world bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . gdp . 2.2a2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α...

348
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Upload: others

Post on 23-Jul-2020

17 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

wb350881
Typewritten Text
41172
Page 2: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

BBuuiillddiinngg KKnnoowwlleeddggee EEccoonnoommiieess

AAddvvaanncceedd SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr DDeevveellooppmmeenntt

WWoorrlldd BBaannkk IInnssttiittuutteeDDeevveellooppmmeenntt SSttuuddiieess

Page 3: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

WWoorrlldd BBaannkk IInnssttiittuuttee DDeevveellooppmmeenntt SSttuuddiieess

-

2008

Page 4: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

-

Copyright © All rights reserved

&&

1429-2008

- 16983

00971-3-7554845 00971-3-7542102

[email protected] E-mail:

Compu_Writer (0100390516-002) و (00202-33859758) '

Page 5: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

5

sىg

9

15 19

25 30 39 48

59 68

75 1 79 2 85

Page 6: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

6

91 102 105 116 122 124

133 134 139 143 148 151

153

158 168 173 178 181 182

Page 7: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

7

191 195 196 203

207 214 217

223 234 239 241 247

253 268 278 288

Page 8: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

8

303 303 304 306 309

311 333

Page 9: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

9

s s

Technocracy

Techno cracy

*

*

Page 10: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

10

%7%10

%50

Knowledge Economy Knowledge SocietyThe Age of

Discontinuity Peter F. Drucker

Page 11: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

11

=

=

=

=

Page 12: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

12

GlobalizationInformation and Communication Technology Revolution

%70 Information Workers

Computer

networking

=

=

=

Page 13: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

13

رـد أمني خميمـحمم. د موسى أبو طه. د

2008

Page 14: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

14

Page 15: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

15

s s

-

-

Page 16: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

16

-

Page 17: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

17

s s

UNU-merit

Page 18: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

18

Page 19: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

19

s s

-

1

1Silicon Valley1971

Electronic News

Transistors

Page 20: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

20

Page 21: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

21

2Knowledge Economies

1

2

2 Peter F. Drucker

The Age of Discontinuity1968

Information Age Knowledge

Page 22: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

22

3

-

Page 23: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

23

-

Page 24: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

24

1999

http://www.worldbank.org/kam

Page 25: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

25

11

Toward Knowledge Economies:

Global Trends and Issues

3

3

http://www.worldbank.org/afrik/

Page 26: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

26

10,0005000

4

--

Landon 1999

4

Page 27: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

27

--

70

24 Moore 5

5

241965

Page 28: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

28

1.1( Gaudin and Degremont 1993)

1.1

Gaudin and Degremont 1993

2.1 nanotechnology

Page 29: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

29

%6

%5

2.1 2004-1991

Page 30: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

30

6

--

1999

3.1

%40 %30World Bank 2003 c

6 "Behind the Bleeding Edge: Technology Leapfrogs"

232006

Page 31: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

31

3.1

20

00

Page 32: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

32

1.1

1.1

Levi-Strauss The Gap

Kaplinsky, 2005

Page 33: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

33

7

1.1-cutting edge-

Adam SmithThe Wealth of NationsJoseph Schumpeter

Robert Solow (1956)

1.1

2.1

7 2005

Page 34: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

34

1.1

1956

--

1986

Robert Lucas1988

Rqbert Barro1990

Guellec and Ralle, 2003

Page 35: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

35

-

-

2.1 -

-

60

1992-1960 0.58 0.41 1992-1980 0.65 0.21

1992-196044 0.94 0.52 1988-198050 0.68 0.20

Easterly and Levine, 2001

Page 36: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

36

Norman Borloug

3.1

--

"river blindness"

30 199620075 World

Bank 2004

Page 37: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

37

3.1 1947 185020

1719681964

1999

Page 38: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

38

2004

--

2010UNESCO 2005

RISEPAK

World-Online RISEPAK

200540002500RISEPAK

OECD 1998

Page 39: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

39

Mamade, Ahmend, and Easton, 2003

%281970%472000

4.1

Page 40: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

40

4.12003-1994

30%40

Page 41: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

41

%705.1

10%20--

5.1

2003-1990

Page 42: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

42

6.1 Knowledge WorkersDrucker 1996

6.1

OECD 2004a

2002

2534 4554

Page 43: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

43

Robots - -

7.1

7.11998-1960

Autor, Levy, and Murnane 2003.

Page 44: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

44

Brinkley and Lee (2006)

2.18

-

- 8.1

(OECD)%119942002%0.5

2.1 2005-1995

15 %15.7- %2.4- %27.2+ %30.7+ %20.9+ %23.9+ %18.3- %7.5- %12.7+ %13.5+ %10.2+ %5.7+ %14.0+ 12.6+

Brinkley and Lee 2006

8 Eurostat

OECD

Page 45: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

45

8.12002

2002

2002 2002-1994 2002-1994(Change in ratio of GFCF to GDP)

OECD 199420041995

2002(EU)(OCED)

2001(EU)

Page 46: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

46

9.1 2002-1982

Kaplan and Norton 2004

%14

(OECD 2006b)

9

9 "Global""Local""Global"

Ronald Robertson

Page 47: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

47

10.1

10.1

OECD

Page 48: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

48

-

(OECD, 1996)-

--

19971998

11.1

Page 49: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

49

11.1

OECD

Page 50: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

50

10

(2006d)--

Lao

-

(FDI)

10 (the Lisbon Agenda)

2010

Page 51: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

51

--

- --

digital gap-

- 12.1 13.1

11

11(1)(2)

(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)

Page 52: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

52

12.1Mobile 1002004-1994

www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/index www.itu.int/ITU-D/statistics/ict/graphs/mobile.hpg

10100

%0.6

1994 27

2004

Page 53: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

53

13.1

(brain drain)

Page 54: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

54

14.1

Page 55: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

55

14.1

AA

BB

World Bank 2003g

Page 56: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

56

90 %15-%30

-(Aubert and Reiffers, 2003)

2003%48-%3319902020

4%55%94 201522

8 475(Leautier 2006)

Page 57: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

57

(Rischard, 2002)12

12Jean- Francosi Rischard (2002)

-

Page 58: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

58

Page 59: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

59

22

The Knowledge Economy: Analytical Framework

and Benchmarking Elements

Page 60: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

60

=

=

Page 61: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

61

=

=

1.2

1.2

Page 62: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

62

1.2

19962005 www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance

Page 63: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

63

1.2-

Barro199198196019851960

Cohen Soto (2001)

Hansushek and Kimko (2002)

%6The Economist,

March 10, 2005

Zhen-Wei Qiang, Pitt, and Ayers 2004)

InfoDev 2006

Page 64: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

64

2003Lederman and Maloney) 2000-197553%1

%0.782001(Cincher and van Pottelsberghe)

OECD19801998Adams

1990

1980-1953

2001

OECD Adam

Page 65: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

65

2.2

3.2

14.1

4.2

Page 66: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

66

2.2

Page 67: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

67

3.2

2001

Page 68: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

68

4.2

Institute d'Economie Quantitative 2005, Authors

Page 69: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

69

www.worldbank.org/kam

80

101289

www.worldbank.org/wbi/kam

14

1.2

Page 70: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

70

1.2

15

USPTO

1000+ 1000 10,000

2006

Page 71: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

71

1995

5.2

10

1

2. 2

Scorecard 1.2

19952005-2004

1

Page 72: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

72

(6.2) 1995

1995 1975

(5.2)

