worksite hazard analysis

Worksite Hazard Analysis

Presented By: Thomas DeanGeorgia Tech

Objectives Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard

analysis Identify typical hazards in the workplace Review various techniques that can be used

to identify hazards in the workplace

Hazards Vs. Unsafe Behavior

Unsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe conditions that can cause accidents. Consider Maintenance Operations

Unsafe behaviors may show weakness in the safety management system.

Effective Worksite Analysis Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite

examinations, to identify not only existing hazards, but also conditions and operations where changes might occur to create hazards

Effective management actively analyzes the work and the worksite to anticipate and prevent harmful occurrences

Plan for Worksite Analysis Comprehensive Facility

Surveys Change Analysis Routine Job Hazard

Analysis (JHA) Periodic and Daily

Inspections

Comprehensive Survey Comprehensive surveys should be performed

depending on the business size and hazardousness every 1-3 years

Resources for comprehensive survey: private consultants, insurance company, and state funded programs

Change Analysis Change analysis is simply the management of

change in the work environment. Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:

Facilities Materials Process Technology Equipment

Change Analysis A competent team consisting of managers,

engineers, superintendents and employees should be involved

How can you best manage change in the work environment?

Job Hazard Analysis A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on

job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur.

It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment.

After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action to eliminate them or reduce risk.

Job Hazard Analysis Performing a job hazard analysis is one of the

best methods to develop safe work procedures for the equipment that is operated.

The JHA can also be used to train employees in the hazards associated with task and what control measures should be practiced.

JHA Team A Job Hazard Analysis requires the

cooperation of all parties involved that includes: Safety Professional Engineers-Technical Advisor Supervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible

for making change Employee-Person most familiar with job

Communication of the JHA Safety Meetings Distribution of Copies SOP and Operations Manual What are some other methods?

___________________ ___________________

What are the Possible Uses of a JHA

1._________________________ 2._________________________ 3._________________________

Prioritization of JHA Jobs with the highest

injury and illness rates Jobs that have the

potential to cause serious injury

Jobs in which one simple human error could cause injury

Jobs complex enough to have written instructions

Jobs that are new to you facility

Jobs that significantly had changes in process technology or procedures

Steps for JHA Involve Employees Review accident history Conduct preliminary job

review

List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs

Outline the steps or tasks

Involvement of Employees They have a unique understanding of

the job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards.

Involving employees will help minimize oversights, ensure a quality analysis.

Get workers to “buy in” to the solutions because they will share ownership

Job Review Discuss with employees the hazards that they know

exist. Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control

those hazards. If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger,

to an employee’s life or health, take immediate action to protect the worker.

Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected as soon as possible.

Outline the Steps Watch the employee perform the job and list each

step as the worker takes it. Be sure to record enough information to describe

each job action without getting overly detailed. Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed

that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not include basic steps.

Outline the Steps Review the job steps with the employee to

make sure you have not omitted something. Include the employee in all phases of the

analysis—from reviewing the job steps and procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended solutions.

Identifying the Hazards A job hazard analysis is an exercise in

detective work. Your goal is to discover the following: What can go wrong? What are the consequences? How could it arise? What are other contributing factors? How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

Common Hazards in the Workplace

Stressor Hazard Type

Hazard Type Hazard Type

Chemical Corrosive FireExplosion

Toxic

Electrical Shock Short Circuit Fire-Static

Mechanical Moving Parts

Failure NoisePressure

Ergonomic Strain Human Error Fatigue

Common Hazards in the Workplace

Stressor Hazard Type

Hazard Type HazardType

Radiation Ionizing Non Ionizing

Contact Struck By Struck Against

Caught In

Environment Temp. Visibility Weather

Misc. Slips Trips Falls

Hazard Identification Workshop

Based on the following slides of machinery, identify the potential hazards. Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the

machinery and work environment Prepare to discuss your findings.

Hazard Identification

Controlling the Hazards The order of precedence and effectiveness of

hazard control is the following: 1. Engineering controls. 2. Administrative controls. 3. Personal protective equipment.

Controlling the Hazards The most effective controls are engineering controls

that physically change a machine or work environment to prevent employee exposure to the hazard.

