World at WarWorld at War

World War TwoWorld War Two

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Alsace Lorraine returned to FranceAlsace Lorraine returned to France Belgium Poland and Belgium Poland and

Czechoslovakia were given parts Czechoslovakia were given parts of Germany.of Germany.

all overseas colonies given to all overseas colonies given to Allies (Britain, France, Japan)Allies (Britain, France, Japan)

Free port city of DanzigFree port city of Danzig

T.O.V. Military GainsT.O.V. Military Gains

German army reduced to 100,000 German army reduced to 100,000 troopstroops

Forbidden to have air forceForbidden to have air force Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to

be handed over to Britain.be handed over to Britain. Admission of war guiltAdmission of war guilt

T.O.V. ReparationsT.O.V. Reparations

Germany to pay damages to Germany to pay damages to France and Belgium in money or France and Belgium in money or resources for 30 years.resources for 30 years.

France gets Saar coal mines for 15 France gets Saar coal mines for 15 yearsyears

Allied troops establish DMZ in the Allied troops establish DMZ in the Rhineland for 15 years.Rhineland for 15 years.

League of Nations formed.League of Nations formed.

Nazi Party AimsNazi Party Aims

NationalismNationalism All Germans in a All Germans in a

single Countrysingle Country Destroy the Destroy the

Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

RearmamentRearmament

SocialismSocialism Workers to share in Workers to share in

profitsprofits Big companies to be Big companies to be

taken over by statetaken over by state Land shared for the Land shared for the

benefit of allbenefit of all

Nazi Party AimsNazi Party Aims

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism Hatred of JewsHatred of Jews Regarded as Regarded as

lowest racelowest race Blamed for all Blamed for all

problemsproblems Remove Jews from Remove Jews from

all important all important positions in societypositions in society

Other AimsOther Aims Destroy Destroy

CommunismCommunism Strong central Strong central

governmentgovernment Increase old age Increase old age

pensionspensions Educate gifted Educate gifted

children at states children at states expense.expense.

Enabling ActEnabling Act

Since Hitler had two thirds majority he Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed this act that enabled him to pass passed this act that enabled him to pass laws without the Reichstag.laws without the Reichstag.

Basically made him have all the power Basically made him have all the power to make laws. What he said went.to make laws. What he said went.

Appointed new state parliaments to pass Appointed new state parliaments to pass his laws. Then disbanded Parliament.his laws. Then disbanded Parliament.

Got rid of all unionsGot rid of all unions Confiscated funds and property of all the Confiscated funds and property of all the

opposition parties sent leaders to opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration camps.Concentration camps.

Meine KampfMeine Kampf

Means “My Struggle” Means “My Struggle” Hitler Dictated this while in prisonHitler Dictated this while in prison Contains all of his ideas for Contains all of his ideas for

Germany Germany Included his hatred of the Jewish Included his hatred of the Jewish

Race and the superior Aryans.Race and the superior Aryans.

Maginot LineMaginot Line

French built a line of defences French built a line of defences Germans went around the line of Germans went around the line of

defences and surrounded itdefences and surrounded it French surrendered.French surrendered. Germany takes Paris. French allowed Germany takes Paris. French allowed

to Control Southern France. to Control Southern France. Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Petain becomes a puppet ruler to

Hitler, does everything Hitler wants.Hitler, does everything Hitler wants.

Miracle at DunkirkMiracle at Dunkirk

After French surrender, French After French surrender, French and British troops run to the Port and British troops run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in Allied control.of Dunkirk, still in Allied control.

Britain hoped to be able to save Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000 troops.50,000 troops.

How did it workHow did it work

Royal Air Force shot down many Royal Air Force shot down many German bombers.German bombers.

Hitler didn’t send in tanks so he Hitler didn’t send in tanks so he could save them to fight the could save them to fight the FrenchFrench

Land was flooded around Dunkirk, Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not good for tanks.not good for tanks.

Goering said the bombers would Goering said the bombers would do the job.do the job.

Battle of BritainBattle of BritainOperation SealionOperation Sealion Hitler needed control of sea and Hitler needed control of sea and

air to invade with troops.air to invade with troops. Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air

force bombers) to destroy ships force bombers) to destroy ships and air bases.and air bases.

BlitzBlitz

Just when the British we about to Just when the British we about to lose their last air field Germany lose their last air field Germany attacked London.attacked London.

This was to try and get the British This was to try and get the British to surrender.to surrender.

Revenge for British bombing of Revenge for British bombing of German cities.German cities.

Everything was targeted.Everything was targeted.

BlitzBlitz

Targeting cities did allow the Targeting cities did allow the British to rebuild the air Force. British to rebuild the air Force.

Built 1836 planes in 4 months.Built 1836 planes in 4 months. Germans were losing twice as Germans were losing twice as

many planes.many planes. British had radar technologiesBritish had radar technologies German Planes could not fight German Planes could not fight

long as they would run out of fuel.long as they would run out of fuel.

Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa

Hitler Knew the only way Britain Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight back was with help could fight back was with help from the Soviets or the U.S.from the Soviets or the U.S.

Hitler attacks the Soviets because Hitler attacks the Soviets because he disagreed with Communism.he disagreed with Communism.

Valuable resources Valuable resources Living space for Germans Living space for Germans

(Lebensraum)(Lebensraum)

Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa FailedFailed The geography of the U.S.S.R was The geography of the U.S.S.R was

not suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big)not suitable for Blitzkrieg (too big) Hitler spread out his troops to attack Hitler spread out his troops to attack

three areas at the same time.three areas at the same time. Winter set in and troops froze to Winter set in and troops froze to

deathdeath Allies provided aid through the artic Allies provided aid through the artic

and Persia.and Persia.

Why did Stalin Why did Stalin Choose the NazisChoose the Nazis

Nazi Soviet PackNazi Soviet Pack Hitler and Allies both wanted the Hitler and Allies both wanted the

Soviets on their side.Soviets on their side. Hitler did not want a war on two Hitler did not want a war on two

fronts East (Soviets and West fronts East (Soviets and West (Allies).(Allies).

Stalin was weak after the war and Stalin was weak after the war and purges.purges.

Stalin was terrified of being Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He killed or overthrown. He killed or imprisoned 11 million people imprisoned 11 million people including army officers.including army officers.

Nazi Soviet PackNazi Soviet Pack Hitler and Allies both wanted the Hitler and Allies both wanted the

Soviets on their side.Soviets on their side. Hitler did not want a war on two Hitler did not want a war on two

fronts East (Soviets and West fronts East (Soviets and West (Allies).(Allies).