2006

1000

1000

1000

15

Page 73: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

73

2.2

135

2912345

%60

Page 74: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

74

6.2

19952005-2004

2006 45

1995

Page 75: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

75

6.2

1995

%67

7.2

Page 76: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

76

7.2

=0.67

2002

2002

Page 77: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

77

8.2 1995

1996

2004

%0.46

Page 78: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

78

8.21992

1995

2004

-199

6

Page 79: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

79

1

132

81

= u 81132

= 81 u 132

= Nw =

Nc

(2A1.1) 10)(

=

NcNwuNormalized

= 1 132 10 %10

910%10 89

0-10

Page 80: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

80

www.worldbank.org/kam

-

1.2A1

1.2A1

2007

1995

Page 81: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

81

2.2A1

2006

16

Page 82: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

82

3.2A1

2006

1000

1000

(%)

1000

Page 83: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

83

4.2A1 indexes

indicators

Page 84: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

84

2A1.4

Page 85: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

85

(2)

Cobb- Douglas

TFP =ak+TFP1.2A2 ak

(KEI)(1)

1995 KET2004-1996

2

3

2 3

Page 86: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

86

GDP 1996 =β1 + αβ2 +β3 + 2.2A2 β11996 β2 β3

1.2A21995KEL

A1 4002-1996

1996 -0.9459G*** 0.3944

0.3838*** 0.0323 0.4605*** 0.1673

6.6693*** 2.6602 R 0.5894

113

2004-1996

******909599

(Barro 1991; Sachs and Warner1995)

Page 87: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

87

1.2A240.4605

%0.46 010

13

2.2A2

19955

αβ11996

β2 β3B4KEL1995X Dum β5EI1995XDLM6+KEI1995X DL

(3.2A2)

4

1996PPPSIMA

SIMA 5

AChen and Daltman 2004

5 World Bank 2..5h

Page 88: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

88

KEI19951995

Dum 1995

DLM 1995

DL 1995 B3

B4

B5

B6

B4+B3

B5+B3

B6+B3

Page 89: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

89

1.2A2 3.2A2

0.4582

1995%0.45822004-1996

0.0168

0.0168

0.4750

0.01920.4774

0.0022

0.0022--

0.4560

Page 90: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

90

2.2A2

A2

2004-1996

1996 -0.9488 *** 0.4102 113 0.3836** 0.0393 113

0.4582*** 0.1617 25

0.0168 0.0641 17

0.0192 0.0939 39

-0.0022 0.3284 32

6.6641*** 2.9749 113 R 0.5897

113

2004-1996

******909599

Page 91: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

91

33

The Process of Building a Knowledge

Economy

Page 92: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

92

1953

WBI and KDI 2007. Dahlman and Andersson 2000

Page 93: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

93

2006

%80%3

1997

Page 94: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

94

3. 1)19702004

Page 95: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

95

1.3

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

Page 96: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

96

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

HAN

=

=

= =

=

=

=

USPTO

Page 97: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

97

FDl

%15 12

--

Dublin --

-DublinCorikLimerick

(Trinity College)

Page 98: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

98

%15

1987

IIDA2006

Page 99: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

99

1917

%1.5

KERA

Mikkeli Loulu

%30

%15

Page 100: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

100

OECD

1.5

Nokia river

2003 %20 %3.7

Page 101: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

101

2.3

= =

=

=

=

=

=

=

SITRA

4.3

2.3

Page 102: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

102

• • • • •

3.2

Page 103: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

103

2.3

RISCARD

Page 104: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

104

20

Page 105: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

105

Page 106: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

106

- 3.3

%10

Page 107: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

107

3. 1

Page 108: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

108

1.3

%100%32

2002%70

%5.319932002

121990

62002002

%60 %1002002

200120023002

%58 %292002

Page 109: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

109

%17 1993

2003

SoftwareHardware

%2720022003%402003

2500570 12

%0.3 1993 2001

World Bank 2005b. Chidamber 2003

Page 110: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

110

%2

3.3

%2

Page 111: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

111

3.3

( ICT )

SEZS

Page 112: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

112

( ICT )

-

-

%2

Page 113: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

113

( ICT )

IRR

Software

%3

Page 114: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

114

2.3 2004

1999%40%701990

%8

Page 115: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

115

HIV HIV

World Bank 2002 a; WEF 2003, U.S. Department of State 2005, IMF 2004, Land 2002, Transparency Informational 2005.

3.3

2005

Benavente, de Mello, and

Mulder 2005

Page 116: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

116

%3

-

-

Page 117: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

117

%20%3.5

Page 118: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

118

1982 Olson

Page 119: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

119

4.3 1990

SITRA

Page 120: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

120

=

=

=

Page 121: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

121

5.3

1998

1996

1997

2000

1917

Page 122: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

122

3.3

-

Page 123: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

123

( EPZS)

MonterreyCempinas

Page 124: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

124

%20 %10

Page 125: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

125

6.3

1958

2010

Jebel Ali Airport 120 85

15

20102020

Page 126: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

126

2001850

DuBiotechDINC

Page 127: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

127

Page 128: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

128

Aubert and Landrieu 2004

---

4.3

Aubert and Chen, forthcoming)

Page 129: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

129

7.3

Page 130: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

130

4.3

=

.

Page 131: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

131

=

= Technological Parks

Page 132: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

132

Page 133: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

133

44

Improving the Economic and Institutional Regime

-

-

Page 134: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

134

1.4

-Leith 20052.4

2005

1.4

Page 135: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

135

1.4

2004)

=

=

=

=

Page 136: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

136

3.4 1.4

-

2.4

=

Levy and Kpundeh, 2004.

Page 137: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

137

2.4

2.3

=

=

=

=

=

=

Page 138: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

138

1.4

(Palmade, 2005) 2019932003

Page 139: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

139

(3.4)

1.4

3.4

2006

Ayyagri, Demigruc-kunt, Maksimavic

90

Page 140: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

140

2.4

World Bank 2005a.

4.4

Page 141: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

141

(3.4

2004

Page 142: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

142

(1.4

Page 143: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

143

1.4

Page 144: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

144

4.4 1988

45

=

= = =

=

Page 145: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

145

European Commission 2005

General Funds

--

Page 146: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

146

Funds of Funds

Zagha and Nankani, 2000

5.4

Page 147: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

147

5.4 VC1980

Sed Fund8 1.6

H&Q Asia Pacific

VC Funds

Silicon Valley

Saxenian 2000.

Page 148: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

148

%20

6.4

Page 149: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

149

6.4. =

=

=

=

=

Zagha and nankani 2006

Page 150: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

150

=

=

= ISO)

FDI

Page 151: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

151

Clusters

4.4

4.4

2004

Page 152: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

152

- -

7.4

7.4

=

=

=

=

=

Zagha and nankani 2006

Page 153: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

153

--

Biotechnology

ICT

Estonia19912001

2005

8.4

Page 154: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

154

8.4

-

Shenzhenzhuhai Shanto

Xiamen Fujian 1984 14 Dalian

QinhuanglaoYantaiQingdaoLianyunganeyNantongShanghaiNingbo

WenzhouFuzhouGuangzhouZhanjiangBeihai1988

Hainan Pudong New area

Yangtze1992

15 32

53

Page 155: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

155

TEDA

EIU 2005

Page 156: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

156

Page 157: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

157

55

Fostering Innovation

(World Bank 2000)

(IPRs)

Page 158: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

158

Aubert 2005b1

=

=

=

1.5

1

Page 159: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

159

1.5 Adapted from Intarakunmerd and others, 2002

R & D

Page 160: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

160

1.5

"brand agriculture"-

Roadside Stations -

"Roadside Station"

Page 161: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

161

General Motors

7.91998

2.5

Fujita 2006

Page 162: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

162

2.5 1992-1987

- 1987

19871992

%9%19 9001992

Page 163: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

163

2

2 Brain Drain

Hard Brain Drain

Soft Brain Drain

200 -93

%83

%36%33

Page 164: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

164

-

-3.5

Push Factors --

----Pull Factors

-----Brain Hunting-

---

Page 165: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

165

53

3.5

TEKES

Dahlman, Routti, and Yla0Anttila 2006.

