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Document of

The World Bank

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

MICROFICHE COPY

Report No. 9847-GH Type: (SAR) R N 98BEKURE, B./ X34497 / J-5149/ AF4AG eport o. 47-GH

STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT

REPUBLIC OF GHANA

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

FEBRUARY 25, 1992

Western Africa DepartmentAgriculture Operations Division IV

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by reipients only in the performance oftheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disdosed without World Bank authorization.

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REPUBLIC QF GHANA

NATIONAL AGRICJLTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AESD - Agricultural Engineering Services DepartmentAGSAC - Agricultural Sector Adjustment CreditAHPD - Animal Health and Production DepartmentASRP - Agricultural Servicet Rehabilitation ProjectCIDA - Canadian International Development AgencyCIMMYT - Centro Interacional de Mejoramiento di Maiz y Trigo

(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)COCOBOD - Cocoa BoardCSD - Crop Services DepartmentCSIR - Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchDAES - Department of Agricultural Extension ServicesERP - Economic Recovery ProgramFASCOM - Farmers Agricultural Services CompanyFLS - Front Line StaffGCE - General Certificate of EducationGOG - Government of GhanaGTZ - German Agency for Technical CooperationIBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICB - International Competitive BiddingICRISAT - International Center for Research in the Semi-Arid TropicsIDA - International Development Association of The World BankIFAD - International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIITA - International Institite of Tropical AgricultureLCB - Local Competitive BiddingM&E - Monitoring and EvaluationMIS - Management Information SystemMOE - Ministry of EducationMTADP - Medium Term Agricultural Development ProgramNARC - National Agricultural Research CommitteeNARP - National Agricultural Research ProjectNGO - Non-Governmental OrganizationPCR - Project Completion ReportPPMED - Policy Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation Department MOAPMU - Planning and Monitoring UnitPTP - Production Test PlotRELC - Research-Extension Liaison CommitteeRRS - Regional Research StationsSMS - Subject Matter SpecialistT&V - Training and VisitUGFCC - The United Ghana Farmers' Cooperative CouncilURADEP - Upper Region Agricultural Development ProjectVORADEP - Volta Region Agricultural Development ProjectWIAD - Women in Agricultural Development

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

REPUBLIC OF GHA

NATIONAL AGRICrOMMJ, ETNSION PROJCT

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AnD ACRONYMS

AESD - Agricultural Engineering Services DepartmentAGSAC - Agricultural Sector Adjustment CreditAHPD - Animal Health and Production DepartmentASRP - Agricultural Services Rehabilitation ProjectCIDA - Canadian International Development AgencyCIMMYT - Centro tnteracional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo

(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)COCOBOD - Cocoa BoardCSD - Crop Services DepartmentCSIR - Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchDA1BS - Department of Agricultural Extension ServicesERP - Econoniic Recovery ProgramFASCOM - Farmers Agricultural Services CompanyFLS - Front Line StaffGCE - General Certificate of EducationGOG - Govermment of GhanaGTZ - German Agency for Technical CooperationIBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICB - International Competitive BiddingICRISAT - International Center for Research in the Semi-Arid TropicsIDA - Intemational Development Association of The World BankIFAD - International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentITA - International Institute ef Tropical AgricultureLCB - Local Competitive BiddingM&E - Monitoring and EvaluationMIS - Management Information SystemMOA - Ministry of AgricultureMOEC - Ministry of Education and CultureMTADS - Medium Term Agricultural Development StrategyNARC - National Agricultural Research CommitteeNARP - National Agricultural Research ProjectNGO - Non-Governmental OrganizationPCR - Project Completion ReportPPMED - Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department o! MOAPMU - Planning and Monitoring UnitPTP - Production Test PlotRELC - Research-Extension Liaison CommitteeRRS - Regional Research StationsSMS - Subject Matter SpecialistT&V - Training and VisitUGFCC - The United Ghana Farmers' Cooperative CouncilURADEP - Upper Region Agricultural Development ProjectVORADEP - Volta Region Agricultural Development ProjectWIAD - Wotmen in Agricultural Development

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties. Its coctents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

GHANA

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXENSION PROJECT

Table of Contents

Paae No.

CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY .................... i-i

I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1

H. BACKGROUND ......................................... 2A. Economic Setting . ..................................... 2B. The Agricultural Sector .................................. 2

II. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN GHANA ...................... 7A. Background .g........................................ 7B. Strategy and Organization of the Extension Service ................. 12C. The Role of Women in Agriculture .......................... 15D. Agricultural Technology ............ ..................... 16E. Researcn-Extension Linkages ......... ..................... 20F. Agricultural Training and Education .......................... 20G. Agricultural Producer Organizations .......................... 22H. Rural Marketing and Finance ......... ..................... 23

IV. THE PROJECT .......................................... 24A. Project Rationale, Objectives and Strategy ...................... 24B. Summary Description . .................................. 25C. Detailed Features . .................................... 26

V. PROJECT COSTS AND FINANCING ............ ............... 27A. Cost Estimates . ...................................... 27B. Proposed Financing Plan ........... ...................... 28C. Procurement ......................................... 29D. Disbursement . ....................................... 31E. Auditing and Reporting . .................................. 32

Tis rtport Is based on the finding of a preapprsl mlssion which visted Ghau In Odober-November 1990, comprisng MessrsJMs. S. Belou

(MIbsion Lewder, Agriultural Economis4; V. Veukatesan (Extension Spedald, AFrAG); EShr Gazam (Women in Agrcultral Development

Speciaist, Reddent Mission, Lagos); A. WaktoIs (Agricultural Traling Spedlit Consultant); C. Hong (Agronoemt, Resident Mision, Acen); and R.

Kinah (ians Analyst, AFrAG) and an appraba misson, which vsid Ghan in June 1991. The appraisal mission comprised Messrs. S. Bekure

(Misson lemier), V. Venkates, K.N. Sreekantiah (Constant) and C.W. Hong. Mr. T. 8aie.Muh4m (Senior Agrictral Economit, Reddent

Mission, Ace'i) assisted with both missons. Ms. C. Hamann and Mr. A. Ptchad reviewed the desgn and tecbnological bass, the revance of the

components and the appropdatenes of the organizton and mangement proposed in the projecL. MN ML Ah-Kee assed In the preraton of the

coat tabes. Ms. A. Ahmed and Ms. E. Sundeaiand provided ecbrtauia support. Mesrs. J. Joyce and E. IJm ae the mang Divsion Chief an#'

Depatment Director, repectively, for th opetlon.

teggNo.

VI. PROJEC-T IMPLEMENTATION .............................. 33A. Introduction ................................... .. 33B. Extension Approach and Methodology ......... ................ 34C. Organization and Management .............. ................ 40D. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) .......... ................. 44E. Consultancies ..................................... 45F. Mid-Term and Completion Reviews .......... ................ 46G. Implementation Schedule and Supervision ....................... 46

VII. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS .................. 47A. Benefits and Ji,stification .................. 47B. Sustainability .................. 48C. Project Risks .................. 48D. Environmental Impact ................................... 49

Vm. ASSURANCES AN) RECOMMENDATION .49

ANNEXES

1 Ministerial Directive on Unified Agricultural Extension2 Availability of Agricultural Technologies in Ghana3 Summary Cost Tables4 Estimated Disbursement Schedule5 Subject Matter Specialist Centers Staff Requirement6 In-Service Extension Training7 Monitoring and Evaluation8 Research/Extension Liaison Committees: Terms of Reference9 Technical Assistance and Local Consultants10 Terms of Reference for Technical Assistance and Consultants11 Implementation Schedule12 Project Supervision13 Key Indicators14 Incremental Production Estimates15 Organizational Charts16 Documents Available in Project File

MAP IBRD 183951R2IBRD 23340

REPUBLIC OF GHANA

NATIONAL AGRICULT AL EXTENSION PROJECT

CREDIT AND PROJFCT SUMMARY

Borrower: 'ie Republic of Ghana

Beneflicar: The Ministry of Agriculture

AmQunt: SDR 21.80 million (US$30.4 million equivalent)

Terms: Standard with 40 years maturity

Project Description: The project would initiate and implement a unified agriculturalextension system with strong research linkages in order topromote the widespread use of proven agricultural technologiesand farming practices that would increase farm output, improvethe efficiency of labor, conserve soil and water resources andcontribute to environmental protection. Emphasis would be givento institutional and human resource development and reachingmore women farmers.

The project would be implemented over five years and includethree components: (i) strengthening the extension service in allthe ten regions through provision of infrastructure, transport,equipment, consultancy services and incremental recurrent costsupport on a declining basis and forging a closer link betweenextension and agricultural research services; (i;) strengthening thetechnical departments of the Ministry of Agriculture to expandsectoral capacity to test the relevance of technologies generatedby research institutes to farmers' conditions through provision oftransport, equipment, consultancies, and incremental recurrentcost support to subject matter specialists and to project monitoringand evaluation; and (iii) supporting human resource developmentthrough improved facilities, provision of teaching materials, farmand laboratory equipment, and transport support as well as policyimprovements, institutional reforms of agricultural colleges andthe provision of text books to the three faculties of agriculture.Pre-service training would be strengthened through revisedcurricula, provision of improved facilities, teaching materials,farm and laboratory equipment and transport as well as upgradingof teaching staff. In-service training would be designed toupgrade the management and extension skills of staff to cater forthe new demands of a unified extension system.

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ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS:

Component Local ForeignTta(in US$ million equivaient)

Strengthening Agricultural Extension 12.01 14.97 26.98Support to Other MOA Departments 0.84 2.87 3.71

Hluman Resource DevelopmentIn-service Training 0.70 1.32 2.02Agricultural Colleges 1,14 124 4.38Sub-total MA4 4.56 §,_

TOTAL BASELINE COSTS 14.69 22.40 37.09Physical Contingencies 1.18 2.06 3.24Price Contingewsies 0.63 0.15 0.78

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS 16.50 24.61 41.11of which: Incremental Recurrent costs (6.52) (4.25) (10.77)

Duties and Taxes (4.30) (0.00) (4.30)

PROPOSED FNANCING PLAN:L)cal Foreign Total

(in US$ million equivalenC)

IDA 5.79 24.61 30.40Govern ment of Ghana 10.71 - 10.71

Total 16.50 24.61 41.11

ESTIMATED IDA DISBURSEMENTS:

IDA Fiscal Year FY93 FY94 FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98(US$ million equivalent)

Annual 3.4 9.2 10.0 6.0 1.6 0.2Cumulative 3.4 12.6 22.6 28.6 30.2 30.4

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project Benefits: The project would contribute significantly to increasing foodproduction and improving the nutrition, income and standard ofliving of a large number of rural families, thus contributing to,.nhanced food security and alleviating rural poverty. About halfa million farm households would he directly reached by improvedagricultural extension services. sVomen farmers would bereached not only with improved production technology but alsowith technologies for improving the home environment, for foodprocessing and preservation and for saving energy and labor intheir daily tasks. Nearly 300,000 farmers are expected to adoptagricultural innovations at the end of the project resulting inincremental production of about 330,000 ton of food crops peryear valued at US$40 million. Furthermore, the project wouldbuild the institutional capacity of MOA in planning andcoordinating agricultural extension services that would permitimproved capacity and leadership of other agricultural services,thereby creating a good opportunity to streamline and mobilizeinternal and external resources.

Risks: Possible project risks include: (i) ineffective management andtraining of extension personnel; (ii) low adoption rates oftechnical recommendations by farmers and/or slow build-up oftechnology by research; (iii) unfavorable input:output price ratios;and (iv) inability of Government to sustain the long-termcommitment required to achieve durable improvements in theeffectiveness of agricultural support services. Improvedmanagement of extension services is expected as a result of theimproved organization, training, monitoring and evaluation, andtechnical assistance to be provided under the project. The stationand on-farm research support provided by the NationalAgricultural Research Project and the strong research/extensionlinkage in planning the research and extension program built inthe project should reduce the risk of low adoption rates and slowbuild-up of technology. Liberalization of the trade regime,improvements in infrastructure and rural institutions are expectedto lower the cost of agricultural production and provide afavorable incentive framework. The annual review of work plansand budgets, as well as the mid-term implementation review,would provide good opportunities for program review andenhancing long-term Government commitment.

Economic Rate of Return: Not Applicable.

IBRD No. 18395R2IBRD No. 23440

1. ITROMIr

1.1 Extension services in Ghana have generally suffered from lack of a critical miass ofqualifled people, weak research/extension links, dispersed responsibilities, and poor logistics.About 45 percent of the nearly 3,000 staff of the Department of extension services have had littleor no formal agricultural training. A very small number have had university training. This hasled to staff filling positions for which they are inadequately trained. Arrangements to ensure thatextensi n and research staff collaborate ir. identifying farmers' problems and that researchprograms are designed to address them are inadequate. Virtually all extension services arehampered by a general lack of mobility. At least ten separate organizations are involved inextension services. Support for extension from external organization has centered on selectedregions v- i/or through specific projects leading to the multiplicity of organizations involved inagricultural extension services with differing strategies, contrasting approaches and conflictingpolicies on input and credit provision and personnel management.

12 Recognizing these fundamental problems and the key role agricultural extension wouldplay in pursuing Government's ambitious plans to accelerate agricultural production elaborated inthe Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan (MTADP), the MOA constituted a team in1990 to review the current situation and to recommend the agricultural extension strategy to bepursued in the implementation of the MTADS. The team comprised senior officials from theDepartment of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES), the Department of AgriculturalExtension, University of Ghana (Legon) and the agricultural staff of the World Bank's ResidentMission in Accra. The team consulted with selected staff of all departments of the MOA andrelated agricultural agencies as well as the donor community in Ghana. A workshop was held onApril 21-22, 1990 for the purpose of consulting a cross section of the staff of MOA on the futuredirection and activities of agricultural extension in Ghana. On the basis of these consultations theteam prepared a document entitled "Agricultural Extension Strategy Under the Medium TermNational Agricultural Development Plan", which has been endorsed by Government.

1.3 This project is based on this document and subsequent consultations of a Bank missionduring October 24 to November 23, 1990 in Ghana. The principal features and the key issueswere discussed with a cross section of MOA headquarters and field staff and selected NGOs in aworkshop held in Accra on November 12, 1990. The project seeks to establish a unifiedagricultural extension system responsible to the DAES through forging stronger research/extensionlinkages and improving the quality of pre and in-service training, increasing the mobility of fieldstaff and improving living and work conditions in the field. The project would be innovative,building upon the successes of past experience with different extension approaches. Working withgroups of farmers would be emphasized and they would be encouraged to learn and adopt newtechnologies in a more participatory approaich of learning by doing. Project implementationwould be decentralized. National and regional agricultural policy coordinating committees wouldbe established to promote and facilitate the development of credit and input supply and theprocessing and marketing of farm produce. The membership of the consultative groups would bedrawn from prominent people in agri-business, commerce and banking, local governmentofficials, NGOs, academics and leaders of the farming community.

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11. BACKGROUNP

A. Economic xStg

2.1 pastPerformance. Inappropriate macro-economic policies, compounded by weak overalleconomic management and a series of adverse external nircumstances resulted in negligiblegrowth during the 1970s. Between 1980 and 1983, the situation worsened as real GDP declinedat an average annual rate of 5 percent. The Cedi was significantly overvalued, producer priceswere low and Govermment controls and participation in the economy excessive. Agriculture,particularly smallholder production, was virtually neglected resulting in a steady decline in theproduction of fod. Cocoa, the leading export crop, was subject to high net taxation and poorproducer incentives leading to a dramatic and steady decline in both production and export. Theunfavorable e!onemic siouation was exacerbated by drought and consequent bush fires in 1982-83.The declining food production and exports widened the food supply gap and contributed to agalloping inflation prompting the Government to launch sweeping policy reforms in the early1980s.

2.2 nS a. The key policy reforms under the Economic Recovery Program (ERP)included: devaluation of the Cedi, liberalization of internal and external trade, and reduction ofsubsidies and price controls. In agriculture, farm gate prices of cocoa were increased, marketingof inputs and outputs were selectively liberalized, supply of inputs, notably fertilizers, wasincreased, and a serious effort was initiated to rationalize and rehabilitate agriculture supportservice.

2.3 The performance of the economy has improved steadily since the introduction of the ERP.Real GDP has grown at an annual average rate of 5.9 percent between 1983 and 1987, ano at6.1 percent in 1989. The balance of payments has iniproved from a deficit of more than onepercent of GDP in 1980-83 to an estimated surplus of 2.2 percent in 1989, whilst inflation hasbeen reduced substantially. Production of food crops has increased consistently, with cerealoutputs exceeding peak productions in earlier years.

B. The Agricultural Sector

2.4 Performance of the Sector. Agriculture is the dominant sector of the Ghanian economy,contributing over half of the GDP and about three quarters of export earning; most of thepopulation live in rural areas and derive their incomes from agriculture; the nascent industrialsector depends on agriculture as a source of raw materials; agriculture is an important source ofpublic revenues, and has direct and indirect influences on public savings (and investments) and onprivate savings; and food prices account for significant component of household expenditures andhence agriculture has substantial influence on the general level of prices (and indirectly on interestrates). Thus, agriculture is key to overall macroeconomic performance. As with other sectors,agriculture was severely hindered by the advers, wc-nomic policies of the 1970s and early 1980s.Food and cash crop output declined, which combined with a rising population, resulted in adecline in the per capita food production index from 100 in 1974-76 to 62 in 1983. The measuresadopted under the ERP have resulted in significant improvements: agricultural output as measured

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by sectoral GDP has grown in real terms for five successive years and in 1988 achieved itshighest level since 1974. Nevertheless, since growth in other sectors has been more rapid,agriculture's share of total GDP has fallen from 55 percent in 1982 to 47 percent in 1988. In thepast, cocoa contributed almost 30 nercent of agricultural GDP, but this has declined to about15 percent ;n recent years. The gap has been filled by roots and tubers and by plantain. Cerealshave also shown a steady increase in output, with total production in 1988 reaching a twenty yearhigh. Increased production was a result of improvement in yield, particularly cereals, and anincrease in the area planted. Despite these achievements, there was a food grain deficit in 1987of the equivalent of about 128,000 tons, or about 6 percent cf demand, which was met byimports. This deficit is expected to increase to about 750,000 tons by the year 2000 unless therate of growth in annual production is improved.

2.5 Characteristics of the Sector. Ghana's agriculture is predominantly smallholder,traditioaJ and rain-fed. Farming systems have dAveloped over time as adaptations to the sixmajor agro-ecological zones in the country. These zones are:

Rainfall AreaZoneM__ (mm p.a.) ('000 ha)

Rain Forest 2,200 750Deciduous Forest 1,500 740Transition 1,300 6,630Guinea Savanna 1,100 14,790Sudan Savanna 1,000 190Coastal Savanna 800 S80

Total 23,680

Source: MOA/PAO PrOject GHA/84/003

2.6 In the two forest zones tree crops are significant with cocoa, oil palm, coffee and rubberbeing of particular importance. The food crops in this area are mainly inter-cropped mixtures ofmaize, plantair, cocoyam and cassava. The transition zone is characterized by mixed or solecropping of maize, legumes, cocoyam or yam, with tobacco and cotton being the predominantcash crops. Cotton and tobacco are also important in the savanna zones, where the food crops aremainly sorghum, maize, cowpeas and yam in the wetter areas, whilst sorghum, millet andcowpeas predominate in the drier north. Rice is locally important in all zones, grown inseasonally flooded valley bottoms.

2.7 Common factors in Ghanaian agriculture are the use of bush fallow to restore soilfertility, mixed cropping to minimize risks and in the north of the country, the widespreadintegration of livestock into the farming systems. Women play an important role in the sector,and often make decisions about the type and area of crop to be planted, as well as having a keyrole in weeding, harvesting and processing. There is little use of purchased inputs and landpreparation is manual in most areas, though oA ploughing is important in the north andmechanization is used by some large enterprises. Average yields are low throughout the country.Irrigated agriculture is not well developed. Only 9000 ha of land is being mostly surfaceirrigated, representing iess than 10 percent of the 120,000 ha potential. Livestock are importantin all zones, though sniall ruminants and poultry predominate in the south, where tryp-nosomiasis

is a constraint to the keeping of cattle. Productivity in this sub-sector is low due to nutritionaland health constraints.

2.8 .elont ConstAiU. Gh(hna is a good example of how improvements in the policyframework alone are not sufficient to accelerate growth in agriculture unless these improvementsare accompanied by Improvement of the management of agricultural services. Thus, despite therecent improvements in the macroeeonomic and sector policy frameworks, the key remainingconstraints which impede agricultural development are institutional and technical, and these aresummarized below.

(a) The Institutional constraints are:

(iN Weak and poorly develoed agricultural extension system, with responsibilityfor extension service thinly spread among many organizations and projectssupported by various donors. There is need for a coherent nationalextension strategy regarding extension methodology and programming,farmer-agent ratio, staff recruitment, training and compensation,participatory technology development, i.e., involvement of farmers in thedevelopment of relevant technology, and linkages with research, and otheragriculture service institutions.

(ii) Weak research organization and management. Despite the availability ofsome proven technologies for short and medium-term productivityimprovements for some crops, the present research management systemneeds to be geared to respond to the needs of the farmers, and work closelywith the extension system, such that new technologies could be developedwhich are suited and/or adapted to local conditions, and research could paygreater attention to crops, such as roots and tubers, which form the staplefood of much of the rural population.

(iii) Poor institutional framework for the delivery of agricultural credit, which isexacerbated by severe shortages of funds in the banking system foragricultural credit.

(iv) Poor marketing infrastructure for commodities, which are primarily meantfor the internal market; as a result, despite the availability of demand forthese commodities, they could not reach the markets in time nor be storedproperly, leading to high post-harvest losses, and high marketing costs; forexport commodities which are the major source of future growth inagriculture, the main problem is to increase Ghana's competitiveness in theinternational markets by keeping costs down through better teclnologyadoption by farmers, which would be difficult to achieve in the present stateof agricultural service institutions.

(b) The technical constraints, which should be taken into consideration, whileformulating technolo,-Ical recommendations to farmers are:

(i) Soil degradatio. Due to low inherent fertility and the decline in fallowperiods, soil nutrient availability will be an important constraint on futureyield incretases.

(ii) Vagari?s of weaite. Although the total annual rainfall is sufficient tosupport reasonably good crop yields throughout the country except thesouthern tip of Coastal Savannah, there are variations in on-setting andcessation of rainy seasons. Concentrated rainfalls and varying lengths of dryspells occur irregularly within a season. These vagaries of weather affectcrop performance adversely, particularly under traditional farming practices.

(iii) Prevalence of a wide range of cron pests and diseases. The ambienttemperature is favorable for pathogen and insect pests to thrive year round,such as swollen shoot virus disease of cocoa, Cape St. Paul Wilt disease ofcoconut, insect damages on certain varieties of cowpeas, streak virus andstemborer attacks on maize, post-harvest losses of grains from insect attack,tsetse fly attack on livestock, etc.

(iv) Severe nutritional deficiency experienced by most animals especially duringthe dry season. Few of the crop residues are utilized at present; but even ifall available crop residues and byproducts are fed to the livestock, therewould still be a deficiency. The lack of drinking water especially during thedry season for animals is another constraint.

(v) Limited availability of proven recommendations for some important cropse.g., roots and tubers, and livestock and fisheries sub-sectors.

2.9 Government Objectives. Government's long-term objectives for the agricultural sectorinclude food security, higher employment and incomes in rural areas, regional balanced growthand a greater contribution of the sector to GDP, foreign exchange earnings and governmentrevenue. To achieve these objectives, the Government has formulated a Medium TermAgricultural Development Plan (MTADP) with the assistance of the World Bank. The strategy ispredicated on the premise that Ghanaian farmers will respond to suitable incentives to increaseproduction of both cash and food crops. It would focus on promoting those crops in which Ghanahas a clear comparative advantage.

2.10 The strategy for the promotion of growth of crops is based on increasing productivity,using improved technology through the use of improved varieties and crop protection measures,while maintaining soil fertility through fertilizer use and soil conserving cultural practices. Theirrigation strategy would focus on the development of small-scale and micro-scale schemes,improved management of flood plains, and an optimum use of existing irrigation facilities.Emphasis would be given to the implementation and management of the schemes by the farmersthemselves by establishing farmers' groups and training them in soil and water management andin agronomic practices for irrigated crops. In the livestock sector, the strategy would be based onimprovement in productivity through improved animal health, nutrition and water supplies and, inthe long term, breed improvement. The focus of action under the strategy would be the livestockowner. Cross breeding to improve the potential of local breeds has been undertaken by usingbreeds from the sub-region. However, the program has so far benefitted a limited number of

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farmers primarily due to lack of breeding stock and effective extension work to increase farmers'awareness. Farmers would be trained in rearing improved breeds and the use of animal traction.In the fisheries sector, emphasis would be on the development of inland fisheries, both on theVolta Lake and in aquaculture; and on the rehabilitation of marine facilities in support of tunafishing. A comprehensive program for the development of aquaculture, including therehabilitation of hatcheries for the supply of fingerlings, would be undertaken.

2.11 The strategy would also emphasize the strengthening of agricultural support servicesincluding research and extension, marketing and storage, fertilizer and seed, and intersectorallinks in processing, and feeder roads improvements. The process of determining researchpriorities, would be improved by increasing the role of the Ministry of Agriculture in that processas well as in the allocation of resources. In extension, the strategy will seek to rationalize andstreamline the organization of the service, upgrade its technical competence and forge muchstronger linkage with research.

2.12 Sustainable use of natural resources is also an important objective for Government and tothis end the Environmental Protection Council is preparing an Environmental Action Plan (EAP).The EAP will be an important policy document affecting development in many sectors, includingagriculture. An important ingredient of the strategy in the sector is greater reliance on the privatesector for the provision of commercial services, like marketing of inputs, and production anddistribution of seeds. Public Services would concentrate on policy planning and guidanc.,extension, research, and in other support services where Government has comparative advantage.

