd E
nvir
onm
ent of In
land S
ea)
Fo
r 2 w
ee
ks
Import
ance o
f th
e n
etw
ork
for
seed o
r la
rva s
upply
Sim
ilar
situations w
ere
exp
eri
enced in
resto
ring e
elg
rass f
ield
thou
gh o
f sm
alle
r scale
.
Yam
agu
chi
estu
ary
Stu
dy o
n t
he
cause
s
and t
he
effe
ctiv
enes
s
of
counte
rmea
sure
s
Our
pro
ject
is
goin
g
alm
ost
su
cces
sfu
lly
du
rin
g f
ive
yea
rs.
But,
we
are
feel
ing
rest
rict
ion
s, b
ecau
seth
e pro
ble
m i
s so
har
d t
o b
e so
lved
by
volu
nta
ry b
ase.
It b
ecom
es
dif
ficu
ltto
get
bud
get
.W
e nee
d m
ore
tim
eto
rec
over
fro
m t
he
dec
ay o
f 50
yea
rs.
Co
nclu
sio
n
•T
o r
esto
re 'S
ato
-yam
a' a
nd 'S
ato
-um
i', w
e
need th
e r
eco
nstr
uctio
n o
f socia
l syste
m o
f
environm
enta
l fr
iendly
fis
hery
, fo
restr
y a
nd
agricultu
re. S
elf s
upply
rate
of
these p
rim
ary
industr
ies s
ho
uld
be e
nh
anced.
•W
e s
hould
reco
gniz
e th
e im
port
ance o
f
ecolo
gic
al n
etw
ork
s f
rom
fore
st to
sea. W
e
are
all
con
necte
d inclu
din
g h
um
an b
ein
gs,
e.g
. th
rough m
icro
-nutr
ients
flo
w.
•W
e’d
better
esta
blis
h n
ew
philo
soph
y o
f
environm
enta
l eth
ics r
ela
ting to b
iodiv
ers
ity.
― 41 ―
THE AGO BAY MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN JAPAN
Miyuki MAEGAWA and Hideto
URANAKA
514-8507, Mie University, 1577
Kurimamatiya, Tsu, Mie, Japan
Ago bay is semi-closed small inner sea located in Shima city, central Japan. This bay
is famous for pearl oyster culture during one hundred years or more. All areas of
Shima city including Ago bay are specified as national park. In recent years, organic
loads of pearl oyster culture and drainages from coastal area increased gradually. So,
frequent red tide and oxygen deficient waters occurred, and seriously damaged to pear
oyster culture and other fisheries.
From 2002 to 2007, Ago bay restoration project was carried out as “Environmental
Restoration Project on Enclosed Coastal Sea”. The aim of this project was making better
life through wise and sustainable use of coastal environment. In this project, we could
develop important conservation techniques and systems for environmental restoration,
such as construction of artificial tidal flats, recovering seagrass beds, continuous
monitoring system and environmental simulation model of the bay. Many efforts were
pay to corroboration with local populace, such as fishermen and regional public office.
Outcomes of the project were pronounced to various academies, and applied to the
many other regional and national projects. Also, report associations in region were held
every year, and many populaces were participated in the association. In 2006 Shima city
office announced the integrated plans for total conservation programs in Ago bay, such
as effectively use of the results of the project, promoting pearl oyster culture and
sightseeing industry, and applying to the environmental studies in the region.
After the project, environmental research center for closed sea was opened in
fisheries research station of Mie prefecture, and worked as total managements and
developing of the results of this project as an aspect of the administrative measure of
Mie prefectural office. In addition, committee for the promotion of environmental
restoration in Ago bay was started. This committee was established for reproduce the
symbiosis relations between Ago bay and the regional citizens through an
environmental restoration and maintenance of biological diversity and beautiful bay
area, as an aspect of regional movements. In this committee, many participants were
joined, such as Shima city office, fisherman union, several groups of NPO,
representatives around Ago Bay area, researchers of Mie prefectural research station,
― 42 ―
Mie and Yokkaichi University, Mie fisheries high school and others.
Around Ago bay area, social and economical circumstances changed drastically in
recent years. Then, biological circulations and purification cycles were damaged by the
excessive organic loads accumulating in the bay. Nowadays, we must have actions for
symbiosis between natural environment and industry in region, as a new concept of the
coastal sea management named “Sato Umi”, as the coastal sea with high productivity
and high biodiversity under the mankind's interaction.
― 43 ―
cu
ltu
red
pea
rl
Th
e A
go B
ay
Ma
na
gem
ent
Init
iati
ves
in
Jap
an
Miy
uk
i M
ae
aw
a,
Hid
eto
Ura
na
ka
Cu
rren
t st
ate
an
d p
rob
lem
s of
Ago B
ay
Ag
o B
ay
Res
tora
tion
Pro
ject
Ag
o B
ay
Res
tora
tion
Pro
ject
20
02
20
02
-- 2007
2007
Ag
o B
ay
Con
stru
ctio
n
are
a Dre
dg
ing
are
a
Usi
ng
dre
dg
ed s
edim
en
t
Co
nst
ruct
La
rge
Sca
le A
rtif
icia
l T
ida
l F
lat
Tota
l a
rea
: 7
20
0m
2
Mu
d 5
0%
Mu
d 3
0%
Mu
d 3
0%
Zost
era
bed
1st
con
stru
ctio
n
area
20
04
.3
2nd
con
stru
ctio
n
area
(2
00
5.3
)
Are
a :
72
00
m2
Grou
nd
lev
el
: D
L+
1.2
-0.8
m
Slo
pe :
2.5
m /
50
m
Mix
ing
ra
tio
: 3
0%
, 5
0%
Res
tora
tio
n C
on
cep
t of
Sh
all
ow
Are
a i
n A
go B
ay
Low
Nu
trie
nt
in s
ed
imen
tH
igh
Mu
d S
ed
imen
t
San
d
Red
ucin
g t
he n
utr
ien
t
(Pro
mo
tin
g t
he
wa
ter
exch
an
ge)
Ad
din
g t
he n
utr
ien
t
Usi
ng
th
e
dred
ged
sed
imen
t
Hig
h
Low
Abundance & diversity
of benthos
Des
ira
ble
tid
al
fla
t
eco
syst
em
― 44 ―
Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
a n
ew m
eth
od
fo
r re
cov
eri
ng
Zo
stera
bed
in
co
llab
ora
tion
wit
h f
ish
erm
en
En
case
see
ds
in Z
ost
era
mat
Coll
ecti
ng m
atu
re f
ron
ds
40
0,0
00 s
eed
s!
Sel
ecti
on
1.
All
pa
rts
are m
ad
e b
y n
atu
ra
l m
ate
ria
ls
(iro
n,
ju
te a
nd
cott
on
) E
nv
iro
nm
en
t-fr
ien
dly
tec
hn
iqu
e.
2.
Th
e m
ats
ca
n s
uccess
ively
be s
et
fro
m t
he b
oa
t
on
th
e s
ea
bott
om
by
con
necti
ng
wit
h c
ott
on
ro
pes
.
Low
lab
or c
ost
s a
nd
no d
ivin
g e
ffo
rts
.
3.
Fis
herm
an
ca
n d
o a
ll p
ro
ced
ures
of
the
ro
uti
ne w
ork
s.
Ad
van
tag
es o
f Z
ost
era
ma
t
Aft
er 3
mo
nth
s
20
Ag
oB
ay
En
vir
on
men
tal
Mo
nit
ori
ng
Sy
stem
Mo
nit
orin
g B
uo
y
Mou
se o
f t
he B
ay
Ra
ft s
yst
em
Inn
er B
ay
Inte
rn
et
Syst
em
20
04
07
12
11
:00
26
.9
Cell
ula
r P
hon
e
htt
p:/
/ww
w.a
go
ba
y.j
p/a
gow
eb/i
nd
ex.j
spR
eal
tim
ese
rvic
e
Ag
o B
ay
En
vir
on
men
tal
Dy
nam
ic M
od
el
― 45 ―
Tra
inin
g s
emin
ar
of
usi
ng m
on
ito
rin
g s
yst
em f
or
fish
erm
en a
nd
res
iden
ts a
rou
nd
Ag
o B
ay
Co
mm
itte
e fo
r th
e P
rom
oti
on
of
Na
ture
Co
mm
itte
e fo
r th
e P
rom
oti
on
of
Na
ture
Res
tora
tio
n i
n A
go
Bay
fro
m 2
00
8R
esto
rati
on
in
Ago
Bay
fro
m 2
00
8
Aim T
his
co
mm
itte
e w
as
esta
bli
shed
fo
r re
pro
du
ce
sym
bio
sis
rela
tio
n
bet
wee
n
Ago-B
ay
a
nd
th
e ci
tiz
thro
ug
h a
natu
ral
rest
ora
tion
of
bio
log
ica
lly
ab
un
dan
t a
bea
uti
ful
bay
, w
hic
h w
as
fam
ou
s fo
r th
e cu
ltu
red
p
e
an
d w
as
the
cen
ter
of
Ise-
Sh
ima
Na
tio
na
l M
ari
ne
Pa
rk.
Mem
ber
s
Th
ree
gro
up
s o
f N
PO
aro
un
d A
go
Bay
Fis
her
man
Un
ion
s in
Ago B
ay (F
ish
erie
s, P
earl
Oy
ster
C
ult
ure
)
Rep
rese
nta
tiv
es a
rou
nd
Ago
Bay
reg
ion
Sta
ffs
of
Sh
ima
Cit
y O
ffic
e
Sta
ffs
of
Mie
Pre
fect
ura
l R
esea
rch
Cen
ter
Sci
enti
st o
f M
ie U
niv
ersi
ty a
nd
Yok
ka
ich
i U
niv
ersi
ty
To
tal
25
gro
up
s an
d 8
mem
bers
Co
mm
itte
e fo
r th
e P
rom
oti
on
of
Na
ture
Res
tora
tio
nin
Ago
Bay
Cu
rren
t w
ork
s fr
om
20
09
1.
Su
pp
ort
pro
ject
of
esta
bli
shin
g S
ato
Um
i b
y M
inis
try
of
En
vir
on
men
t of
Jap
an
.
2.
Hea
lth
ch
eck
pro
gra
ms
of
inn
er s
ea b
y O
cean
Poli
cy
Res
earc
h F
ou
nd
ati
on
.
3.
Res
tora
tion
of
tid
al
flat
an
d a
lgal
bed
in
Ago B
ay b
y J
ST
Co
mm
itte
e fo
r th
e P
rom
oti
on
of
Na
ture
Co
mm
itte
e fo
r th
e P
rom
oti
on
of
Na
ture
Res
tora
tio
n i
n A
go
Bay
fro
m 2
00
8R
esto
rati
on
in
Ago
Bay
fro
m 2
00
8
― 46 ―
1.
Dec
rea
se t
he
org
an
ic l
oa
ds
fro
m l
an
d a
rea
.
2.
No
t to
acc
um
ula
te t
he
org
an
ic m
att
er o
n t
he
ba
y b
ott
om
.
3. A
bu
nd
an
ce o
f b
iolo
gic
al
div
ersi
ty a
nd
progress
of
natu
ral
pu
rif
ica
tion
ca
pa
bil
ity
.
4. T
ran
sport
organ
ic m
att
er t
o l
an
d e
colo
gic
al
cy
cle
from
bay
area.
5. T
ak
e g
oo
d c
are o
f A
go B
ay
.
Th
an
k y
ou
an
d p
lea
se c
om
e to
Ago
Bay
For
the
futu
re o
f A
go B
ay
― 47 ―