387

3.528

158

29440

42 STRA 32

VTT (213-63)

TEKES (395)

Finpro 32(19)

Finnvera 364 (41)

185

976443

302 (229)

Page 166: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

166

public goods

Clusters

Adapted from Dahlman, Routti, and Yla 2006

Page 167: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

167

- - -

-

Page 168: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

168

1.5

4.5

50 20,000

Page 169: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

169

4.5OECD -

-

Page 170: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

170

1.5

- -

- - -

- -

-

- - - -

- - - -

- -

-

Page 171: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

171

- - - - -

- -

- -

-

=

= 50

Page 172: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

172

=

=

=

Page 173: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

173

-

-

- -

50-70 Core Funds30-50

5.5

- -

6.5 Bamako

Page 174: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

174

5.5

1942

1947

-

- -

1991

CSIR

Page 175: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

175

1991

1997200240382420

157619552,90020051.52.2264

971998418200420059450020042004

%60-%50 1.819951996

3.12005200565 4,7003

8,500199715 325

%20

Bhojwani 2006

Page 176: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

176

6.5 1992

MRTC

1976Philipe Ranque

1988

MRTC12 24

60

MRTC Malaria Research and Training center

Page 177: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

177

MRTC

2006305040

200 1992

2006 the Bandager

19975

30-20 2005 %7-5

Doumbo 2005

Page 178: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

178

-

-

7.5

--

--

--

Page 179: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

179

7.5 =

=

=

Page 180: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

180

=

=

=

-

Al Watkins`World Bank

Page 181: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

181

(Chandra 2006)

Page 182: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

182

2.5

-Fundacion Chihe8.5

%4

%97

1994

Page 183: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

183

8.5 Foundation Chile

ITT- -

-

--DNA

Foundation Chile

1999 36 17

Page 184: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

184

WIP-

1994

1994(TRIPS)

--

=

= =

=

Page 185: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

185

1994

39.5

-

2003

-

Aubert 2005a, CIPR 2002

3

Page 186: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

186

9.5

-

Open source IPRs

software

Page 187: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

187

2001

4

CIPR2..2

4

Page 188: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

188

Page 189: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

189

66

Strengthening Information and Communication Infrastructure

Page 190: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

190

1.6

1-6

Page 191: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

191

e-strategies

1-6

Page 192: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

192

%95

%85

1-6

-

-e- Seri lank

-

Page 193: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

193

1--2-6

PDA

Open source software

12005

2.6

1996Azuay

-

- -

Page 194: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

194

1996

%50

Girard 2003: Development Marshall place, the communicative initiative

Page 195: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

195

- -

Page 196: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

196

• -

%70

An Enabling Environment

-

- 1988 %80

- -

Page 197: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

197

47102003

3.6

-

Page 198: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

198

3.6 2020

2000

NICI

NITC-

RITA --

RURA2003

O' Siochru 2006

Page 199: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

199

-

4-6

130 164

100100

20002005

Page 200: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

200

4-6 19982001

100%1020

6000

=

=

=

36 =

Page 201: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

201

5.62

22004

5-6 1999

GSM Licenses

150,000

Wellenius, Rosotto, and Lewin 2004

=

=

2003world bank 2003e

Page 202: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

202

3

3

http://www.ipc.go.kr/ipceng/project/eproject-intro.jsp

Page 203: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

203

M&E

4

42005

Page 204: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

204

( NGOs)

-(Woredanet project)

Massachusetts(MIT) 500

100 "Motorola"640

202007

(ITU)800%30

%10

Page 205: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

205

5

1.6

%40

%11%7 14

%1%5 6

5 UNDP 6 292005

Page 206: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

206

1-6

1980 1990 2000 2005 - 0.09 46 258

14 27 83 135 14 27 129 393

- - 15 67

2006f

-

Page 207: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

207

-Universe access Fund

6.6

--

Page 208: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

208

6.6

1994

Smart subsidy

206 52

109

19952000 6000202

%15 1994 %1 2002

2002Wellenius

Page 209: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

209

-

2003

%10

7-6

--

The Economist

7

7 102005

Page 210: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

210

7-6

Bhoomi20 6.7

-

-

140

2000

3.5

31,0005200

Page 211: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

211

8-6

(CBFL)

1000Andhra PradeshTamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh

Dahl man and Utz 2005

Page 212: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

212

9-6

8-6 1999

30

poupatempo

Sorce: Jeffrey Rinne/ world Bank (www.unpani-un-org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAANO23527.pdF)

Page 213: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

213

9.6Estonia : Apply the " e" to All Aspects of life and work

--

%70 %80 %100

%70

SKype Source; Mark landler "Chilly Streets and Hot technology in Estonia" New York Times. Dec. 13 2005

Page 214: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

214

%1

10.6

2006 45

2010 - - 600

--

Page 215: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

215

10.6 karalla

200 4

2006Heeks and Arun 2006

Page 216: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

216

272003-2002 %40 20032500-

570 - 12

40 20 3500 400

2005Chidamber2003

5008

Page 217: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

217

II - Agenda

e

e - agenda

K-

Agendas 2005 e

Page 218: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

218

Page 219: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

219

77

Upgrading Education

Page 220: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

220

1.7

1.7

----

---

Vargas Zuniga, 2005

Page 221: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

221

2.7

2.7

Page 222: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

222

1

2 3

Page 223: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

223

EFA Education For All 1.7

- 2.7

%40

--

3.7

Page 224: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

224

1.7

-2015-

2002FTI

30 2006 28

2007/2006 UNESCO

9 2.7

32 -2008

EFA-FTI secretariat-

Page 225: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

225

2.7 100%70%15

%40 %50

200015

%90%75201987

%90

%25

%15 %5

2005

Page 226: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

226

EFA

1.7

3.7 UIE

ADEA-

2005

25

additive Multilingual education

ADEA 2005

Page 227: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

227

2005

1.7 1995

Authors' calculations from KAM version 2006

Page 228: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

228

-

- -

4.7

5.7

Page 229: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

229

4.7

12 17

130

2000

Page 230: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

230

5.7 JEI

2003

k-12

web 2005

30 USAID

Cisco Dell Microsoft 100

12-1

Page 231: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

231

De Frante et al 2003

3.7

- -2300 50100

--

3.7

2005

Page 232: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

232

3.7

= = = = = = = =

= =

= = =

= =

=

=

= = = =

=

=

=

= =

Page 233: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

233

3.7

-

5.7

6.7

----

Page 234: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

234

1

1 Salmi(2004)

6.7

2004

Page 235: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

235

Salmi 2004

7.7

Mexico’s Monterrey Institute of Technology

8.7

Page 236: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

236

7.7

19903000

%15

1993 2001

14819946952000%51997%15

2000%391994%352000

%46%17

1994%32

2003

Page 237: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

237

8.7

33

Millennium University "Tecmi enio"

33

17

=

=

=

=2010

100,000

Page 238: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

238

- - -

6.5

-

-

4.7

Page 239: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

239

4.7

= = = =

=

= =

=

=

=

(OECD 2004b)