2.13 Bank/IDA Sector Assistance Strategy. Since the launching of Government's ERP, IDA'sstrategy has been to continue supporting improvement of the policy environment at both themacro-economic and sectoral levels. Structural adjustment credits and infusion of funds for therehabilitation of key sectors were the main instruments for implementing this strategy.Agriculture, which is the dominant productive sector, has been an important beneficiary of thisstrategy. A number of projects are being financed within the agricultural sector to overcomeparticular constraints. These include the Cocoa Rehabilitation Project; the Second Oil PalmProject; the Agricultural Services Support Project; the Rural Finance Project; the AgriculturalDiversification Project; the Forest Management Project and the National Agricultural ResearchProject. An important element of all these projects has been the development of the role of theprivate sector in production and input supply. The Bank also assisted the Government informulating a Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan (MTADP) in order to assess howgrowth in the agricultural sector could be further increased and what policy and institutionalreforms are required to achieve this growth. The strategy proposes improvements in the incentiveframework and increasing carefully targeted public expenditures to improve sector management,infrastructure and agricultural support services. Implementation of the strategy will be supportedthrough an IDA financed Agricultural Sector Adjustment Loan, presently being processed, and anumber of specific projects, i.e., Rural Finance, Agricultural Diversification, NationalAgricultural Research, National Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Marketing etc. projects.

2.14 Reform of the trade regime has aided in the emergence of new non-traditional exports.The revitalization of agricultural support services, particularly extension, has been initiated. Thestage is now set for deepening and sharpening policy changes at the sectoral and sub-sectorallevels, and to complement this with project financing. Agriculture would continue to be the leadsector for the foreseeable future, and hence would have priority in the overall IDA assistance

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strategy for Ghana. Strengthening agricultural support services, particularly research andextension service, would be key components of that strategy.

III. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN GHANA

A. Background

3.1 Agricultural extension has been an active feature of agricultural development since theearly 1900s. Although the primary interest initially was in export crops (notably oil palrm, rubberand cocoa) greater emphasis was given later to food crops and livestock. Agricultural extensionwas part of the activities of church missionaries and foreign owned companies interested in theproduction of export crops.

3.2 Since Independence, Ghana has experimented with various approaches of agriculturalextension under the cooperative movements, church related development schemes and severaldonor assisted projects. The United Ghana Farmers' Cooperative Council (UGFCC) started toprovide extension services in the early 1960s. The Government initiated the pilot project, "Focusand Concentrate" in the late 1960s. UGFCC was promoting the then Government's policy ofcollectivized agriculture and therefore used a group approach, while the pilot project concentratedits activities in the high potential areas for which, although limited, some technology wasavailable. In both approaches, extension agents gave advice and supplied inputs. Frequently, thelatter preoccupied the staff at the expense of delivering extension messages thus limiting coverageof their services.

3.3 The more recent and prominent experiences are the extension programs initiated under:(i) the World Bank assisted Upper Region Agricultural Development Project (URADEP) during1976-84, Volta Region Agricultural Development Project (VORADEP) during 1982-88 and theAgricultural Services Rehabilitation Project (ASRP), ongoing since 1987; (ii) the Global 2000,which is supported by a Japanese Non-Governmental Organization since 1986; and (iii) the CIDA-assisted Grains and Legumes Development Project, ongoing since 1981. Moreover, there havebeen regional rural development projects which have a substantial extension component, e.g., theUNDP/FAO assisted Integrated Agricultural Development Program at Mampong, in AshantiRegion during 1986-1989, the GTZ assisted Ghanaian-German Agricultural Deveopment Project(ongoing since the early 1970s) and the IFAD assisted Ghana, Smallholder Rehabilitation andDevelopment Program ongoing since 1988, both in the Northern Region.

3.4 The above initiatives were designed independently of each other and were not integratedwith the extension programs of the various departments of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA).The most critical of the drawbacks of such extension initiatives, is that when the projects arecompleted and the external funding ceases, MOA would be saddled with the problem of abzorbinginto its mainstream activities the extension programs initiated under the various projects. Theexperiences under the completed projects mentioned above and other recent extension initiativesare summarized in paras 3.5-3.27 below.

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ISRADEP wand YQRADEP

3.5 Project Components. One of the main components of these completed projects wasstrengthening of the extension services through the introduction of the Training and Visit (T & V)system. The level of salaries and other incentives provided to the extension staff under bothprojects were 20 percent higher than those in comparable grade for other extension staff of MOA.The projects provided good logistic support, though there was severe shortage of office andresidential accommodation in the field. The equipment support for fortnightly training includedwriting boards, flip charts and mobile electronic audiovisuals. An FM radio station was alsoprovided under URADEP although it is now felt that it might have been unnecessary.

3.6 Extension Recommendations. The main extension recommendations under these projectswere: use of improved varieties of seeds, row planting, proper plant population, use of fertilizersand pesticides, chemical weed control, improved harvesting and storage and proper preservationand processing of food. Extension focussed mainly on cereals and legumes (maize, sorghum,millet, groundnut and cowpea). Livestock and root crops did not get the attention they deserved,although effort was made under VORADEP to introduce rapid yam multiplication technique(mini-sets) and improved cultivars of cassava. A survey conducted by VORADEP at the end ofthe project revealed that 67 percent of the farmers reached were using improved seeds and correctpl inting dates. About 55 percent were using fertilizers.

3.7 Linkage with Research and Other Services. Both projects set up adaptive/farming systemsresearch units to test relevant technologies, which facilitated development of close research-extension linkages. Farmers' agricultural services companies (FASCOMs) were established tosupply inputs, and the project management liaised with credit institutions to help the farmers inobtaining institutional credit. The extension service was thus spared the task of providing otherservices such as handling inputs, marketing of produce and lending and collection of loanrepayments.

3.8 Lessons Learnt. The extension service provided under these projects were appreciated bythe farmers, who benefitted from regular visits of extension staff. Many farmers could not,however, adopt the extension recommendations as they did not have the needed resources topurchase the inputs, particularly fertilizer, which was the key component. The fact that theFASCOMs established many inputs selling points did not increase fertilizer usage.

3.9 URADEP and VORADEP succeeded in introducing the T&V system. Although T&Vwas regarded by the project authorities as being a well organized management system, it wasgenerally considered to be expensive. This perception was partly due to the inclusion in theproject of high cost components, such as, radio stations (URADEP), which the Government founddifficult to service,foreign training of staff, very intensive farmer:agent ratios of 1:500, notjustified by the available technological options, and purchases of technologically advancedequipment such as cinema vans, etc. This was partly due to failure to adapt the system to suitlocal conditions, particularly the availability of technology, the level of supporting services andfarmers' resource endowments. The marginal benefit of intensive training of the extension staffthrough the fortnightly training sessions was not considered to be worth the extra cost; it was feltthat these sessions could have been held once each month, thereby reducing the recurrent costsconsiderably. Both projects have had problems of sustainability as shown by the lack ofmaintenance of the physical infrastructure and the inability to gainfully use the human resources

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after project completion due to problems ol absorbing these projects into the mainstream extensionservice of the MOA.

Global 20Q

3.10 Objectives. The objective of the Global 2000 project, which in its initial stages wasconfined to cereals, is to demonstrate that substantial increase in food production can be attainedthrough disseminat:on of simple technologies and through effective provision of a range ofservices to farmers, including inputs, credit and attractive producer prices. The main underlyingassumption of the project is that the key to technology transfer to farmers lies in their "learningby doing' and providing them with the necessary inputs to adopt the technology. The farmersselected for participating in the program, are required to set aside a one acre portion of theirfields, called the 'production test plot (PTP)", for demonstrating the technologies. This providesa large enough area to permit meaningful comparison of crop yield with the rest of the farm inwhich traditional farming practices are applied. Extension staff collaborated with communityleaders in the selection of farmers to be assisted, the choice of PTPs, and the types oftechnological packages to be tested.

3.11 Global 2000 became very popular among farmers and extension agents within a shortperiod of time as farmers yields increased significantly. In most cases maize yields more thandoubled. The number of participating farmers increased rapidly from 40 in 1986 to 20,000 in1988, when MOA decided to adopt the PTP approach in selected areas and increased the numberof districts and extension staff involved in the project. In 1989, the number of participatingfarmers increased to 85,000. Most of the credit was provided by the banking system through theintermediary of the extension service. Unfortunately, while credit repayment was very high(90 percent) up to 1988, it dropped sharply to 40 percent in 1989 when the program wasexpanded creating a problem for extension agents, who had to plead with and cajole farmers torepay the loan. Consequently, the program for 1990 was rolled back to 20,000 farmers.

3.12 Another aspect of Global 2000 was that farmers were allowed to repay the credit atharvest tOme and obtain inputs in kind for the next season. While this was manageable in theearly years of the project, it created a storage and marketing problem when farmer participationincreased to the tens of thousands. This, coupled with the problems associated with the recoveryof credit, and the involvement of extension staff in credit administration, raises the issue ofreplicability of the approach on a national scale.

3.13 Lessgns Lnt. The Global 2000 project demonstrated that given the proper enablingenvironment (a package of technical assistance, inputs, and markets for outputs), farmers are veryresponsive to advice from the extension service. It has demonstrated that production technologiesexist for increasing output of some cereal and legume crops. Farmers learn more effectively bydoing than by just listening to extension advice and looking at demonstrations. Extension adviceshould start with simple low-risk technologies, and progressively move to more complex onesafter farmers' confidence grows and after increased production from the applications of the simpletechnologies have reached their limit.

3.14 The main drawbacks of Global 2000 are: (i) lack of attention to institution building, withemphasis on only short-term gains in production, and (ii) the multiplicity of non-extensionfunctions assigned to extension staff (credit administration, input supply, and produce marketing),

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which is not sustainable on a national scale and counterproductive to the institution of extensionservice over the long-term.

TheGhana Grains and Legumes Development Project

3.15 The major focus of this ongoing project is research to develop maize and grain legumetechnologies, with a small extension component. It combines on-station research with on-farmresearch and extension. The extension staff of the MOA manage verification demonstration plots,and the link between the research and extension staff helps to improve the programming ofresearch to focus on the practical problems of farmers. Another good feature of the project is theannual Grains and Legumes Workshop that it organizes which provides a forum for exchange ofviews among the scientists and farmers. There is also a research-extension liaison officer whoseduties include organizing in-service training for the extension staff on maize and cowpea.

3.16 By combining on-farm verification trials and farm surveys, the project has helped in thestrengthening of the linkage between research and extension. It has demonstrated the value offormally linking research and extension services as a means of improving the quality andrelevance of research, and of improving the delivery of relevant technologies to farmers.

Pilot Extension under ASRP

3.17 So. The extension system in the pilot extension component of the ASRP, whichstarted in 1988 in ten selected districts, is identical to the extension programs under URADEP andVORADEP, based as it is on the T&V system. But unlike the URADEP and VORADEP wherethe extension components focussed on entire regions in the Upper East, Upper West, and VoltaRegions, the pilot extension under the ASRP covers two districts each in the Upper East(Navrongo, Bawku) Upper West (Tumu and Wa), Northern (Tolon, Bole) and Brong-Ahafo(Sunyani, Kintampo) regions. As in the case of VORADEP and URADEP, the pilot programfocuses on selected grain crops (maize, sorghu;m and pulses) and not much effort is being madeto widen the coverage to include other farm activities such as root crops and livestock.

3.18 In all the districts selected for implementing the pilot program, the Global 2000 Project isalso active, and the extension officers involved in the m scheme are also involved in theimplementation of the T&V system under the ASRP, thus dovetailing the PTP concept with theT&V system. Indeed the Extension Adoption Plot (EAP) concept adopted in most districts,outside the Global 2000 area, is a synthesis between the T & V system and the PTP concept.

3.19 Experience in ASRP Pilot Project. Experience with the pilot extension component ofASRP has convinced Government that the good features of the T&V system, such as, regularityin training of staff, regularity and predictability of visits to farmers with useful messages,supervision of staff at all levels, and continued and formal linkages with research should beincorporated into the national agricultural extension system in Ghana.

3.20 Unlike VORADEP and URADEP, the pilot project does not include investments inphysical infrastructure and communication system which is regarded as too sophisticated. Rather,the program provides only essential vehicles, motor cycles, and bicycles to improve mobility, andfield equipment for the field extension personnel.

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3.21 Although it is too early to pass a final judgement on the pilot extension component ofASRP, as it has been in full operation for only two cropping seasons, the pilot program enjoys thesame positive features of the T & V system under URADEP and VORADEP without thedrawback of heavy infrastructural investment associated with those projects. The perceivedweaknesses of the program are (a) inadequate provision of subject matter specialists and irregular

* training of frontline staff; and (b) lack of formal linkages of the program with input supplies,credit institutions and marketing agencies. Since under the Global 2000 program inputs areprovided to the farmers who participate in the program, there is a reluctance on the part of

* farmers to try out the recommended technologies unless inputs are supplied.

3.22 Although farmers' interest in the pilot program is not as enthusiastic as expected, that hasrnot had adverse impact on the morale of the extension staff and on their determination to servethe beneficiary farmers. This is due to the incentives provided in the form of logistic supportcited above, and training and field allowances given.

Other Extension Initiatives

3.23 The Cocoa Marketing Board (COCOBOD) provides a comprehensive package of servicesranging from the provision of planting materials and pest control services to marketing of cocoa.Earlier, COCOBOD also used to give weeding, spraying, harvesting, lining and pegging servicesto farmers against nominal fees. However, COCOBOD's extension service is presently confinedto cocoa and its extension agents are now concentrating on providing advisory services and inputsrather than doing farm work for farmers. The COCOBOD has its own agricultural trainingcollege at Bunso, where it trains its extension agents.

3.24 There are several other scattered extension initiatives, but these are not as prominent asthe ones listed above. Some are sponsored by commodity organizations such as the Ghana CottonCompany, Bast Fiber Development Board, and several Tobacco Companies. The GhanaIrrigation Development Authority also has its own extension service. The MOA has just launcheda rural development project in the Northern Region supported by International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD) which has a major extension component. Apart from theirdeclared intent to increase production of the commodities they support, and their goal ofimproving farm incomes and welfare of the beneficiary population, all these extension initiativesare run independently from each other. They follow different extension techniques, differ in theincentives given to the extension staff, and in the technological packages extended to farmers.They do not offer much useful extension lesson from their experiences with extension andextension workers.

3.25 There are a multitude of NGOs with agricultural extension programs, particularly inNorthern Region. Many of these programs began when MOA's services had become weak. Inmost cases, these programs are at variance with MOA's national program. Some of them areusing inadequately trained staff to deliver messages to farmers and subsidizing fertilizer and otherinputs. Some have introduced inappropriate technology by donating tractors and subsidizingtractor services. Some have introduced enclave projects serving very few districts with highlyintensive coverage that cannot be sustained by MOA at the end of the project.

3.26 There is a need for MOA to coordinate NGO and donor interventions in agriculturalextension and training. It would be beneficial if MOA and NGOs concentrate on their areas ofstrength, rather than duplicate each other's efforts. From this point of view, NGOs could focus

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on training and assisting farmers' associations in managing their business. NGOs would have abetter comparative advantage in providing such assistance than a government agency. This is inline with the recommendation of the extension strategy paper to fully integrate all donor supportedextension initiatives with the national agricultural extension program.

3.27 Lessons Learnt from the Extension Initiatives. The key lessons learnt from the review ofexperiences in agricultural extension in Ghana are:

(a) avoidance of proliferation of independent and uncoordinated extension activities;

(b) importance of emphasis on institution building for agricultural extension, ratherthan on short term gains in production;

(c) reinforcement of the lessons of the PTP's under Global 2000, particularly, thefarmer participation element, with the good features of the T&V system;

(d) complementing extension with support services such as input delivery, credit, andmarketing of produce, and policy environment;

(e) keeping the costs of extension service low, by avoiding excessive emphasis oninfrastructure;

(f) training the extension staff not only in technical subjects, but also in extensionmethodologies and behavioral sciences to understand farmers attitudes towards thenumerous variables which affect them in their economic development, so as toenable them to perform their tasks confidently and effectively;

(g) importance of better incentives to the extension staff, including provision ofaccommodation in areas where rental housing is scarce, recognition of performancein promotions and transparency of the rules for promotion, provision cf adequatetraining facilities, equipment and good working environment.

B. Strategy and Organization of the Extension Service

3.28 Extension Strategy. In 1987, MOA established the Department of Agricultural ExtensionServices (DAES) (MOA) to consolidate all non-cocoa public agricultural extension services, andbring them under one umbrella. MOA's extension strategy embodies a unified extension systemwhereby all extension messages would be channelled to the farmer through a single agent underthe administration of DAES. Livestock and crop extension services have already been unified.Agro-forestry, irrigation and fisheries extension would follow suit. There would be no parallelextension service for women farmers. The approach of extension services administered by theCocoa Board, the private sector and special projects would be harmonized with the approachesand policies implemented by the DAES. The task of the extension service would be the transferof technologies to farmers, and to advise agricultural research and other agricultural supportservices about farmer needs and constraints. The extension service would not be responsible forother tasks such as credit intermediation and input and produce marketing.

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3.29 The DAES organizational framework would be flexible enough to respond to the changingneeds of the agricultural sector. A cadre of professional staff would be developed at all levelsand personnel policies that would provide adequate incentives for attracting and retaining qualitystaff would be instituted. Formal mechanisms would be established to link extension and researchactivities in order to develop ielevant and appropriate technologies that could be adopted byfarmers and that solve problems faced by farmers. Farmers would be encouraged and assisted toparticipate in setting the research agenda; in planning extension activities; in forming groups tofacilitate the availability of credit and input supply as well as for marketing output.

3.30 Qlganization. The DAES is headed by a Director who is assisted by three deputies. Oneheads the Agricultural Extension Services Division, a second heads the Women FarmersExtension Division and a third, the Training Division. The Agricultural Extension Divisioncomprises two sections, viz,, Field Services and Research/Extension Linkages. The WomenFarmers Extension Division consists of three Sections, viL, Program Planning, Subject MatterSpecialists, and Youth Programs. The ',raining Division is responsible for in-service stafftraining, farmer training and mass media productions.

3.31 Programs are planned at headquarters in consultation with the Regional Extension officersand executed at the field level by district, area and zonal extension officers. DAES staff currentlyoperate in all ten regions and 110 districts of the country.

3.32 Size of Extension Staff. The total number of extension staff in the DAES would appear tobe adequate over the medium term, and there would be no need to increase the total number ofstaff significantly, except for filling authorized but vacant senior professional positions.However, the distribution among the various categories of skills is heavily biased towards the sub-technical category which consist of the frontline extensionists who are in direct contact withfarmers. A majority of the frontline staff, 1289 out of 3016 (43 percent), are poorly trainedproducts of the farm institutes, which were established with the objective of training people whowant to become farmers. Most of these staff were inherited from externally assisted projectswhich have been completed such as URADEP and VORADEP. The level of education of manyof these staff is very low. Those that cannot be trained for the unified extension system envisagedwill have to be discontinued from the service and replaced with recruits from the colleges ofagriculture. There is need to also upgrade the quality of the remaining staff particularly at thetechnical and sub-technical levels.

3.33 The present extension staff of MOA, and regional distribution of the front-line staffrelative to the farming populations are shown Tables 3.1-3.3.

3.34 In general, the staff of the DAES are not well equipped to discharge their responsibilities.Many regional and district offices do not have suitable office accommodation, and basic officeequipment such as typewriters, duplicating machines, cabinets, and furnishings are lacking in alldistricts. Residential accommodation for staff, particularly in remote areas is a serious problem.Many staff waste a lot of time commuting from large villages due to lack of accommodation inthe small villages they are assigned to. The national, regional, and district offices do not havefacilities for periodic training of the extension staff, and meetings with farmers and otheragricultural support services personnel.

3.35 Significant gains have been made in the recent past to improve mobility of field staff withsupport from the World Bank (under the ASRP) USAID, IFAD, and other donors. Similar

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improvements have been made in the provision of field equipment such as notebooks, measuringtapes, haversacks, cutlasses, boots, pocket calculators, spring balances, etc. However not allextension staff and/or all parts of the country have benefitted from such improvements.Therefore, the coverage would need to be extended and plans would need to be developed forsustainable and orderly replacement of equipment and supplies.

Table 3, 1. MALE EXTENSION STAFF OF MOA

Sub-HO/Rc2ion Professional Profession I/ Technical a/ oital

Hcadquaiters 7 - 2 9Ashanti 9 11 277 297Brong-Ahafo 9 9 242 260Central 7 4 201 212Eastem 9 11 226 246Grce-ter-Accra 10 4 174 188Westem 10 7 125 142Northern 12 17 309 338Upper East 6 9 316 331Upper West 3 9 205 217Volta 1 38 524 563

TOTAL 83 119 2,601 2,803

I/ Mainly supervisory staff.2/ Front-line extension staff (55% technical and 45% sub-technical categories).

Table 3.2. WOMEN EXTENSION (HOME ECONOMICS) STAFF OF MOA

HO/Region Professional Sub-Professional I/ Technical/ Total

Headquarters 3 4 - 7Ashanti - 3 43 46Brong-Ahafo - 2 20 22Central - 4 50 54Eastem - 5 50 55Greater-Accra - 6 51 57Westem - 1 15 16Northem 1 1 27 29Upper East - 3 58 61UpperWest - 4 24 28Volta - 6 77 83

TOTAL 4 39 415 458

1/ Supervisory staff.ZJ Front-line extension staff (55% technical, and 45% sub-technical categories).

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Tla-bj3.2. REGIONAL DISInUBUrION OF FRONT-LINE GENERAL EXTENSION SFF OF MOA

Fanning No. of No. of Peent FLS:ReIeion PoDUlation Ddisrictb -ELL Fann0 r Rat

Ashanti 690,000 Is 152 288 1:2396Brong-Ahafo 398,178 13 105 243 1:1639Central 376,970 12 83 205 1:1839Eastern 554,693 15 97 237 1:2340Greater Acomr 472,262 5 23 178 1:2653WeCtem 382,075 11 100 131 1:2907NoIthern 384,312 13 100 307 1:1252Upper EaSt 239,166 6 57 325 1:736Upper West 144,543 5 44 211 1:685Volta 99929 12 87 162 1;71.2

GHANA 4,042,128 110 848 2,687 1:1504

C. The Role of Women in Agriculture

3.36 The role of women in the socio-economic life of rural Ghanaians cannot be over-emphasized. Women play a prominent role in the economic development of the majority of thepopulation with low income. They constitute over half of the total population and about47 percent of the labor force; they at,count for about 70 percent of the total food crop production;they process and market nearly all the grains and starchy staple foods; and about 30 percent areheads of households.

3.37 The 1970 and 1984 Agricultural Census showed that there is a consistent pattem ofincrease in women going into farming. Between 1970 and 1984, the number of women farmersincreased by 102 percent (from 0.78 to 1.6 million) compared to 72 percent for men (from 1.01to 1.6 million). By 1984 women farmers outnumbered men in Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Westernand Volta regions.1/

3.38 Besides performing all household chores women contribute immensely to the activities offamily farms. In most areas women participate in land preparation, sowing or planting, weeding,harvesting, threshing, shelling, winnowing, cotton picking, cocoa processing and transportation offarm produce (head portage). They also assist men in the maintenance of the cash crop farms.Although women are actively involved in agricultural production, they have limited access toextension and credit services. Deliberate effiort is therefore needed to improve the outreach ofextension services to meet the multiple roles of rural women in agriculture as home makers,farmers, food processors, and marketers.

3.39 Women farmers are increasingly organizing themselves into groups, particularly under theimpetus of the 31st December Women's National Movement. The movement is assisting them ingetting access to grants and credits to establish small-scale gari, vegetable and oil processingplants, grain mills and group farms. NGOs and the Agricultural Development Banks indicate that

1/ The World Bank, (1991). Ghana Medium Term Agricultuml Developmert Strtegy (MTADS)

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these women groups are reliable and promptly pay their loans. Many of these groups arefunctioning as loose associations without being properly constituted as legal entities. They requireeducation and assistance on the operations, development and management of co-operative societiesto properly conduct their business.

3.40 The number of fwiHaie front line staff (Zonal Extension Officers) in NiOA is very low(415) and some of them would rtluire re-training in order to enhance their productivity. It isdifficult to recruit well trained female extension agents as the intake capacity of the agriculturalcolleges is very low due to lack of accommodation. Only 58 females can be accommodated outof a total enrollment of 750 students. At the university level, the problem seems to be the highentry requirements which includes Mathematics, English and Science subjects. Since many girlstudents do not join science streams in secondary school, this becomes a handicap in seekingentrance to the agricultural faculties.

D. Agricultural Technology

The Agricultural Research Setup

3.41 Virtually all agricultural research in Ghana is undertakon by public sector agencies. TheCouncil for Scientific amid Industrial Research (CSIR) was set up in 1968 in order to advise thegovernment and promote and coordinate research efforts of different ministries. CSIR has amandate to advise Government on the use of science and technology for development, to promoteand coordinate research that will advance development and to establish and operate any necessaryresearch institutes. There are seven Agricultural research institutes under the CSIR one each forAnimal, Crops, Food, Oil Palm, Soils and Aquatic Biology. Each institute is semi-autonomousand headed by a Director assisted by a Board. Overall coordination is provideJ through aDirector's Management Committee, chaired by the Director General of CSIR, whilst members ofthe Management Boards provide linkages with other research and government agencies.