Stalin was weak after the war and Stalin was weak after the war and Purges.Purges.

Stalin was terrified of being Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He killed or overthrown. He killed or imprisoned 11 million people imprisoned 11 million people including army officers.including army officers.

What was BlitzkriegWhat was Blitzkrieg

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

German Attack StrategyGerman Attack Strategy Based on planes and tanksBased on planes and tanks Bombers attacked airfields and Bombers attacked airfields and

communication centres communication centres Limited reinforcements and Limited reinforcements and

defencesdefences

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

Paratroopers dropped behind Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines enemy lines

Captured bridges and Captured bridges and communication towerscommunication towers

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

Bombers attacked enemy strong Bombers attacked enemy strong pointspoints

Tanks broke through weakened Tanks broke through weakened points and outflanked front linespoints and outflanked front lines

Why was it effective?Why was it effective? New tacticNew tactic Allies prepared for trench warfare Allies prepared for trench warfare

and spread themselves thin to and spread themselves thin to cover the borders.cover the borders.

Speed of tanks allowed Germans Speed of tanks allowed Germans to surround allies in the trench. to surround allies in the trench.

Allies were on the defensive Allies were on the defensive prepared for a long struggle.prepared for a long struggle.

Deliverance Day (D-Day)Deliverance Day (D-Day)

After 2 years of planning D-day is After 2 years of planning D-day is launch.launch.

Allies land on the beaches of Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.Normandy.

Landing spots are named Utah, Landing spots are named Utah, Omaha for the U.S, Juno for Omaha for the U.S, Juno for Canada, Gold and Sword for Canada, Gold and Sword for British.British.

Operation code name OverlordOperation code name Overlord

D-Day ContinuedD-Day Continued Airborne troops protected the flanksAirborne troops protected the flanks Navy bombarded the Nazi Navy bombarded the Nazi

fortificationsfortifications Nazis did not suspect the landing at Nazis did not suspect the landing at

Normandy allies sent a decoy Normandy allies sent a decoy invasion at Calaisinvasion at Calais

Hitler decided to not send Hitler decided to not send reinforcements to Normandyreinforcements to Normandy

Air force bombed Nazi comunication Air force bombed Nazi comunication towers.towers.

D-Day SuccessD-Day Success

At the end of the first day the At the end of the first day the allies controlled 10 kms of beach.allies controlled 10 kms of beach.

Landed half a million vehicles and Landed half a million vehicles and 4 million tons of supplies. (mostly 4 million tons of supplies. (mostly U.S.)U.S.)

August, 2 months later, Paris is August, 2 months later, Paris is liberatedliberated

The Cold War: The Cold War: CommunismCommunism

Terms: Bourgeoisie, Terms: Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, MarxProletariat, MarxMarx’s View on Marx’s View on CapitalismCapitalism Communism was a theory by Karl Marx Communism was a theory by Karl Marx

as a way to organize society fairly.as a way to organize society fairly. Marx saw that capitalism creates Marx saw that capitalism creates

classes in society.classes in society. BourgeoisieBourgeoisie are the owners are the owners ProletariatProletariat are the workers are the workers These two classes will continually be in These two classes will continually be in

conflict.conflict.

Marx’s View on Marx’s View on CapitalismCapitalism Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie own all the capital own all the capital

(factories, tools etc)(factories, tools etc) They also get all the profits.They also get all the profits. They can reinvest the profits in They can reinvest the profits in

the company or remove it and the company or remove it and pay themselves.pay themselves.

Marx’s View on Marx’s View on CapitalismCapitalism ProletariatProletariat – These are the – These are the

workers and get paid a wage.workers and get paid a wage. They get no share in Company They get no share in Company

profits.profits. At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies. The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to

reduce the costs of production and reduce the costs of production and pay as little as possible.pay as little as possible.

TermTerm “Dictatorship of the “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”Proletariat”

A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will A “dictatorship of the proletariat” will be created to organize the country.be created to organize the country.

They will ensure that the gains of the They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is secured from the capitalist.revolt is secured from the capitalist.

Most “Communist regimes” have Most “Communist regimes” have only achieved this.only achieved this.

PersonPersonVladimir LeninVladimir Lenin Lenin was leader of the Communist Lenin was leader of the Communist

Bolshevik party.Bolshevik party. Aided by Germany because he Aided by Germany because he

wanted Russia to get out of the war.wanted Russia to get out of the war. Party increased from 26000 to 2 Party increased from 26000 to 2

million million Created a military group called the Created a military group called the

red Guardsred Guards

November 1917November 1917

Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a revolution.power in a revolution.

Lenin gives all land to the Lenin gives all land to the peasantspeasants

Factories are given to the workers Factories are given to the workers who elect a committee to run who elect a committee to run them.them.

Lenin dies and Stalin takes overLenin dies and Stalin takes over

Terms: Yalta Terms: Yalta ConferenceConference

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

The three leaders met at Yalta, The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

Germany was to be defeated and Germany was to be defeated and disarmed.disarmed.

Split into four zones of occupation Split into four zones of occupation given to the Allies.given to the Allies.

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

Eastern European countries were Eastern European countries were to have free elections.to have free elections.

The USSR was to join the war The USSR was to join the war against Japan.against Japan.

United Nations set up.United Nations set up. Germany was to pay reparations, Germany was to pay reparations,

Stalin wanted a large fixed sum Stalin wanted a large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.the Allies would not agree with.

Term: PotsdamTerm: Potsdam

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

Occupation zones decided.Occupation zones decided. Nazi party banned and were to be Nazi party banned and were to be

tried as war criminals.tried as war criminals. For reparations each power was to For reparations each power was to

collect industrial equipment from its collect industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone was mostly zone. USSR zone was mostly agriculture.agriculture.

Germans living in Poland, Hungary, Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia were to return to and Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.Germany.

Tensions after Tensions after PotsdamPotsdam Truman replaced Roosevelt after his Truman replaced Roosevelt after his

death.death. Stalin invited non communist leaders Stalin invited non communist leaders

in Poland to the Soviet Union and in Poland to the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists imprisoned them. Communists replaced them in Government.replaced them in Government.

Truman did not tell Stalin about plans Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop bomb on Japan.to drop bomb on Japan.

Tensions after Tensions after PotsdamPotsdam Truman was suspicious since Truman was suspicious since

USSR had the largest army in the USSR had the largest army in the world.world.

USSR was developing its own USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb.atomic Bomb.

Truman believed Stalin was Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern Europe to influencing Eastern Europe to become communists.become communists.