Page 240: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

240

=

= = =

=

2007

1.8

Page 241: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

241

2

- -

9.7

2

www.tataliteracy.com

Page 242: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

242

9.7 -

-

1968

252001998

%15

2000

1989

400

2005

Page 243: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

243

5.7

5.7

=

=

=

=

= =

= =

= =

=

=

=

=

=

= =

=

Page 244: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

244

PISAOECD-%50

TIMSS

26629

Page 245: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

245

2000

2.7

10-7

315432000

15

-

-

-

OECD 2004

Page 246: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

246

2.7

OECD Program for International Student Assessment

Page 247: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

247

2003

%28 %12 %11 %10 %9

%47

%12

%61

1998 19992003 2005 Finn 2005

3

3 %90 %86 %69

Page 248: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

248

11.7

11.7

OECD 2002, Aggarwal and Others 2004

Page 249: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

249

brain drainbrain gain

12.7

Page 250: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

250

12.7The Global Scot Network

850

= Glasgow

= - - - -

=

-- -

=

Mc Rae 2006

Page 251: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

251

88

Strategic Directions for Selected Countries

and Country Groups

Page 252: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

252

Page 253: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

253

1.8

1.8 2000

1990

Page 254: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

254

1978

1991

Page 255: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

255

40%70 %20

%20 120

Page 256: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

256

State Communications Commission

%2

Page 257: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

257

Scientific Diaspora

%10 %20

1.8

1993Dahlman, Zeng and Wang 2007

912

(1.8)

4.1 20.8 45.6 18.0 11.6 4.5 25.7 49.3 13.9 6.6 14.2 35.7 33.2 10.2 6.7

6.2 27.4 45.8 13.4 7.2

2005

Page 258: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

258

100

Pedagogy Governance

Communication Abilities

1.8Dahlman, Zeng and Wang 2007

1.8Felong Learning

= %70

= 1.3260

250

Page 259: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

259

= 12

=

=

=

=

=

Page 260: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

260

%7.5 2005-2002

%52 %27 %35

=

Accreditation Certification

=

=

=

Page 261: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

261

2.8%8

430 Organized Sector %92

%53

(2.8)

Dutz 2007

%16 %31 %53

%8 34 3/2

%92

30

Page 262: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

262

%33 %792004 %15

2004%40

3.8

Cold

Chain

%25

Golden Quadrilateral

2007-

2006

Page 263: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

263

(3.8)

Ecomomist 2005

Doing business

2003200511 71

%61.7 13 48

%13.6

Page 264: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

264

100

100

Rahlman and Uts 2005

(Pai 2004)

%100

%100 Hindustan times 62007

Page 265: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

265

%0.852002

2.8

2.8

Business Creation

Honeybee network Cupta 2006

Page 266: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

266

(2.8)

2004-2000 3.89 0.68

3.47 0.40

0.18 0.02

708.00 119.00 1.44 0.85

3.60 4.20 50.35 15.29

2004

29.80 4.90

22.65 12.00 UPSTO 0.35 0.30

.70 4.60

7-12006 3.90 3.60

7-1 2006

5.10 5.80

7-12006 3.70 5.10

KAM Version 2007

Page 267: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

267

2.8

--

Regional

economy

basic and applied

Research

Page 268: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

268

Active Reformers

Outside

knowledge

4.8

%3

%1

Page 269: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

269

economic specialization

(4.8)

WEF 2006

Page 270: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

270

-

3.8

WEF2005

%50

50%60%5

Page 271: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

271

3.8 1996

2020 Smart Schools - E-business

smart card teche- government

(2003-1996)900

"foreign-owned""home-grown" 1.6 22

20032010Industrial Clustering

Processes

20102020 Knowledge Society

Multimedia Development

Corporation 30

www.msc.com.my/sc/msc,asp

Page 272: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

272

%232001%322004%212001%252004

%7 30

%10

5%0.8

2,300 2000 4.8

%13

Economic Freedom Index

8771676050

Page 273: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

273

2004

(4.8)

Technopoles

19992004316620300 11050

2004

Page 274: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

274

Competition Perception Transparency International 2005

%0.6 %2.26

(OECD, 2007) (Dederman and Maloney, 2003

Innovation Investments

Millennium Science CentresHolm-Nielsen and Agapitova, 2002 Institutional Overlap

TEKES

Fondación Chile

Benavente, de Mello, and Mulder 2005

Page 275: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

275

University Enrollment rates

Tokman (2004), Eyzaguirre and others (2005), and Fuentes and Mies (2005)

Knowledge Economy Index 1995

5.8

(5.8) 2005-1995

KAM version 2007

Page 276: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

276

5.8

%30.4 %21.2 15

%11.5 %6.3

%40

2003 Industrial structures European innovation scoreboard

structures 7.8

%0.2%0.5%0.67

Page 277: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

277

(6.8)

KAM version 2007

Economic and institutional regime

Page 278: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

278

(7.8)

KAM version 2007

6.8

Page 279: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

279

inequality

Autarky

CONACYT

Page 280: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

280

(Kezontor, 2006)

The Monterrey Urban

Cluster 5.8 Petrobras

Knowledge Potential

Financial Services

Page 281: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

281

(5.8)

"FEMSA"

AXAPROEZA VITRO

CYDSA PULSAR ALFA

IMSA CEMGX

Bancomer and Banorte 19

TECThe Mstituto

Teconlogico De Estudios Superiors De Monterry 1943

TEC

Dahlman and Kuznetsov 2007

Page 282: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

282

-

8.8

60(OECDm 1994)

(8.8)

Authors

Page 283: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

283

Tomsk

Page 284: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

284

TELMEX

Bridge Institutions Enterprise Incubators

Page 285: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

285

Page 286: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

286

CampinasITESM

Bridge Institutions

institutional experimentation

6.8

(6.8

%312 %90

%70

sophisticated

value chain

Page 287: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

287

joint

marketing

= public - private

governmental agenciesnon - governmental groups.

= associations from backward regionsto voice and access

=

Page 288: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

288

Active ReformersGradual Movers

Sowers of Seeds

2004

Self- financing wine sector

Kuznetsov 2006, adapted from McDermott 2004

Page 289: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

289

Macroeconomic management

1.3

Gradual

Movers 7.8

A Circle of Reforms

A Boots-strapping Approach

Entrepreneurial Sector

Page 290: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

290

(7.8)

poor governance

Public Accountability

Trade Liberalization

Multi-Fiber

2%907.620032004-

Page 291: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

291

Sowers of Seeds

2004Quotas

finding your richEconomist72003

Page 292: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

292

KAM (9.8)

%6.8 19932003-

(World Bank, 2005)

%52004%6.7

Page 293: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

293

(9.8)

2005 2005-2004

45

1995 KAM

KAM2006

Page 294: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

294

(10.8)Adult literacyrates

11.8

(10.8)

19902004

15

Page 295: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

295

11.82004-1991

Page 296: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

296

(12.8)(13.8)

12.8

2004-1990

Page 297: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

297

13.8 2004-1990

World Bank internal data

3.8

Page 298: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

298

(3.8)

suame

> 9,000 10-5

> 2,000 3-1

24

6,000-250

58 > 5000

poor public goods

> 5,000 8

2,200 20-15

Page 299: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

299

- - 130-2

17

+200-35

260 170

340

--

327 103

Page 300: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

300

8.8Agence Universitarie de la Francophone600

(8.8)

Page 301: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

301

8.8

Euchema

2000

Page 302: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

302

Page 303: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

303

s s

= =

= =

Page 304: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

304

Page 305: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

305

Page 306: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

306

- Assured Institutional Funding

Contingent, Contract-based Funding

Page 307: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

307

Page 308: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

308

Page 309: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

309

=

=

=

Page 310: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

310

Page 311: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

311

s s

www.worldbonk,org/wbi/knowledgefordendopment

org.worldbank.www

PDF

= 199919981999

World Bank. 1999. World Development Report 1998/1999: Knowledge for Development. Oxford University Press

1999/1998

Page 312: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

312

="Derek H. C. Chen and Carl J. Dahlman "

3366 Derek H. C. Chen and Carl J. Dahlman. 2004. Knowledge and Development: A Cross-section approach. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3366.