3.42 Cocoa research is undertaken by the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, which is run bythe Cocoa Board. The faculties of agriculture in the three universities in Ghana also conductresearch with a focus on differing agro-ecological zones. The Departmect of Animal Health andPro.!uction, the Department of Fisheries, and the Department of Crop Services undertake someresearch but are constrained by lack of qualified staff and facilities.

3.43 Amongst the food crops, the current concentration of research is on maize, sorghum,cowpea and soybean. The non-cereal staples such as cassava, yam, cocoyam and plantainreceived minor attention despite their greater contribution to agricultural GDP (almost 59 percent)and the caloric content of the diet of rural population. Although research on industrial crops isfocussed on cocoa, some research has been conducted on coffee, coconut and cotton. Livestockresearch conducted by the MOA has in the past emphasized the control of disease. The facultiesof agriculture in the three universities have been in the forefront of research in livestock breedingand nutrition. Until recently, there has been little farming systems research which is only nowbeing introduced in the Crop Research Institute. While there has been some resedrch on theeconomics of crop production, the economics of livestock production has received little attention.The National Agricultural Research Project would address these and other main problems of

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agricultural research by providing support to improve prioritization and planning, bettercoordination, the development of physical facilities and manpower development.

3.44 Current Status of Research. Although considerable research is required to: (i) refineexisting technology to the different agro-ecological conditions in Ghana; (ii) generate newtechnologies for relatively under-researched crops such as root and tuber crops; and (iii) adaptnew technology developed at the international research institutes, and other national researchsystems to Ghanaian conditions, there exist a number of improved vatieties and recommendedagronomic practices for a majority of food crops that would, if adopted by Ghanaian farmers,increase total crop production significantly in the short and medium term. Substantial researchwork has been conducted on maize, sorghum, rice, cowpea, and groundnut in collaboration v. ̀ hbilateral donors, ICRISAT, CIMMYT and IITA. Of these, maize, sorghum and cowpeas seem tobe the most researched and for which a number of Improved varieties are available. Twelveimproved varieties of maize have been released with maturing periods of 95-120 days to fitdifferent agro-ecological zoines. Similarly, a number of improved varieties for sorghum andcowpea have been released. Improved varieties have also been developed for both rainfed andirrigated rice. High yielding varieties of cassava are available, but these are mainly suitable forgw production due to their high cyanide content. High yielding varieties exist for a wide rangeof vegetables and fruits. Aquaculture technology and effective methods of disease control forsmall ruminants and poultry exist that could immensely increase fish and meat production. Anumber of intermediate technologies in farm tools and implements have also been developed toif...izase the efficiency of farm labor. On the animal production side, simple and cost effectivetechnology for controlling trypanosomiasis is now available. A fuller account of availabletechnology is given in Annex 2.

3.45 Current Level of Farmine in Ghana. The level of modern agricultural technology adoptedby farmers in Ghana is low. Agronomic practices that decrease soil erosion and increase soilmoisture, such as contour plowing, 1:edge planting, terracing, and harvesting rain water are notwidely practiced. Composting is practically unknown. Crop rotation for purposes of increasingsoil fertility is not practiced. The major tools for a majority of farmers are the hoe and thecutlass. Maize shelling and rice and sorghum threshing are all done by hand with the help of astick. In irrigated rice production, simple tools for leveling and puddling soil are not available.Agricultural goods are transported from farm to home and from home to market by head portage.Post harvest losses are reported to be very high.

3.46 There is wide scope for substantially increasing the cropped area per farm through use ofimproved tools and animal drawn farm implements that significantly increase the efficiency oflabor, since less than 40 percent of the nation's arable land is cultivated. Very few householdshave adopted technologies which would reduce the drudgery of women in doing householdchores, such as: stoves that are energy efficient and reduce the time of cooking and collectingfuelwood, gari processing, grain milling, and oil extracting machines, improved housing of sheepand goats that simplify the collection of manure and urine and ..,educe the time for cleaning, etc.

3.47 Livestock farmers do not generally adopt the currently available technology for thecontrol of animal diseases. This is a major factor constraining the use of animal traction. Thewide swings in crop prices and the possibility of drought, increase the risk of technology adoptionwhile the unavailability of inputs and credit discourage farmers from even trying it.

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3.48 The use of fertilizer in Ghana is very low. In 1989, the total arnount of fertilizer sold tofarmers was about 10,200 tons of nutrients, which averages only about 7 kg per ha. As adequateuse of fertilizer and improved seeds are the major determinants of increased crop production,special efforts need to be made to ensure that Government adopts appropriate policies to ensurethat the returns to these inputs are adequate to encourage their increased use and that they areavailable at the right time.

3.49 The foregoing discussion clearly shows that not only is a wide range of technologiesavailable, but that there is also a wide scope for increasing agricultural productivity through theuse of improved cultural practices and labor saving implements and equipment. Disseminatingscientific farming and the available technolQgies can keep the extension service extremely busy inthe short and medium term. Thus, in the short and medium term, the gap would more likely be"extension" and "services" gap rather than "technology gap". The existing gap between the levelof production and yields of major crops in 1988 and their potential yield if grown underimproved husbandry and crop management conditions, using improved seo ds, correct plantpopulation and planting date, moderate amounts of fert"Aizer and timely weed and pest control isbrought out in Table 3.4 below. For the longer-term, Government is investing in agriculturalresearch to solve the practical problems that constrain increased farm productivity.

Table 3.4. AREA, PRODUCTION, YIELD OF MAJOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN 1988 /

Possible1988 Improved

Area Production Yield YieldCroD '00 . '000 tons ton/ha ton/ha

Maize 551 750 1.4 > 3.0Sorghum/millet 408 370 0.9 >2.0 3/Rice 92 120 1.3 >2.5 4/Cassava 449 3,300 7.5 >20.0Yam 170 1,200 7.0 25.0Cocoyam 219 1,200 5.5 n.a.Cowpea 43 14 0.3 > 1.4Groundnut 153 140 0.9 1.5

Source: The Minist"y of Agriculture

3.50 Current Extension Recommendations. The technologies currently being recommended tofarmers by extension are generally limited to maize, sorghum, cowpea and rice, and are: (i)simple and uniform, i.e., lacking in specificity; and (ii) mono-crop based, ignoring the complex

_/ Adapted from The World Bank, 1990. Ghana - Medium-Term Agricultural Development Strategy (MTADS).Working Paper 2. Food Crops.

i/ The improved yield is for sorghum. Millet is mainly grown in the driest area of Northern Ghana. There are noimproved varieties of millet.

4/ Yield is for rainfed rice. Yield of 4.5 tons per ha. could be achieved on irrigated farm.

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farming systems which are common in many parts of Ghana.jI In the case of maize, forinstance, the recommendations relating to fertilizer application rate and timing are standard,though for increased efficiency of fertilizer use, these parameters should be varied according tosoil characteristics and climatic conditions. In some cases they lack relevance, as in the case ofcowpea, where high yielding varieties, recommended by extension, are not yet popular due to thehigh susceptibility of these varieties to pests. As regards root crops, the only usefulrecommendation is the mini-set technology for yamn, though these - cassava, yam, cocoyam - arevery critical for food security in the rural areas and farmers' incomes, and in which farmerswould welcome useful recommendations. The main reason for this lack of recommendation forroot crops is again extension's sole reliance on the research system for its recommendations, andthe higher priority given by the latter to grain than to tubers. Useful production recommendationson these crops could be developed from the information available in Ghana, particularly amongfarmers, and abroad. As regards rice, although more technological recommendations can bedeveloped from the information available than what are given to farmers by extension, suchefforts are at an initial stage. For sorghum and millet, improved varieties that can berecommended with confidence are not yet available. Research is not actively involved in postharvest technology, and extension is therefore unable to give useful recommendations to farmers,despite the fact that post harvest losses are high in Ghana and some farmers have developedstorage techniques which could be studied by extension for further experimentation andimprovement.

3.51 Livestock. Extension services for livestock are very weak, primarily due to the limitedavailability of recommendable technologies and lack of organized efforts in areas wheretechnologies are available. In the case of inland fisheries, particularly aquaculture, improvedtechnologies exist but have not yet reached the small-scale farmers, mainly due to lack of trainedmanpower and partly due tc lack of organized efforts.

3.52 Soils. Past research in soil and water conservation has been inadequate, and extensionrecommendations do not therefore cover these areas. The areas in which farmers would welcomeuseful extension recommendations are: (i) restoration of soil fertility through crop rotation andagro-forestry; and (ii) diversification of farming leading to sustainable farming systems. Thereare farmers who have learned how to produce the desired amount of food crops on a smaller landarea, but they are not yet adeqi.. tely guided as to how best to reallocate their land and laborresources to maximize their eartungs through diversification.

3.53 The main reasons for the poor level of adoption of technology by farmers in Ghana are:(i) weak extension system with poor training, leading to poor capacity to diagnose farmers needs;(ii) inadequate research-extension linkages, which have been responsible for the technologies

S/ One of the mair lessons Icarnt from Farming Systems Research (FSR) is that the research and extension systemsshould understand the existing farming system well before assembling technological recommendations. FSRwould demonstrate that the inability of farmers to adopt one recommendation due to certain constraints whichwould make some other reconunendations meaningless. Recommendations relating to the time of planting,varietal choice and fertilizer levels provide a good example. These components have close irteractions, whichwould make the recommended fertilizer levels for crop planted at the optimum planting time much higher thanfor late planted crop. But if fanmers are unable to stick to the optimum planting time due to various constraintssuch as low farm power or lack of labor resources, then many fertilizer recommendations would becomemeaningless.

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already developed by the research system not being extended to the farmers, and not being refinedto suit the different agro-ecological regions of Ghana and farmers' access ta other services;(iii) tendency of the extenmion system, even where it has been strengthened, to rely too much onthe research system for its technological recommendations, and ignoring the indigenoustechnologies developed by farmers themselves, particularly in areas such as post-harvest, root andtubers, and intercropping; (iv) non-utilization of intermediate technology to increase laborefficiency; (v) inefficiencies in the market system including the availability of credit and inputsand access to commodity markets with adequate incentives; and (vi) the risks associated withadopting innovations, and the inability of the administration to provide the farmers with a riskminimizing environment.

E. Research-Extension Linkaees

3.54 The present linkages of research with extension are poor, and need to be strengthened tomake agricultural research relevant to farmers' needs. The present weaknesses are: (i) oftenresearchers publish research results in scientific journals which tend to be too technical, and also,many publish their research activities in annual reports which have limited circulation. Apartfrom being technical, these publications are often voluminous, and do not benefit extension worksince it has been observed that extension personnel do not read journals or annual reports, (ii) thepresent level of interaction between researchers and the Information Support Unit of DAES needsto be improved considerably. Researchers, in addition to publishing their works in scientificjournals, should highlight their results in newsletters and extension guides in concise and simpleterms which would be aimed at policy makers, extension officers and literate farmers; and(iii) seminars and workshops which create avenues for extension officers, researchers, farmersand policy makers to interact are practically non-existent. These meetings would enableresearchers to appreciate the practical problems that need to be investigated so that research canbe more relevant. The various research institutes ar.d universities can contribute subject-matterspecialists for the training of extension to the mutual benefits of the research and extensionestablishments.

F. Agricultural Training and Education

3.55 Formal agricultural and forestry education in Ghana starts with primary schools. Avocationally oriented agricultural education option has been introduced in the junior and secondaryschools. Professional training is provided by agricultural and veterinary colleges and theuniversities. There are eight agricultural colleges, of which one trains veterinary and animalhusbandry technicians, another forestry officers and a third cocoa extension officers. MOAoperates five of these agricultural colleges and four farm institutes which prepare middle schoolleavers for farming activities. The faculties of Agriculture of Legon, Kumasi and the Cape Coastuniversities, which are under the Ministry of Education and (MOE), offer degree and diplomaprograms.

3.56 Agricultural Colleges. The objectives of the agricultural colleges is to train techniciansfor the various departments of MOA and other agricultural organizations. Except for theveterinary college, all the remaining four colleges follow a common three years program. The

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total capacity of the five MOA agricultural colleges is about 920 students. The total enrolment i1989 was 750. These colleges admit about 375 trainees annually. About 70 percent of the intakeis from secondary school students with four "0" level passes including the English language inthe West African School Certificate Exam or the GCE. The rest are selected from the staff of theMOA based on their work performance and experience. The educational background of the latteris inadequate for effectively following the curriculum of the colleges and has created problems forboth the colleges and MOA in considering the future development of these staff. The limitedaccommodation for female students (58 out of 920) severely limits the training of female staff.

3.57 The curriculum of the colleges covers all aspects of agriculture with four hours ot'classroom lectures and four hours of practical work every school day. The first two vears areresidential while the third year is devoted to practical field work in the departmnent of MOA towhich they will be posted. The value of the last year as a learning device is questionable asstudents do not return to the colleges to build upon the experience of their assignment. Apreferable arrangement may be to limit the practical assignment to 3-4 months and students returnto the colleges to discuss their experiences in class and to take additional courses to deepen theirexpertise. The colleges are currently manned by poorly motivated and underqualified staff.There are 8-10 instructors at each college, half of which are university graduates. The minimumrequirement to teach in these colleges should be a B. Sc. degree plus some work experience. Theprincipals of the colleges should have post graduate training with experience in academicleadership.

3.58 Essential facilities like textbooks, teaching aids, laboratory and farm equipment and farmmachinery, means of transport and farm animals are lacking in all the colleges. Classroom anddormitory furniture is dilapidated. With the exception of the veterinary college at Pong-Tamale,the colleges in their present state do not bear any resemblance to an academic institution. Allthese contribute to lower the quality of instruction given and the quality of students and teachersthe colleges attract. The existing facilities need to be renovated without recourse to physicalexpansion. The curricula of the colleges and the capacity of the teaching staff to prepare studentsto the challenges of the new unified extension system needs to be reviewed.

3.59 Agricultural Faculties. The University of Ghana and the University of Science andTechnology offer a full range of diploma and degree programs in agriculture leading up to thePh.D. degree. The University of Cape Coast essentially offers a teacher education program inagriculture leading to a B.Sc. degree. Table 3.5 shows the programs, capacities and outputs ofthe three faculties. The combined teaching staff of the three faculties comprise of 44 Ph.D., 39M.Sc. and 9 B.Sc. holders. These are in general well trained and well qualified. However, theyare poorly motivated in terms of pay and support services for teaching and research. Those whocan are actively engaged in consulting work to supplement their income.

3.60 The curricula covered in the three faculties embrace all disciplines of agriculture andhome sciences. Practical training is an integral part of the curriculum but the means of effectivelycarrying it out are lacking. Text books and reference materials are outdated. The infrastructurehas deteriorated over the years. Laboratory equipment and farm machinery have become obsoleteand difficult to maintain. Inadequate financing constrains conducting a full range of farm andresearch operations, which deny students an exposure to an effective practical experience andlimits the creativity of the faculty. The MOA realizes these problems and is arranging to alleviatesome of these constraints through a number of its projects. The universities reference librarieswould be upgraded and linked with the Ghana agricultural research and information network

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systems and research grants would be made available to the agricultural faculties under theNational Agricultural Research Project. The MOA is planning to review the entire agriculturaleducation system with the purpose of rehabilitating and revitalizing it.

Table 3.5. CAPACITY AND ANNUAL OUTPUT OF FACULTIES OF AGRICULTURE IN GHANABY QUALIFICATION

Dumation of Qualification Avg. Annual AnnualInstitution Study Output Com_Qity

University of 2 Diploma 54 60Ghana 3 B.Sc. 44 60

2 M.Sc./M.Ph. 5 1334 Ph.D. - 3

U.S.T. 2 Diploma 43 454 B.Sc. 56 602 M.Sc. 1 23 Ph.D. - -

University of 4 B.Sc. 26 35Cape Coast

TOTAL Diploma 97 105B.Sc. 126 155M.Sc. 6 ISPh.D. 3

G. Agricultural Producer Qrganizations

3.61 Cooperatives have had their heyday in Ghana. They were actively promoted by thecolonial government since the 1920's and gained substantial importance especially in cocoamarketing. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Department of Cooperatives pursued a policy oftransferring part of its educational and promotional functions to the movement's ownorganizations, e.g., the Gold Coast Cooperative Federation and the Alliance of GhanaCooperatives. At Independence, the cooperatives were well on their way to developing into self-reliant, viable and sustainable organizations.

3.62 Since the early 1960s, the cooperatives have gone through a turbulent period marked bydrastic and frequent shifts in government policy. In 1961, all cooperative organizations weredissolved through Government decree and their assets and functions transferred to parastatal andother Government controlled organizations. A few years later, this decision was pardy reversedby the new Government, although the cooperatives were not compensated for the loss of theirassets The whole period since the mid-1960s has been marked by experiments with differenttypes of cooperative structures and with farmers' associations. The lack of a consistent

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Government policy and the promotion of a variety of organizations to carry out governmentinitiated programs and functions, have over the years led to a proliferation of cooperatives and anunwieldy cooperative structure. The Ghana Cooperative Bank was expropriated by theGovernment in 1960. Although it was re-established in 1974, its links to the cooperativemovement are weak and the major part of its financial operations is outside the cooperativesector. Although the Ghana Cooperative Council acts as an apex organization, it has been unableto discharge its functions effectively. It is almost entirely dependent on financial contributionsfrom Government, which manifests the poor state of cooperative development in Ghana.

3.63 Only a few hundred out of a total of more than 5,000 registered agricultural servicecooperatives are functioning. Their membership and level of business activities are generallyquite insignificant, with the exception of a small number of cooperatives which are beingpromoted with assistance from external donors. The cocoa cooperatives, which until the early1960s constituted the backbone of the agricultural cooperative movement, have since becomemoribund, and their activities have been taken over by the Cocoa Marketing Board.

3.64 The Government is aware of the foregoing problems and is reviewing the cooperativesector with Bank and other donors' assistance in order to draw-up a plan of action to restructureand develop the cooperative sector along sound and sustainable principles.

H. Rural Marketing and Finance

3.65 The most severe constraints militating against increased agricultural productivity throughwide spread adoption of agricultural innovations lie in the business end of agriculture, which ispoorly organized. There are problems in the timely delivery of inputs, mainly fertilizer andseeds, and even if inputs were available, most farmers do not have access to credit for buyingthem. Tremendous variations exist in seasonal prices of food grains. For instance the price ofmaize 4 months after harvest can be as high as 3 to 5 times that in the month of harvest. Mostfarmers cannot store their produce until prices increase due to immediate cash requirements forfamily needs. Credit repayments fall due immediately after harvest, which reinforces low prices.Smallholders in the maize surplus areas are unwilling to store their harvest in large quantitiesbecause of high storage losses. The moisture content of the maize is high as farmers have toremove the crop early to avoid pest infestation as well as for preparing land for the minor seasoncrop.

3.66 The Bank is supporting Government's resolve to improve the macroeconomic environmentfor increasing the efficiency of the marketing system for agricultural inputs and farm produceunder the Agricultural Sector Adjustment Credit (AGSAC), currently being processed.Government would privatize the entire marketing chain of all agricultural inputs. Privatization ofretail marketing of fertilizer is in progress and would be extended to wholesaling in the nextphase. The FASCOMs in Upper and Volta regions would also privatize their operations.Meanwhile they would be restructured to increase their capital base, tighten their financialdiscipline and reorient their operations on sound commercial principles.

3.67 Farmers need to be encouraged and supported to actively participate in the distribution ofinputs, provision of credit and the storage and marketing of farm produce. The strategy of theDepartment of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) is to contact smallholders in small groups.

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A number of such groups can be organized to form farmers' and fishermen's associations (FAs)for the purpose of input and credit distribution and the storage and marketing of farm produce.FAs would facilitate as well as reduce the cost of input distribution and the administration ofcredit to a large number of farmers. It has been shown in Ghana and elsewhere that credit givento groups has a better record of repayment. The Rural Finance Project is making funds availableto the banking system for financing agricultural production and marketing.

3.68 FAs can also mobilize a high volume of farm produce for storage and marketing. Storageand drying equipment could be made availakie to them on the basis of hire purchase and workingcapital provided for buying and selling inputs and produce. The Integrated AgriculturalDevelopment Project at Mainpong has successfully shown that this could be done. Government isprepariag an Agricultural Marketing Project.

3.69 A multitude of NGOs are currently engaged In providing agricultural extension services tofarmers. As their comparative advantage does not lie in this, they should be encouraged to leaveextension activities to MOA and shift their focus to promoting the development of FAs by trainingtheir management committees in accounting and business principles and monitoring their progress.

IV. THE PROJECT

A. Project Rationale, Obiectives and Strategy

Project Rationale

4.1 The project was proposed in the Government's Medium Term Agricultural DevelopmentPlan (MTADP), which identified four priority areas of action for accelerating growth in theagricultural sector. These were: (i) improving the incentive framework for farmers;(ii) increasing private sector participation in agricultural development; (iii) strengthening themanagement of agricultural services, particularly extension and research; and (iv) establishing aframework for a more rational allocation of public sector resources. The project would improvethe key area of extension in agricultural support services and also complement the NationalAgricultural Research Project by forging strong research/-extension linkages so that researchwould be responsive to solving farmer perceived problems and extension would diagnose farmers'problems and participate with research in the generation of technologies to resolve them. Theproject would also contribute to the strengthening of the agricultural sector management andrationalizing the allocation of resources in the public sector through consolidation of scatteredextension initiatives across departments and various agencies.

4.2 The proposed project would build upon the successful experiences of different extensionapproaches tried in Ghana. It would unify the scattered agricultural extension services underDAES. A single extension agent would deliver extension messages in crops, agro-forestry,livestock, fisheries (aquaculture), irrigation, women in agricultural development, etc. It wouldpromote the wide use of proven agricultural innovations and farming practices that would increase

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output, improve the efficiency of labor, conserve soil and water resources and contribute to theprotection of the environment.

Qbjectiyes

4.3 The project would be one of the main vehicles for accelerating growth of the agriculturalsector under the MTADP. It would significantly strengthen the services of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) through logistic, infrastructure and human resource development support andcontribute towards facilitating increased productivity of farmers, particularly that of smallholders.The primary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the nutrition and incomes of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology.

4.4 In particular, the project would help to: (a) improve efficiency in the management anddelivery of extension services, (b) improve the relevance of technologies available to farmers, andin particular, indigenous technologies developed by farmers themselves; (c) increase theinvolvement of farmers in the identification of areas where further research is needed and developtechnologies with their collaboration; (d) assist the Department of Cooperatives in organizingfarmers into groups and associations in order to improve their income through better access toinputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) strengthen the existing framework for humanresource development in the sector and forge linkages between research. teaching and extension.Special emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers.

B. Summary Description

4.5 The project would be implemented over a period of five years and would have thefollowing major components:

(a) strengthenine the extension _ervice in all the ten regions through: (i) provision ofinfrastructure, transport, equipment, consultancy services, and incremental recurrent costsupport; (ii) in-service training of all categories of staff; and (iii) forging closer linkbetween extension and agricultural research services;

(b) strengthening the technical departments of MOA to expand sectoral capacity to test therelevance of technologies generated by research institutes to farmers' conditions throughprovision of transport, equipment, technical assistance and incremental recurrent costsupport to subject matter specialists (SMS)and to project monitoring and evaluation; and

(c) supporting human resource development through improved facilities, provision of teachingmaterials, farm and laboratory equipment and transport support as well as upgrading ofthe teaching staff of agricultural colleges and text books to the faculties of agriculture.

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C. Detailed Fedtures

Strengthening the g.xtension Servc (US$30.27 million)

4.6 The project would support the operation of a unified national agricultural extensionservice which would deliver extension messages in crops, soil and water conservation, agro-forestry, livestock, fisheries, women in agricultural development, etc., to farmers through a singleagent under the direction of DAES. Plans would be drawn for regional and district extensionprograms on the basis of diagnostic studies of the local agro-ecologic conditions and farmers'needs. Regional research/extension liaison committees (RELC) would be established to advise onthese programs. Adaptive on-farm trials would be conducted in collaboration with regionalresearch institutes to test the relevance of technologies under farmers' conditions and to provideappropriate feed back that would guide researchers in generating new technology. National andregional agricultural policy coordinating committees would be established to promote closerlinkages between local administration, farmers, research, extension, education, banking and agri-business. The Information Support Unit of DAES would be developed to prepare audiovisual aidsfor training farmers and extension staff and to develop programs for media diffusion, especiallythe radio. A management information system (MIS) would be developed to monitor the executionof the programs and evaluate their effectiveness. The project would provide funds for therehabilitation and construction of offices, construction of staff quarters in remote areas wheresatisfactory rental accommodation is not available, equipment, vehicles, a limited amount oftechnical assistance and studies, and incremental recurrent costs for the operation and maintenanceof vehicles and equipment.

Strengthening the Technical Departments of MOA (US$3.90 million)

4.7 The technical departments of the MOA, viLz, Crop Services, Animal Health andProduction, Fisheries, Agricultural Engineering, Training and Manpower Development and PolicyPlanning, Monitoring and Evaluation, would play an important role in the project by providingSMS support, and technical support as needed by the project, particularly to training, monitoringand evaluation. The project would support these departments through provision of vehicles,computers, technical assistance and funds to meet the incremental recurrent and maintenance costsof vehicles and equipment. The project would provide support to the Policy Planning, Monitoringand Evaluation Department, to enable it oversee the monitoring of project implementation and tocarry out the impact evaluation of the project.

Human Resource Development (US$6.94 million)

4.8 The project would sup .man resource development in the agricultural sector, throughsupport to institutions at three (i) induction and in-service training to MOA staff,particularly extension staff; (ii) Agricultural Colleges of the MOA; and (iii) University Facultiesof Agriculture. The project would also forge linkages between research, teaching, extension andfarmers, both at the operational and managerial levels. Research scientists of national agriculturalinstitutes and regional international agricultural centers would be actively involved in conductingworkshops for SMSs on a regular basis in order to update them on new developments in the fieldsof their specialty. Management staff from the headquarters and regional offices of DAES, subjectmatter specialists, scientists of agricultural institutes and universities would participate in thelecture series organized by the agricultural colleges. Students of the agricultural colleges would

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be given opportunity to work with farmers and extension staff as part of field demonstrations andpractical training.