Term: Truman DoctrineTerm: Truman Doctrine

U.S. President Harry Truman U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was the believed that is was the responsibility of the U.S. to responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the spread of prevent the spread of Communism in the world.Communism in the world.

Change in foreign policy from Change in foreign policy from isolationism which was practiced isolationism which was practiced throughout the two world wars. throughout the two world wars.

UN InvolvementUN InvolvementTerm: Domino TheoryTerm: Domino Theory

Truman was afraid that if Korea fell Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism than so would Japan to Communism than so would Japan and other Capitalists countries. and other Capitalists countries. (Domino Theory).(Domino Theory).

16 countries supported the UN 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea including Canada.invasion of Korea including Canada.

Truman chose General Macarthur to Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.lead the force.

Korean WarKorean War

Term 38Term 38thth Parallel Parallel

They meet at the They meet at the 3838thth parallel parallel (latitude) and (latitude) and divided the divided the country in two.country in two.

11stst phase phaseTerms: Macarthur, Yalu Terms: Macarthur, Yalu riverriver June – Sept.June – Sept. North Korea North Korea

pushes the South pushes the South all the way back all the way back to a small corner to a small corner of the country of the country called Pusan.called Pusan.

2nd phase2nd phase

Macarthur Macarthur organised a landing organised a landing at Inchon.at Inchon.

Effectively Effectively surrounds N Korean surrounds N Korean troops.troops.

Despite China’s Despite China’s warnings they warnings they cross the 38cross the 38thth parallel.parallel.

33rdrd phase phase

US ignore China US ignore China and push all the and push all the way to the Yalu way to the Yalu River.River.

This borders with This borders with China.China.

Macarthur ignored Macarthur ignored Truman’s orders Truman’s orders and began to and began to approach the Yalu.approach the Yalu.

China enters the China enters the war.war.

Pushes the force Pushes the force back past the 38back past the 38thth parallel.parallel.

Un counter Attack Un counter Attack drives them back to drives them back to the 38the 38thth parallel. parallel.

Armistice signed in Armistice signed in 1953.1953.

Rhee and MacarthurRhee and Macarthur

Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South Korea, Capitalist.Leader of South Korea, Capitalist.

General Macarthur – General General Macarthur – General made famous after war in the made famous after war in the pacific. General in charge of the pacific. General in charge of the Korean War.Korean War.

Cuban Missile Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis

Person Fulgencio Person Fulgencio BatistaBatista

In 1950, Cuba was In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless ruled by a ruthless dictator dictator Fulgencio Fulgencio Batista.Batista.

He killed all He killed all opponents and used opponents and used the military to the military to support his rule.support his rule.

Batista GovernmentBatista Government

Capitalist government.Capitalist government. Military supported by the U.SMilitary supported by the U.S He and members of his He and members of his

government were very rich while government were very rich while the rest of Cubans were poor.the rest of Cubans were poor.

Disliked Communists.Disliked Communists.

Batista GovernmentBatista Government

The capital, Havana, The capital, Havana, was treated as a was treated as a playground for rich playground for rich Americans.Americans.

It was controlled by It was controlled by American Italian American Italian Mafia Leader Lucky Mafia Leader Lucky Luciano.Luciano.

Lucky set up a Lucky set up a cocaine operation cocaine operation and ran casinos.and ran casinos.

Batista GovernmentBatista Government Was also used to hide money from Was also used to hide money from

illegal activities in the U.S. illegal activities in the U.S. Many Americans set up factories in Many Americans set up factories in

Cuba to take advantage of local Cuba to take advantage of local resources like sugar cane and resources like sugar cane and tobacco. Ex. Palmolive – Colgate.tobacco. Ex. Palmolive – Colgate.

This resulted in many rich Americans This resulted in many rich Americans and very poor citizens of Cuba and very poor citizens of Cuba

Cuban RevolutionCuban RevolutionPerson: Fidel CastroPerson: Fidel Castro Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was

appalled at the corruption for the appalled at the corruption for the Batista government.Batista government.

Received support through educating Received support through educating the poor on the corruption of the the poor on the corruption of the government.government.

He joined forces with Che Guevara He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised an army which and organised an army which overthrew the Batista government.overthrew the Batista government.

Castro RegimeCastro Regime

Castro’s first business was to Castro’s first business was to execute all the corrupt government execute all the corrupt government officials that abused the poor.officials that abused the poor.

Then he nationalised all the foreign Then he nationalised all the foreign American assets.American assets.

Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.Wealth was to be invested in Cuba. With this money he set up free With this money he set up free

health care.health care.

Term: Bay of Pigs Term: Bay of Pigs InvasionInvasion Cuba has fell to Communism and Cuba has fell to Communism and

Castro is allied with the USSR Castro is allied with the USSR because of the trade embargo.because of the trade embargo.

Kennedy could not have a communist Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles off the coast of Florida.ally 50 miles off the coast of Florida.

Many people who did not agree with Many people who did not agree with Castro and Communism fled the Castro and Communism fled the country and became exiles.country and became exiles.

Bay of Pigs 1961Bay of Pigs 1961

Kennedy decided to get the CIA to Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the exiles and plan an train the exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba.invasion of Cuba.

Exiles taking country back sounds Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better than a US invasion.a lot better than a US invasion.

The invasion was a great failure The invasion was a great failure and Castro captured and jailed and Castro captured and jailed many of the exiles.many of the exiles.

Results of Bay of Pigs Results of Bay of Pigs 19611961 Because of this Castro felt Because of this Castro felt

threatened and allied closure with threatened and allied closure with the USSR.the USSR.

He needed them for protection.He needed them for protection. Allowed Russia to install military Allowed Russia to install military

bases.bases. Russia began shipping weapons Russia began shipping weapons

into Cuba.into Cuba.

Khrushchev and GulagKhrushchev and Gulag

Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis.Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout Policy of “Destalinisation” throughout Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons.Russia and told of the Gulag Prisons.

Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps Gulag – Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created to deal with anyone Stalin created to deal with anyone who opposed him.who opposed him.

Détente, Hotline, MADDétente, Hotline, MAD

Détente – Time of peace or settling of Détente – Time of peace or settling of tension during a conflict.tension during a conflict.

Hotline – direct line of communication Hotline – direct line of communication which was set up after the Cuban Missile which was set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the USSR and the USA.crisis between the USSR and the USA.

MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction – Theory which states that if one country Theory which states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear weapon then the attacks with a Nuclear weapon then the other would counter, this would continue other would counter, this would continue until both countries are destroyed.until both countries are destroyed.