92 1960 2000

%20 %0.15

%3.8

1000 %20%0.11

= AubertJean Evie2005

3554 Aubert, Jean-Eric. 2005. Promoting Innovation in Developing Countries - A Conceptual Framework. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3554

Page 313: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

313

Research asymmetry

= 2005

http: //www.unnillenumiemproject.org/reoirts/index-orerview,htm.

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7

Page 314: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

314

=20033026

Robert Watson, M. Crawford, and Sara Farley. 2003. Strategic Approaches to Science and Technology in Development. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3026

=200432

World Bank. 2004. Innovation Systems. World Bank Support of Science and Technology Development. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 32

19892003

Page 315: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

315

= 20052000-19603774

Daniel Lederman and Lura Saenz. 2005. Innovation and Development Around the World. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3774

1960 2000

= 20053739

Mariano Bosch, Daniel Lederman, and William E. Maloney. 2005. Patenting and Research and Development: a Global View. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3739

Page 316: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

316

= 2006

Vandana Chandra, ed. 2006. Technology, Adaptation, and Exports: How Some Developing Countries Got It Right.

institutional structures

-technological adaptation

=

World Bank. 2003 "lot and MDGS: A world group perspective working paper 27872

2000 "Digital opportunity task force"

Page 317: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

317

= 2003

Kerry S. McNamara. 2003. Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty, and Development: Learning from Experience.

2003

= 20062006

%50

Page 318: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

318

= 2005 World Bank. 2005. E-strategies: Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit

e, strategies

= 005e. development World Bank. 2005. E-Development: From Excitement to Effectiveness

2005

Page 319: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

319

= 2005

tried and true

= 2000 peril and promise

2000task force13

= 2002 Education Group,

Human developantre took

Page 320: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

320

= 4

20061

Innovation funds

= 2003

Page 321: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

321

= 2007

=2002

Page 322: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

322

Primary commodity exports

=2003

=2007

Total factor productively %50

Page 323: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

323

= 2002

= 2003

= 2004

=

= 2006

1999

"Trrovateire east Asia"

Page 324: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

324

2004

2004

6

=2000

Page 325: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

325

=2007

45

-1 -2 -3

1960

=2004

The world Bank indigenes Knowledge for development program

Page 326: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

326

= 2007

13

= 2003

Page 327: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

327

= 2000

Carl Dalhman and Thomas Anderson, eds. 2000. Korea and the Knowledge-based Economy: Making the Transition. World Bank/OECD

= 2001

Carl Dalman and Jean-Eric Aubert. 2001. China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century.

Page 328: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

328

2006

= 2003

2974 Alfred Watkins. 2003. From Knowledge to Wealth: Transforming Russian Science and Technology for a Modern Knowledge Economy. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2974

Page 329: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

329

10

= 2005

Carl Dahlman and Anuja Utz. 2005. India and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Strengths and Opportunities. World Bank Institute.

Page 330: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

330

= 2007

Alan Winters and Shahid Yusuf. 2007. Dancing with the Giants: China, India, and the Global Economy.

2007

2020

= 2006

Anuja Utz. 2006. Fostering Innovation, Productivity and Technological Change: Tanzania in the Knowledge Economy. World Bank Working Paper.

Utz

Utz

Page 331: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

331

= 2007

Carl Dahlman and Yevgeny Kuzneststov. 2007. Mexico’s Transition to a Knowledge-based Competitiveness: Challenges and Opportunities. World Bank Institute.

Page 332: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

332

Page 333: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

333

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robertson. 2000. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation." American Economic Review 91 (5): 1369-1401.

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson. 2001. "An African Success Story: Botswana." MIT Working Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. July.

Adams, Arvil v., and Richard K. Johanson. 2004. "Skills Development in Sub-Saharan Africa." World Bank, Washington,. DC.

Adams, James D. 1990. "Fundamental Stocks of Knowledge and Productivity Growth." Journal of Political Economy 98 (4): 673-703.

ADEA. 2005. "Learning, but in Which Language?" ADEA Newsletter 17 (2). Aggarwal, A., R. Devane, Y. Kuznetsov, and A. Pandey. 2004. "India's Transformation

to Knowledge-based Economy: Evolving Role of the Indian Diaspora." Evalueserve, Gurgaon (New Delhi).

Andersson, Thomas, Sylvia Schwaag Serger, Jens Sorvik, Emily Wise Hansson. 2004. The Cluster Policies Whitebook. Malmo, Sweden: IKED.

Aubert, Jean-Eric. 2005a. "Knowledge Economies: A Global Perspective." In Intellectual Capital for Communities-Nations, Regions, and Cities. New York: Elsevier.

_____, 2005b. "Promoting Innovation in Developing Countries-A Conceptual Framework." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3554. Washington, DC: World Bank

Bibliography

Page 334: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

334

_____, 2006. "Intellectual Capital, Economic Development, and the Cultural Factor." Presentation at Second World Conference on Intellectual Capital for Communities, June 29-30, Paris.

Aubert, Jean-Eric, and Derek Chen. Forthcoming. "The Island Factor as a Growth Booster." Journal of Intellectual Capital.

Aubert, Jean-Eric, and Jean-Louis Reiffers. 2003. Knowledge Economies in the Middle East and North Africa. WBI Learning Resources Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Aubert, Jean-Eric, and Josee Landrieu. 2004. Vers des civilisations mondialisees-De l'ethologie a la prospective. Paris: Editions de l'Aube.

Autor, D. H, F. Levy, R. J. Murnane. 2003. "The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118 (4): 1279-1333.

Ayyagari, Meghana, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, amd Vojislav Maksimovic. 2006. "How Important Are Financing Constraints? The Role of Finance in the Business Environment." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3820. Washington, DC.

Barro, Robert J. 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries." NBER Working Paper 3120, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Barton, John H. 2003. "New International Arrangements in Intellectual Property and Competition Law." In Ove Granstrand, ed., Economics, Law and Intellectual Property: Seeking Strategies for Research and Teaching in a Developing Field (109-121). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Benavente, Jose-Miguel, Luiz de Mello, and Nanno Mulder. 2005. "Fostering Innovation in Chile." Economics Department Working Papers, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.

Bhojwani, H. R. 2006. "Report on the Indian Civilian Public R&D System." Background paper prepared for the World Bank Environment for Innovation Study. Washington, DC.

Bosch, Mariano, Daniel Lederman, and William F. Maloney. 2005. "Patenting and Research and Development: A Global View." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3739. Washington, DC.

Page 335: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

335

Brinkley and Lee. 2006. "The Knowledge Economy in Europe: A Report Prepared for the 2007 EU Spring Council." The Work Foundation. October. http://www.theworkfoundation.com/Assets/PDFs/KE_Europe.pdf.

Chandra, Vandana. 2006, Technology, Adaptation, and Exports: How Some Developing Countries Got It Right. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Chellaraj, Gnanaraj, Keith E. Maskus, and Aaditya Mattoo. 2005. "Skilled Immigrants, Higher Education, and U.S. Innovation." In Maurice Schiff and Caglar Ozden, eds., International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain (chapter 8). Washington, DC: World Bank.