4.9 The project would support strengthening the five agricultural colleges under MOAthrough the provision of classroom furnithre, books, teaching aids, (projectors, TV, video cameraand tape players, etc.), transport, and laboratory and farm equipment. Some of the dormitorieswould be renovated and expanded to accommodate additional female students.

4.10 The three agricultural faculties under the Ministry of Education in the three nationaluniversities suffer from a number of inadequacies. These include weak curricula in a few cases,poor motivation for the well qualified teaching staff, outdated textbooks and reference materials,inadequate teaching aids, dilapidated infrastructure (classrooms, laboratories and farm structures),furniture and farm machinery and obsolete laboratory equipment. Addressing all theseinadequacies is clearly outside the scope of this project. The Government is aware of thesituation and would address these problems through other projects. What is provided under thisproject is funds (US$0.52 million equivalent) for only updating the text books utilized by thesefaculties. This would complement upgrading of the reference libraries of the faculties ofagriculture under the National Agricultural Research Project (para 3.60).

4.11 Induction Training. The changeover from the present extension system based on theprinciples of T&V, but with no regularity of training and visit schedules or interaction withresearch, would require an intensive induction training for staff at all levels, particularly to SMS.This training would cover areas such as monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and how to: (i) carryout effective field visits; (ii) conduct regular training of field staff; (iii) conduct SMS workshops;and (iv) carry out field trials. The project would support the training through provision of fundsfor consultants. Induction training would be conducted during the period of October 1991 to July1992 (Annex 6).

4.12 In-service Trainin2. In addition to the periodic training of front line staff (FLS) and SMSas part of t&e e dynamics of the extension system, extension staff at all levels would requirein-service training in specific subject matter areas, both in-country and abroad. The projectwould support such training through provision of consultants, and support to travel and trainingcosts. The in-service training program would be conducted annually. The studies and toursabroad would be scheduled during the first two years of the project (Annex 6).

V. PROJECT COSTS AND FINANCING

A. Cost Estimates

5.1 Total project costs are estimated at US$41.11 million (¢16.75 billion) inclusive of dutiesand taxes in the amount of US$4.3 million (¢1.75 billion). Of this, about 60 percent orUS$24.61 million is foreign exchange cost. As a proportion of base costs, investment costsamount to 71 percent and incremental recurrent costs 29 percent. Total contingencies areII percent of base costs, using 1991 prices, with physical and price contingencies accounting for

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9 and 2 percent, respectively. The projected rates of currency exchange and interniational anddomestic inflation used to derive the total project cost estimate are given in Table 5.1.

Table S. 1. INFLATION AND EXCHANGE RATE PROJECTION

gxchanto International DoMggicRato nlAigO Infbtion

Year ¢/S gmecnt Percent

PYI 395 -1.4 8.0PY2 405 0.3 5.0PY3 415 3.8 5.0PY4 425 5.5 5.0PY5 440 4.5 5.0

5.2 Table 5.2 gives a summary of project costs by component. Additional summary tables onproject costs by year, by component, and by summary accounts are presented in Annex 3. Thecosts for the component of strengthening agricultural extension are also shown by region tofacilitate decentralization of project implementation at the field level.

Table 5.2. PROJECT COST SUMMARY

% Foreign %TotalComnyonent Local Foreien Total Exchanae Base Costs

(USS Million)

Strengthening Ag. Extension 12.01 14.97 26.98 55 73

Support to Other MOA Depts. 0.84 2.87 3.71 77 10

Human Resource DevelopmentIn-Service Training 0.70 1.32 2.02 65 5Agricultural Colleges 1.14 3.24 4.38 74 12Sub-ttal 1.84 4.56 6.40 71 17

TOTAL BASELINE COSTS 14.69 22.40 37.09 60 10C

Physical Contingencies 1.18 2.06 3.24 63 9

Price Contingencies 0.63 0.15 0.78 18 2

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS 16.50 24.61 41.11 59 111

of which: Incremental Recurrent Costs (6.52) (4.25) (10.78) (39) (29)Duties and Taxes (4.30) (0.00) (4.30) (-)

B. Proposed Financing Plan

5.3 Of the total project cost of US$41.11 million, the proposed IDA credit would financeUS$30.40 million and the Government of Ghana (GOG) US$10.71 million. The IDA creditrepresents 74 percent of total project costs, 100 percent of foreign exchange costs and 47 percent

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of local costs, excluding duties and taxes. The IDA contribution amounts to about 82 percent ofproject costs, excluding duties and taxes. Of the total IDA contribution, $5.67 million is tofinance incremental recurrent costs on a declining basis.

Tlab e_3 PROPOSED FINANCING PLAN BY PROJECT COMPONENT

Prnoiwc Componen 11h coa Total PErcnt(USS Million)

Strengthening Agr. Extension 21.55 8.72 30.27 73.6Suppoit to Other MOA Departments 3.20 0.70 3.90 9.5

Human Resource DevelopmentIn-service Training 2.02 0.18 2.20 5.3Agricultural Colleges 3.63 1.11 4.74 11.5Sub-total 5.65 1.29 6.94 16.9

TOTAL PROJECT COSTS 30.40 10.71 41.11 100.0of which: Incremental recurrent cost (5.67) (5.11) (10.78) (26.22)

Table 5.4 PROPOSED FINANCING PLAN BY FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND LOCAL COSTS

Foreien Local Taxes Total(US$ Million)

IDA 24.61 5.79 - 30.40Government of Ghana - 6.41 4.30 10.71

TOTAL 24.61 12.20 4.30 41.11

C. Procurement

5.4 All goods, civil works, and services financed under the IDA credit would be procured inaccordance with the Guidelines for Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits. Technicalassistance and studies will be procured in accordance with Bank Guidelines for the Use ofConsultants and training and study tours will be arranged in consultation with IDA. All contractsfor goods exceeding the equivalent of US$100,000 per contract would be procured throughInternational Competitive Bidding (ICB). Contracts for goods valued at less than US$100,000each, up to an aggregate amount not to exceed US$400,000, would be procured through localcompetitive bidding (LCB), advertized locally in accordance with procedures satisfactory to IDA.Goods estimated to cost less than the equivalent of US$15,000 per contract, up to an aggregateamount not to exceed the equivalent of US$200,000 may be procured under contracts awarded onthe basis of comparison of price quotations solicited from a list of at least three suppliers eligibleunder the Guidelines, in accordance with procedures acceptable to IDA. All bidding packagesand contract awards estimated at US$200,000 equivalent or more would be subject to prior reviewby IDA. The remaining contracts would be subject to tamdom post review after contract awards.

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5.5 LCB procedures are subject to prior review by IDA and will include local advertising,public bid opening, clarity and disclosure of evaluation criteria, transparency in the evaluationprocess, award to lowest evaluated bidder and non-exclusion of foreign bidders who wish toparticipate. Procurement of items included under incremental recurrent costs will be done inaccordance with Government procedures, which are satisfactory.

5.6 Civil works estimated to cost less than US$250,000 per contract, up to an aggregateamount not to exceed US$1.0 million, would be procured under contracts awarded on the basis ofLCB. It is estimated that there would be 15 such contracts aggregating to US$1.31 million(averaging about US$87,000 per contract). The building of new offices and staff housing wouldbe grouped by region for international competitive bidding (ICB). It is expected that 16 buildingcontracts averaging about US$1.00 million per contract would be awarded through ICB. Thepackaging of the civil work contracts is being finalized and would be discussed in detail duringthe first IDA supervision mission, with appropriate criteria for post qualification review. Inevaluating ICB, domestic contractors would be given a margin of preference of 7.5 percent inaccordance with the Guidelines.

5.7 ICB will be followed for all vehicles and major equipment contracts and will be subject toprior review by IDA. Books with a total value of about US$1.26 million will be procured on thebasis of ICB, in which publishers as well as their authorized agents can participate. The technicalassistance required for studies, monitoring and evaluation and training include 47 man months ofinternationally recruited consultants and 95 man months of local consultants (Annex 9). Standardbidding documents will be used for both LCB and ICB. Procurement arrangements aresummarized in Table 5.5.

Table 53 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROCUREMENT ARRANGEMENTS(US$ million equivalent)

Procurement MethodProject Element ICB LCB Other Total

1. Works1.1 Buildings 16.28 1.31 17.59

(12.19) (0.98) (13.17)2. Goods

2.1 Vehicles 5.85 0.08 5.93(5.20) (0.08) (5.28)

2.2 Equipment 1.61 0.45 0.10 2.16(1.28) (0.40) (0. 10) (1.78)

2.3 Books 1.24 0.02 1.26(1.24) (0.02) (1.26)

3. Consultancies3.1 Training 1.33 1.33

(1.18) (1.18)

3.2 Technical Assistance and Studies 2.06 2.06(2.06) (2.06)

4. Miscellaneous4.1 Incremental Recurrent Costs 10.78 10.78

(5.67) (5.67)

TOTAL 24.98 1.76 14.37 41.11(19.91) (1.38) (9.11) (30.40)

* Figures in parenthesis show share of IDA financing.

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D. Disbursgment

5.8 The IDA Credit of US$30.4 million is expected to be effective on May 1, 1992. Theproject is expected to be completed by May 1, 1997. The credit would be disbursed over aperiod of five and a half years, up to the closing date of November 1, 1997. The disbursementschedule is provided in Annex 3. It is shorter than the historical disbursement profile of eightyears for agriculture and rural development projects in Africa. The five and half yeardisbursement period is considered realistic since the departments responsible for implementing theproject are firmly in place, and most of the vehicles, equipment and furniture would be procuredin the first two years of the project. The civil works for office and staff accommodation wouldalso be completed in the first three years of the project.

Table 5.6 SUMMARY DISBURSEMENT SCHEDULE(USS MiWiol)

Cateaory Amount of Credit % of Expcnditure to be Financed

Civil Works 11.67 100% of foreign and 75% of localVehicles 4.68 100% of foreign and 90% localEquipment and Materials 1.22 100% of formign and 90% of localBooks 1.18 100% of foreign and 90% of localTraining 1.11 100% of foreign and 80% of localConsultancics & Studies 1.82 100% of foreign and local (net of taxes)Incremental Recurrent Costs .36 80% up to December 31, 1995 and

25% theafterSub-total 27.04

Unallocated 3.36

TOTAL 30.40

5.9 In order to facilitate project implementation and to reduce the volume of withdrawalapplications, one Special Account will be opened at a commercial bank on terms and conditionsacceptable to IDA. This account will be operated by MOA. An initial advance of US$1.5million will be authorized and can be withdrawn upon credit effectiveness. This advance wouldcover about four months of eligible expenditures.

5.10 Replenishment requests will be submitted monthly. Each request will be fullydocumented except for incremental recurrent expenditures and for contracts of less thanUS$20,000 equivalent which will be made on the basis of statements of expenditure (SOE). Allsupporting documents will be retained by MOA and made readily available for review by periodicBank supervision missions and external auditors.

5.11 Whenever possible, withdrawal application should be aggregated in amounts of not lessthan US$50,000. The same limit applies to direct payments. DAES will have responsibility forthe preparation and submission of withdrawal applications.

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5.12 Government will establish an account with a local commercial bank, which will receivethe Government funding contribution and would be used to make payments for the implementationof the project. Government will pay its contribution, monthly and in advance to this account.The first Government deposit in this accour' would be the equivalent of US$340,000 equivalent inCedis, which is a condition of project effectiveness (para 8.3 (i)). This is the approximateGovernment contribution, estimated for financing the local incremental recurrent and capital costsfor the first quarter of the project. An annual work program and budget would be prepared andsubmitted to IDA not later than September 30, of each year by DAES, and all other departmentsparticipating in the project (para 8.1 (c) (v)).

E. Auditing and Reporting

5.13 All accounts related to the project would be audited annually by independent auditorsacceptable to IDA. In addition to the auditors' reports and statements of accounts a long formaudit report, that is, financial statements of project accounts, the special account and SOE's and amanagement letter, will be prepared. This auditors' report would be submitted to IDA within sixmonths of the end of the fiscal year of the Government. Quarterly financial progress reports andsemi-annual progress reports would be submitted to IDA within 45 days of the end of eachreporting period (para 8.1 (c) (iv)).

Financial Implications

5.14 The project would require Government to contribute an average of US$2.14 million p.a.from its own budgetary resources. Tiowever, US$0.86 million represents duties and taxes, whichit recovers from the purchase of goods and services for the project. The net contribution ofGovernment would, therefore, be US$1.28 million per year. In 1990, the expenditure allocationof MOA was about US$50 million, out of which US$14.28 was for recurrent expenditure. Therecurrent expenditure of the Department of Agricultural Extension Services was US$2.87 million.Incremental recurrent expenditure resulting from the project is shown in Table 5.7. Theincremental expenditure due to the project would amount to US$1.21 million in the final year ofthe project, which does not appear too onerous for Government to bear. The approved budget forDAES increased more than three fold from Cedis 287 million in 1988 to Cedis 1.09 billion in1990. MOA wou!d be able to secure adequate support for the project given the strongcommitment of the Government to accelerate agricultural growth. IDA would use the annualPublic Expenditure Review mechanism to ensure that DAES would receive adequate allocations toimplement the project. Although Government would be able to sustain the national agriculturalexten.;i_ program after the project is completed, the project should be seen as the first phase of alongar-term institutional development program which would require further external assistanc-considering the long time it takes to develop a smoothly functioning extension service.Government's contribution to incremental recurrent costs would increase from 20 percent .n thefirst three years to 75 percent in the fourth and fifth years as shown in Table 5.7.

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Table 5.7 PHASING OF INCREMENTAL RECURRENT EXPENDITURES(USS Million)

Project Year EnI Ei EY3 PYS PYa TOTAL

Calendar Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

IDA 0.51 1.34 2.20 0.60 0.67 0.35 5.67Go0 0.13 0.34 0.55 1.59 1.81 .8 528

IQ.L5L 0.64 1.68 2.75 2.19 2.48 1.21 10.95

VI. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

A. Introduction

6.1 The project would be managed and implemented mainly by the Department ofAgricultural Extension with the other departments of MOA implementing minor components in asupportive role. It is envisaged that project implementation would be decentralized with theregional agricultural offices playing an important role in the annual planning, implementation andmonitoring of project activities. The role envisaged for DAES would be that of coordinating thisplanning and facilitating its implementation and not dictating what the regions plans should be.The extension approach to be used is a modified T&V system amended to suit Ghanaianconditions. Extension contact with farmers would be on the basis of groups rather thanindividuals. Frontline staff would visit farmer groups for training and demonstrations on pre-announced dates. Demonstration plots would be as large as half to one acre. Frequency offrontline staff training would be once a month compared to fortnightly of the T&V model.

6.2 Subject matter specialists would play a crucial role in the implementation of the project asthey provide the key role between researchers, frontdine extension staff and farmers. SMS wouldbe involved in the identification of technological problems farmers are facing and feeding backthis information to research scientists. They would participate in on-farm adaptive researchtesting the relevance and appropriateness of technological solutions to farmers problems. Theywould train frontline staff in appropriate technologies and how to extend these to farmers. Thebackstopping and support of the technical departments of MOA to the subject matter specialists istherefore critical. Research scientists play an important role in generating and packagingimproved agricultural technologies. Their participation at diagnosing farmers' problems andconducting research to solve these problems is ensured through the Regional Research/ExtensionLiaison Committees and the implementation of the adaptive research component of the NationalAgricultural Research Project.

6.3 Project implementation would be monitored using a management information system(MIS) which emphasizes self monitoring in that individuals implementing various aspects of tileproject would be responsible for monitoring the progress and effectiveness of their work. Theirperiodic reports would feed data into the monitoring system, which would be checked by theirimmediate supervisors. Monitoring reports would be prepared and evaluated at the regional level

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with a feed back both to the districts and headquarters. The quarterly progress reports would bebased on these monitoring reports. Impact evaluation of the project would be conducted underthe aegis of the Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department of MOA. IDAsupervision missions would review the annual program and budget, the effectiveness of the MIS,financial reporting and audits and the adequacy of the system and studies designed to evaluate theimpact of the project.

B. Extension Approach and Methodology

6.4 Ghana has tried several agricultural extension methods under a variety of agricultural,rural integrated and pilot development projects (Ghanaian-German Agricultural DevelopmentProject, URADEP, VORADEP, Integrated Agricultural Development Project - in Mampong,Ashanti Region, Global 2000, etc.). Drawing on these earlier experiences, Govemment hasdecided to use an extension methodology with the following main features:

(a) Extension in Ghana would be made professional, and would be confined to transferof technology; extension staff would be relieved of all non-extension functions,such as, credit disbursement and recovery, and inputs distribution. However,extension staff would facilitate these activities performed by other institutions.

(b) All MOA field extension activities, i.e., of crops, animal husbarndry, agro-forestry,horticulture, fisheries, irrigation, agricultural engineering and womnen inagricultural development, would be unified and all extension messages anddemonstrations to farmers delivered by a single extension agent under theDepartment of (DAES). A ministerial directive would be issued by MOA thatwouid articulate the new extension system and the roles of the various departmentsof MOA, other agencies and NGOs in its implementation (para 8.2 (i)).

(c) Front line staff (FLS) would be regularly trained (initially once a month subject toreview later on the basis of experience) and they would visit farmers regularly onpre-announced dates with useful messages and demonstrations. Serious effortswould be made to contact farmers through groups, which can be based ontraditional self help groups such as the Nnoboa, through their elected leaders andvillage extension motivators (VEMs), who would be non-paid volunteers. Farmdemonstrations would take place on plots of these leaders and VEMs, who wouldbe the initial adopters of extension recommendations. The visits of FLS to thegroups would be pre-announced in accordance with a program drawn up with SMSand district agricultural extension supervisors. Close supervision of staff at variouslevels and continual and formal linkages with research would be maintained.

(d) The periodicity of FLS training sessions and SMS workshops would not be fixed inadvance for all regions, but would depend upon the availability of technologicalrecommendations and logistic factors; to start with, FLS training sessions would beheld once a month and SMS workshops bimonthly; the position would be reviewedas more experience is gained with implementation of the extension program.

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(e) Extension staff would assist in organizing farmers' associations which wouldarrange credit and input supply through financial institutions, FASCOMs andestablished traders.

(f) In each extension area an extension program would be prepared outlining the areasof focus, such as contour plowing, row planting, correct plant population, fertilizerusage, composting, weed control, plant protection, post harvest technology, youngstock rearing, animal hygiene etc. These programs would also indicate broad goalsto be reached by extension, in terms of farmers' adoption of extensionrecommendations.

Subject Matter Specialist (SMS) Teams

6.5 The technical departments of MOA would provide SMSs to the regional extensionservices. In each region sufficient number of SMS teams would be constituted to train andbackstop the FLS at the regional and sub-regional level. For this purpose, each region would besubdivided into one to four sub-regions (depending on size and farm population) combining anumber of districts. These sub-regions would be called SMS centers. The SMS team at each SMScenter would be inter-disciplinary and its composition would reflect the needs of the farmingsystems predominant in the ecological zone the team operates. The minimum set of SMSs to beposted at each SMS center would be one each in agronomy, women in development, andlivestock/fisheries. Additional SMS (e.g., horticulturist, agricultural engineer, etc.) may beposted depending on the necessity of the specialties for the sub-region served by the SMS center.The regional offices would have a full complement of SMSs appropriate for the ecological zonesfound in the regions. Annex 5 shows the desirable number of SMS teams by region and SMScenters. The number of SMS teams would initially be 22. Accessibility and availability ofadequate facilities and nearness to research or farm stations were considered in selecting the SMScenters. The technical departments of MOA would ensure that their qualified regional staff wouldfunction as the SMSs of the unified extension system, conduct the on-farm research, participate inthe SMS workshops and train the FLS. The field program of the SMSs would be planned withand coordinated and supervised by the Senior SMSs in the regional centers. All the SMSs in turnwould be coordinated and supervised by the Regional Extension Officer, who would beresponsible for the extension program. Posting of the first complement of 45 subject matterspecialists (20 agronomy, 15 livestock and 10 WIAD) to SMS centers wouild be a condition ofcredit effectiveness. The remaining subject matter specialists indicated in Annex 5 would beposted in accordance with a timetable to be agreed upon with IDA by December 31, 1992(para 8.3 (ii);

Research-Extension Linkage

6.6 The main operative steps of the research-extension linkage would be: (a) SMS workshops,in which the researchers participate; and (b) the various stages of the technology transfer process,in which the researcher, SMSs, extension staff and farmers take part.

6.7 SMS Workshop. The SMS workshop would be the principal forum of interactionbetween the researchers and the extensionists. It is proposed that these workshops would be heldat CSIR research stations in Kumasi and Nyankpala for crops and at the Animal Research stations(Kaumanso and Pong-Tamale) for livestock. The facilities of the faculties of agriculture may alsobe used as appropriate. The selection of the resource scientists for the workshops would be made

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by the Regional Research-Extension Liaison Committee (RELC) (para 6.13) and would normallybe from, but not necessarily confined to the link research station. The regional SMS (Training)would arrange visits by the SMSs to the regional research centers and stations periodically, toacquaint themselves with the ongoing research. Periodic training would be arranged at suitableplaces in other subjects such as post-harvest technology, horticulture, agro-forestry, rangemanagement and soil and water conservation. Where possible, the expertise available at theuniversities and institutes other than the NARCs, such as the Institute of Renewable NaturalResources and Forest Products Research Institute would be used for SMS training.

6.8 Researob. The National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) has proposed setting up8 National Agricultural Research Centers (NAREC) which would be CSIR institutes and would becommodity/crop oriented; and 6 Regional Research Stations (RRS) which would be part of theCSD, and would be located at different representative agro-climatic zones. The preliminaryresearch findings of the NARECs would be tested at the RRSs by the CSD, on behalf of theNAREC concerned, and the results of these experiments would be provided by the CSD to theNAREC concerned. In addition to the RRS experiments, it might be necessary to undertakeresearcher-managed trials on farmers' fields in those agro-ecological situations which are notadequately represented by the NAREC/RRS complex. These trials are akin to the researchundertaken on the RRSs, the only difference being that they would be on farmers' fields. As theyare part of research, they should be planned jointly by the researchers and the CSD. These trialswould be funded under the National Research Project. For this purpose, CSIR would prepare alist of research results ready for on-farm adaptive trial. CSIR would also strengthen research inareas not adequately emphasized at present, i.e., relay and inter-cropping, root and tuber crops,agro-forestry and livestock. These points would be included in the Memorandum ofunderstanding to be exchanged between CSIR and MOA under the NARP.

6.9 Diagnostic Surmeys. Diagnostic surveys of the farming systems found in the differentagro-ecological zones of each region would be carried out using rapid appraisal techniques priorto developing the adaptive trials and extension program under the project. The purpose of thesesurveys is to establish the agricultural knowledge base of farmers and the current agriculturalpractices they follow. The findings of these surveys would lay the foundation for planning theextension activities and adaptive trials to be executed under the project. The scientists of therelevant research institutes in the regions would be responsible for these surveys with the activeinvolvement of the subject matter specialists and regional and district extension supervisors.

6.10 On-farm Adaptive Trials. The objective of these trials would be to find out how farrecommendations are found feasible by farmers to adopt, given the various factors such as, theprevailing farming system and the competing demands on the available labor, farmers' resourceendowments, etc. These trials would be planned jointly by the researchers and the SMSs andsupervised by the latter. Extension would identify the farmers who would participate in the trialsand closely monitor their implementation. Researchers would visit the farmers' fields along withthe SMSs at pre-planned dates in accordance with crop and livestock calendars. The results ofthese trials would be reported by the SMSs to the researchers and would form an importantsubject of discussion in the SMS workshops. Recommendations given by research to extensionwould take into consideration the results of these trials. The National Research Project wouldalso provide funding for these trials.

6.11 Extension Test Plots (ETPs). The next stage would be demonstrations on farmers' fields.The objective would be to persuade farmers to adopt the recommendations on portions of their

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farms, so that they serve as demonstration to other farmers, and at the same time provideopportunity for further verification of the recommendations. The ETPs would vary in size fromone half to two acres and would be mostly managed by farmers themselves with FLS assistance.ETP results would be disc ssed in the FLS training sessions.

6.12 Farmer Led Technology Development. Considering that the research system in Ghana isstill being developed and realizing the need to learn from the technologies developed by thefarmers in their efforts to overcome field problems, the project would support a special effort toinvolve farmers and farmer groups in technology development. Recently there has been arenewed interest in the role of farmers in introducing technological innovations. It is recognizedthat such innovations are usually based on sustainable agricultural systems, and that the nationalresearch and extension systems have not taken adequate notice of them. In Ghana, thetechnological recommendations to farmers tend to be based on research done by scientists who donot generally study farmers' practices before formulating their research issues. Recent literatureon farmers' participatory research and extension as well as international seminars on the subjectwould indicate the growing interest in indigenous knowledge systems and the association offarmers actively in technology development. Field experiences of many researchers and NGOswho have successfully developed relevant extension messages based on technologies developed byfarmers have been documented in a number of publications. The project would focus on enablingthe extension system, through suitable induction training, to work with the farmers and farmergroups and to involve them actively in technology identification and generation. Instead ofextension functioning as a mouthpiece of research, it would increasingly function as a partner offarmers and discuss the possible research strategies with the researchers. Research would be asmuch the client of the extension system as of the farmers.