The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can be circumvented, the better.

If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be appropriate.

This may involve changing how employees do their jobs.

Controlling the Hazards Discuss your recommendations with all

employees who perform the job and consider their responses carefully.

If you plan to introduce new or modified job procedures, be sure they understand what they are required to do and the reasons for the changes.

Engineering Controls Engineering controls include the following:

Elimination/minimization of the hazard Substitution of equipment or process to decrease

hazard Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards,

blast shields, or other means; and Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local

and exhaust ventilation.

Administrative Controls Administrative controls include the following:

Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe work practices;

Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);

Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials; Alarms, signs, and warnings; Buddy system; and training

PPE Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a

control method in the following circumstances: When engineering controls are not feasible or do not

totally eliminate the hazard; While engineering controls are being developed; When safe work practices do not provide sufficient

additional protection; and During emergencies when engineering controls may

not be feasible.

JHA Exercise We are going to perform

an exercise on grinding metal casting.

Based on the steps, please identify the hazards and controls.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Job Title: Job Description: Date Conducted

Task Step Task Hazard Cause Hazard Control Measures

Comments:

Periodic Review of JHA Reviewing job hazard

analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to prevent accidents and injuries.

It is possible that during the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis.

Review the JHA after accidents, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents.

Review after all close calls and discuss the situation with all employees that do the job.

Safety and Health Inspections Cover entire worksite Regular intervals Inspectors trained Hazards tracked to

correction

Objectives for Inspections There may be many objectives to the

inspection process: Meet OSHA or other legal responsibility Involve the team Identify areas of undue risk and control

hazards Identify and develop positive attitudes Suggest better methods of doing job

Inspections OSHA recommends that you perform general

workplace inspections. Check the standard so that you know what

must be inspected. What are some examples of items that must

be inspected?

Employee Involvement What are some reasons for involving

employees in the process? Demonstrate commitment to safety Allow them to become familiar with the

process safety requirement. _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

Documenting the Inspection A checklist of workplace specific hazards

should be developed. To accomplish this: List the potential hazards in the workplace Examine the work areas to locate hazards Check with employees and records

Resources for Checklist Insurance and safety consultants Accident/incident investigation reports (past

problems) Small business handbook Manufacturer Specifications JHA and/or employee input Standards that apply to industry

Checklist Development Avoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail,

and overwhelming. Checklist is a tool. As the inspectors become more skilled, the less

reliance there will be on this checklist. You should get the point that hazards rarely are

identified and hazards are corrected immediately.

Examination of the Workplace

Identify conditions that might develop Location of the hazard Severity potential

Safety Inspection Report

Safety Inspection Workshop Mock inspection of a company is to be

performed. Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the

severity. Be prepared to discuss your results.

Inspection Report

Date: Inspection Team:

Number &Classification

Findings

Hazard ClassificationA = Loss of life, body part, extensive damageB = Serious injury or property damageC = Non-disabling injury or minor damage

Safety Inspection

Hazard Reporting Effective hazard reporting systems will:

encourage employees to report hazards and effectively track them for prioritizing.

create feedback between management and the employee reporting the hazard.

have a system to analysis the hazards reported to determine its effectiveness.

Accident Investigation All accidents and incidents need to be

investigated. What is an accident? Why do we investigate accidents? Why should near misses be investigated?

Accident Investigation

Causes of Injuries and Accidents Direct Causes Indirect Causes Root Causes

Trend Analysis Trends need to analyzed over time to identify

any emerging patterns of injury and intervene to prevent its recurrence.

Review injury records over time What items should be trended over time to

determine any emerging pattern?

Summary Worksite hazard analysis consists of:

Change analysis JHA Workplace inspections Hazard Reporting Trend Analysis

Effective programs will result in the identification of potential and existing hazards.