Chen, Derek H. c., and Carl J. Dahlman. 2004. "Knowledge and Development: A CrossSection Approach." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3366. Washington, DC.

Chidamber, Shyam. 2003. "An Analysis of Vietnam's ICT and Software Services Sector." Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries 13 (9): 1-11.

Cincera, Michele, and Bruno Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2001. "International R&D Spillovers: A Survey." Brussels Economic Review / Cahiers Economiques de Bruxelles 169: 331. Department of Applied Economics, Free University of Brussels.

CIPR (Commission on International Property Rights). 2002. Final Report: UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. London.

Cohen, Daniel, and Marcelo Soto. 2001. "Growth and Human Capital: Good Data, Good Results." CEPR Discussion Papers 3025, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.

Dahlman, Carl, and Anuja Utz. 2005. India and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Strengths and Opportunities. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Dahlman, Carl, Douglas Zhihua Zeng, and S. Wang. 2007. Building a System of Lifelong Learning to Sharpen China's Competitiveness. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Dahlman, Carl, and Jean-Eric Aubert. 2001. China and the Knowledge Economy-Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Page 336: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

336

Dahlman, Carl, Jorma Routti, Pekka Yla-Anttila, eds. 2006. Finland as a Knowledge Economy Elements of Success and Lessons Learned. World Bank

Dahlman, Carl, and Thomas Andersson, eds. 2000. Korea and the Knowledge-Based Economy: Making the Transition. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Dahlman, Carl, and Yevgeny Kuznetsov. 2007. Mexico's Transition to a Knowledge-Based Competitiveness: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, DC: World Bank.

De Ferranti, David, Guillermo E. Perry, Indermit Gill, J. Luis Guasch, William F. Maloney, Carolina Sanchez-Paramo, and Norgert Schady. 2003. "Closing the Gap in Education and Technology." World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Washington, DC.

Diamond, Jared. 1999. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton.

d'lribarne, Philippe, and Alain Henry. 2003. Le Tiers monde qui reussit. Paris: Le Seuil.

Doumbo, Ogobara K. 2005. "Case study of the Malaria Research and Training Center at the University of Bamako, Mali." Paper presented at a Francophone African Universities seminar on lessons from universities' contributions to development, November 30December 2, Saly, Senegal.

Drucker, Peter. 1996. The Executive in Action. New York: HarperCollins. Dutz, Mark, ed. Forthcoming. Unleashing India's Innovation Potential. Washington,

DC: World Bank. Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. 2001. "What Have We Learned from a Decade

of Empirical Research on Growth? It's Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models." World Bank Economic Review 15: 177.

EFA-FTI Secretariat. 2006: "Status Report Prepared for the Fourth EFA-FTI Partnership Meeting." November 13-14, Cairo.

EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit). 2005. "The Major League: TEDA." April 25. Elliott, John. 2005. "On the Road to Repair." Fortune, October 31. European Commission. 2003. Innovation Policy in 7 Candidate Countries: The

Challenges. Brussels.

Page 337: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

337

European Commission. 2004. "European Innovation Scoreboard 2004." http:// trendchart.cordis.lu/scoreboards/scoreboard2004.

European Commission. 2005a. "eGovernment in Estonia." Brussels. European Commission. 2005b. "European Innovation Scoreboard 2005." http://

trendchart.cordis.lu/tc_article.cfm?ID=3197&NEWSID=13 Eyzaguirre, N., M. Marcel, J. Rodriguez, and M. Tokman. 2005. "The Way to the

Economy of Knowledge: The Road to Growing Equitably in the Long Term." Estudios Publicos 97: 5-57, Centro de Estudios Publicos, Santiago, Chile.

Finn, G. 2005. "Stay Rates of Foreign Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2003." Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. November.

Fuentes, Rodrigo, and Veronica Mies. 2005. "Mirando el Desarrollo Economico de Chile: Una Comparacion Internacional." Working Papers of the Central Bank of Chile 308. Santiago.

Fujita, Masahisa. 2006. "Economic Development Capitalizing on Brand Agriculture: Turning Development Strategy on Its Head." Paper delivered at the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Tokyo, May 29-30.

Gaudin, Thierry, and Jean-Francois Degremont. 1993.2100, Recit du prochain silxle. Paris: Payot.

Girard, Bruce. 2003. "A Passion for Radio." http://www.comunica.org/passion/pdU chapter23.pdf.

Goldberg, Itzhak, Manuel Trajtenberg, Adam Jaffe, Thomas Muller, Julie Sunderland, and Enrique Blanco Armas. 2006. "Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation Europe and Central Asia Knowledge Economy Study." World Bank Report 36064, Washington, DC.

Government of India. 2002. "India Vision 2020." Report of the Planning Commission. New Delhi. http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/pI-vsn2020.pdf.

Guellec, Dominique, and Pierre Ralle. 2003. Les nouvelles theories de la croissance. Paris: La Decouverte.

Page 338: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

338

Gupta, Anil K. 2006. "From Sink to Source: The Honey Bee Network Documents Indigenous Knowledge and Innovations in India." Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 1 (3): 49-66.

Hanushek, Eric A., and Dennis D. Kimko. 2000. "Schooling, Labor-Force Quality, and the Growth of Nations." American Economic Review 90(5): 1184-1208. December.

Hausmann, Ricardo, Dani Rodrik, and Andn?s Velasco. 2005. Growth Diagnostics. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Heeks, Richard, and Shoba Arun. 2006. "Social Outsourcing as a Development Tool: Outsourcing to Social Enterprises for Poverty Reduction and Women's Empowerment in Kerala." Unpublished paper. http://www. womenictenterprise.org/kasargod.htm.

Holm-Nielsen, Lauritz, and Natalia Agapitova. 2002. "Chile: Science, Technology, and Innovation." LCSHD Paper Series 79, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, World Bank, Washington, DC.

IIDA. 2006. "Ireland, Knowledge Is in Our Nature." Dublin: Irish Industrial Development Agency.

IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2004. "Article IV Consultation: Botswana 2003." Country Report 04/225. Washington, DC.

infoDev. 2006. "ICT, Innovation, and Economic Growth in Transition Economies: A Multi-Country Study of Poland, Russia, and the Baltic Countries." World Bank, Washington, DC. http://www.infodev.org/en/Project.27.html.

Institut d'Economie Quantitative, Ministere du Developpement et de la Cooperation Internationale, Republique Tunisienne. 2005. Rapport Annuel sur l'Economie du Savoir, 2004. Tunis: Simpact.

Intarakumnerd, Patarapong, Chairatana Pun-arj, and Tipawan Tangchitpiboon. 2002. "National Innovation Systems in Less Successful Developing Countries: The Case of Thailand." Research Policy 31 (8-9): 1445-1457.

Kaplan, Robert, and David Norton. 2004. Strategy Maps: Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.

Page 339: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

339

Kaplinsky, Raphael. 2005. Globalization, Inequality, and Poverty: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

Kikeri, Sunita, Thomas Kenyon, and Vincent Palmade. 2006. Reforming the Investment Climate-Lessons for Practitioners. World Bank/IFC, Washington, DC.

Kuznetsov, Yevgeny. 2006. Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad. WBI Development Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Lall, Sanjaya. 2002. "Science and Technology Policies in Southeast Asia." Proceedings and final reports of the STRATA consolidating workshop on "Science and technology policies in Europe: new challenges, new responses," Brussels, April 22-23 April. http://cordis.europa.eu/ improving / strata/workshop.htm.

Land, A. 2002. "Structured Public-Private Sector Dialogue: The Experience of Botswana." ECDPM Discussion Paper 37, EDCPM, Maastricht.

Landes, David S. 1999. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York: Norton.