Regional Research-Extension Liaison Committee (RELC)

6.13 Considering that in Ghana many agencies are engaged in the task of generation, testingand transfer of technology, there is a clear need for a coordinating mechanism at the regionallevel. Government would set up at the regional level the Research-Extension Liaison Committee(RELC) under the chairmanship of the Regional PNDC Deputy Secretary for Agriculture. Themembership of this committee would include the Directors and Research Coordinators of theNARECs of the region concerned, the SMSs in that region and the Regional AgriculturalExtension Officer. The SMS (Training of the region would function as the secretary of thecommittee. The terms of reference of RELC is given in Annex 8). The functions of RELCwould include:

- periodically assessing the relevance of the research programs undertaken by the CSIRinstitutes and their priorities in the region;

- selecting the resource persons for the SMS workshops and periodically assessing theirperformance; and

- reviewing the functioning of extension and the implementation of on-farm trials andextension test plot programs.

Assurances were obtained at negotiations that RELCs would be established in each of the tenregions by September 30, 1992 (para 8.1 (a) (i)).

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Women in Agricultural Development

6.14 Women play a prominent role in Ghanaian agriculture. In addition to performinghousehold duties, they participate in land preparation, sowing or planting, weeding, harvesting,threshing, shelling, winnowing, cotton picking, oil palm, sheanut and cocoa processing andtransportation of farm produce. Women market nearly all the grains and starchy staple foods.

6.15 Through the project, MOA would make a deliberate effort to improve the outreach of itsservices to meet the multiple roles of women farmers. The Women in Agricultural DevelopmentDivision (WIAD) would spearhead the Department's effort in transferring technologies in cropproduction, processing, preservation, and utilization as well as in home improvement and nutritionto women farmers. It would also be responsible for including farm youth in its trainingprograms. All training and demonstration sessions to women farmers would be given as a groupso that both male and female agents can work effectively with them. Female agents would beprovided in areas where there is gender restriction.

6.16 The number of female front line staff (FLS) in DAES is very low (457 out of 3079). Theagricultural colleges can accommodate only 58 female students out of a total enrollment capacityof 920 students. The project would enable the agricultural colleges to increase the intake offemale students. Both female and male students in these colleges would be required to takesimilar courses including nutrition, home improvement, food processing and agriculturalmechanization subjects. This would prepare them to meet the field requirements where oneextension agent would deliver messages on all areas of agriculture including post harvesttechnologies and utilization of food crops. The colleges would be equipped with home scienceequipment to offer adequate practical training. WIAD staff would publicize the importance ofWIAD as a profession and its career opportunities in order to arouse interest and increase theenrollment of female students at the agricultural colleges.

6.17 Rural women lack appropriate labor saving farm implements and household equipments.The WIAD program would sensitize researchers to women's needs for labor saving technologiesin food production and processing.

Personnel Policies and Staff Qualifications

6.18 The front line extension staff (FLS) would be certificate holders from the colleges ofagriculture or equivalent institutions. Due to shortage of qualified staff, the subject matterspecialists (SMSs) would initially have a minimum qualification of diplomates plus 3 years ofrelevant experience. This would be reviewed and raised to a minimum of B.Sc. The SMS wouldbe given periodic training in their subjects of specialization to keep them abreast of newdevelopments. The SMS would be retained in their area of specialization through suitable careerdevelopment programs; ultimately they would all be post-graduates.

6.19 The teachers and principals of the colleges of agriculture would be university graduatesand post graduates, respectively. Experienced SMS and other extension staff would beencouraged to teach at these colleges as part of their career development.

6.20 Retraining and Retrenchment of Non-gualified Frontline Staff. Currently, DAES has3016 FLS, of which 1222 are under-qualified. These are found mainly in the three regionscovered by the defunct URADEP and VORADEP projects. Most of these staff have only

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elementary education plus one year of practical farming training at the four farm instiwtes of theMOA, which were established to train faimers. Assurances were obtained from Governmentduring negotiations that the capabilities of this category of staff were reviewed and that 250 wouldbe retrained at the Colleges of Agriculture. The remaining 972 would be phased out of theextension service at the rate of 520 in 1992, 250 in 1993, 150 in 1994 sid 52 in 1995. DAESwould henceforth cease to hire frontline staff from the farm institutes (para 8.1 (a) (ii)).

6.21 Among the supervisory staff, 154 are diploma iolders and 83 university graduates.Projections of staff requirement to the year 2"00 show that on the basis of extension:farmer ratioof 1:800, DAES would need to double the rnmber of its qualified staff. The current capacity ofthe colleges and universities is adequac .o produce the staff needs of the MOA, but they wouldneed considerable support to improve the teaching facilities.

6.22 Extension Coverage and Phasing. The extension component of the project would beimplemented in all areas which are not presently covered by any donor assisted extension project.DAES would ensure that the extension approaches and policies followed would be consistent withthe Department's national strategy and that SMSs would be involved in conducting adaptive trialsand the training of their staff.

6.23 The project would be implemented in phases, with full coverage attained in the third year.This would give sufficient time for the DAES and the participating technical subject matterdepartments to get used to the system and its demands, and get over the key constraint on theintroduction of the new extension system, viz., the availability of trained staff. The first phasewould include the pilot project areas under the ASRP.

Preparatory Steps for Introducing Professional Extension

6.24 Induction Training. Before the proposed professional extension system is started in anydistrict, the staff of that district, including the SMSs, would be given induction training coveringvarious aspects of the reformed extension system. The contents of this training and its durationwould obviously vary depending upon the level of staff receiving training, but would generallyfocus on how to:

- diagnose farmers' constraints and analyze the relevance of extensionrecommendations;

- increase farmers' understanding and adoption of extension messages;- conduct FLS training sessions;- conduct monthly workshops and identify the extension impact points for following

months; and- plan and implement on-farm trials.

6.25 The induction training would be completed in 2 stages. In the first stage, 2 or 3 seniorDAES and DCS staff from each region, one of whom would be the regional SMS (Training),would be given training in the various aspects of the new extension system. In the second stage,these officials would train the district level staff in each region.

6.26 In light of the emphasis which the project would accord to participatory technologydevelopment (para 6.12), the induction training for the extension staff would: (i) be field orientedand instill in them diagnostic skills to analyze the field situation; (ii) enable them to identify the

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technological innovations introduced by the farmers and their potential; (iii) reduce their presentexclusive reliance on the research system as the sole fountainhead of technologicalrecommendations, and train them to lay out simple field trials on the basis of farmers'innovations; (iv) equip them to analyze the results of these trials, discuss them with theresearchers, formulate recommendations on the basis of such discussions and persuade them toinvolve farmer groups in the development of technology; and (v) prepare an extension programfor each agro-climatic zone as a tool for the management of the extension system. In short theinduction training should enable extension to play a much more active role than now intechnology generation and to enlist the association of farmer groups in such task.

6.27 Extension Program. Preparation of an extension program would be a pre-condition to theintroduction of the new extension system in any district. The first step towards the preparation ofsuch a program would be the diagnostic surveys mentioned in para 6.9 above, which would leadto the analysis of the existing farming system (e.g., sorghum-maixe intercropping), the level ofadoption of technology by farmers (e.g., farmers generally plant in rows, but the plantpopulations are low; they do not apply fertilizers on cereal crops; etc.), the farm level constraintson their adoption of technology (e.g., shortage of labor for weeding), and the opportunities (e.g.,introduction of a new crop like soybean or fattening of livestock). Based on such an analysis ofthe present status and identification of opportunities, and in the light of the available researchrecommendations, the extension program for the first season would be formulated. Assuranceswere obtained at negotiations that the first four district plans, representing the four agro-ecologicalzones shall be submitted to IDA no later than July 1, 1992 (para 8.1 (a) (iii)). Any such programwould be tentative, as it might require modifications during implementation. The impact points tobe given to the extension field staff at each FLS training session, would be chosen against thegeneral backdrop of the extension program.

C. Organization and Management

6.28 The directors of each participating technical department, i.e., Agricultural Extension,Crop Services, Animal Health and Production, Fisheries, Agricultural Engineering, Training andManpower Development and Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, would be responsiblefor the performance of the role assigned to it under the project. The specific responsibilities ofeach department are discussed below.

Department of Crop Services (DCS)

6.29 A reference was made earlier to the fact that the present extension recommendations inGhana are mostly confined to the major grain crops (maize and sorghum) and cowpea. Under theproject, extension advice would also t-e provided on root and tuber crops, soybean, horticulturaland tree crops. In addition, farmers would be taught: (a) post-harvest technology methods thatminimize crop losses, and (b) proper conservation of soil and water through contour plowing,planting vetiver grass and trees to protect the soil against sheet and wind erosion. The DCSwould supply SMS in these fields to be posted in the SMS centers throughout the ten regions ofthe couPtry. The project would make available funds for the logistic support and training of theSMS in support of the national extension program.

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6.30 The DCS is currently operating a number of nurseries throughout the country and sellingseedlings of fruit and forage trees 50-100 Cedis below prices charged by private nurseries.Assurances were obtained at negotiations that the commercial multiplication and sales of allimproved varieties of seeds and planting materials, except coconut (because of control of coconutvirus disease) would be fully transferred to the private sector by December 31, 1993, with theresearch institutes and DCS providing foundation seeds and planting materials. The role of DCSwould be to regulate the industry through proper inspection and certification (para 8.1 a(vi)).

Animal Health and Production Department (AHPD)

6.31 AHPD would provide the livestock SMS that would train and backstop frontline extensionstaff in disseminating animal production technologies. Both the Animal Research Institute of CSIRand the Animal Production Division (APD) in AHPD are weak and would be strengthened,respectively under the proposed National Agricultural Research and National Livestock projects.Funds would be provided under this project to enable APD to conduct adaptive trials in pastureand forage development and the use of crop residues and industrial by-products for animal feed.

Fisheries Department (FD)

6.32 One of the functions of the Fisheries Department (FD) is to promote techniques of rearingand harvesting fish in inland waters, i.e., lakes, rivers, lagoons, and reservoirs as well as fishhandling, preservation, and processing. Under the unified extension system, FD would use frontline extension staff to propagate these techniques among smallholders. FLS would be trained inthese techniques by SMS (Fisheries). DAES would provide transport and logistic support to theseSMSs to train the FLS. In addition, the project would provide the FD headquarters with transportand funds to meet the incremental recurrent costs.

Agricultural Enginee_ring Services Department (AESD)

6.33 Until recently, the task of the AESD was to run tractor services and to maintain andrepair MOA's machinery and vehicles. The department proposes to discontinue these functionsand re-orient itself to testing and adapting animal and hand powered farm implements andequipment to Ghanaian conditions and the requirements of Ghanaian farmers. The project wouldsupport AESD in drawing-up and implementing such a program.

6.34 AESD has prepared a proposal for the promotion of animal traction and animal drawnimplements, in the three northern regions. It would be necessary to amplify this proposal toinclude parts of Brong-Ahafo, Ashanti, Greater Accra and Volta Regions, where animal tractioncould be successfully introduced.

6.35 A thorough review would be made of: (a) animal traction work in Ghana, particularlythat of the German Team at the Nyankpala Research Station; (b) hand tools and implements usedin Ghana for farm operations; and (c) grain storage structures and food processing machineryused in Ghana with the purpose of identifying the technologies which could be disseminated tofarmers immediately, and the areas for adaptive research. The project would make funds availablefor such a review. The suggested terms of reference for the review are given in Annex 10. TheNational Agricultural Research Project would fund the adaptive research work identified by thereview.

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Policy Planning. Monitoring and Evaluation Department (PPMED)

6.36 The Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department (PPMED) of MOA wouldplay a key role in ensuring proper monitoring of the project's implementation and in evaluating itsimpact in relation to its stated objectives and annual targets. It would establish bench mark datathat would allow an objective assessment of impact and conduct crop-cutting and socio-economicsurveys using its own staff and consultants. The project would provide vehicles, computers andfunds for consultancy services.

Training and Manpower Department

6.37 The Training and Manpower Development Department is responsible for administeringthe agricultural colleges of MOA and for planning and implementing the manpower developmentof the MOA. The quality of pre-service training at the colleges of agriculture, which produce theFLS, suffers seriously from several shortcomings that deter effective practical agriculturaltraining. First, most of them do not have adequately trained staff. About 56 percent of theteachers are diploma holders. These need to be upgraded. Second, the text books and teachingmaterials used are outdated and the libraries are poorly stocked. Third, the laboratories arealmost non-existent and the farms are not well equipped and managed. The syllabus of thecolleges need to be reviewed in light of the introduction of a vocationally oriented agriculturaleducation option at the junior and secondary schools and the new requirements of the unfiedextension approach. Qualified principals and teaching staff have to be appointed and thesesituations have to be addressed and significantly improved in order to produce qualified staff forthe proposed agricultural extension program.

6.38 The Training and Manpower Development Department would reform the syllabus andstaffing requirements of the agricultural colleges in collaboration with the Curriculum division ofthe Ministry of Education and the board of management of these colleges on which DAES wouldbe represented by the Deputy Director (Training).

6.39 Assurances were obtained at negotiations that: (i) by September 1, 1992, all theagricultural colleges would be brought under a common board of management which wouldinclude the representatives of research, extension and farmers; (ii) the staff engaged in teachingpost-graduate programs would participate in the SMS training and research programs to beundertaken under the project; (iii) education and training in crops (including tree crops),livestock, forestry and fisheries would be coordinated; (iv) senior faculty of the agriculturalcolleges will participate in the SMS workshops; and (v) teaching staff at the post-graduate levelwould conduct research and research staff would be engaged in teaching limited courses(para 8.1 b(i)).

6.40 In-country in-service training of extension staff would be conducted at the colleges ofagriculture and local training institutions. This would include management training for key DAESofficers, monthly training of frontline staff, regular workshop and annual courses for SMS asdescribed in Annex 6. The project would also support study tours abroad, to enable about 30supervisory extension staff and subject matter specialists to undertake field visits in othercountries with farming systems similar to those of Ghana and where the extension system isworking effectively.

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The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAES)

6.41 As the -rincipal implementing department of the project, the Department of AgriculturalExtension (DAES), would be charged with the responsibility of coordinating: (a) disbursement offunds, (b) procurement of goods and services, (c) compiling accounting returns, and(d) monitoring of financial and physical progress of the project. It would be responsible for thepreparation of: (i) the annual work program and budget, (ii) quarterly and annual physical andfinancial progress reports, and (iii) accounts for external auditinig in accordance with theguidelines of the Bank. A qualified disbursement and procurement officer has already beenappointed to coordinate the funding, procurement and accounting returns of DAES and all otherMOA departments implementing components of the project.

6.42 Qualified officers have already been appointed to the following posts:

(a) Director of DAES;(b) Head of Field Services;(c) Head of Women in Agricultural Development (WIAD);(d) Head of Training and Communications; and(e) Head of Planning and Monitoring Unit.

6.43 The WIAD, Training and Communications divisions and the Planning section would eachbe represented at the regional level by a senior SMS, who would coordinate divisional activities inthe regions. The Regional Director of Extension would be in charge of Field Services.

Proiect Steering Committee

6.44 The project would have a Steering Committee that would coordinate the activities of thevarious departments under the project. It would provide policy guidance and coordination in theimplementation of the project. It would be chaired by the PNDC Deputy See.retary forAgriculture. The committee would comprise all of the Directors of MOA and a representativeeach of the Cocoa Board and Deputy Director General (Agriculture) of the CSIR. The Directorof Extension would serve as Secretary. This committee would meet once a month in the first yearof project implementation, when the project may be expected to face start-up problems. Thefrequency of meetings thereafter might be lowered on the basis of the first year's experience.The establishment of this Project Steering Committee would be a condition of credit effectiveness(para 8.3 (i)).

Regional Agricultural Policy Coordinating Committees

6.45 The Government has proposed to establish agricultural policy coordinating committees atthe regional and district levels. These committees would foster cooperation by providing a forumfor representatives of: (a) input suppliers, (b) produce traders, (c) farmers, (d) NGOs, (e) banks,and (d) officials of local governments, MOA and other development agencies, for discussingagricultural service problems and making recommendations on how these might be resolved. Themanagement of DAES would ensure the proper functioning of these committees by providing thesecretariat and the required logistic support.

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D. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

6.46 Two types of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are distinguished, i.e., M&E of projectimplementation and M&E of the project's Impact on total agricultural production and on thewelfare of tlAo target beneficiaries.

Implementatign Monltorlng

6.47 Monitoring and evaluation of project implementation is an ntegral part of projectmanagement as it provides feed back on whether the physical and financial targets are beingachieved as planned. The head of the Planning and Monitoring Unit (PMU) would be responsiblefor overseeing the operation of the management information system (MIS) that Viot'd providesuch information.

6.48 An MIS that would transmit data monthly from the field to district and regional officeswould be set up. Field staff and officers of the DAES would be required to fill monitoring formsas part of their normal duties. The monitoring officers in the regional DAES would analyze thedata so supplied and send the results to the districts and headquarters. The PMU would aggregateand synthesize the information for the whole project and prepare a management report that wouldbe transmitted back to the regions. Semi-annual physical and quarterly financial progress reportswould be prepared and submitted to PPMED for information and clearance before distributingcopies to regional offices and all departments of the MOA, the Ministry of Economic planningand Finance and IDA (para 5.13). These progress reports would facilitate the production of theannual report of DAES. The PMU may, from time to time, undertake simple field assessments inorder to explain variations between planned targets and results achieved or to assess theeffectiveness of certain facets of the extension program by interviewing selected farmers and fieldstaff.

* JmvLWatiQn

6.49 Monitoring and evaluation of project impact provides information to national planners andpolicy makers as well as IDA concerning the effectiveness of the project in achieving the desiredobjectives as set out in the project plans. This would require: (a) the establishment of benchmark data against which the project's impact would be gauged, and (b) periodic measurements ofthe key impact pararmeters. While some of the baseline data and periodic measurements, such asnumber and characteristics of farmers adopting innovations, can be collected through the MIS,socio-economic evaluations and crop-cutting surveys to determine impact on beneficiaries andnational agricultural output have to be conducted under the aegis of the PPMED. Socio-economicstudies needed for the impact evaluation would be conducted by PPMED staff or contracted touniversities or other consultants.

Seugthe MIS

6.50 The MIS needs to be set-up and staff of the Planning Division of DAES trained in thepreceding 6 months to the commencement of the project. Setting-up the MIS and training staff aswell as drawing up the impact evaluation program would require short term technical assistance asthe expertise does not exist in hon-se. Funds from the on-going Agricultural ServicesRehabilitation Project would be used to finance the technical assistance for setting up the MIS and

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training staff in its operation. Funds would be provided under the project to finance the technicalassistance required for the impact evaluation of the project. Assuranes were obtained atnegotiations that DAES would submit to IDA a report on the MIS system no later than September1, 1992 and after exchange of views, would implement the system in a manner acceptable to IDA,(para 8.1 c(i)). Annex 7 provides guidelines for setting up the monitoring and evaluationenvisaged under the project.

6.51 In addition, no later than July 1, 1993, a review of the coverage and cost-effectiveness ofte provision of extension services in cocoa growing areas would be conducted, under the auspicesof the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (para 8.1 (c) (ii)).

E. Consultancies

6.52 The MOA has sufficient professional staff to manage the implementation of the project.However, funds are prz iided under the project for commissioning 47 man months tointernationally recruited consultants and 95 man months for local consultants to implement thestaff in-service training, studies and monitoring and evaluation components of the project. It isenvisaged that local consultants, mainly from the three faculties of Agriculture, would becommissioned to work with internationally recruited consultants so that the local consultants areinvolved from the outset and would be able to provide external technical expertise to the projecton a continuing basis. Annex 9 provides the phasing of these consultancies required for eachactivity. The terms of reference for these are given in Annex 10.

6.53 It is envisaged that the in-service training sessions for SMS would be conducted by localconsultants with the input of scientists mainly from the International Agricultural ResearchCenters in the region. The expatriate and local consultants engaged under the project would alsoparticipate in the training sessions, which would cover the following fields: (a) roots and tubers;(b) grains and legumes; (c) tree crops/agro-forestry; (d) horticulture; (e) livestock and pasture;(f) fisheries; (g) home management and food processing and preservation; and (h) animal tractionand appropriate technology.

6.54 Two Consultants specialized in animal traction and appropriate technology would beengaged for a period of 6 months each to review the extent to which these technologies are usedin Ghana and to make recommendations on what needs to be done to increase the adoption ofiabor saving implements among Ghanaian farmers. Their reports would provide the basis uponwhich the program of the Agricultural Engineering Department would be based. An expert inextension information and communications would be engaged for two months a year during theflrst three years of the project to train staff in the preparation of audio-visual and mass mediamaterial for dissemination of extension messages. An expert on extension management andadministcation would advise the management team of DAES and train supervisory staff. Theexternal consultant would be engaged for 4 months during the first year with subsequent visits ofone month each durin- the second and third years. Provision is made for 6 months of externalconsultant for the engagement of specialists in Women in Agricultural Development to assist inimproving the effectiveness of this important component of the extension program. The servicesof an external consultant would be required to set-up the monitoring and evaluation system totrain staff during the first year of the project, to review the implementation of the system and toassist in the analysis and interpretation of the impact evaluation data at the end of the project.

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F. Mid-Term and Completion Rsv4ews

6.55 The progress and impact of the project would be jointly reviewed by MOA and IDA, notlater than March 31, 1995. Not later than December 31, )94, the DAES would prepare amid-term report on the project to facilitate this review. The review would evaluate: (a) theeffectiveness of the unified extension system; (b) depth and coverage of the national extensionservice; (c) its impact on agricultural production and target beneficiaries; (d) effectiveness of thetechnical departments of MOA in providing SMSs and backstopping them in the field; (e) the roleof RELC and the effectiveness of generation of technology and the adaptive on-farm researchtrials; (f) improvement of the pre-service training; (g) regularity and effectiveness of frontlinestaff training and SMS workshops; and (h) the experience of contacting farmers as groups. Thekey indicators in assessing impact for the mid-term review would be the number of farmersreached by extension messages (at least 350,000) and the yield attained by these for various cropsas compared to Table 3.4. In addition, the mid-term review would critically examine theadequacy of Governmnent support izi counterpart funding, particularly incremental recurrent costs,and implementation of policies with respect to the provision of credit, availability of inputs.accessibility of markets and incentives that would enhance the widespread adoption of improvedagricultural technologies by Ghanaian farmers. The extent to which CSD has withdrawn fromoperating nurseries and selling planting materials would also be reviewed. The Borrower andIDA would consider changes in the project as a result of the mid-term review. Assurances wereobtained at negotiations that this review would be implemented before March 31, 1995 underterms of reference acceptable to IDA (para 8.1 c(iii)).

G. implementation Schedule and Supervision

6.56 A detailed implementation schedule is given in Annex 11, and project supervision plan isgiven in Annex 12. Project supervision would be closely linked to the implementation schedule.There would be three supervision missions during the first year of the project, when the projectmay be faced with start-up problems. Subsequent supervision missions would take placesemiannually. The first supervision mission would launch the project by assisting DAES inmeeting with conditions of project effectiveness, initiating actions to implement the projectcovenants and troubleshooting arrangements for procurement of goods and services. One of thesemiannual supervision missions would be timed during the last quarter of the year to review theannual work program and budget. Key indicators of the project shown in Annex 13 would beincorporated into the quarterly progress reports (paras 5.13, 6.48). The targets of the keyindicators would be discussed and agreed upon during negotiations. These would include targetsfor adoption rates by type of technology. In addition to these indicators of financial and physicalprogress, which are related to the implementation and disbursement schedules and to the detailedcost tables, supervision would assess progress on the quality of the extension service, thepre-service and in-service staff training programs and the effectiveness of the research/extensionlinkage and the impact of the project. The Planning and Monitoring Unit of DAES and theProject Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department (PPMED) of MOA would play a keyrole in these supervision activities.

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VII. IENEFIlS, NEICTION AMKS RIS

A. Benefits and Justification

7.1 The project would help generate substantial increases in food production and wouldimprove the nutrition, income and standard of living of a large number of rural families throughthe diffusion of improved technologies ani facilitating access to off-farm inputs, credit andmarkets. About half a million farm households would be directly reached by improvedagricultural extension services. The project would emphasize reaching women farmers not onlywith improved production technology but also with technologies for improving the homeenvironment, for food processing and preservation, for saving energy and labor in their dailytask. More specifically, project benefits should manifest themselves in three main areas ofincreased food production, human resource and institutional development.

7.2 Increased Productivity of Both Crop and Livestock Production. Strengthening the nationalagricultural extension service would allow for substantially improved diffusion of agriculturaltechnology, which would increase food production significantly, improve management ofagricultural resources and the environment and improve the nutrition and str,ndard of living offarmers. Poverty in Ghana is a primarily rural phenomenon as nearly 80 percent of the nationalincidence of poverty is found in the rural areas. The growth in agricultural production expectedof the project will be of prime importance in alleviating rural poverty and malnutrition andenhancing food security. Nearly half of the farmers in Ghana are women. The project wouldmake a special effort in reaching more women farmers to participate in the adoption of not onlyimproved agricultural production technologies, but also in food processing, preservation, nutritionand home improvement.

7.3 Increased Agricultural production. The incremental production of selected crops forwhich improved technology is available was estimated using conservative adoption rates and yieldimprovement. These crops are maize, rice, sorghum, cassava, yam, cocoyam, groundnut, beansand vegetables. The number of farmers adopting new technology for these crops is expected toincrease by 45,000 during the first year of the project and by 292,000 in the fifth year. Thecorresponding incremental production would be, respectively 51,000 and 331,200 tons valued at,respectively US$6.24 and US$40.47 million in constant 1990 prices. At full adoption ofimproved technologies, the average incremental output per farmer would be about 1.1 ton p.a.with a value of US$139 at constant 1990 prices. About 58 percent of the farmers contacted areexpected to adopt improved technologies at the end of the project. This compares with 55 percentexperienced under the VORADEP project (See Annex 14).