Task Analysis Tools

Risk Factors

Ergonomic Body Divisions

Review the Basics

Force

Frequency

Posture

Duration

Contact Stress

Environment

Vibration

Risk Factors

Upper Extremity

Lower Extremity

Trunk

Ergonomic Body Division

Use OSHA 200/300 logs

Accident Reports

Workman’s Compensation info

Employee Surveys

Visual Cues

Recognizing a WMSD Problem

Body Part Discomfort Form and Rating Scale

A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist system that provides a standardized evaluation of a job/task

Tools based on biomechanical and physiological information compiled and calculated providing a relative risk of injury probability

Can be specific for body region and/or risk factors

What is a Task Analysis Tool

Provide guidance• Where to begin corrective actions• Helps direct efforts toward specific body

division, risk factors

Involve employees• Employees can perform assessments

Provide a level of measurement• Shows improvement of tasks• Baseline data

Why do we need these tools?

Two criteria for use:

• What are you trying to find out? General vs. Specific information

• What limitations must be considered? Various tools are only able to assess

specific body regions

How do we use them?

Checklists

• Easy to use

• Less time consuming

• Minimal training

• Very sensitive: One check, task must be considered

Types of Analysis Tools


Quantitative

• Less sensitiveMore specific training

• Provide a relative risk assessment


Narrative

• More formal training and experience required

• Provides specific areas for improvement

• Very time consuming

Washington State Checklist (WISHA)

NIOSH

University of Michigan

Checklists

Checklist system that identifies “caution or hazard zone jobs”

Incorporates each of the risk factors including vibration and contact stress

Has separate evaluation for heavy, frequent or awkward lifting

Uses verbal cues to guide user through evaluation criteria

Not generally left or right side independent

WISHA

Does address combination of risk factors

Great “first cut” ergonomic tool

Draw Backs• High sensitivity: identify many jobs• Doesn’t separate frequency component

by body part

WISHA

3 basic sections• Entire body checklist• Lifting hazard section• Vibration hazard analysis

Entire body checklist• Identify if a particular hazard exist as a

result of a risk factor for a body part• If a hazard exists then corrective action is

needed

Using WISHA

Lifting hazard analysis

• Calculated weight limit is adjusted by:

• Compares the actual weight lifted to a calculated weight limit

• Actual weight lifted > Weight limit = Hazard exists

Using WISHA

Vibration hazard analysis

• Compares the time an employee uses the machine to a pre-measured vibration value

• Plot time vs. vibration data on graph

• Intersection point indicates degree of hazard

• Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo

Using WISHA

Job Strain

Job Strain Index

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

ACGIH Threshold Limit Value – HAL

Rapid Entire Body Assessment

Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis

Snook Push/Pull Hazard Tables

Quantitative Tools

Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow (distal upper extremity)

Assess task based on posture, frequency and force

FORCE driven

Doesn’t consider vibration or contact stress

Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)• 7 considered hazardous

Job Strain Index

Can assess right and left sides independently as well as worst case

Used in meat packing, small part assembly, keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand motions

Job Strain Index

Intensity of exertions (force)

Duration of Exertion (% cycle)

Efforts per minute

Hand/wrist posture

Speed of work

Duration of task per day

Strain Index Elements

Assign a value for each of the 6 elements

Multiply each element = strain index

Compare calculated value to decision threshold provided

Decision Threshold• <3 safe• 3-5 uncertain• 5-7 some risk• >7 hazardous

Using the Job Strain Index

Job Strain

JHA/Work Methods

Videotaping Tips

Announce the name of the job on the tape

Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task

At least 3-4 cycles

Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on problems areas

Try different angles to get the best shot

JHA/Work Methods

Step 1: Breaking The Job Down

List each step in order of occurrence

Be sure to record enough information

Can use Gilbreth’s terms to describe steps

Can use video or photos

JHA/Work Methods

Search Select Grasp Reach Move Hold Position Inspect

Assemble Disassemble Use Unavoidable Delay Avoidable Delay Plan Rest to overcome fatigue

Gilbreth’s Table of Work Elements

JHA/Work Methods

Step 2: Identify the Hazards

Look for Risk Factors in each job

Repeat the job observation until all hazards identified

• Video and photos can be especially helpful

Consider abnormal activities and conditions

JHA/Work Methods

Step 3: New Procedure or Protection

Can the job be performed in another way?

Can you make physical changes to the job?

Does the job have to be performed? Can it be done less often?

JHA/Work Methods

Work Methods

What does the worker need to know from this presentation?

worksite hazard analysis

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