Lanvin, Bruno, and Isabel Neto. 2005. "The Role of International Cooperation in e-Development." In Robert Schware, ed., E-Development: From Excitement to Effectiveness (chapter 7). Washington, DC: World Bank.

Lanvin, Bruno, and Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang. 2003. "Poverty e-Readication: Using ICT to Meet MDG-Direct and Indirect Roles of e-Maturity." In Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, and Fiona Paua, eds., The Global Information and Technology Report 2003-2004: Towards an Equitable Information Society (chapter 3). World Economic Forum. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Leautier, Frannie. 2006. Cities in a Globalizing World-Governance, Performance & Sustainability. Washington, DC: World Bank Institute.

Lederman, Daniel, and Laura Saenz. 2005. "Innovation and Development Around the World: 1960-2000." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3774. Washington, DC.

Lederman, Daniel, and William Maloney. 2003. "R&D and Development." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3024. Washington, DC.

Page 340: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

340

Leith, J. Clark. 2005. Why Botswana Prospered. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Levy, Brian, and Sahr Kpundeh, eds. 2004. Building State Capacity in Africa: New Approaches, Emerging Lessons. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Lopez-Claros, Augusto, Klaus Schwab, and Michael E. Porter. 2006. The Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007: Creating an Improved Business Environment. New York: Pargrave Macmillan.

Maddison, Angus. 2006. The World Economy. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris.

Mamade, Augustinho, Zuber Ahmend, and Peter Easton. 2003. "Mozambique, Repairing the Ravages of War-Initiation Societies and Community Schooling- IK Notes 33, Knowledge and Learning Center, Africa Region, World Bank, Washington, DC.

McDermott, Gerald. 2004. "Making a Case for the Argentine Wine Industry." Knowledge@ Wharton. January 22. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn. edu/artic1e.cfm?artic1eid=904& specialid=13.

McKinsey and Company. 2005. Building Effective Public-Private Partnerships: Lessons Learnt from the Jordan Education Initiative. Geneva: World Economic Forum.

McRae, M. 2006. "A Model Diaspora Network: The Origin and Evolution of Global Scot." In Yevgeny Kuznetsov, ed. Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad (201-220). Washington, DC: World Bank.

Mingat, A., and J. P. Tan. 1996. Full Social Returns to Education: Estimates Based on Countries Economic Growth Performance. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Moore, Gordon. 1965. "Cramming More Components into Integrated Circuits." Electronics Magazine. April 19.

Mytelka, Lynn K. 2000. "Local Systems of Innovation in a Globalized World Economy." Industry and Innovation 7 (1): 15-32.

Ndulu, Benno J., L. Chakraborti, and L. Lijane. 2007. Challenges of African Growth: Opportunities, Constraints and Strategic Directions. Africa Region, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Page 341: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

341

Nisbett, Richard. 2003. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently and Why. New York: The Free Press.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1994. Science, Technology, and Innovation Policies-Federation of Russia. Paris.

_____. 1996. Science, Technology, and Industry Outlook. Paris. _____. 1998. Human Capital Investment: An International Comparison. OECD

Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. Paris. _____. 2002. Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximizing Benefits,

Minimizing Costs. Paris. _____. 2004a. Internationalisation and Trade in Cross-Border Higher Education.

Paris. _____. 2004b. "Lifelong Learning." OECD Policy Brief. Paris. February. _____. 2004c. "Messages from PISA 2000." Paris. http://www.pisa.oecd.Org/

dataoecd/31/19/34107978.pdf. _____. 2005. Science, Technology, and Industry Scoreboard 2005. Paris. _____. 2006a. Are Students Ready for a Technology-Rich World? What PISA

Studies Tell Us. Paris. _____. 2006b. Science, Technology and Industry Outlook. Paris. _____. 2007. GECD Factbook 2007-Economic, Environmental, and Social

Statistics. Paris http://lysander.sourceoecd.org/vl=3564269/cl=21/nw= 1/rpsv/factbook/.

Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

O'Siochru, Sean. 2007. "Effective E-Leadership from the Top: But Will It Be Enough?" Draft report prepared for the World Bank by Nexus Research Cooperative.

Pai, M. A. 2004. "Why IITs Must Be Restructured." September 8. http://in.rediff. com/money/2004/sep/08guest2.htm.

Page 342: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

342

Palmade, Vincent. 2005. "Industry Level Analysis: The Way to Identify the Binding Constraints to Economic Growth." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3551. Washington, DC March.

Rischard, Jean-Francois. 2002. High Noon-20 Global Problems and 20 Years to Solve Them. New York: Basic Books.

Sachs, Jeffery D., and Andrew M. Warner 1995. "Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth." NBER Working Papers 5398. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Saint, William. 2006. "Innovation Funds for Higher Education: A Users' Guide for World Bank-Funded Projects." Education Sector Working Paper 1. World Bank, Washington, DC

Salmi, Jamil. 2004, Constructing Knowledge Societies. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Salmi, Jamil, and Arthur M. Hauptman. 2006. "Innovations in Tertiary Education Financing: A Comparative Evaluation of Allocation Mechanisms." Education Sector Working Paper 4. World Bank, Washington, DC

Saxenian, Annalee. 2000. "Taiwan's Transnational Connections." In M. Aoki, ed., East Asian Economics and Japanese Industry at a Turning Point. Tokyo: Research Institute of International Trade and Industry.

_______, 2005. "The International Mobility of Entrepreneurs and Regional Upgrading in India and China." UNU-WIDER Project on the International Mobility of Talent, Santiago, Chile. May.

Solow, Robert. 1956. "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1): 65-94.

Tokman, Andrea. 2004. "Education and Economic Growth in Chile." Working Papers of the Central Bank of Chile 289, Santiago, Chile.

Transparency International. 2005. Corruption Perceptions Index 2005. http://ww1.transparency.org/cpi/2005/cpi2005/sources.en.html.

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2005. World Investment Report. Geneva.

UNCTAD/ICTSD. 2003. "Intellectual Property Rights, Implications for Development."

Page 343: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

343

Policy Discussion Paper, Intellectual Property Rights & Sustainable Development Series. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva. August 2003. http://www.ictsd.org/iprsonline.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New York: Oxford University Press.

____. 2005. Community-Based Networks and Innovative Technologies: New Models to Serve and Empower the Poor. New York

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). 2005. Towards Knowledge Societies. Paris.

______. 2006. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007. Paris. UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Office). 2005. Industrial Development

Report 2005: Capacity Building for Catching-up-Historical, Empirical and Policy Dimensions. Vienna. http://www.unido.org/en/doc/46385.

United Nations Millennium Project. 2005. Investing in Development-A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. http://www. unmillenniumproject.org/ reports/index_overview.htm.

U.S. Department of State. 2005. "Background Note: Botswana." Bureau of African Affairs, Washington, DC.

Utz, Anuja. 2006. "Fostering Innovation, Productivity, and Technological Change: Tanzania in the Knowledge Economy." World Bank Institute Working Paper. Washington, DC.

Vargas Zufiiga, Fernando. 2005. "Key Competencies and Lifelong Learning." In Fernando Vargas Zufiiga, ed., Key Competencies and Lifelong Learning (81-118). Montevideo: CINTERFOR (Inter-American Research and Documentation Center on Vocational Training, International Labour Organization). http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/ampro /cinterfor / publlvargas /index.htm.

Vodaphone. 2005. "Africa: The Impact of Mobile Phones." Policy Paper Series 2, Vodaphone, Newbury, Berkshire, England. March. http://www.vodafone. com/start/responsibility / our_social_economic/ socio-economic_impact /impact_oCmobile_phones.html.