7.4 Human Resource and Institutional Development. The project strongly emphasizes trainingand continuing education programs, far farmers, herders and government staff. The projectwould greatly enhance the capabilities of some 3,000 staff at all levels. By gradually building upthe capacity of the DAES to provide extension services and the other technical departments ofMOA and the research institutes to backstop its program and to monitor and evaluate its impact,MOA's ability to plan and coordinate agricultural extension at the national level would be greatlyenhanced. This would also allow for a more effective system of technology diffusion andadoption and would permit improved capacity and leadership of other agricultural services,thereby creating a good opportunity to mobilize internal and external resources.

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7.5 Adoption of innovations in crop, animal and tree husbandry, water harvesting and soilconservation, depends on many !actors, of which field testing and effective dissemination are justa part. Other factors include prices of inputs and outputs, accessibility of markets and credit andassessments of risk by farmers. While the causality underlying adoption is difficult to determine,a well designed and implemented extension program clearly has a catalytic role to play byadjusting technical messages to local circumstances, and also bringing farmers' and others'preoccupations to the attention of those who can adapt in consequence, such as researchers, policymakers, bankers, traders, and agro-processors. Despite difficulties with causality, a Bank reviewof agricultural extension programs on farmer adoption and productivity concluded that extensionin a number of countries has been a high pay-off investment.

B. Sustainability

7.6 The sustainability of the project is assured by the strong human resource developmentcomponent that would build up the capacity of DAES to provide effective extension services andother technical departments of MOA and the research institutes to backstop its program and tomonitor and evaluate its impact. The organization of farmers into groups and farmers'associations would increase their capacity to deal with credit institutions, input suppliers andbuyers of farm produce, thus reducing in the long-run their dependence on extension staff forcontact and dealings with these. MOA's ability to plan and coordinate agricultural extension atthe national level would be greatly enhanced by the project. This would allow for a moreeffective system of technology diffusion and adoption and would permit improved capacity andleadership of other agricultural services, thereby creating a better opportunity for obtaining andstreamlining both internal and external financing. The infrastructural requirements of theextension system in terms of office and staff accommodation would be in place to continue thenational agricultural program. Although the recurrent costs would be well within the means ofGovernment financing, the project would have to be seen as a first phase of a longer-termprogram, considering the long time required to establish an effective national extension service(para 5.14).

C. Proiect Risks

7.7 The foreseen project risks, which are common to similar IDA supported projects, include:(i) ineffective management and training of extension personnel; (ii) low adoption rates of technicalrecommendations by farmers and/or slow build-up of technology by research; (iii) the possibleinability of Government and/or donors to sustain the long-term commitment required to achievedurable improvements in the effectiveness of agricultural support services; and (iv) unfavorableoutput:input price ratios.

7.8 Improved management of extension services is expected as a result of the improvedorganization, training, monitoring and evaluation, and technical assistance to be provided underthe project. The station and on-farm research support provided by the National AgriculturalResearch Project and the strong research/extension linkage in planning the research and extensionprogram built in the project should reduce the risk of low adoption rates and slow build-up oftechnology. The annual review of work plans and budgets, as well as the mid-termimplementation review, will provide good opportunities for program review and enhancing

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long-term Government and donor commitment. Use of improved technology and increased accessto inputs and produce markets would help in reducing the cost of production as well as the spreadbetween wholesale and farm gate prices.

D. Environmental Impact

7.9 An integral part of the project is training of farmers in: (a) soil fertility maintenanceusing crop rotation, manure, compost and inorganic fertilizer; (b) conservation of soil and waterresources using contour plowing and planting of grass and hedges and terracing along contourlines; and (c) use of insect tolerant varieties and integrated pest management systems thatminimize the use of chemicals. The Project would also promote the development of agro-forestryin all ecological zones of the country. These would have a substantial impact in arrestingenvironmental deterioration and improving the productive potential of land resources on asustainable basis and hence a positive impact on the environment.

VIII. AGREEMENTS REACHED WITH THE BORROWER.CONDITIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

8.1 Assurances obtained during negotiations are as follows:

(a) Assurances for Strenghening DAES Management of the Extension Program:

(i) the regional Research/Extension Liaison Committees (RELC) would beestablished in each of the ten regions by September 30, 1992 (para 6.13);

(ii) DAES would henceforth cease to hire frontline staff from MOA operatedfarm institutes, and DAES would implement the retraining, redeployment,and retrenching program to completely phase out the technical assistantcategory of frontline staff by December 31, 1995 (para 6.20);

(iii) DAES would commence, no later than June 1, 1992, the implementation ofinduction training program t^or all levels of its staff and key officers ofcooperating departments and institutes to ensure that the nature of the projectand the ramifications of a unified extension system are fully understood(paras 6.24-6.27);

(iv) DAES shall prepare district action plans for the introduction of the newextension system before the new system in introduced in any new district.The first four district plans representing the four agro-ecological zones shallbe submitted to IDA not later than July 1, 1993 (para 6.27);

(v) commercial multiplication and sales of all improved varieties of seeds andplanting materials, except coconut, would be fully transferred to the privatesector by December 31, 1993 with the research institutes and the Department

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of Crop Services (DCS) of MOA providing foundation seeds and plantingmaterials. DCS would regulate the industry through proper inspection andcertification (para 6.30); and

(vi) DAES would furnish to IDA, not later than December 31, 1992, a timetableacceptable to IDA for the posting of additional subject matter specialists atthe SMS centers; and post thereafter the additional subject matter specialistsin accordance with the said timetable (para 6.5).

(b) Assurances for Human Resource Development:

(i) Not later than September 1, 1992, all the agricultural colleges under MOAwould be brought under a common board of management which wouldinclude the representatives of the Ministry of Education, the faculties ofAgriculture, research, extension and farmers. The syllabus and staffrequirements of the agricultural colleges would be reformed in collaborationwith the Curriculum Division of the Ministry of Education not later thanDecember 31, 1992. Staff of the faculties of agriculture engaged in post-graduate teaching would be invited to participate in SMS training andadaptive research programs undertaken under the project (para 6.39).

(c) Assurances for Reporting. Proiect Monitoring and Evaluation and ImplementationReview

(i) A report on the management information system (MIS) is submitted to IDAby September 1, 1992. After exchange of views, the agreed system wouldbe implemented in a manner satisfactory to IDA (para 6.50);

(ii) The Borrower shall complete, not later than July 1, 1993, a review of thecoverage and cost-effectiveness of the provision of extension services incocoa growing areas. This review shall be carried out under the auspices ofthe Borrowers' Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (para 6.51)

(iii) not later than December 31, 1994, DAES would prepare a mid-term reporton the project, evaluating inter lij: 1). the effectiveness of the unifiedextension system including an assessment of progress made in improving thecost-effectiveness of extension services in cocoa growing areas; 2) theadequacy of the Borrower's counterpart funding; 3) the depth and coverageof the national extension service; 4) its impact on agricultural and targetbeneficiaries; 5) the effectiveness of MOA's technical departments; 6) thegeneration of technology and the adaptive on-farm research trials; and 7) thetraining programs. This report would provide the basis for a jointGovernment/IDA review to be conducted no later than March 31, 1995 (para6.54);

(iv) semi-annual progress reports and quarterly financial reports would beprepared within 45 days of the end of each reporting period and submitted toIDA (para 5.13);

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(v) an annual work program and budget for all participating departments wouldbe prepared and submitted to IDA not later than September 30 of each yearby DAES. Those departments conducting on-farm adaptive trials wouldpresent the results of the previous years' trials and recommendations and theadaptive trials to be undertaken during the year and their rationale.

8.2 Conditions of Credit Effectiveness

(i) The Borrower has established an Agricultural Extension Project Account andwould pay into this account its first contribution of the equivalent ofUS$340,000 in Cedis (para 5.12);

(ii) the first complement of subject matter specialists are posted to SMS centers.(para 6.5);

(iii) the Project Steering Committee is established (para 6.44).

Recommendation

8.3 Based on the above agreements and conditions, the project is suitable for a credit to theRepublic of Ghana of SDR 21.80 million (US$30.40 million equivalent) on standard IDA termswith 40 years maturity.

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GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Ministerial Directive on Unified Agricultural Extension

Objectiye

1. A number of government institutions, NGOs and donors have been executingagricultural development programs with sizeable extension components using differentapproaches in an uncoordinated manner. After reviewing past experiences with differentextension approaches and the current situation, the Ministry of Agriculture has concluded thata unified extension approach using a single frontline agent, as the deliverer of agriculturalextension messages, is the most practical and cost effective approach. The objective of theministerial directive is to articulate the unified extension system and the key features of itsimplementation so that it is clearly understood by all people concerned with agr-culturalextension in Ghana, Including policy makers, planners, practitioners of agriculturaldevelopment, the farming and business communities, researchers, agricultural educators,NGOs and donors.

Conte

2. The ministerial directive should be issued before the IDA Credit is presented forBoard approval in February 1992. The following outlines the topics that would be covered bythis directive:

(a) definition of the unified agricultural extension system;

(b) rationale for the unified extension system and the role and responsibility of theDepartment of Agricultural Extension Services in formulation andimplementation of agricultural extension policies;

(c) description of the key features of the system;(i) contact with farmer groups;(ii) functions of the frontline agents and their qualification;(iii) functions of subject matter specialists and their qualification;(iv) role of technical departments providing subject matter specialists;(v) role of adaptive research and research/extension linkage in technology

transfer to farmers;(vi) role of the Regional Research Extension Committees;(vii) regular training of frontline agents;(viii) regular workshop of subject matter specialists; and(ix) role of national, regional and district Consultative Groups on

Agriculture;

(d) requirement that other government agencies, NGOs and donors have to adoptthe unified extension system in the agricultural development programs they areengaged in and that the Department of Agricultural Extension would monitortheir compliance with this directive.

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Anm 2Page 1 of 7

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Availability of Agricultural Techioioges

1. This annex reviews the current status of the availability of technology in Ghana forthe production of food crops, and the feasibility of farmers being able to adopt them, giventhe present state of availability of inputs, their prices and the risk factors associated withrainfed farming.

2. This review is divided into the following categories:

(a) technologies relating to the adaiptation to and management of climaticfactors particularly those involving risk;

(b) technologies on the production and post-harvest management ofdifferent crops;

(c) technologies relating to input uses and farm implements;

(d) technologies relating to environmental issues; and

(e) gender specific technologies.

Technologies Relating to Climatic Factors

3. Technologies on Adaptation to Climatic Conditions. The importance of evolvingdifferent crop varieties to suit different climatic conditions is well recognized in Ghana. Forinstance, different varieties of maize and different rates of fertilizer application arerecommended, according to climate.

4. However the adoption of such climate specific technologies is hampered by veryweak meteorological research. Meteorological data collection has deteriorated seriously dueto severe budgetary problems faced by the Meteorological Service Department (MSD) in theMinistry of Transport and Communication, as a result of which MSD has lost many trainedpersonnel, and many facilities have become non-functional 1/. MOA is therefore unable toprovide meteorological forecasts to farmers and recommend suitable technologies on the basisof such forecasts; the use of climatic information on agricultural extension is thus verylimited, and the research on agro-climatology is very weak. There is also very little data toassist the MOA in early estimates of crops performance. It is recommended that MSD apply

/ From 55 Agromet Stations, 77 Clino-stations, 368 Rainfall stations and 2 Meteorological Experimt Stations,the numbers of functional units have dwindled to 30, 45 and 60 and 0 respectively. There are no computers inthese stations and all data are stored in handwritten form.

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Annex 2Page 2 of 7

for grant funding under the National Agricultural Research Project to revive data collectionand analysis on selected meteorological stations.

S. Technologies on the Management of Rainwater. In Ghana, rainfed farming isdominant. In rainfed farming, with the exception of extreme cases, drought is generally dueto the intra-seasonal dry spells. Theoretkcally, if the rainwater is harvested during the rainydays, and is used in the dry spells to bridge the rainfall gaps, such drought problems could bemitigated. In reality, however, farmers do not seem to practice such rainwater harvesting,nor is research very active in this area. Consequently, practical rainwater harvestingtechnologies are not available to farmers.

6. Technologies for prolonged in-situ moisture conservation are not recommended tothe farmers yet. Understanding of the interaction between water and fertilizer seems to beparticularly weak. Agricultural research institutes need to pay attention to this importantinteraction.

7. Technologies on the Adaptation to Soil Conditions. Due to the long history of soilscience research in Ghana, useful information on the rational use of land resources exists atthe research level. Soil maps and information on land capability classification are available.Detailed soil survey is possible on the basis of available data. But information on thescientific use of land resov.%;es has not yet reached the frontline extension officers in the formof technologies extendable to farmers. Naturally, land use practices to suit the different soiltypes are not uniformly observed. It is recommended that soil scientists participate in RELCand subject matter specialist (SMS) training workshops and publish handbooks withappropriate soil fertility management recommendations.

Technoloies on the Production and Post-harvest Manaizement of Different Crops

8. Diversity in food crops is one of the special characteristics of Ghana's agriculture.About 30 percent of calories are derived from maize, sorghum, millet and rice, and70 percent from cassava, yam, cocoyam and plantain. The latter four crops occupy about60 percent of total value of agricultural produce including non-food crops. On the other handthe four grain crops occupy only 8 percent of the total value of agricultural produce(MTADP). In spite of this, research efforts have focused more on grain than on root crops.

9. Availability of Improved Crop Varieties. Improvement of crop varieties is one ofthe major areas in crops research in Ghana. Improved varieties are available in almost all thecereal crops and some legumes.

10. Maize. Maize is perhaps the most researched crop and many varieties have beenreleased for recommendation to farmers. There are varieties suitable to different ecologicalzones with differing maturity periods and with different degrees of resistance to somediseases. Efforts continue to improve the yield potential and the grain quality. The presentlevel of research activity on this crop supports continued release of new varieties.

11. Cowpeas. Research on the breeding of cowpeas is active both at Kumasi andNyankpala. Superior local lines as well as high yielding varieties from external sources areavailable.

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Page 3 of 7

12. Sorghum and Mil. The area planted to these two crops together is almost equalto that of maize. These crops are important in the Northern Region, and the two UpperRegions. Nyankpala Agricultural Research Station (NARS) is responsible for research onthese crops. The station is actively participating in the international networks for thescreening of sorghum and millet varieties. In case of millet, some composites have been bredwith yield potential very much more than what are currently obtaining on farmers' fields(0.5 t/ha.), but these varieties have not yet been extended to farmers, backed by inputs.Experience indicates inadequate agronomic practice, rather than the lack of high yieldingvarieties is the main reason for the current low productivity of these crops at the farmers'level.

13. Ric. Research on the breeding of rice varieties is active in NARS. The stationparticipates in various international networks for rice breeding. As a result, new varietieswith the yield potential of 5-6 ton/ha under moderate input conditions are being identified.Some farms and donor assisted demonstration projects, are testing the varieties under varyingagro-ecological and farm conditions. In these demonstrations, some varieties have shown ayield potential of up to 8 ton/ha under improved management.

14. Cassava. Yam. Cocoyam and Plantain. Under the National Roots and TubersImprovement Program, efforts have recently begun for the improvement of these crops. Notmany new varieties have been released to farmers yet. Still, with existing varieties, the yieldscan be increased up to three times by improving the agronomic practices.

15. Groundnut. Groundnut production is increasing in Ghana. This increase has beendue to the increase in the areas planted, (from 98,000 ha. in 1970 to 159,000 ha. in 1989)rather than through yield increase, which has remained static at about I ton/ha for the past 20years. If cultural practices are improved, the yields of existing varieties can be doubled.

16. Soybean. Soybean is gaining popularity among farmers. NARS has donesubstantial work on the breeding of soybean varieties. As a result, varieties with varyingmaturity periods and yield potential have been identified. Some varieties have demonstrated ayield potential of about 2 ton/ha.

17. The Attachment to this Annex gives the production increases which can beexpected from the adoption of technologies currently available in Ghana, if extension issupported by other services and proper policies.

Technologies on the Agronomic Practices and Storage

18. Generally speaking, the basic technologies on the agronomic practices such as landpreparation, fertilizer application, time of field operations, planting spaces, weed control, andplant protection exist for most of the crops, although there are some aspects needingimprovement and refinement.

19. Component Approach. A most serious deficiency in the existing recommendationson agronomic practices is the lack of a systems approach. The majority of recommendationsare on a component basis. For instance, there are no recommendations on systematic croprotations and recommendations of fertilizers, taking into account the residual effect of thefertilizers applied in the previous seasons.

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Page 4 of 7

20. Croipng Systems. Both at the Crop Research Institute and the NARS, researchon cropping systems is active; the former emphasizing cassava/maize systems, and the lattermore complicated systems involving maize, millet, sorghum, cowpea, soybean and yam. Sofar, however, not many practical recommendations on cropping systems are available. To beable to produce practical recommendations on cropping systems calls for an insight Into thesystem and an understanding of the farmers' needs.

21. Technologies of On-farm Storage. Post-harvest losses of farm produce are knownto be substantial in Ghana. The figure of 30 percent is commonly quoted. Various storagetechnologies using chemical, physical and biological means are available.

(a) Chemical means: Use of mild insecticides, use of insect repellents suchas wood ash, and certain plant leaves.

(b) Physical means: Small scale warehouse, locally constructed cib, homemade silo, storing in unhusked, unthreshed, and unprocessed form.

(c) Biological means: Use of better-storing crop varieties which store well.

22. Problems in Using Available Storage Technologies. There are problems in usingthe available storage technologies, because of costs, materials and skills required. Forinstance, in case of insecticides, securing the chemicals on time, and purchasing the sprayerare not easy. Constructing small scale warehouses, cribs and home made silos, also involvescosts and skills that individual farmers might not possess. Many of these problems perhapscan be solved by group efforts.

23. Processing of Farm Produce. Village level processing of agricultural produce is anidea attracting increasing interest. Accordingly, the relevant technologies are also beingdeveloped. Outstanding examples of village level agro-processing are gari making, shea nutbutter production, palm oil extraction and the production of schnapps from sugarcane in theWestern Region. Small scale rice mills and flour mills are also emerging.

24. Problems in Agro-processing. Agro-processing industry has been emphasized inGhana for a long time, and some initiatives have been taken. So far, such efforts have notbeen very successful. Ghana's problems with agro-processing industry appear to be morestructural than technical. The problems arise from the smallness of farms, scattered producersand poor infrastructure. This situation makes the feeding of large-scale processing with rawmaterials very inefficient. Perhaps the mini-scale approach would be more appropriate forGhana. In such a case, the extension services should have an important role to play to helpagro-processing emerge at village level.

Technologies on Input Use and Farm Implements

25. Technologies on the Uses of Fertilizer and Agro-chemicals. Fertilizer use inGhana is still meager. In 1989, the total amount of fertilizers sold was only about 6,700 tonsof N, 3,000 tons of P2 0, and 1,500 tons of K20. On the other hand, the use of agriculturalchemicals is common in export and industrial crops. For food crops, use of herbicides isgaining popularity. In 1989, the total import was estimated at 2,140,000 liters of insecticide,250,000 liters of herbicide, 100 tons of fungicides and 10,000 liters of nematocide.

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Page 5 of 7

26. The recommendations for fertilizer application regarding application rate, timingand placement, are available for various crops. There Is, however, a need to further refinethe application methods. In recent years there have been some efforts to increase the costeffectiveness in fertilizer importation. Until recently, the major forms of fertilizers importedto Ghana were the low analysis materials such as 15-15-15, and ammonium sulphate (21-0-0).Since 1989, these low analysis materials have been replaced by 20-20-0, 25-15-5, and urea(46-0-0).

27. Technologies on Farm Implements. There is an obvious absence of intermediatetechnologies between the traditional practices and modem mechanization. While for themajority of households, the major tools are hoe and cutlass, some farmers rely on the tractorservices for the preparation of land. A similar contrast is observed in shelling maize cobs.While the majority of farmers do this job with bare hands, in donor funded agriculturaldevelopment projects, modern shelling machinery is being used. A notable exception is thegradual adoption by farmers of bullocks for plowing.

28. Ghana has the capacity to design and produce new farm tools. Recently, a farmimplement manufacturing unit established under the Ghanaian German AgriculturalDevelopment Project, was handed over to Ghanaian management. This unit produces, amongothers, bullock drawn equipment such as plow and cart. So far, however, the capacity of theunit has not been fully utilized. One reason for this could be the lack of demand for suchtools, due to inadequate efforts at demonstration and promotion.

29. Much of the farm work is being done by hand or simple tools. For instance, the toolused for threshing sorghum is a simple stick. Winnowers are not commonly used. Forharvesting of rice, sickles used in other countries can be much more convenient than thecutlass. Thorough puddling and levelling land are crucial for cultivating wetland rice.Simnple tools for such operations are not yet available in Ghana. Head portage is the principalmeans for carrying goods in rural areas. Hand-pulled or animal-drawn carts are not yetcommon. Two types of hoes are used, one for ridging and one for weeding. These hoes canbe improved in weight, shape of blade, and the length of handle to make the work easier.For shelling of corn cobs, simple corn shellers can be manufactured locally. Inexpensivethreshers used elsewhere can be adopted for threshing rice. Farm products such as rice strawand other crop residues if not used for other purposes, are good raw materials for compost;but compost making is neither practiced by the farmers, nor seriously recommended.

30. Funds are provided under this project for 12 man months of technical assistanceand 22 man months of local consultancy to assist the Agricultural Engineering ServicesDepartment to address issues related to the promotion of animal traction and other appropriatetechnologies to solve the problems mentioned above in association with the University ofScience and Technology.

Txchnologies in Relation to Environmental Issues

31. Degradation of Land Ouality. The major environmental issue related to farmingin Ghana (and perhaps in many other African countries) is the accelerated degradation of landquality, both physically and chemically, leading to "slash and burn" technique. It has beenestimated that annually about 63,000 m.t. of Nitrogen, 31,000 m.t. of P2 0, 200,000 m.t. ofK,O are consumed by the major crops each year. As counter-measures, tree planting, and

- 58 -Annex 2

Page 6 of 7

other physical measures such as grass strips, clay or gravel bunds, and terracing arerecommended. These technologies, however, are not spreading spontaneously, despite effortsin this direction.

32. Land Use PatteM. The land use pattern also affects the conservation of theenvironment profoundly. In Ghana, even though soil maps and information on the landcapability classification is available, little use is made of them, and use of land resourceswhich are harmful to the environment is very common. There are instances where the qualityof land is poor, yet the population density is high, while in other areas the land quality isrelatively high, but population density is very low. At the local leve;, In some areas, whileland which is more suitable is kept idle, land with steep slopes is used for the cultivation ofannual crops. Technological information to address thes. issues exists, but due to many otherfactors, principally the sociological, rational land use is absent.

Gender Specific Technologies

33. The gender issue in farming activities is relatively new to Ghana. Accordingly, indeveloping farm technologies, little attenticn has been paid to it. In the rural areas womenare not only responsible for child care, cooking, securing drinking water and fetching thefirewood, but also engage themselves in vegetable gardening and share the general field work.There are a variety of demands on them.

34. Technological Considerations Needed for Rural Women. In the long run, theimprovement of the welfare of rural women can only be achieved when the welfare of ruralpeople in general is improved. However, considering the extreme hardship that the women inthe rural areas are facing, there is a special need to take whatever action is possible to easetheir hardship.

35. So far, very little attention has been paid to the development of technologies whichwould mitigate the drudgery of women, such as modification of farm tools generally used bywomen, designing of farm tools specifically for them, improved devices for the drawing ofwater, carrying of firewood, and for food processing at home. Very little attention has beenpaid to the development of effective technologies for the crops that are mainly handled by thewomen, viz. home garden vegetables.

36. Funds are provided under this project for 6 woman months of technical assistanceand 6 woman months of local consultancy to address the problems of gender relatedtechnologies in association with the Department of Agricultural Engineering Services of MOAand the University of Science and Technology.

- 59 -

Annex aPage 7 of 7

. Yield Increases Possible with the Technologies Available In Ghana

A. CROPS

Crops Expected Yield Increase

Maize 1.2 t/ha to 3.0 t/haSorghum 0.7 t/ha to 2.0 t/ha

Millet 0.5 t/ha to 1.5 t/haRice Lowland rice: 2.5 t/ha to 6 t/ha

Upland rice: 1.0 t/ha to 3 t/ha

B. STARCH STAPLES

Tuber Expected Yield Increase

Cassava 7 t/ha to 25 t/haYam 5 t/ha to 1S t/ha

Cocoyam 5 t/ha to 15 t/haSweet Potato S t/ha to 15 t/ha

Plantain 7 t/ha to 10 t/ha

C. LEGUMES

Legm Expected Yield Increase

Groundnut 1.0 t/ha to 2.0 t/haCowpea 0.5 t/ha to 1.0 t/haSoybean 0.5 t/ha to 1.5 t/ha

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it". Ss1 l_. 50

islNi IS1 13Ud1335 uasalUia :muamas simin

GHANANATIONAl AGRICUIiLURAt EITENSIONSO-JECt

SUIART ACCOUIS COST SUIARY

ICEDI 000 (US$ a°°l

S Total I TotalI Foreign Base I foreign 6lss

tocal fori'gn Total Exchang Costs Locol foreign Total Exchange Costs

1. INVIES1ENT COSTS

A. BUILDINGS 2.552.656.3 3.119.913.2 S.672.569.5 55 41 6.807.1 8.319.8 IS 126.9 55 41B. VEHIClES 222.964. 1 1.803.982. 3 2.026.946. 4 89 15 594.6 4. 810. 6 5, 405.2 89 15C. EQUIPMENT AND FURNIlURE 128. 146.3 1.036.819.7 1. 164.966.0 89 8 341.7 2,764.9 3.106.6 89 8D. CONSIIANCI AND STUDIES

1. LOCAL TIECHNICAt ASSISTANCE 13. 206.1 118. 855.1 132. 061.3 90 I 35.2 316.9 352.2 so 02. FOREIGN TECHNICAt ASSISTANCE 592227.5 574,855.5 634. 083.0 91 5 I5t.9 1.532.9 1.690.9 91 5

Sdu-Total CONSUtIMTCT AND STUDIES 72. 433. 6 693.710.6 766.144.3 91 6 193.2 1.849.9 2.043. I 91 6E. IOCAl TRAINING 207. 720.0 - 207, 720.0 - I 553. 9 - 553.9 - If. OVERSEAS TRAINING 2a. I77. 3 211. 797.8 237.975. 0 89 2 69. 8 564. 8 634.6 89 2

Total INVESTRENT COSTS 3. 210.097. 5 6. 866.223. 6 10.076.321.2 68 72 8. 560. 3 18. 309. 9 26,870.2 68 72Physical Contingemnses 441. 399 2 773.24?.0 1.214. 646. 2 64 9 1. 177. 1 2,062.0 3.239. 64 9Price Contingemles 380.316 0 553.243.4 933.559.4 59 7 232.6 -13. 1 219. 5 -6 1 1

Total INCLUOING CONTINGENCIES 4.031.812.7 S. 192.714.0 12.224.526.7 67 88 9.969.9 20,358.8 30.328.7 67 82 °

II. RECURRENT COSTS

INCRENENTAL OPERATING COSTS 1. 030. 296. 4 - 1. 030. 296. 4 - 7 2.747.5 - 2.747.5 - 7VEICItE OPERATING COSIS 524. 241.9 786.362.9 1.310. 604.8 60 9 1.398.0 2.097.0 3.494.9 60 9GENERAt ADIIINSIRATIVE COSIS 438,515.4 292. 343. 6 730. 859. 1 40 5 1. 169.4 779.6 1. 949. 0 40 5EQUIPIENT OPERAIING COSTS 304.335.0 456.502.5 760,837.5 60 5 811.6 1,217.3 2.028.9 60 5

total RECURRENT COSTS 2,297. 388. 7 1.535.209. 0 3.832.597. 7 40 28 6. 126. 4 4, 093. 9 10. 220. 3 40 28Price Conlingencl.s 446.540.9 245.640.2 692, 181. 1 3S 5 398.4 160.4 558.8 29 2

Total INCLUDING CONINGENCIES 2. 743,929.6 1. 780.849.3 4.524.778.8 39 33 6.524.8 4.254.3 10. 779. 1 39 29, x:: ,z= =zzc x : = == =Z= -= === = ======= === zz == zz;= :::=z ===z

Total BASELINE COSTS 5.507.486.2 8,401.432.7 13.908.918.9 60 100 14,686.6 22.403.8 31.090.5 60 100Physical Conti gencies 441.399.2 773.247.0 1.214.646.2 64 9 1,177.1 2.062.0 3.239.1 64 9Price Contingeniems 826.856.8 798.883.7 1,625.740.5 49 12 631.0 147.3 778.3 19 2

Total PROJECE COSTS 6. 775.742. 2 9.973. S63. 3 16.749. 305. 5 60 120 16,494. 7 24. 613. 1 41. 107.8 60 Ill

-------- _ __ -_ _ ___----------_----------- -------------- ------- ------------ --- --- - -- ------------------------------------------------------------- -- O October 23. 1991 17: 18

0

GhANANATIONAl AGRICULIURAl EXTENSION PROJECTfinancing Plan By Disbursement Category

(USS '0001

INTERNAlIONAtDEVElOPNENT GOVERNNENI OFASSOCIATION GHANA lotal

----------- L------- Local (Excl. Duties AAmounlt mount I Amount I for. Exch. laxes) Taxes

A. WUlCINGS 13.168.5 74.9 4,417.9 25.1 17,586.4 42.8 9.553.8 6.098.1 .934.5B. VEHICtES 5.276.3 89.0 652. I11.0 5.928.4 14.4 5.276. 3 0.0 652.1C. EtUIPHENT AND FURNITURE 3. 042.9 89.0 376. I11.0 3.419. 0 8.3 3.042.9 -0.0 376. 1D. CONSUITANCY AND STUDIES 2.065. 3100. 0 - - 2. 065. 3 5. 0 1. 866. 6 198.7 -E. OVERSEAS IRAINING 619.2 89.0 76.5 11.0 695.7 1.7 619.2 0.0 76.5F. lOCAL TRAINING 564.2 89.0 69.7 11.0 633.9 1.5 - 564.2 69.7G. INCRENENTAt OPERATING COSTS 1.154.6 39.I 1.796.4 60.9 2.950.9 7.2 - 2.950.9 -H. VEHICtE OPERATING COSTS 2.195.9 59. 9 1.468.8 40.1 3.664.7 8.9 2. 183.3 931.7 549.71. GENERAL ADNINSTRATIVE COSTS 1,040.5 50.8 1.005.8 49.2 2,046.3 5.0 809.6 827.4 409.3d. EQUIPHENI OPERAIING COSTS 1.268.7 59.9 848.5 40.1 2.117.2 5.2 1.261.3 623.0 232.9

Total Dlsburs _ nt 30.396.0 73.9 10,711.8 26.1 41. 107.8 100.0 24,613.1 12. 193.9 4.300.8:,::::::3 :::::::: … :::::::… - ::::::::::::::::

October 23. 1991 17:18

w0

w

GRAUUNATIONAL AUIOJCULTUIRAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Estfm_ted Schedule of Credit Disbursement by Quarter I/(US$ million)

Cumilat iveIDA Cumtative Stuidard Disbursement

Flcatl Year Cumastive Disbursement Disbursement according toQuarters Disbursement Disbursement as X of Credit Profile 2/ Profile

FY93 I11 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.9

III 1.6 1.6 5.3IV 1.8 3.4 11.2 10 3.0 DISBURSEMENT PROFILES

FY94 1 2.1 5.5 18.1 32It 2.2 7.7 25.3 14 4.3 3o

III 2.4 10.1 33.2 28 rIV 2.5 12.6 41.4 18 5.5 2

26 Fm5 1 2.3 14.9 49.0 24 /

11 2.4 17.3 56.9 26 7.9 24III 2.6 19.9 65.5 22 ,IV 2.7 22.6 74.3 30 9.1 20 /

FY96 1 1.3 23.9 78.6 is11 1.4 25.3 83.2 42 12.8 i ,

III 1.6 26.9 88.S : 14 /IV 1.7 28.6 94.1 50 15.2 12

FY97 I 0.4 29.0 95.4 *0 /11 0.4 29.4 96.7 58 17.6

III 0.4 29.8 98.0IV 0.4 30.2 99.3 46 20.1 6

4FY96 1 0.2 30.4 100.0 70 21.3 2

1I 74 22.5IIIIV 66 26.1 I N a v a N IV I IV I I 4 a i 9

93 94 95 96 97 98 98 99

if 94 28.6

IV 98 2V.8

Fm99 I11 100 30.4

111IV

I/ Credit effectivenes., ccupletion and closing dates assalwd to be Nay 1, 1992, April 30, 1997 and October 31, 1997, respectively.21 Source: Standard Dlsbursmnt Profiles. CI10 July 11, 1991. Refers to the profile of agricultural projects In Ghoun.

0

- 64 - Anne 5

GHANA Page 1 of 1NATIONAL AGRiCULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Subject Matter Specialist Centers 1/: Staff Requirement

REGION SMS CENTER LIV FISH AGR iHRT SWM ENG WMAD MON TMN TOTAL

1. UPPER WESTBabile 1. Wa 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8

2. Tumu 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3Sub-total 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 11

2. UPPER EASTManga 1. Bolgatanga 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9

3. NORTHERNNyankpala 1. Tamale 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9

2.Yendi 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 33. Damongo 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 34.Salaga 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3Sub-total 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 18i

4. BRONG-AHAFOWenchi 1.Sunyani 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 6

2. Wenchi 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 43. Atebubu 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4Sub-total 3 1 3 0 1 1 3 1 1 14

5. ASHANTI 1. Kumasi 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 82.Mampong 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4Sub-total 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 12

5. WESTERN 1. Takoradi 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 72. Asankrangwa 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 33. Wlawso 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3Sub-total 3 1 3 0 1 0 3 1 1 13

7. CENTRALAsuandi 1. Cape Coast 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 8

2.Foso 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3Sub-total 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 11

8. EASTERN 1.Kotoridua 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 82.Mpraeso 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 5Sub-total 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 13

9. GREATERACCRA Accra 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 8

10. VOLTAiKpeve 1. Ho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9

2.Jasikan 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4Sub-total 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 13

TOTAL REGIONAL 22 11 22 8 10 7 22 10 10 122

..iL UV - vestock; FISH - Fisheries; AGR - Agronomy; SWM . Soil & Water Conservation; HORT - Horticulture;WIAD . Women In Agriculture Development; MON - Planning & Monitoring; TRN - Training

- 65 -Annex 6

Page I of 3

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

In-service Extension Training

1. The project would provide for in-service training, comprisir,g orientation, inductionand subject matter training within Ghana and foreign training and study tours. The details ofthe training are given in the Attachment to this Annex. The following supplements thesedetails in respect of the main in-service training programs.

2. Orientation and Induction. The objective of the orientation training is to introducethe concept of unified extension system to the policymakers and implementers in theMinistries/Departments participating in the project. This course would last for 2 days. Asimilar orientation program is also planned for the NGOs.

3. Induction course for the regional staff would be aimed at making them understandtheir responsibilities under the unified extension system. The focus would be on how thevarious disciplines would work together to deliver to farmers an integrated set of messagescovering all disciplines related to agriculture.

4. The induction course for CSIR and university scientists would be aimed atexplaining the unified extension system and making them aware of their role in the reformedsystem, with its on-farm adaptive research and regular workshops involving scientists andextension staff.

5. All the orientation and induction courses would be held with the assistance of localconsultants with the participation of the extension field staff of the Bank.

6. M&E. M&E would be a totally new activity and needs considerable initiation andtraining. There would be 2 courses in M&E each for a period of 4 weeks and having about20 participants. The project would recruit a TA for 6 months, who would, besides fieldresponsibilities as M&E expert, also provide back-up support to the local consultant inrunning the training program. The program would cover all regional level M&E staff who,in turn would train the district staff.

7. Information Sunport. The staff of the information support unit require training inthe preparation of extension material (i.e., slides, charts, etc.) for the use of field extensionstaff. The project would provide for their training in these areas and also in providing audio-visual support to the extension training programs. Besides local consultants, one TA wouldbe employed to ran the training program. There would be one training course each year with20 participants lasJ-.ng for about 4 weeks.

- 66 -Annex 6

Page 2 of 3

8. Subiect-Matter Training. Eight subject matter areas have been identified forannual in-service training to the SMSs. These are:

(a) roots and tubers(b) grains and legumes(c) tree crops/agroforestry(d) horticulture(e) livestock/pasture(f) fisheries(g) home management(h) animal traction

9. These in-service training programs would serve as supplementary to the periodicSMS workshops under the project. These training programs would be conducted by localconsultants, except for Animal Traction for which TA support would be needed. The AnimalTraction Expert would, besides conducting training programs, assist the project staff in thetesting of prototypes of farm implements.

10. Foreign Training. Key project staff would be sent to selected training institutionsabroad for training in the following areas: M&E, Raral extension, Information support,Farming systems and Agricutural services.

11. Study Tours. In addition to foreign training, study tours would be organized toother countries with strong and successful extension systems. Some of these study tours couldcombine institutional training in an institution in the developed country with field tour in adeveloping country.

- 67 -Annex 6

Page 3 of 3

Table 1. DURATION AND COST OF IN-SERVICE EXTENSION TRAINING PROGRAM

Area of Duration No. of No. of LocalTraining (days) Participants Courses Consultants 1/ TA

(Cedis) (USS)

A. igtounta Trainina

1. OrientationMinisterial 2 60 1 150,000NGOs 1 50 2 150,000

2. InductionRegional staff 3 So 3 450,000Scientists 3 50 1 150,000

3. M & e 28 2j) 2 600,000 48,000(6 months)

4. Extension ManagementHQ Staff 28 35 1) 35,000Regional Staff 28 30 31 750,000 (16 weeks)

5. Research-ExtensionLinkafe 2 25 1 50,000

6. Inf. Support (Each year)28 20 1 750,000 15,000

(6 weeks)7. Subiect Matter Trainine

Roots & Tubers 28 15 1 750,000Grains & Legumes 28 15 1 750,000Tree crops/Agro-Forestry 28 15 1 750,000Vegetables 14 15 1 375,000Livestock/Pasture 28 15 1 750,000Fisheries 14 10 1 375,000Home Management 14 15 1 375,000Animal Traction 14 15 1 375,000 48,000

(6 months)

B. Forelan Trainine Lumpsum $215,000

C. Study Toug Lumpsum $450,000

1/ The cost of local consultnts (incl. per diem) and travel is taken as 150,000 cedis per week.

- 68 -Annex7

Page 1 of 4

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Monitoring and Evaluation

Introduction 1/

1. Monitoring performance and evaluating impact are essential to managing anagricultural extension service in order to continuously readapt its services to the needs of itsclients - the farmers. The main objectives of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of anagricultural extension program are to assess: (a) the effectiveness of the communicationbetween the extension service ard farmers, i.e., the information flow to and from farmers.This would implicitly involve aisessing the implementation of the extension managementsystem; (b) adoption rates of recommended practices; (c) utilization of farm inputs; (d) yieldof crops and livestock, i.e., increased agricultural production; and (d) the impact of theservice on farmers' welfare, i.e., level and distribution of income and standard of living. Thepurpose of this paper is to provide a guideline for the design and implementation of themonitoring and evaluation of this project. First, the justification for the choice of a planningand monitoring unit in the Department of Agricultural Extension Services is given. Therationale for the M&E approach and the key indicators to be monitored are then discussed.Second, a matrix is given to show the activities and objectives to be monitored and evaluated,their key indicators and the targets set for them, the source of information and theresponsibility for monitoring and evaluating these.

Lustification for a Planning and Monitoring Unit in the DAES

2. The project design has opted to establish only a Planning and Monitoring unit and nota central monitoring and evaluation (M&E) unit in the Departmnent of Agricultural E;xtensionServices (DAES) for three reasons. First of all, as there is a central Planning, Monitoringand Evaluation Department (PPMED) in the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), it was felt thatanother unit duplicating its functions in the DAES would not be necessary. Second,monitoring is a tool of management and that the primary responsibility of the monitoring uQitwould be to meet the internal information needs of the management and technical andadministrative staff of DAES and cooperating departments of MOA. As such, the planningand monitoring unit needs to be integrated within the management of DAES and thatmonitoring information should be recorded by those who are directly involved in theimplementation of the project. The role of the monitoring unit of DAES would be tocoordinate the generation of monitoring information, analyze the data and disseminate itsfindings to the staff of DAES, PPMED and other cooperating departments of MOA. It wasfelt that this arrangement would not compete nor duplicate the functions of PPMED so long asit receives monitoring information on the program of DAES and it has a say in the methods ofanalysis of the data and the design of the management information system (MIS) that would

I/ For a detailed treatment of Monitoring and Evaluation, see Murphy, Jossette, and T. J. Marchant, 1988.

Monitoring and Evaluation in Extension A2encies. World Bank Technical Paper Number 79, Monitoring

and Evaluation Series. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

- 69 -Annex &

Page 2 of 4

generate the monitoring data. The third reason for not creating an M&E unit in the DAES isto ensure that evaluating program impact would be carried out objectively by those who arenot actively involved in its implementation and PPMED is best suited to undertake thisfunction as it is doing so for other projects of MOA.

3. It is, therefore suggested that monitoring of project implementation and assessing itseffectiveness would be undertaken by DAES as an integral part of its management informationsystem (MIS), which would be established prior to the commencement of the project. ThePlanning and Monitoring Unit (PMU) of DAES would be responsible for managing the MISand producing monitoring reports. Evaluation of the project's impact on project bereficiariesand on agricultural output would be carried out by PPMED of MOA with assistance fromoutside consultants including the faculties of agriculture of the three Ghanian universities andprivate firms.

Monitoring Program Implementation and Effectiveness

4. It is proposed that the design of the MIS for DAES be based on a self-monitoringprinciple that allows staff to record data that would help them assess the progress they makeand the effectiveness of their work and lets every level in the DAES organization to monitorthe operation of the level immediately below. Field staff and officers of the DAES in allregions would be trained in the use of the MIS. Staff involved in direct implementation of theextension program would be required to fill monthly monitoring forms designed to provideinformation on selected indicators that would allow assessing the progress and effectiveness oftheir work. This information would be checked and commented upon by the immediatesupervisors and submitted to the monitoring officer of the regional DAES, who would verifyand analyze the data. Care should be taken to keep the monthly monitoring forms as shortand simple as possible so that staff are not encumbered with too much paperwork that woulddistract them from their normal duties.

5. It is suggested that three types of reports be prepared by this officer. The first wouldbe a monthly report containing summary statistics of selected key indicators nf programactivities for all the districts in the region, serially listing the data for the previous months inthe reporting year. This should be accompanied by an executive summary or monitoring brief(2-3 pages) which highlights interesting results and/or problems for the attention ofmanagement and the individual supervisors concerned. This report would be sent to thePlanning and Monitoring Unit of DAES, which would likewise compile a monthly report onthese indices for all regions as a whole.

6. The second report would be short diagnostic reports limited to the findings on aspecific problem, which warrants a short investigation to explain the root cause of theproblem and recommend corrective actions that management should take to solve the problem.

7. The third report would be a formal progress report prepared quarterly in a standardformat. This would report on the current progress of the program and the rate ofaccomplishment of the targets using the key indicators selected to measure progress. It wouldanalyze the trends in the data and compare and contrast the performance of the program in thevarious districts and incorporate the comments of the regional management of DAES. Itwould be sent to the district DAES and FLS as a feed back. The Planning and Monitoring

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Unit of DAES would also receive these reports and synthesize a similar quarterly report forthe country comparing and contrasting the performance of the extension programs in the tenregions. The quarterly reports published by DAES would be submitted to the PPMED anddistributed to supervisory staff in all regions as a feed back.

8. Indicators for Monitoring Project Implementation and Effectiveness. It isessential that key indicators are selected for measuring project progress and assessing itseffectiveness. The effectiveness and efficiency of an extension service should be measured interms of the extent to which the targets (output) set at the beginning of the monitoring periodin question are achieved and the resources (inputs) utilized in the process. The annual workprogram and budget provides the targets to be achieved during the year and the level ofresources deemed necessary to achieve these targets. Monitoring would entail not onlymeasuring progress towards achieving these targets but also the level and timing of theprovision of resources and the rate of their utilization as these affect the timeliness and qualityof project implementation. Monitoring should, therefore, deal with the allocation andutilization of resources during project implementation.

9. Indicators for Monitoring Resource Allocation and Utilization show the physicaland financial amount of resources provided to and utilized by the project. These are thencompared with the levels indicated in the plan for the monitoring period. These resources areinvestment items, including buildings or other civil works, transport (vehicles, motorcycles;etc.), equipment and furniture; and operating and maintenance costs (e.g., staff salaries andallowances, training costs, vehicle and other maintenance costs, etc.). The key items whichmost affect project implementation should be chosen as the indicators of progress. Theaccounting and stores operation systems set up for the project should produce the physical andfinancial amount of these resources provided, the timing of their delivery and the rate atwhich they are utilized. The only additional information that would be required for projectmonitoring is explanations of significant variations between the levels planned and thoseprovided and utilized and what should be done to correct their adverse effects on the project.The MIS and the regional and headquarters monitoring officers should ensure that thisinformation is prepared and made available in a timely fashion. See Table 1, for example, ofa matrix of key indicators for monitoring of resource allocation and utilization.

10. Indicators of Program Delivery show the rate of execution of planned activities todeliver relevant extension recommendations and train farmers. These are: (a) disseminationof agricultural extension messages (visits and demonstrations by FLS to groups of farmers,farmer training at demonstration and training centers, radio broadcasts, production anddistribution of brochures and leaflets to farmers, etc.); (b) generation of relevant technology,i.e., adaptive on-farm trials, meetings of regional research/extension cemmittees; (c) trainingof staff (induction and in-service training) including SMS workshops, monthly FLS trainingand other workshops, seminars and study tours; and (d) supervision of program delivery. TheMIS should provide simple forms that those in charge of conducting these activities would fillas each activity is being performed. These forms should solicit information on (a) thepurpose of the activity; (b) the number of participants by category (e.g., trainers and traineesby adults, youth, male, female, the number of radio broadcasts, leaflets produced anddisseminated, etc.; (c) the topics covered or the actions taken; and (d) the reaction of theparticipants or the conclusicns of the meetings or supervision sessions. Key activities that

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measure progress in program delivery should be chosen for monitoring purposes. SeeTable 1 for examples for monitoring key indicators of program delivery.

11. Indicators of Program Effectiveness show the extent to which the messages,delivered to and the training and demonstrations carried out for farmers are influencing theiragricultural behavior and farming practices. Key indicators selected to assess programeffectiveness would show rates of adoption of recommended practices, levels of utilization ofyield increasing inputs and changes in yields of the affected crops and livestock. See Table 1for examples of possible key indicators for monitoring program effectiveness. These wouldhave to be adapted to the messages contained in the planned program delivery for themonitoring period in question. Strategic surveys timed to capture the adoption rates of keyextension recommendations may have to be carried out.

12. Monitoring and Evaluation of ProJect Impact provides information to nationalplanners and policy makers as well as donors the effectiveness of the project in achieving thedesired objectives as set out in the project plans. This would require: (a) the establishmentof bench mark data against which the project's impacts would be gauged; and (b) periodicmeasurements of the key impact parameters. While some of the baseline data and periodicmeasurements, such as number and characteristics of farmers adopting innovations, can becollected through the MIS of DAES, socio-economic evaluations and yield surveys todetermine impacts on beneficiaries income and standard of living and national agriculturaloutput should be conducted under the aegis of the PPMED, which could also commissionuniversities or other consultant firms. It is suggested that PPMED avoid total reliance onambitious and costly extensive national sample surveys. Simpler, speedier and more in-depthand manageable studies conducted region by region would be preferable in order to avoid thepitfalls of amassing a large body of unanalyzed and unanalyzable data as has been the case insimilar ventures elsewhere.2/

13. Possible key indicators for evaluating program impact are shown in Table 1. Thetable can be used for the project as a whole, and for each region and its districts. Monitoringformats to be used in the field need to be developed and tested with those staff who would beusing them in monitoring their own work and/or supervising others. Once these are tested,amnended and found workable, staff need to be trained on how to use them.

42/ Cernea, M. M.; J. K. Coulter; J. F. A. Russel, edh. 1983. Agricultural Extension by Training and Visit:

The Asian Experience. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Table 1. Monitoring wnd EvYluatiOn Matrfx

Activity/objective indicator Target Achievement Source of Information Responsibility

RESOURCE ALLOCATION Internal project docu-AND UTILIZATION ments accounting reports

1. Extension '.aff as specified In Staff personnel records DAESby category no. Appraisal Report wnd DAES

2. SNS staff reviewed In aiwwal personiel records DAESby speclalty no. Program B 0udget DAES

3. Transport accounting/store records DAESvehicles no. value DAESmotorcycles no. value DAESbicycles no. value DAES

4. Buitdings accounting/store records DAESoffices no. value DAESstaff housino no. value DAES

5. Furniture nd accomting/store records DAESE4ulpnent by type no. vatue DAES

6. Recurrent costs accounting records DAESby purpose value DAES

Program Delivery

1. Consult. Group monitoring formts DAESMeetings no. dates Ansal Program

2. SWS workshops no. dates monitoring formts DAES3. Staff Training mnitoring formsts DAES

ind4etion no. datesin-service no. dates

by type andstaff category

4. Farm visits monitoring formats DAESby staff categ.

5. Farm dems. monitoring formts DAESby staff categ.by farmer gender

6. Farmer 7raining monitoring formnts DAESby gender

T. Extension Trial montoring formats DAESplots

S. onfarm trials monitoring foruats DAES9. Radlo 0roadcsts monitoring formats DAES

by topics10. Drochure leaflet monitoring formats DAES

production .d.. bby topic to

11. Supervision of monitoring formats DAES * ,- bby category x

0

Table 1. Monitoring wid Evaluation Mbtrix

Activity/Objective Indicator jiarget jAchievement |Source of Informtion 1 lesponsibitity

CRuP PRODUCTION

1. LOnd preparation Arnnal Progrm monitoring formats DAS5hoeanimal tractiontractor

2. Soil & Vater amnitorIng formats DAkSConservation

contour plowingvetiver bundingterracing

3. Rom planting monitoring formats DAES4. Plant population monitoring formats DAESS Isfroved variety monitoring formats DAES

seed treatmentby crop

6. Fertilifer applic monitoring formats DAESby crop I type

T. Vaeding miftoring formats DAEShoeanimal tractiontractorherbicide La8. Plant protection mnitoring formats DAESchemicals by type

9. Narvesting & mnitoring formsts DAESThreshinghandhwdamyoweredequfpeentcombine

10. Post harvest monitoring formats DAIStechnology

Improvedstoragepesticide

11. yield obtained crop cutting survey DAESIPPHEDby crops

full adopters75X adopters50X adopters25% adopters

. x

0Nb

Table 1. Nonitoring and Evaluation Natrix

Actilvity/objective Indicator aTarget 1Achlevement 1 ource of Infor_tlen 1 Reponsibility

LIVESTOCK PRtIXUCTION

1. Use of Isproved Amual Progrm monitoring form_ts DAESbreeds

2. Use of castration monitoring formts DAES3. Immmization by monitoring formts DAES

disease4. Deaorming monitoring formats DAES5. Ectoporasite control6. Groming of: monitoring formats DAES

lsproved pasturefodder treesby specel

7. Feeding of: mneitoring formats DAEScrop resilsolt seeds/cakesgrains

by typeS. Fertility rates monitoring formats DAES9. Nortality rates monitoring formats DAES

yotnm stockothers

10. Production per animal monitoring formats DAESoilk* egs, meet surveys pPIEO

VIAD ACTIVITIES

1. Improved stove Annual Program monitoring formats DAES2. Improved storage monitoring formts DAES

kitchenother rooms

3. Improved washing and monitoring formts DAESdrying facility

4. Compost making monitoring formats DAES5. Vegetable/fruit garden monitoring formats DAES

by type of plant6. Food piocessing monitoring formats DAES

by typeT. food preservatlon mnitoring formats DAES

by type

0 a,

0

oI th

Toble 1. onitoring nd Eva iAtion Matrix

Activitylobjective Indicator jT1 rget 1Achievement |Source of inforfetlon jlesponsibility

PROGRAN IIPACT

1. Crop area increase as specified in Staff crop cutting surveys PPIEDby adopters Appraisal Report m*d

2. increental production reviewed In ammal crop cutting surveys PPWEDby adopters Progrme & Budget

3. Increosed crop Income crop cutting surveys PPNEDper hr., per enday

4. Livestock Incrase surveys PPKEoby species

S. Increnentel productfon sIWv'y5 PPIEOby product

6. Increased livestock surveys PPHEDincoae per *nim,per mencay

T. Increaed Net Incper femilyper worker

8. Nutrition iprovement surveys MIH. PUBIlC HEALTH9. Ne ebrsbip of farmer surveys PPNED

organis tion10. Other measures of o

standard of living

(0 K

0

oo lb

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Annex 8Page 1 of 2

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Regional Research Extension Liaison Committe

Terms of Reference

1. The Government of Ghana would establish, in each region, a Research-ExtensionLiaison Committee (RELC) with the following objectives, constitution and terms of reference.