Short Answer 1. Short Answer 1. Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Truman believed Communism grew Truman believed Communism grew

in countries in poverty.in countries in poverty. Many governments were struggling Many governments were struggling

to rebuild after the war.to rebuild after the war. They realised that if they built up They realised that if they built up

Europe now, they could have a Europe now, they could have a trading partner for life and keep it trading partner for life and keep it from falling to communism.from falling to communism.

Created by General George MarshallCreated by General George Marshall

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

The USA offered money, equipment The USA offered money, equipment and goods to states willing to work and goods to states willing to work together to create recovery.together to create recovery.

Included cash machinery, food and Included cash machinery, food and technology.technology.

In return, they would agree to buy In return, they would agree to buy American goods and allow American goods and allow American to invest capital in their American to invest capital in their in their industries.in their industries.

ResultsResults

16 nations set up the Organisation 16 nations set up the Organisation for European Economic for European Economic Cooperation.Cooperation.

In 1953 US gave 17 billionIn 1953 US gave 17 billion Increased tensions and divide Increased tensions and divide

between East and West.between East and West. Stalin prevented Soviet countries Stalin prevented Soviet countries

from engaging in the plan.from engaging in the plan.

ResultsResults

Stalin accused the USA of using Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for their own selfish the plan for their own selfish interestsinterests

Plan to dominate Europe and help Plan to dominate Europe and help the American Economy.the American Economy.

Short Answer Question:Short Answer Question:2. Berlin Blockade 1948-2. Berlin Blockade 1948-4949

Berlin BlockadeBerlin BlockadePolitical DivisionsPolitical Divisions After Potsdam Berlin was divided After Potsdam Berlin was divided

between West (allied controlled between West (allied controlled and East USSR controlled.and East USSR controlled.

West was capitalist democracy West was capitalist democracy and East was Socialist.and East was Socialist.

Berlin Blockade Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Reconstruction DifferencesDifferences Allies wanted to rebuild Germany Allies wanted to rebuild Germany

to be a strong country.to be a strong country. Wouldn’t fall to CommunismWouldn’t fall to Communism Create a trading partnerCreate a trading partner Act as a shield against the spread Act as a shield against the spread

of communism in Europeof communism in Europe

Berlin Blockade Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Reconstruction DifferencesDifferences USSR wanted a weak Germany USSR wanted a weak Germany

that would be incapable of an that would be incapable of an attack.attack.

USSR refused to let their zone USSR refused to let their zone trade with the Western allied trade with the Western allied zone (West Berlin)zone (West Berlin)

Berlin BlockadeBerlin BlockadeConflictConflict Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they

controlled all access to city.controlled all access to city. Believed the Allies had no business in Believed the Allies had no business in

Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone.Berlin since it was in the Soviet zone. U.S put up a military base.U.S put up a military base. Capitalist way of life was on show as Capitalist way of life was on show as

the U.S tried to make their zone the U.S tried to make their zone better.better.

Question 2 Berlin Question 2 Berlin BlockadeBlockade In protest, Stalin decided to restrict In protest, Stalin decided to restrict

access to Berlin by the Allies.access to Berlin by the Allies. Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Hoped to get the allies to pull out of

Berlin by starving the people.Berlin by starving the people. Abandon plans to develop GermanyAbandon plans to develop Germany Eventually the people would turn to Eventually the people would turn to

him and switch to Communism and him and switch to Communism and create one city.create one city.

Berlin BlockadeBerlin BlockadeWestern OptionsWestern Options Ignore and drive through Blockade.Ignore and drive through Blockade.

AdvantagesAdvantages: 1)Show the Russians : 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not be blackmailed.the U.S could not be blackmailed.

2)They were the only ones with an A 2)They were the only ones with an A bomb.bomb.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages:: 1)High risk of War 1)High risk of War

2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S 2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.forces in Europe.

Berlin BlockadeBerlin BlockadeOption 2: Pull Out of Option 2: Pull Out of BerlinBerlinAdvantages: Advantages:

1) Avoid any risk of War1) Avoid any risk of War

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) 1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the Western powers.for the Western powers.

2) No one trust the Americans in the 2) No one trust the Americans in the future to stand against Communism.future to stand against Communism.

Berlin Blockade Berlin Blockade Option 3: Supply West Option 3: Supply West Berlin by AirBerlin by AirAdvantages: Advantages:

1)Less risk of War than option 11)Less risk of War than option 1

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of 1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required daily.supplies required daily.

2) Costly to supply by two million 2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.people by air.

Short Answer 3. and Short Answer 3. and Terms Terms SocialismSocialism v. v. CapitalismCapitalism Usually 1 party Usually 1 party

statestate Industry and Industry and

agriculture owned agriculture owned by the state. by the state. People encouraged People encouraged to work for the to work for the common good.common good.

Classless society Classless society with no profit with no profit makingmaking

Elections and more Elections and more than one political than one political party.party.

Most industry and Most industry and agriculture owned agriculture owned by individuals.by individuals.

They employ They employ workers and keep workers and keep all profits made.all profits made.

Profits create Profits create classes of people.classes of people.

Question 4. Kennedy’s Question 4. Kennedy’s OptionsOptionsOption 1 Do NothingOption 1 Do Nothing He could do nothing and ignore He could do nothing and ignore

the missiles. the missiles. This would have been political This would have been political

suicide and if the Russians had suicide and if the Russians had seen this as weakness on his seen this as weakness on his part, they could have taken part, they could have taken advantage of it.advantage of it.

Lose public support and be seen Lose public support and be seen as a weak president.as a weak president.

Option 2 InvasionOption 2 Invasion

He could order a full scale military He could order a full scale military invasion of Cuba. invasion of Cuba.

This would escalate the problem as This would escalate the problem as there were 22000 Soviet troops there were 22000 Soviet troops there.there.

Heavy casualties would look bad on Heavy casualties would look bad on the presidency. the presidency.

Did not know where all the sites were Did not know where all the sites were or if any were operational and would or if any were operational and would be fired before they were captured.be fired before they were captured.

Option 3 - Air StrikeOption 3 - Air Strike

He could order an air strike He could order an air strike against the missile bases only. against the missile bases only.

The problem again would be The problem again would be Russian casualties.Russian casualties.

Air Force was not sure it could Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point bombing deliver pin-point bombing raids on what were relatively raids on what were relatively small targets.small targets.

Option 4 - Diplomacy Option 4 - Diplomacy

He could call on the Russians to He could call on the Russians to remove the missiles explaining the remove the missiles explaining the damage their presence was doing to damage their presence was doing to Russian/American relations. Russian/American relations.

However, the Russians were highly However, the Russians were highly unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request unlikely to listen to a ‘polite’ request especially as they even refused to especially as they even refused to recognise the existence of the recognise the existence of the missiles at the United Nations missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting on the matter.emergency meeting on the matter.

Option 5 - BlockadeOption 5 - Blockade

He could put a naval blockade He could put a naval blockade around the island - quarantine it - around the island - quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian and not allow any more Russian ships to enter Cuba.ships to enter Cuba.

This would still leave missiles on This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the negotiations would Cuba but the negotiations would continue in the background while continue in the background while publically Kennedy would be seen publically Kennedy would be seen to be doing something specific.to be doing something specific.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Short Answer Question Short Answer Question 5 5 Lenin to StalinLenin to Stalin Lenin dies from Lenin dies from

multiple strokes in multiple strokes in 19241924

Stalin opposed the Stalin opposed the New Economic New Economic Policy of Lenin as it Policy of Lenin as it was not Socialism.was not Socialism.

A new class of rich A new class of rich landowners formed landowners formed called “Kulaks”called “Kulaks”

CollectivisationCollectivisation Stalin felt he needed to modernise Stalin felt he needed to modernise

and industrialise.and industrialise. In order for industrialisation to occur In order for industrialisation to occur

there needs to be modernised there needs to be modernised farming techniques.farming techniques.

Greater yield from less work would Greater yield from less work would allow farmers to leave land and go allow farmers to leave land and go work in factories.work in factories.

Modernisation meant using tractors Modernisation meant using tractors and machines on large farms and machines on large farms

CollectivisationCollectivisation

Stalin took control of small farms Stalin took control of small farms controlled by one family and controlled by one family and merged them into large plots of merged them into large plots of land that supported many land that supported many families.families.

The government then gave them The government then gave them tractors and seeds.tractors and seeds.

IndustrialisationIndustrialisationStalin’s AimsStalin’s Aims Security – threatened from Western Security – threatened from Western

Nations, needed to modernise the Nations, needed to modernise the MilitaryMilitary

Prove Communism was rightProve Communism was right Control – Stalin needed to control his Control – Stalin needed to control his

country so revolutions did not occurcountry so revolutions did not occur Agriculture – Needed to be able Agriculture – Needed to be able

manufacture tractors and farm manufacture tractors and farm equipment equipment

Term: 5 Year PlansTerm: 5 Year PlansFirst plan 1928-32First plan 1928-32 Increase armaments (military) by Increase armaments (military) by

mining iron, coal and producing mining iron, coal and producing steel.steel.

Take over all private businessTake over all private business 1929 Stalin ordered it to be 1929 Stalin ordered it to be

completed in 4 years.completed in 4 years.

5 year Plan5 year Plan22ndnd Plan 1933 - 37 Plan 1933 - 37 Concentrated on consumer goods Concentrated on consumer goods

and housing projects.and housing projects. Had to be abandoned because of Had to be abandoned because of

suspicion around Hitlersuspicion around Hitler Went back to producing weapons.Went back to producing weapons.

5 Year Plan5 Year Plan 3 3rdrd Plan Plan Focused on luxury goods such as Focused on luxury goods such as

bicycles, and radios that were in bicycles, and radios that were in other industrialised countries.other industrialised countries.

Also abandoned when Hitler Also abandoned when Hitler invadedinvaded

Results of 5 Year PlanResults of 5 Year Plan

Output – Soviet Union made huge Output – Soviet Union made huge advances to make it the world’s advances to make it the world’s second largest industrial Powersecond largest industrial Power

New industrial centres and towns New industrial centres and towns were built from scratch in the were built from scratch in the centre of the Union, protected centre of the Union, protected from invasionfrom invasion

See handoutSee handout

Power and transport projects Power and transport projects were completed including huge were completed including huge hydroelectric dams hydroelectric dams

Urban Population increased by 29 Urban Population increased by 29 million.million.

Stalin’s DictatorshipStalin’s Dictatorship

Stalin used Stalin used propaganda to propaganda to create a “cult of create a “cult of Stalin”Stalin”

He had statues and He had statues and places named after places named after him. (Stalingrad)him. (Stalingrad)

People had to clap People had to clap when his name was when his name was mentioned in mentioned in meetingsmeetings

Culture and Culture and CensorshipCensorship Stalin reviewed every film and Stalin reviewed every film and

book written to make sure it book written to make sure it promoted the country.promoted the country.

Stories had to celebrate the Stories had to celebrate the common working people and the common working people and the successes of Communismsuccesses of Communism

Anyone in violation would be sent Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps or “Gulags”to Labour camps or “Gulags”

EducationEducation

Children were taught that Stalin Children were taught that Stalin was the “Great Leader”was the “Great Leader”

Students were taught Stalin’s Students were taught Stalin’s version of Historyversion of History

Religion was banned and leaders Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned imprisoned

Stalin was the only one to be Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.worshipped.

Secret Police and Secret Police and Labour CampsLabour Camps Stalin created and expanded his Stalin created and expanded his

secret police force to search out secret police force to search out anyone in opposition to his anyone in opposition to his government.government.

Guilty people were sentenced to Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or hard labour.death, exile or hard labour.

Labour camps called Gulags were set Labour camps called Gulags were set up for prisoners.up for prisoners.

Millions of people were sent to do Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.forced labour.

PurgesPurges

Stalin was always fearful of losing Stalin was always fearful of losing power.power.

Used terror in the form of Purges Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of any opposition.to get rid of any opposition.

This also helped with labour in This also helped with labour in minesmines

Purges 1930-40Purges 1930-40

Managers and workers that did not Managers and workers that did not meet the five year plans or talked meet the five year plans or talked bad about thembad about them

Kulaks that opposed Kulaks that opposed collectivisationcollectivisation

1934 Opposition party members1934 Opposition party members 1935 senior communists that may 1935 senior communists that may

support Other leaders (Trotsky)support Other leaders (Trotsky)

PurgesPurges

Ordinary citizens – if someone Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected a neighbour of not suspected a neighbour of not supporting the government they supporting the government they could be arrested.could be arrested.

Children were encouraged to tell Children were encouraged to tell on their parents.on their parents.

People tortured to confession People tortured to confession 1 million people in Moscow killed1 million people in Moscow killed

Purges and ResultsPurges and Results 1937 the Red Army – Most senior 1937 the Red Army – Most senior

officers and officials were killed or officers and officials were killed or sent to Gulags.sent to Gulags.

Left the army unprepared against Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s invasion.Hitler’s invasion.

Executed = 1 millionExecuted = 1 million Died in Camps = 2 millionDied in Camps = 2 million In prison = 1 millionIn prison = 1 million Gulags = 8 millionGulags = 8 million These are figures form one year.These are figures form one year.

Results ContinuedResults Continued

Most of the advantages of Most of the advantages of Communism was nullified after this.Communism was nullified after this.

Expert scientists, administrators Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers were usually sent to and Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or killed.“Gulags” or killed.

People would tell on each other for People would tell on each other for self interest. self interest.

Stalin even killed members of his Stalin even killed members of his own family.own family.

The Road to WarThe Road to WarHitler’s AimsHitler’s Aims

Causes of WW2 Essay Causes of WW2 Essay Question 2Question 2

Cause 1. Treaty of Cause 1. Treaty of versaille Reversal of versaille Reversal of the Treaty of the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles Never excepted treatyNever excepted treaty Determined to restore German Determined to restore German

PridePride Intended to retrieve the lands lost Intended to retrieve the lands lost

in 1919in 1919 Build up the armed forcesBuild up the armed forces

Unite GermansUnite Germans

Hitler wanted to unite all German Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking peoplespeaking people

This would create “Greater Germany” This would create “Greater Germany” in one homelandin one homeland

This meant the unification of Germany This meant the unification of Germany and Austria (Anschless) which was and Austria (Anschless) which was forbidden in the Treaty of Versaillesforbidden in the Treaty of Versailles

Also unite the Sudetenland of Also unite the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

LebensraumLebensraum

Means “Living space”Means “Living space” For it’s 85 million citizens it would For it’s 85 million citizens it would

need more resourcesneed more resources Would have to invade Poland and Would have to invade Poland and

west USSRwest USSR Hitler hated the Poles because they Hitler hated the Poles because they

were Slavswere Slavs Hitler hated USSR because they Hitler hated USSR because they

were Communistswere Communists

German RearmamentGerman Rearmament19331933 Disarmament Conference – Hitler Disarmament Conference – Hitler

challenged the other powers to challenged the other powers to disarm to his level. They disarm to his level. They rejected.rejected.

Hitler then felt justified in Hitler then felt justified in rearmingrearming

German Armed ForcesGerman Armed Forces

In 1933 Germany announced they In 1933 Germany announced they would increase troops to 300,000would increase troops to 300,000

Air force to contain 1000 planes and Air force to contain 1000 planes and train pilots.train pilots.

1935 Increased army to 500,0001935 Increased army to 500,000 Allies met to condemn German Allies met to condemn German

Rearmament Rearmament This was called the Stresa conference This was called the Stresa conference

Anglo-German Naval Anglo-German Naval TreatyTreaty This allowed Germany to build a This allowed Germany to build a

Navy 1/3 the size of Britain and Navy 1/3 the size of Britain and have the same number of Subs.have the same number of Subs.

This broke the Stresa agreement.This broke the Stresa agreement. Allies turned on each other.Allies turned on each other.

2. Appeasement2. Appeasement

Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Did nothing when Hitler began rearming. Did nothing when Hitler began rearming. Including the air force and navy and Including the air force and navy and increasing troops from 300,000increasing troops from 300,000

Did nothing when they allied and took over Did nothing when they allied and took over Austria (anchluss)Austria (anchluss)

Hitler thought he could get away with Hitler thought he could get away with anything so moved into Poland which anything so moved into Poland which started the war.started the war.

PropagandaPropaganda

Hitler used film and control of all Hitler used film and control of all information in the country to gain the information in the country to gain the faith of his people. I.E. The People’s faith of his people. I.E. The People’s RadioRadio

He created the Hitler youth and He created the Hitler youth and taught them to worship Hitler. This taught them to worship Hitler. This would ensure future support. would ensure future support.

Women were taught how to raise the Women were taught how to raise the perfect German child according to perfect German child according to Hitler’s vision.Hitler’s vision.

Domestic ControlDomestic Control

Hitler controlled all information in the Hitler controlled all information in the Country.Country.

Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill and bully any that opposed his and bully any that opposed his views.views.

Burned books that spoke against himBurned books that spoke against him Schools only taught his approved Schools only taught his approved

curriculum.curriculum.

Rwanda

Question 12 long answer Question 12 long answer 11HistoryHistory First colonized by Germany in 1890.First colonized by Germany in 1890.

Germany forced to give it over to Germany forced to give it over to Belgium in Treaty of Versailles in Belgium in Treaty of Versailles in 1919.1919.

Natives made up of two ethnic Natives made up of two ethnic groups, Tutsi and Hutu who lived groups, Tutsi and Hutu who lived together for 600 years.together for 600 years.

Hutu TutsiHutu Tutsi

Both groups spoke the same Both groups spoke the same language, shared the same language, shared the same religion, and traded resources.religion, and traded resources.

Both followed the Belgian chosen Both followed the Belgian chosen leader and thought he was leader and thought he was godlike.godlike.

Intermarriages were common Intermarriages were common between the two.between the two.

Differences Hutu TutsiDifferences Hutu Tutsi

Physically the Tutsi were lighter Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned, thinner and taller than Hutusskinned, thinner and taller than Hutus

Hutus were shorter and stocky, Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker skinned.darker skinned.

Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were famers.famers.

85% of people were Hutu, 15% Tutsi85% of people were Hutu, 15% Tutsi Large Hutu Majority.Large Hutu Majority.

Belgium InfluenceBelgium Influence Belgium orders the citizens to carry Belgium orders the citizens to carry

identity cards stating who was Tutsi identity cards stating who was Tutsi and Hutu.and Hutu.

Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically superior because they had lighter skin, superior because they had lighter skin, were taller.were taller.

Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.Tutsi were richer since they had cattle. Gave privileged jobs and government Gave privileged jobs and government

positions to Tutsi.positions to Tutsi. This angered Hutus as they were the This angered Hutus as they were the

majoritymajority

ConflictConflict

In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and Belgium installs another Tutsi and Belgium installs another Tutsi king.king.

This angered Hutus and a violent This angered Hutus and a violent revolution resulted.revolution resulted.

Rwanda holds an referendum and Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for independence from vote for independence from Belgium. Belgium.

Hutu PowerHutu Power

1962 First Hutu, Gregoire 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, elected to power.Kayibanda, elected to power.

Throughout the 60’s and 70’s Throughout the 60’s and 70’s Hutus kill and persecute Tutsi and Hutus kill and persecute Tutsi and remove them from powerful jobs.remove them from powerful jobs.

2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania. Congo, Tanzania.

In 1973 military coup installs Hutu In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General HabyarimanaGeneral Habyarimana

He changes constitution that states He changes constitution that states Tutsi can only fill 9% of government Tutsi can only fill 9% of government positions.positions.

Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring countries from the Rwandese countries from the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight for Tutsi Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight for Tutsi rights.rights.

1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda. France and Zaire send troops to stop the France and Zaire send troops to stop the

invasion and force a cease fire in 1991.invasion and force a cease fire in 1991. Hutu Government declares Tutsis as Hutu Government declares Tutsis as

enemy of the state.enemy of the state. United Nations intervenes to make sure United Nations intervenes to make sure

the cease fire is not broken.the cease fire is not broken. Mission is called United Nations Mission is called United Nations

Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).

UNAMIRUNAMIR

2500 troops 2500 troops 370 from Canada370 from Canada 400 Belgium400 Belgium 800 Ghana800 Ghana Canadian Lieutenant General Canadian Lieutenant General

Romeo Dallaire is put in charge of Romeo Dallaire is put in charge of the mission to support Arusha the mission to support Arusha Accords cease fire.Accords cease fire.

Ethnic DivisionEthnic Division

President Habyarimana President Habyarimana takes this event to takes this event to create a Tutsi enemy create a Tutsi enemy threat.threat.

Gave him more Gave him more support in the country.support in the country.

Organized massacres Organized massacres of Tutsi and opposition of Tutsi and opposition groups.groups.

Formed a youth militia Formed a youth militia called the called the Interahamwe (those Interahamwe (those that attack together).that attack together).

Interehamwe recruiters offered Interehamwe recruiters offered them food, drugs, freedom to them food, drugs, freedom to rape, cash.rape, cash.

Encouraged them to take Tutsi Encouraged them to take Tutsi possessions.possessions.

Hutu Power RadioHutu Power Radio

Habyarimana also started the radio station Habyarimana also started the radio station RTLM also known as Hutu Power.RTLM also known as Hutu Power.

Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for all problems. for all problems.

Called them Inyenzi or “cockroaches”Called them Inyenzi or “cockroaches” Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Also spread hate against UNAMIR and

Belgium.Belgium. In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu

president making the Rwandans more president making the Rwandans more frightened. frightened.

Hutu Power RadioHutu Power Radio

Radio announces that Tutsi Radio announces that Tutsi should exterminate their should exterminate their neighbours and take their land neighbours and take their land and possessions.and possessions.

False reports of the Tutsi False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in rural parts of attacking Hutu in rural parts of country led by the RPF.country led by the RPF.

Civilian Civil Defense Civilian Civil Defense ForceForce Habyarimana organizes another Habyarimana organizes another

militia (Civilian Civil Defense militia (Civilian Civil Defense Force) of ordinary citizens and Force) of ordinary citizens and gives them clubs and machetes. gives them clubs and machetes.

It is now believed that France It is now believed that France supplied weapons and training for supplied weapons and training for the Interahamwe and the Civilian the Interahamwe and the Civilian force.force.

StructureStructure

Habyarimana then kills all local Habyarimana then kills all local leaders that does not support him leaders that does not support him and replaces them with his own Hutu and replaces them with his own Hutu leaders.leaders.

Police chiefs, Mayors, government Police chiefs, Mayors, government employees all support killing the employees all support killing the Tutsi.Tutsi.

They wait for the signal from the Hutu They wait for the signal from the Hutu power radio station.power radio station.

Dallaire’s CablesDallaire’s Cables Dallaire captures shipments of Dallaire captures shipments of

weapons from France (in violation of weapons from France (in violation of Arusha Accords) destined for Hutu Arusha Accords) destined for Hutu Government.Government.

Meets with Interahamwe informant Meets with Interahamwe informant “Jean Pierre” who tells of weapons “Jean Pierre” who tells of weapons caches throughout Rwanda.caches throughout Rwanda.

Dallaire sends cable (communication) Dallaire sends cable (communication) requesting permission to capture requesting permission to capture weapons and is denied. Forced to tell weapons and is denied. Forced to tell Habyarimana what he knows.Habyarimana what he knows.

Jean Pierre is never seen again Jean Pierre is never seen again

StartStart

April 6April 6thth 1994 President 1994 President Habyarimana is killed when his Habyarimana is killed when his plane is shot down.plane is shot down.

Colonel Bagosora takes charge Colonel Bagosora takes charge and orders the military, and orders the military, Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Defense to begin extermination of Defense to begin extermination of the Tutsi for self defense.the Tutsi for self defense.

StrategiesStrategies

Organised to kill 1000 every 20 Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutesminutes

Since Rwandans were forced to Since Rwandans were forced to identify, Hutus knew where they lived.identify, Hutus knew where they lived.

Went house to house killing families.Went house to house killing families. Local officials order militias to create Local officials order militias to create

barriers on roads to prevent Tutsis from barriers on roads to prevent Tutsis from leaving.leaving.

StrategiesStrategies

Force Tutsi to go to public Force Tutsi to go to public buildings (churches, schools, govt buildings (churches, schools, govt buildings) where they are buildings) where they are massacred in large scale.massacred in large scale.

Women were raped in exchange Women were raped in exchange for their life.for their life.

Belgium DeathsBelgium Deaths

Once the killings started, Romeo Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire sent 10 Belgium Dallaire sent 10 Belgium peacekeepers to protect the Prime peacekeepers to protect the Prime Minister Agathe uwilingiyimanaMinister Agathe uwilingiyimana

She is killedShe is killed Troops are captured, tortured and Troops are captured, tortured and

killed by the Tutsi.killed by the Tutsi.

EvacuationsEvacuations

France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops and Military planes to evacuate troops and Military planes to evacuate its citizens in Rwanda, and leave.its citizens in Rwanda, and leave.

Belgium removed its troops after the Belgium removed its troops after the deaths.deaths.

Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Canada and Ghana.Canada and Ghana.

UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied the order.denied the order.

End of GenocideEnd of Genocide

The genocide came to an end The genocide came to an end after the RPF invaded once again.after the RPF invaded once again.

Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in 100 days.killed in 100 days.

RPF capture Kigali and form an RPF capture Kigali and form an interim government composed of interim government composed of Tutsi and Hutu.Tutsi and Hutu.

International International Humanitarian LawHumanitarian Law

Geneva ConventionsGeneva Conventions

Geneva ConventionsGeneva Conventions

Made up of 4 treaties and 3 Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional protocols.additional protocols.

Ratified by 194 countriesRatified by 194 countries Aim is to set of standard for Aim is to set of standard for

treatment of victims of war.treatment of victims of war.

Defines rights of those captured Defines rights of those captured during the war.during the war.

Establishing protections for the Establishing protections for the woundedwounded

Addresses protections for the Addresses protections for the civilians in and around a war civilians in and around a war zone.zone.

Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of Solferino) in which he proposed a of Solferino) in which he proposed a permanent relief agency for permanent relief agency for humanitarian aid in times of warhumanitarian aid in times of war

A government treaty recognizing A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of the agency and the neutrality of the agency and allowing it to provide aid in war allowing it to provide aid in war zones.zones.

This led to the Red Cross and the This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions.Geneva Conventions.

Dunant became the first recipient Dunant became the first recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.of the Nobel Peace Prize.

Basic RulesBasic Rules

1.1. Attacks must be limited to Attacks must be limited to combatants and military targetscombatants and military targets

1.1 Civilians may not be attacked1.1 Civilians may not be attacked

1.2 Civilian objects (houses, 1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals, schools, places of hospitals, schools, places of worshipworship

1.3 Using civilians to shield military 1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is prohibitedtargets is prohibited

1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose 1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as civiliansas civilians

1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method 1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat is prohibitedof combat is prohibited

1.6 illegal to attack objects that are 1.6 illegal to attack objects that are important to survival (farms, drinking important to survival (farms, drinking waterwater

1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, 1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear power plantsnuclear power plants

Indiscriminate weaponsIndiscriminate weapons

2. Attacks or weapons which 2. Attacks or weapons which indiscriminately strike civilian and indiscriminately strike civilian and military objects and persons, and military objects and persons, and which cause excessive injury or which cause excessive injury or suffering are illegalsuffering are illegal

2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding 2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser weapons, weapons that injure the laser weapons, weapons that injure the body by fragments, poison, anti body by fragments, poison, anti personnel land mines.personnel land mines.

Examples Examples

Cluster Bombs and Land mines since Cluster Bombs and Land mines since they kill civillians and military targets.they kill civillians and military targets.

Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold hundreds of little bombs or bombletshundreds of little bombs or bomblets

These litter the land with unexploded These litter the land with unexploded bombs that put the lives of children bombs that put the lives of children and civilians at risk.and civilians at risk.

Global InequalitiesGlobal Inequalities

Developed (First Developed (First World, North)World, North) Wealthy countries – good standard of Wealthy countries – good standard of

living for citizensliving for citizens IndustrializedIndustrialized Health CareHealth Care Education available to all peopleEducation available to all people Low child mortality ratesLow child mortality rates (Canada – 4 (Canada – 4

deaths/1000 births)deaths/1000 births) High life expectancy (Canada – age High life expectancy (Canada – age

79M, 81F)79M, 81F) Examples: Canada, United States, Examples: Canada, United States,

Britain, France, Germany, Australia Britain, France, Germany, Australia etc…etc…

Developing World (Third Developing World (Third World, South)World, South) Poorest countries – hunger, poverty, Poorest countries – hunger, poverty,

disease disease Not industrializedNot industrialized Health care is limited or non-existentHealth care is limited or non-existent Limited education Limited education High child mortality rates (Mozambique – High child mortality rates (Mozambique –

199 deaths/1000 births)199 deaths/1000 births) Low life expectancy rates (Zambia – age 37)Low life expectancy rates (Zambia – age 37) Examples: Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most Examples: Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most

African countries etc…African countries etc…

FactsFacts

Half the world – just over 3 billion Half the world – just over 3 billion people, live on less than $2.00 a people, live on less than $2.00 a day.day.

The wealth of the poorest 48 The wealth of the poorest 48 countries in the world is less countries in the world is less than the wealth of the world’s than the wealth of the world’s three richest people. three richest people.

30 million people die each year 30 million people die each year from lack of food.from lack of food.

Every 3.6 seconds someone in Every 3.6 seconds someone in the world dies of hunger; 75% the world dies of hunger; 75% are children.are children.

Worldwide 250 000 000 Worldwide 250 000 000 children are forced to work.children are forced to work.

40 000 children die a day 40 000 children die a day from malnutrition and from malnutrition and disease.disease.

125 million children are not in 125 million children are not in school – most are girls.school – most are girls.

Over 1 million children a year Over 1 million children a year will become part of the “sex will become part of the “sex trade.”trade.”

Causes of Causes of InequalitiesInequalities

1. Colonialism1. Colonialism A policy of conquering and controlling other A policy of conquering and controlling other

countries.countries. Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe

established colonies in Africa, Asia and South established colonies in Africa, Asia and South America.America.

Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials (minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc…) to be (minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc…) to be sold around the world for huge profits. sold around the world for huge profits.

European countries soon became European countries soon became very richvery rich at the at the expense of the colonies. expense of the colonies.

After 1945, most colonies became independent After 1945, most colonies became independent countries – poor and underdeveloped. countries – poor and underdeveloped.

2. Neo-colonialism: The 2. Neo-colonialism: The Global EconomyGlobal Economy Independent colonies were quickly Independent colonies were quickly

“invaded” and controlled by multi-“invaded” and controlled by multi-national corporations (MNCs) who set national corporations (MNCs) who set up factories or sweatshops.up factories or sweatshops.

Headquarters for these corporations Headquarters for these corporations are located in the developed are located in the developed countries. countries.

MNCs pay factory workers very low MNCs pay factory workers very low wages for products sold at high prices wages for products sold at high prices around the world.around the world.

Corporate taxes and Corporate taxes and environmental restrictions are environmental restrictions are avoidedavoided

End result: End result:

1. Billions of $$$ for the MNCs 1. Billions of $$$ for the MNCs

2. Developing countries remain 2. Developing countries remain poor and dependant on foreign poor and dependant on foreign corporationscorporations

3. Debt3. Debt

1970s - developing countries 1970s - developing countries borrowed money from the richer borrowed money from the richer nations nations

Agreed to pay the money back with Agreed to pay the money back with interestinterest

Due to poverty and high interest rates Due to poverty and high interest rates - repayment was impossible- repayment was impossible

For many countries, all extra money For many countries, all extra money went to pay the debt, not towards went to pay the debt, not towards improving the country.improving the country.

4. Corruption4. Corruption

Corrupt governments also keep Corrupt governments also keep developing nations in poverty.developing nations in poverty.

Corrupt leaders promote their Corrupt leaders promote their interests over the welfare of the interests over the welfare of the people.people.

Example: Zaire, 1960s – President Example: Zaire, 1960s – President Mobutu had 11 palaces, while his Mobutu had 11 palaces, while his people suffered in poverty.people suffered in poverty.