Page 344: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

344

Watkins, Alfred. 2003. "From Knowledge to Wealth: Transforming Russian Science and Technology for a Modern Knowledge Economy." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2974. Washington, DC.

Watson, Robert, Michael Crawford, and Sara Farley. 2003. "Strategic Approaches to Science and Technology in Development." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3026. Washington, DC. April.

WBI (World Bank Institute) and KDI (Korea Development Institute). 200Z Korea as a Knowledge Economy: Evolutionary Process and Lessons Learned. Washington, DC, and Seoul.

WEF (World Economic Forum). 2003. Africa Competitiveness Report 2004. Geneva. ____. 2004. Global Information Technology Report 2004-2005. Geneva. ____. 2005. The Global Competitiveness Report 2005-2006. Geneva. ____. 2006. The Global Information Technology Report 2005-2006. Geneva. Wellenius, Bjorn. 2002. "Closing the Rural Communications Access Gap: Chile

1995-2002." World Bank Discussion Paper 430. Washington, DC. Wellenius, Bjorn, C. Rosotto, and A. Lewin. 2004. "Morocco: Developing Competition

in Telecommunications." CITPO Working Paper. World Bank, Washington, DC.

Winters, L. Alan, and Shahid Yusuf. 200Z Dancing with the Giants: China, India, and the Global Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 1993. The East Asian Miracle. New York: Oxford University Press. _________. 1999. World Development Report 1998/99: Knowledge for

Development. Oxford University Press. _________. 2000a. "Botswana: An Example of Prudent Economic Policy and

Growth." Africa Region Findings 161. Washington, DC. June. http://www. worldbank.org/afr/findings/english/ findtoc.htm.

_________. 2000b. Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? Washington, DC. _________. 2000c. Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise.

Washington, DC. _________. 2000d. "Colombia: Rural Education Project." Project Appraisal

Page 345: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

345

Document, Report 20099, Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Washington, DC.

_________. 2001. Global Development Finance 2001. Washington, DC. _________. 2002a. "Constructing Knowledge Societies: New Challenges for

Tertiary Education." Education Group, Human Development Network Washington, DC.

_________. 2002b. From Natural Resources to the Knowledge Economy: Trade and Job Quality. Latin America and Caribbean Region. Washington, DC.

_________. 2003a. Closing the Gap in Education and Technology. Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Washington, DC.

_________. 2003b. "ICT and MDGs: A World Bank Group Perspective." Working Paper 27877. Washington, DC.

_________. 2003c. Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty and Development: Learning from Experience. Washington, DC.

_________. 2003d. Lifelong Learning in the Global Knowledge Economy: Challenges for Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.

_________. 2003e. "Mauritania: Enhanced National Capacity in Telecommunications Sector Reforms." Africa Region Findings 225. Washington, DC. April. http://www.worldbank.org/afr/findings/english/findtoc.htm.

_________. 2003f. "Mozambique: Improving the Quality of University Graduates." Africa Region Findings. Washington, DC. July.

_________. 2003g. "Technology, Skills and Internet Services in Korea: Moving Towards a Knowledge-based Economy." Report 23905-KO. Washington, DC. June.

_________. 2004a. "Building Blocks of e-Government: Lessons from Developing Countries." PREM Note 91. August. Washington, DC.

_________. 2004b. Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth. Washington, DC.

_________. 2004c. "India: Investment Climate Assessment 2004: Improving

Page 346: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

346

Manufacturing Competitiveness." Finance and Private Sector Development Unit, South Asia Region, Washington, DC.

_________. 2004d. Indigenous Knowledge: Local Pathways to Global Development. Africa Region, Washington, DC.

_________. 2004e. "Innovation Systems: World Bank Support of Science and Technology Development." World Bank Working Paper 32. Washington, DC.

_________. 2004f. Scaling Up Poverty Reduction. Report of "Reducing Poverty, Sustaining Growth: A Global Learning Process and Conference," Shanghai, May 25-27. Washington, DC: World Bank http://info. worldbankorg/etools/reducingpoverty/index.html.

_________. 2004g. "Republic of Tunisia: Review of Development Policies." Economic and Social Development Group, Middle East and North Africa Region. Washington, DC. October.

_________. 2004h. World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work For Poor People. Washington, DC.

_________. 2005a. Doing Business in 2006: Creating Jobs. Washington, DC. _________. 2005b. E-Development: From Excitement to Effectiveness.

Washington, DC. _________. 2005c. "Education Sector Strategy Update: Achieving Education for

All, Broadening Our Perspective, Maximizing Our Effectiveness." Report Number 34850. Washington, DC.

_________. 2005d. E-Strategies Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit. Washington, DC.

_________. 2005e. Expanding Opportunities and Building Competencies for Young People: A New Agenda for Secondary Education. Washington, DC.

_________. 2005f. "Vietnam: Project Appraisal Document for an Information and Communication Technology Development Project." Report 32919, Global Information and Communication Technologies Department, East Asia and Pacific Region. Washington, DC. August 12.

Page 347: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

347

_________. 2005g. "Public-Private Sector Dialogue in Uganda's Reform Process." Africa Region Findings 253. August. http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ findings/english/findtoc.htm.

_________. 2005h. World Development Report 2005: A Better Investment Climate for Everyone. Washington, DC.

_________. 2006a. "Bangladesh: End of MFA Quotas-Key Issues and Strategic Options for Bangladesh Readymade Garment Industry." Report 34964-BD. Washington, DC. January 18.

_________. 2006b. "Country Assistance Strategy for Bangladesh, FY06-09." Report 35193. Washington, DC. February 2.

_________. 2006c. Doing Business 2007: How to Reform. Washington, DC: World Bank.

_________. 2006d. "From Schooling Access to Learning Outcomes: An Unfinished Agenda, An Evaluation of World Bank Support to Primary Education." Independent Evaluation Group. Washington, DC.

_________. 2006e. Global Integration and Technology Transfer. Washington, DC.

_________. 2006f. Information and Communication for Development: Global Trends and Policies. Washington, DC.

_________. 2006g. "Lessons from Best Practices in Promoting Education for All." Prepared by the World Bank Institute, Human Development Unit, for a conference on Latin America and the Caribbean, Cartagena de Indias, October.

_________. 2006h. "Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation." ECA Knowledge Economy Study, Part I, Private and Financial Sector Development Department. Europe and Central Asia Region. Washington, DC.

_________. 2007. "Innovation Policies in Latin America 11." Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Washington, DC.

Yusuf, Shahid. 2003. Innovative East Asia: The Future of Growth. New York: Oxford University Press.

Page 348: World Bankdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/pt/...86. 1996 . GDP . 2.2A2 . β. 3 + β. 2 + β. 1 + α = 1996 . β. 1 . β. 2 . β. 3

348

Yusuf, Shahid, M. Anjum Altaf and Kaoru Nabeshima, eds. 2004a. Global Change and East Asian Policy Initiatives. New York: Oxford University Press.

____. 2004b. Global Production Networking and Technological Change in East Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.

Yusuf, Shahid, and Kaoru Nabeshima. 2006. Postindustrial East Asian Cities: Innovation for Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Yusuf, Shahid, and Simon J. Evenett. 2002. Can East Asia Compete? New York: Oxford University Press.

Zagha, Roberto, and Gobind Nankani, ed. 2006. Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learningfrom a Decade of Reform. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Zeng, Douglas Zhihua. 2007. Knowledge, Technology and Cluster-Based Growth in Africa: Finding from Eleven Case Studies of Enterprise Clusters in Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank Institute.

Zhen-Wei Qiang, Christine, Alexander Pitt, and Seth Ayers. 2004. Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies to Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank.