Workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a Workshop to discuss the feasibility of evolving a mechanism for sustained approach towards mechanism for sustained approach towards Continuous and Integrated Drought Management Continuous and Integrated Drought Management

Organized by Department of Agriculture and Organized by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New DelhiCooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi

Dated: 21Dated: 21stst September 2007 September 2007

V.S.PrakashV.S.Prakash

DirectorDirector

Drought Monitoring CellDrought Monitoring Cell

An autonomous body affiliated to Dept., of S&T, Govt., of KarnatakaAn autonomous body affiliated to Dept., of S&T, Govt., of Karnataka

Karnataka State stands second only to Rajasthan in terms of total area under arid / semi-arid conditions.

Drought Prone Area (Lakh ha.)

218.

9

152.

1

125.

1

123.

7

121.

2

87.2

84.1

43.3

43

26.7

22.8

16.5

15.9

0

50

100

150

200

250

Raj

asth

an

Kar

nat

aka

A.P

Mah

aras

tra

Gu

jara

t

M.P

Tam

ilN

adu

Bih

ar

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Wes

tB

eng

al

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ssa

Har

yan

a

J&K

Are

a (L

akh

ha.

)

Drought is a creeping hazard

No. of Drought Prone Taluks as No. of Drought Prone Taluks as identified by the Irrigation identified by the Irrigation Commission,1972, GoI : Commission,1972, GoI : 88 taluks88 taluks

Drought definition and declaration of drought affected areas – A Review

Famine code 1950Famine code 1950

The Famine code 1950 contemplated thatapart from the failure of rain the following symptoms demand attention as being warnings of possible distress:1.Contraction of credits2.Restlessness indicated by an increase of crime3.Unusual movements of flocks and herds of cattle in search of pasturage4.Unusual migration of people5.Rapid rise in prices of common foodstuffs6.Great decrease in traveling by rail and attendance at festivals7.Abnormal unemployment8.Abnormal variations in the consumption of alcoholic liquor and9.Abnormal sale by ryots of gold, silver and jewels at inadequate prices10.Falling prices of meat11.Cattle deaths and diseases12.Starvation deaths

Guidelines for identifying drought affected areas:

The same guidelines were followed in Karnataka up to 2003:The same guidelines were followed in Karnataka up to 2003:

Agricultural drought : Based on dry spell (Agriculture Commission, 1974)

Crops require soil moisture of different levels during different growth Crops require soil moisture of different levels during different growth stages: stages: -initial stage,-initial stage,-crop development stage, -crop development stage, -mid-season stage and -mid-season stage and -late season stage-late season stage

DROUGHT INDICATORS

Inadequacy of RainfallVariability of rainfall coefficient of variation Frequency of occurrence of different ranges of rainfallDeficiency of rainfallErratic distribution of rainfall (over time & space) (Dryspell

and Interspell duration)Soil moisture stressAridity Index/Moisture Adequacy IndexDecreased Society activityCrop lossesIrrigation facilitiesLevels of Dams, Tanks, Rivers, NalasGroundwater levelsMigration – Human and Animals

Based on sowing pattern.Based on sowing pattern.

Based on Dryspell (National Agricultural Commission 1976)Based on Dryspell (National Agricultural Commission 1976)

Based on Soil moisture stress (Aridity anomaly)Based on Soil moisture stress (Aridity anomaly)

Based on Crop water budgeting.Based on Crop water budgeting.

Based on Adequacy of rainfall for agricultural requirement.Based on Adequacy of rainfall for agricultural requirement.

Satellite based assessment of Crop conditionSatellite based assessment of Crop condition

Based on results of Crop cutting experiments.Based on results of Crop cutting experiments.

Ground truth data through weekly field reports from the Ground truth data through weekly field reports from the

taluks on the agriculture activities and crop condition.taluks on the agriculture activities and crop condition.

Guidelines for Agricultural drought :Guidelines for Agricultural drought :

Fig no. 21 : Weekly Reservoir Level: K.R.S. Reservoir (Cauvery Basin)River : Cauvery Location: Mysore, Mysore district

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

STANDARD WEEKS

Res

ervo

ir L

evel

in F

eet

Max. level(Last 10 Yrs)

Avg.(Last 10Yrs.)

2002 Levels

2003 levels

2004 levels

Drought Monitoring Cell

DISTRICT-WISE AREA AFFECTED BY DRYSPELL DURING RABI 2004

(Upto 22.11.2004)

Area in lakh hects.

Sl. Crops Area % of sown

No. affected by area

  dry spell affected

1 2 11 12

2 Chitradurga 0.13 21

3 Davanagere 0.11 82

4 Gadag 0.35 13

5 Haveri 0.32 41

6 Belgaum 0.23 8

7 Bijapur 1.81 35

8 Bagalkot 0.25 9

9 Raichur 0.76 26

10 Koppal 0.31 22

11 Bellary 0.23 19

12 Gulbarga 0.72 13

  STATE: 5.23 17

MYSOREMysore

0

0

0

148

83

83

0

0

0

117

84

47

47

34

57

57

57

57

52

35

27

101

123

35

34

85

84

76

92

182

162

162

147

174

187

225

62

62

62

186

183

179

180

192

192

192

190

112

75

137

164

187

158

102

188

170

128

148

96

166

149

70

126

151

174

404

92

92

92

93

93

94

88

88

87

109

131

145

50

74

71

188

346

196

331

33

33

32

51

17

25

23

60

111

651925

597

515

35

34

33

33

32

32

35

36

37

650

365

130

83

155

599

23

24

25

26

28

29

(mm)

- -

%RF%

-- -

CWRRF

(mm)

(ha.)

Sown

Ragi

Std.

Week

205

11258

CWR

--

CWR

- -

%

26315459

RF

(mm)

194

---

(mm)

%RFCWR

CROPWATER BUDGETING FOR DIFFERENT CROPS SOWN IN SELECTED TALUKS DURING KHARIF 2000

Late Season StageCrop Dev. StageInitial StageAreaSowing Middle Season StageCropDistrictTaluk

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3

30.5 29.5 28.5 27.9 27.2 26.6 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.2 27.3 26.7 26.2 24.7 25.1 25.2 25.525.0 24.9 24.8 24.8

650

365

25.8 26.5 27.324.8 25.0

1925

597

515

130

83

155

599

Crop Water Budgeting Studies – cropwise, talukwise

Satellite based drought monitoring as a collaborative study with National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), GOI, Hyderabad.

Standard Precipitation Index – A case study Kolar• Precipitation data from 1901-2004 Precipitation data from 1901-2004

• Time scale- June, July, Aug, Sept, Kharif, Oct, Nov, Dec, Rabi, AnnualTime scale- June, July, Aug, Sept, Kharif, Oct, Nov, Dec, Rabi, Annual

Year - 2002 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) in

Talukcode RG station June July Aug Sept Kharif Oct Nov Dec Rabi annual

30001 BAGEPALLI 0.00 -1.33 -1.03 -0.68 -1.80 -0.61 -0.82 0.15 -1.07 -1.76

30002 BANGARAPET 0.20 -1.03 -1.07 0.08 -0.95 -0.96 -0.79 0.08 -1.62 -1.33

30003CHIKKABALLAPURA 0.35 -1.94 -1.14 -1.28 -2.08 -1.13 -1.15 -0.05 -1.93 -2.11

30004 CHINTAMANI 1.15 -2.13 -0.78 0.14 -0.47 0.26 0.05 -1.05 -0.10 -0.47

30005 GAURIBIDANUR 0.71 -1.74 -0.58 -1.07 -1.47 -0.89 -0.52 -0.67 -1.37 -1.57

30006 GUDIBANDA 0.05 -0.58 -0.39 -0.58 -1.16 -0.73 -0.88 -0.80 -1.62 -1.53

30007 KOLAR 0.20 -2.37 -1.25 0.32 -0.99 -0.06 -1.02 -0.30 -0.83 -0.79

30008 MALUR 1.25 -0.86 -1.64 0.04 -0.43 0.28 -0.49 -0.67 -0.30 0.05

30009 MULABAGILU 1.82 -2.79 -2.69 -0.16 -0.47 0.17 -0.71 -1.14 -0.61 -0.56

30010 SIDLAGHATTA 0.37 -2.31 -1.55 -1.39 -2.30 -0.60 -1.19 0.14 -1.35 -2.33

30011 SRINIVASAPURA 0.61 -2.78 -1.63 0.13 -1.21 -0.03 -0.83 -0.99 -0.77 -1.02

Severely Dry (-1.99 to -1.50) Near Normal (-0.99 to 0.99)

Moderately Wet (1.00 to 1.49) Very wet (1.50 to 2.00)

Moderately Dry (-1.49 to -1.00)

Standard Precipitation Index- kolar-2002

Standard Precipitation Index - KOLAR 2002

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

BA

GEP

ALL

I

BA

NG

AR

APE

T

CH

IKK

AB

ALL

APU

RA

CH

INTA

MA

NI

GA

UR

IBID

AN

UR

GU

DIB

AN

DA

KO

LAR

MA

LUR

MU

LAB

AG

ILU

SID

LAG

HA

TTA

SRIN

IVA

SAPU

RA

RG Station

SPI v

alue

June

July

Aug

Sept

Kharif

Oct

Nov

Dec

Rabi

annual

Meteorological Drought based on SPI in the year 2002 for the chosen time scales

June 2002June 2002 July 2002July 2002 Aug 2002Aug 2002 Sept 2002Sept 2002 Kharif 2002Kharif 2002

Oct 2002Oct 2002 Nov 2002Nov 2002 Dec 2002Dec 2002Rabi 2002 Rabi 2002

Annual 2002Annual 2002

Meteorological Drought based on SPI over the years (1998-2004)

Time Scale : July month

July 1998July 1998 July 1999 July 1999

July 2004 July 2004 July 2003 July 2003 July 2002 July 2002

July 2001 July 2001 July 2000July 2000

Meteorological Drought based on SPI over the years (1998-2004)

Time Scale : KHARIF ( June-September)

Kharif 1998Kharif 1998 Kharif 1999 Kharif 1999

Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Kharif 2002 Kharif 2002

Kharif 2001 Kharif 2001 Kharif 2000Kharif 2000

Drought

Present Monitoring System: Taluk as a unit - 176 taluks,Non-Recording/SRRG’s, manual data recording, transmission through fax/ telegram/phone/e-mail/by post

Variability with in the taluk is not being capturedVariability with in the taluk is not being captured

Proposed Monitoring System : Phase I Phase I : Hobli as a unit: Hobli as a unitPhase II :Phase II : 1. Gram Panchayath as a unit – 5200 GP’s, 1. Gram Panchayath as a unit – 5200 GP’s,

Telemetric, real time data acquisition and Telemetric, real time data acquisition and transmission transmission

2. Color Doppler Weather Radars2. Color Doppler Weather Radars

Every tip is measured

Stored rainfall data is sent via

SMS

SMS is received

by remote server It is decoded

and stored in database

The server or any other computer can analyse the

data and produce maps and reports

Working principle

Central Server archives data, analyses it and

produces reports, graphs, maps etc.

GSM Tower GSM Network

Typical large setup – Drought Monitoring

Each unit is

programmed to send

messages sequentially

Central remote server gets messages

through the GSM network

Drought guidelines being followed since 2004Drought guidelines being followed since 2004

The successive drought situations during 2001- 04 The successive drought situations during 2001- 04 brought issues before the Government which were brought issues before the Government which were discussed in the Cabinet Sub Committee.discussed in the Cabinet Sub Committee.

The short comings in the existing guidelines were The short comings in the existing guidelines were realizedrealized

New guidelines were formulated, during 2004, for New guidelines were formulated, during 2004, for identifying drought affected areas which are being identifying drought affected areas which are being followed by Government of Karnataka since 2004.followed by Government of Karnataka since 2004.

The Taluks facing different types of drought are being identified and periodically ted by The Taluks facing different types of drought are being identified and periodically ted by DMC. In the Taluks experiencing only Hydrological drought, the villages falling under DMC. In the Taluks experiencing only Hydrological drought, the villages falling under semi-critical, critical and over exploited category preparedness measures required to semi-critical, critical and over exploited category preparedness measures required to mitigate drinking water problem. mitigate drinking water problem.

The assessment of the situation for the Metrological and Agricultural Drought are to be The assessment of the situation for the Metrological and Agricultural Drought are to be done by considering prevailing situation as on mid of July and reviewed with the done by considering prevailing situation as on mid of July and reviewed with the progress of the season. In case the Hydrological and Agricultural situation improves by progress of the season. In case the Hydrological and Agricultural situation improves by the end of the season, the areas declared as drought affected are to be de-notified. the end of the season, the areas declared as drought affected are to be de-notified.

The Hydrological Drought is assessed at the end of the November month.The Hydrological Drought is assessed at the end of the November month.

CRF/NCCF funds not to be released to the villages falling under semi CRF/NCCF funds not to be released to the villages falling under semi critical/critical/over exploited categories, wherein growing water intensive crops like critical/critical/over exploited categories, wherein growing water intensive crops like paddy and sugarcane are grown using groundwater. paddy and sugarcane are grown using groundwater.

Ground water to be used for irrigating semi dry crops and less water intensive Ground water to be used for irrigating semi dry crops and less water intensive horticulture crops in over exploited areas (area specific crops to be listed).horticulture crops in over exploited areas (area specific crops to be listed).

In the taluks facing hydrological drought, only works related to ground water recharge In the taluks facing hydrological drought, only works related to ground water recharge activities are to be taken up such as nalla bunding, gully plugging, de-silting of activities are to be taken up such as nalla bunding, gully plugging, de-silting of ponds/minor irrigation tanks/medium and major reservoirs, construction of percolation ponds/minor irrigation tanks/medium and major reservoirs, construction of percolation ponds, sub-surface dykes, recharge pits, inversion wells, percolation trenches etc.ponds, sub-surface dykes, recharge pits, inversion wells, percolation trenches etc.

Cultivation of crops like paddy and sugarcane to be completely banned in groundwater Cultivation of crops like paddy and sugarcane to be completely banned in groundwater overexploited areas overexploited areas

Sanction of fresh borewells to be taken up strictly under the orders of Deputy Sanction of fresh borewells to be taken up strictly under the orders of Deputy Commissioners. Commissioners. However, permission could be accorded to incur expenditure on pipes, energization, However, permission could be accorded to incur expenditure on pipes, energization, improving well efficiency, pumping efficiency, conveyance efficiency and distribution improving well efficiency, pumping efficiency, conveyance efficiency and distribution efficiency.efficiency.Small bhandaras to be constructed in the rivers around townships.Small bhandaras to be constructed in the rivers around townships.

During 2nd consecutive year of drought and beyond, storage in surface water bodies During 2nd consecutive year of drought and beyond, storage in surface water bodies falling in ground water over developed areas to be used for ground water recharge and falling in ground water over developed areas to be used for ground water recharge and drinking water purposes only. The sluice gate of surface water bodies to be closed drinking water purposes only. The sluice gate of surface water bodies to be closed during such years.during such years.

Efficiency of drinking water schemes to be assessed (well yield characteristics, aquifer Efficiency of drinking water schemes to be assessed (well yield characteristics, aquifer capability, water lifting efficiency, distribution efficiency, delivery efficiency etc.) and capability, water lifting efficiency, distribution efficiency, delivery efficiency etc.) and measures taken to rectify technical and management lacunae.measures taken to rectify technical and management lacunae.

EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND EXPENDITURE STATEMENT FOR KARNATAKA UNDER 'CALAMITY RELIEF FUND (Rs.in lakhs)(Rs.in lakhs)

   FIREFIRE FLOOD FLOOD DRINKING DRINKING EMPLOYEMPLOY FODDERFODDER DROUGHTDROUGHT EARTHEARTH TOTALTOTAL

YearYear ACCIDENTACCIDENT RELIEFRELIEF WATERWATER MENTMENT SUPPLYSUPPLY RELIEFRELIEF QUAKEQUAKE EXPENDI-EXPENDI-

   RELIEFRELIEF    SUPPLYSUPPLY GENERATIONGENERATION          TURETURE

1991-1991-20002000 1,618.791,618.79 22,840.3022,840.30 10,119.3710,119.37 5,443.425,443.42 415.15415.15 19,999.3319,999.33 372.56372.56 47,388.8547,388.85

2000-2000-20072007 1,148.491,148.49 82,714.2182,714.21 33,737.6733,737.67 51,067.2151,067.21 3,247.273,247.27 91,481.4991,481.49 1,033.351,033.35 1,91,220.761,91,220.76

1991-1991-20072007 2,767.282,767.28 1,05,554.511,05,554.51 43,857.0443,857.04 56,510.6356,510.63 3,662.423,662.42 1,11,480.821,11,480.82 1,405.911,405.91 2,38,609.612,38,609.61

0.00

706

0.00

609

0.00

395

0.00

279

0.00

213

0.00

211

0.00

203

0.00

192

0.00

184

0.00

176

0.00

165

0.00

145

0.00

117

0.00

094

0.00

091

0.00

090

0.00

090

0.00

082

0.00

082

0.00

070

0.00

066

0.00

059

0.00

054

0.00

051

0.00

078

0.0000

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0.0020

0.00300.0040

0.0050

0.0060

0.0070

0.0080

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Statewise pattern of Calamity Relief Fund allocation During 2000-05 expressed as Lakhs/person

1.34

560.

9561

0.95

250.

7255

0.71

580.

6295

0.53

690.

4548

0.43

650.

4310

0.40

960.

3974

0.38

890.

3342

0.28

190.

2737

0.18

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0.07

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0.0000000.2000000.4000000.6000000.8000001.0000001.2000001.4000001.600000

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Rs.

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hs/

sq.k

m

Statewise pattern of Calamity Relief Fund allocation During 2000-05 expressed as Lakhs/sq. km

Total CRF allocation for 2000-2005 to Karnataka

as per 11th Finance Commission…………………… 41,204 Lakhs

Central Share of CRF during 2000-05………………. 30,903 Lakhs

NCCF Releases during 2002-05……………………… 57,697 Lakhs

Total money spent by State Govt.

during 2000-05 ………………………….. 1,02,896 Lakhs

• Following measures are to be taken up for over Following measures are to be taken up for over coming constraints prevailing in drought monitoring coming constraints prevailing in drought monitoring and managementand management

– Establishing telemetric rain gauges at Gram Panchayath levelEstablishing telemetric rain gauges at Gram Panchayath level

– Establishing weather stations at taluk levelEstablishing weather stations at taluk level

– Working out areas specific threshold rainfall value for various Working out areas specific threshold rainfall value for various crops and threshold yield values for various agricultural and crops and threshold yield values for various agricultural and horticultural cropshorticultural crops

– Monitoring of Minor Irrigation tank levels and other reservoir Monitoring of Minor Irrigation tank levels and other reservoir levels on weekly basislevels on weekly basis

– Monitoring ground water levels at Gram Panchayath level in Monitoring ground water levels at Gram Panchayath level in Groundwater over developed areas, i.e semi critical Groundwater over developed areas, i.e semi critical /critical / overexploited villages/critical / overexploited villages

•Drought is a creeping natural hazard.Drought is a creeping natural hazard.

Effective monitoring of Drought Indicators Effective monitoring of Drought Indicators provides tools for decision support system provides tools for decision support system for managing and mitigation of droughtfor managing and mitigation of drought

There is needThere is need to bring in more science in to to bring in more science in to drought monitoring / management / drought monitoring / management / mitigation mitigation

Feasibility for Continuous and Integrated Drought Feasibility for Continuous and Integrated Drought ManagementManagement

• ARC recommendations is supportedARC recommendations is supported• The end products, clientele, resolution of products The end products, clientele, resolution of products

requires small platforms linked to regional networks requires small platforms linked to regional networks to regional centre for excellences to the NRAA to regional centre for excellences to the NRAA

Thank YouThank You