ObXectIMe

2. The objectives of the RELC would be generally to oversee the functioning of theresearch and extension systems in the region, particularly the research-extension linkages, andthe planning and implementation of on-farm trials.

Constitution

3. The RELC would be chaired by the Regional PNDC Deputy Secretary forAgriculture, and its membership would include the Heads of the research stations serving theregion, including those belonging to the universities, the Regional Director of Agriculture, theSMSs in the region and the Regional Agricultural Extension Officer. The SMS(Training) ofthe region would function as the Secretary of the Committee.

4. The RELC would meet at least once prior to each agricultural season.

Terms of Reference

5. The terms of reference of the RELC would include:

(a) review of the extension program and the pre-seasonal training program for theregion;

(b) review of the performance of extension during the previous season, incluJ -the implementation of on-farm trials and the extension test plot programs;

(c) assessing the relevance of the extension recommendations given to the farmersin the major agro-ecological zones, and the farmers' response to these;

(d) selecting the resource persons for the SMS workshops, evaluating theirperformance, including their contribution to the planning of on-farm trials;

(e) review of the work program oi the Participatory Technology Development(PTD) to be initiated under the project;

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(f) review of the research programs of the stations belonging to the Crops and theAnimal Research Institutes which are pertinent to the region concerned, andmaking recommendations to increase their relevance to the needs of thefarmers in the region; and

(g) review of the implementation of the adaptive trials program initiated byresearch under the National Agricultural Research Project(NARP), andmaking recommendations to increase their relevance.

6. In order to enable the RELC to undertake the above functions, the regional head ofthe extension system would place before the RELC, a brief report covering (a), Qo) and (e);and the heads of the research stations represented on the RELC would prepare reportscovenng (f) and (g).

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GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Schedule of Activities for Consultancy Services

A. Internationally Recruited Consultants

rioect Yer: I 2 a 4 5 Total

Activity (man-months)

Animal Traction 6 6Appropriate Technology 6 6Monitoring and Evaluation 6 1 2 3 12Extension Management 4 1 1 6Information and Communications 2 2 2 6Subject-matter Specialist Workshops 1 1 1 1 1 5Women in Agricultural Development 2 1 1 1 1 6

Total 27 6 7 2 5 47

B. Local Consultants

Project Yea-r: l a 4 5 Total

Activity (man-months)

Animal Traction 6 1 1 1 1 10Appropriate Technology 6 1 1 1 1 10Monitoring and Evaluation 6 3 3 3 3 18Extension Management 4 1 1 6Information and Communications 2 2 2 2 2 10Subject-matter Specialists Training 6 6 6 6 6 30Subject-matter Specialist Workshops 1 1 1 1 1 5Women in Agricultural Development 2 1 1 1 1 6

Total 33 16 16 15 15 95

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GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Terms of Reference for Consultancy Services

1. This annex provides the detailed terms of references for consultant services elaboratedin Section 6.E. of the Staff Appraisal Report. It is envisaged that both local andinternationally recruited consultants would be engaged to assist MOA in conducting studies,designing systems, conducting training sessions, and making recommendations for fiutherimprovements and development in their respective fields. The internationally recruitedconsultants would provide expertise and experience that is not available in Ghana. Localconsultants, primarily from the university community, would work with the internationallyrecruited consultants so that the latter would continue to participate in the project, bringingneeded expertise and detached objectivity, especially in evaluating the effectiveness andimpacts of the project. Although some of the terms below have been drawn forinternationally recruited consultants, local consultants could be substituted provided they meetthe qualifications specified. In such cases, the MOA would seek the approval of IDA beforecommissioning the local consultants.

A. INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED CONSULTANT - ANIMAL TRACTIONAND ANIMAL-DRAWN FARM IMPLEMENTS

Introduction

1. Animal traction is widely used only in a few regions, i.e., Upper East, Upper West,Northern ard parts of Brong-Ahafo regions. Animal traction is mainly employed for plowing.Little animal power is used for weeding, threshing and transport of farm inputs and produce.The occurrence of trypanosomiasis in the humid and sub-humid regions of Ghana is believedto be the main reason impeding the widespread use of animal traction in these zones.Technological advances in the control of trypanosomiasis, employing a combination ofchemotherapy and protection of animals from tse tse flies using impregnated screens and sprayor pour-on pesticides, are reducing the risk of keeping cattle in these zones. The efficiency oflabor in (Ghanaian agriculture could be increased several fold if animal traction and animal-drawn implements would replace the current method of land preparation and crop cultivationpracticed by most Ghanaian farmers with the hand hoe.

Objectives

2. The main objective of the consultancy is to review the status of the use of animaltraction and animal-drawn implements in Ghana and analyze the key constraints impeding thewidespread use of these in order to prepare a medium and long-term work program for theAgricultural Engineering Services Department (AESD) in the development and promotion of

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animal traction and animal-s rawn implements suitable to the farming systems practiced inGhana.

Terms of Reference

3. Specifically, the consultant would:

(a) inventory and catalog the various types of animal drawn implements used inGhana and assess their efficiency as well as analyze their advantages anddisadvantages;

(b) review the research and development work so far done on animal drawnimplements by the universities, Nyankpala Research Station and the farmimplements factory at Tamale;

(c) identify the constraints on the spread of the use of animal drawn implementsin Ghana;

(d) where feasible, import prototypes and test their adaptability to Ghanaianconditions and test their acceptability by farmers;

(e) in the light of the prevailing cropping systems, prototypes and artisanship, andmanufacturing capacity available in Ghana, make specific recommendations onmedium- and long-term program for the AESD for the de%elopment andpromotion of animal traction and animal-drawn implements in Ghana,estimating the material and manpower requirement, training needs and cost ofthe program;

(f) recommend a methodology for evaluating the performance of animal-drawnimplements;

(i) assist the Information Support Unit of the Department of AgriculturalExtension Services (DAES) in producing manuals, leaflets, posters and audio-visual material for training of extension staff and popularizing animal tractionand animal-drawn implements among Ghanaian farmers; and

(h) participate in training subject matter specialists in promoting the use of animaltraction and animal-drawn imp:ements;

(i) work closely with the AESD, DAES, Department of Crop Services, the CSIRresearch stations, the University of Science and Technology, and the Tamaleimplement factory. In addition, the wonsultant would maintain contact withthe Agricultural Extension Specialist in the World Bank Resident Mission inAccra.

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Annex 10Page 3 of 20

Qualification

4. The consultant would be an experienced agricultural engineer with at least an M.Sc.degree and work experience of at least 5 years in developing countries in Africa and/or Asia.

Duration of the Consultancy

5. It is envisaged that the work would require a maximum of six man months in onestretch or spread in two or more parts over a period of one or two years.

SuppQrt by MOA

6. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide: (a) qualified counterparts fromAESD and DAES as well as one local consultant to work with the internationally recruitedconsultant during the duration of his/her stay in Ghana; and (b) a serviceable vehicle. Theterms of reference for the local consultant is attached herewith.

A.(1) LOCAL CONSULTANT - ANIMAL TRACTION AND ANIMAL-DRAWNFARM IMPLEMENTS

Introduction

1 . Animal traction is widely used only in a few regions, i.e., Upper East, Upper West,Northern and parts of Brong-Ahafo regions. Animal traction is mainly em..ployed f- plowing.Little animal power is used for weeding, threshing and transport of farm inputs and produce.The occurrence of trypanosomiasis in the humid and sub-humid regions of Ghana is believedto be the main reason impeding the widespread use of animal traction in these zones.Technological advances in the control of trypanosomiasis, employirg a combination ofchemotherapy and protection of animals from tse tse flies, using impregnated screens andspray or pour-on pesticides, are reducing the risk of keeping cattle in these zones. Theefficiency of labor in Ghanaian agriculture could be increased several fold if animal tractionand animal-drawn implements would replace the current method of land preparation and cropcultivation practiced by most Ghanaian farmers with the hand hoe.

Objectives

The DAES is commissioning an internationally recruited consultant (IRC) to reviewthe status of the use of animal traction and animal-drawn implements in Ghana and to analyzethe key constraints impeuing the widespread use of these in order to prepare a medium andlong-term work program for the Agricultural Engineering Services Department (AESD) in thedevelopment and promotion of animal traction and animal-drawn implements suitable to thefarming systems practiced in Ghana. The full terms of reference for the IRC is attachedherewith. It is deemed important that a local consultant, preferably from the agriculturalengineering department of one of the universities, would participate in the review and drawingup of the development program so that the local consultant would continue to be associatedwith the development program long after the IRC has completed his/her work.

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Terms of Reference

1. Specifically, the local consultant would:

(a) assist the IRC in performing the tasks specified in 3 (a) - 3 (h) of the terms ofreference for the IRC;

(b) continue to participate in the development work to be embarked by the AESDover the years;

(c) assist the Information Support Unit of the Department of AgriculturalExtension Services (DAES) in producing manuals, leaflets, posters and audio-visual material for training of extension staff and popularizing the use ofanimal traction and animal drawn implements among Ghanaian farmers;

(d) conduct training workshops for subject matter specialists in promoting the useof appropriate technology in farm and household tools, equipment andstructures; and

(e) work closely with the IRC, AESD, DAES, Department of Crop Services, theCSIR research stations, the University of Science and Technology and theTamale implement factory. In addition, the consultant would maintain contactwith the Agricultural Extension Specialist in the World Bank Resident Missionin Accra.

Qualification

2. The consultant would be a Ghanaian agricultural engineer with at least an M.Sc.degree and two years of work experience.

Duration of the Consultancy

3. It is envisaged that the local consultant would be engaged for a total of 11 manmonths over a period of 4 years, spread as follows: 4 months each during the first andsecond years and one month each in the remaining three years.

Support by MOA

4. MOA would provide: (a) qualified counterparts from AESD and DAES to work withthe IRC and local consultant during the duration of his/her consultancy; (b) transport; and(c) office space and secretarial support.

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B. INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED CONSULTANT - APPROPRIATETECHNOLOGY IN FARM AND HOUSEHOLD TOOLS, EQUIPMENT ANDSTRUCTURES

Introducion

1. The level of mechanical technology used in Ghanaian agriculture is very low. Themajor tools for a majority of farmers are the hoe and the cutlas3. Maize shelling and rice andsorghum threshing are all done by hand with the help of a stick. In irrigated rice production,simple tools for leveling and puddling soil are not available. Agricultural goods aretransported from farm to home and from home to market by head portage. It is rare to seewheel barrows used in the ruaral areas. Post-harvest losses are reported to be very high due tolack of appropriate crop drying methods and poorly designed storage structures. Energy iswasted by using open wood fire in cooking. There are no standard designs for livestockhousing. There are a large number of hand tools, equipment and structures developed inother underdeveloped countries, mainly in Asia, that increase the efficiency of labor andreduce the drudgery of performing farm and household chores. Appropriate technology onthese could be imported and modified to suit Ghanaian conditions.

Objectives

2. The main objective of the consultancy is to review the status of utilization ofappropriate technology in farm and household tools, equipment and structures and makerecommendations to MOA for a program of development and promotion among Ghanaianfarmers. The appropriate technology areas included would be: (a) farm work includingseeding, planting, fertilizer and pesticide application, harvesting, threshing, transport andstorage, transport; (b) food processing and preservation, including gari making, oil extraction,etc.; (c) water lifting; (d) conservation of energy; and (e) housing of animals, etc.

Terms of Reference

3. Specifically, the consultant would:

(a) inventory and catalog the various hand tools, equipment and structures usedby Ghanian farmers in farm and household tasks and assess their efficiency aswell as analyze their advantages and disadvantages;

(b) identify local artisans and manufacturers for such tools, equipment andstructures;

(c) where feasible, import prototypes and test their adaptability to Ghanaianconditions and test their acceptability by farmers;

(d) in the light of the prevailing cropping systems, prototypes and artisanship andmanufacturing capacity available in Ghana, make specific recommendations onmedium and long-term program for the MOA for the development andpromotion of the widespread use of hand tools, equipment and structures

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anong Ghanaian farmers, estimating the material and manpower requirement,training needs and cost of the program;

(e) develop a methodology for evaluating the performance of such tools,equipment and structures;

(f) assist the Information Support Unit of the Department of AgriculturalExtension Services (DAES) in producing manuals, leaflets, posters and audio-visual material for training of extension staff and popularizing hand tools,equipment and structures among Ghanaian farmers;

(g) participate in training subject matter specialists in promoting the use of handtools, equipment and structures; and

(h) work closely with the AESD, DAES, Department of Crop Services, the CSIRresearch stations, the University of Science and Technology and the Tamaleimplement factory. In addition, the consultant would maintain contact withthe Agricultural Extension Specialist in the World Bank Resident Mission inAccra.

Qualification

1. The consultant would be an agricultural or mechanical engineer with at least an M.Sc.degree and five years of experience in developing countries in Africa or Asia.

Duration of the Consultancy

2. It is envisaged that the work would require a maximum of six man months to becompleted in two phases. Phase one would take 4-6 weeks for carrying out the task outlinedin 2 (a) above. The second phase would last 4.5 to 5 months in one stretch or spread in twoor more parts over a period of one or two years.

Support by kMOA

3. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide: (a) qualified counterparts fromAESD and DAES as well as one local consultant to work with the internationally recruitedconsultant during the duration of his/her stay in Ghana; and (b) a serviceable vehicle. Theterms of reference for the local consultant is attached herewith.

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B.(1) LOCAL CONSULTANT - APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ON FARM ANDHOUSEHOLD TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND STRUCTURES

Introduction

1. The level of mechanical technology used in Ghanaian agriculture is very low. Themajor tools for a majority of farmers are the hoe and the cutlass. Maize shelling and rice andsorghum threshing are all done by hand with the help of a stick. In irrigated rice production,simple tools for leveling and puddling soil are not available. Agricultural goods aretransported from farm to home and from home to market by head portage. It is rare to seewheel barrows used in the rural areas. Post harvest losses are reported to be very high due tolack of appropriate crop drying methods and poorly designed storage structures. Energy iswasted by using open wood fire in cooking. There are no standard designs for livestockhousing. There are a large number of hand tools, equipment and structures developed inother underdeveloped countries, mainly in Asia, that increase the efficiency of labor andreduce the drudgery of performing farm and household chores. Appropriate technology onthese could be imported and modified to suit Ghanaian conditions.

Qbjectives

2. The Agricultural Engineering Services Department (AESD) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is commissioning an internationally recruited consultant (IRC)to reviewthe status of utilization of appropriate technology in farm and household tools, equipment andstructures and make recommendations to DAES for a program of development and promotionof these technologies among Ghanaian farmers. The appropriate technology areas includedwould be: (a) farm work, including seeding, planting, fertilizer and pesticide application,harvesting, threshing, transport and crop drying, storage, transport; (b) food processing andpreservation, including gari making, oil extraction, etc.; (c) water lifting; (d) conservation ofenergy; (e) housing of animals, etc. The full terms of reference for the IRC is attachedherewith. It is deemed important that a local consultant, preferably from the agriculturalengineering department of one of the universities, would participate in the review and drawingup of the development program so that the local consultant would continue to be associatedwith the development program long after the IRC has completed his/her work.

Terms of Reference

3. Specifically, the local consultant would:

(a) assist the IRC in performing the tasks specified in 3 (a) - 3 (g) of the terms ofreference for the IRC;

(b) continue to participate in the development work to oe embarked by the AESDover the years;

(c) assist the Information Support Unit of the Department of AgriculturalExtension Services (DAES) in producing manuals, leaflets, posters and audio-visual material for training of extension staff and popularizing the use of

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appropriate technology in farm and household tools, equipment and structuresamong Ghanaian farmers; and

(d) conduct training workshops for subject matter specialists in promoting the useof animal traction and animal-drawn implements; and

(e) work closely with the IRC, AESD, DAES, Department of Crop Services, theCSIR research stations, the University of Science and Technology, and theTamale implement factory. In addition, the consultant would maintain contactwith the Agricultural Extension Specialist in the World Bank Resident Missionin Arcra.

Oualification

1. The consultant would be a Ghanaian agricultural engineer with at least an M.Sc.degree and two years of work experience.

Duration of the Consultancy

2. It is envisaged that the local consultant would be engaged for a total of 11 manmonths over a period of 4 years, spread as follows: 4 months each during the first andsecond years and one month each in the remaining three years.

Support by MQA

3. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide: (a) qualified counterparts fromAESD and DAES to work with the IRC and local consultant during the duration of his/herconsultancy; (b) transport; and (c) office space and secretarial support.

C. INTERNATIONALLY RECRUITED CONSULTANT - MONITORING ANDEVALUATION OF PROJECT IMPACT

Introduction

1. The Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof 5 years with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered extension services in order to improveefficiency in the management and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance oftechnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in definingextension programs and setting priorities in adaptive research; (d) organize farmers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprograms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unified

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extension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.Special emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers more effectively.

Obiectime

2. The objective of this consultancy is to assist the Policy Planning, Monitoring andEvaluation Department (PPMED) of MOA to develop and implement a system for monitoringthe progress of the project and evaluate its impact on the uptake of improved technologies byfarmers, on national agricultural outout and on the welfare of farmers participating in theextension program. The information required for monitoring the physical and financialprogress of the project would be generated by a management information system (MIS),which would be implemented by DAES. The task in this regard would be to ensure that theMIS is adequate for PPMED's purposes. This consultancy would focus on evaluating theimpact. of the project.

Terms of Reference

3. Specifically, the consultant would:

(a) after studying the IDA Staff Appraisal Report of the project, particularly theguidelines outlined for monitoring and evaluation in Annex 7, determine thekey indicator parameters that need to be monitored and evaluated in order toachieve the above objective (para. 2.) and in Annex 7 cited above;

(b) establish the initial or without the project value or situation of theseparameters. This would involve an initial base line sample survey andanalysis representing the agro-ecological zones in which the project would beactive;

(c) devise a system for monitoring and evaluating these parameters over the fiveyears life of the project and beyond. This would include the method andfrequency of data collection, a data bank, and type of analysis to be carriedout;

(d) train PPMED and DAES staff in obtaining the required data and feeding itinto the data bank and train PPMED staff in operating the data bank,analyzing and interpreting the data; and

(e) work closely with PPMED and DAES staff and local consultants in carryingout the above tasks. In addition, the consultant would maintain contact withthe Agricultural Extension Specialist in the World Bank Resident Mission inAccra.

Oualification

4. The consultant would be an agricultural economist or development sociologist with atleast an M.Sc. degree and five years of experience with setting up impact evaluation systemsfor agricultural projects and evaluating the results.

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Page 10 of 20

Duration of Consultancy

5. It is envisaged that the work would require a total of 12 mar, months, carried out inthree phases. The first phase would be for a period of six months to establish the impactevaluation system and to start the initial baseline survey and analysis during the first year ofthe project. The second phase would be for two months at the end of the second year toreview the operation of the system, train staff and make recommendations on Itsimprovement. The final phase would be for five months at the end of the first half of thefifth year of the project to analyze and write up the impact achieved and the projected impactof the project for the next five years.

Sup.poB by MOQA

6. PPMED would provide: (a) three local consultants, one agricultural economist, oneagronomist and one nutritionist; (b) qualified counterparts from AESD and DAES; (c) fulltime access to at least two personal computers; (d) a serviceable vehicle; and (e) office spaceand secretarial support. The terms of reference for the local consultants are attachedherewith.

Expected gOutpu

7. The consultant is expected to submit three reports coinciding with the end of eachphase of the work described in para 5 above. The first report would:

(a) describe the impact evaluation system, i.e., the key impact indicators, the datacollection, storage and retrieval, analy.is and reporting;

(b) present the results of the baseline survey establishing the initial or benchmarkvalues or situation of the key impact indicators; and

(c) the timetabie for carrying out the tasks required for the impact evaluation ofthe project with clear criteria for monitoring the progress of the work.

8. The second report would evaluate the operation of the impact monitoring system andmake recommendations for improvements, if necessary. The third report would present acomprehensive analysis of the impact of the project up to that time and make projection on itslikely impact in the following 5 years.

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C.(1) LOCAL CONSULTANTS - MONITORING A:ND EVALUATION OF PROJECTIMPACT

Introdrction

1. The Department of Agricultural Exteision Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof S vears with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production and.mprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered extension services in order to improveefficiency in the managemer,t and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance ofte^hnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in definingextension programs and setting prio:"rities in adaptive research; (d) organize farmers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprograms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unifiedextension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.Special emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers more effectively.

--bjective

2. The Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Department (PPMED) of MOA iscommissioning an internationally recruited consultant (IRC) to assist in developing andimplementing a system for monitoring the progress of the project and evaluate its impact onthe uptake of improved technologies by farmers, on national agricultural output and on thewelfare of farmers participating in the extension program. The information required formonitoring the physical and financial progress of the project would be generated by amanagement information system (MIS), which would be implemented by DAES. The task inthis regard would be to ensure that the MIS is adequate for PPMED's purposes. The IRCwould focus on evaluating the impact of the project. The full terms of reference of the IRC isattached hereto. It is deemed important that three local consultants, preferably from Ghanianuniversities, participate in the design, implementation and write-up of the impact evaluation ofthe project so that the process would result in internalizing the methodology developed.Moreover, the involvement of Ghanaian professionals external to the MOA establishmentwould provide the detached objectivity necessary in impartially assessing the impact of theproject.

Oualifications

3. The professional mix of the local consultants would be an agricultural economist, adevelopment sociologist and a human nutritionist with a minimum of M.Sc. degree and threeyears of work experience in their respective fields.

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Annex 1Page 12 of 20

Terms of Reference

4. The local consultants would bring their local expertise to bear in participating in theimpact evaluation exercise and assisting the IRC carry out his/her terms of reference.Specifically, the:

(a) Agricultural Economist would contribute expertise in the key indicators thatwould measure changes in agricultural output and gross and net farm incomesand comment on the micro- and macro-economic environmnent affecting thesechanges;

(b) Development Sociologist would evaluate the socio-economic profiles ofadopters and non adopters of the technologies disseminated by the project andshed light on the factors contributing to both cases. The organization andmanagement of the extension service, the methods of disseminating extensionmessages and other institutional factors such as the availability and conditionsof access to credit, inputs and produce markets would be among the factorsconsidered in this evaluation; and

(c) Human Nuttitionist would evaluate changes in the nutritional status of asample of the participating farmers in the project. A minimum of two surveysmight be required for this: one baseline survey at the beginning of the projectand another one in the second quarter of the final year of the project.

5. It is expected that the agricultural specialists required for the impact evaluation wouldbe provided from the regular staff of MOA.

6. The local consultants would work closely with the IRC, PPMED and DAES staff andlocal consultants in carrying out the above tasks. In addition, the consultants would maintaincontact with the Agricultural Extension Specialist in the World Bank Resident Mission inAccra.

Duration of Consultancy

7. It is envisaged that the work would require six months each for a total of 18 manmonths. The distribution of the man months over the project period would be decided by theDirector of PPMED in consultation with the IRC.

Suport by MOA

8. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide: (a) the IRC and qualifiedcounterparts from AESD and DAES; (b) transport; (c) computing facility and (office spaceand secretarial support.

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Annex 10Page 13 of 20

D. EXTENSION MANAGEMENT

Introduction

1. The Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof 5 years with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered extension services in order to improveefficiency in the management and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance oftechnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in driningextension programs and setting priorities in adaptive research; (d) organize far niers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprograms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unifiedextension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.Special emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers more effectively.

Obiective

2. An important feature of the project is building institutional capacity in DAES for themanagement of the national extension program. An internationally recruited and a localconsultant would be engaged for this consultancy, the objective of which, is to enable DAEStap experienced expertise to assist it in reviewing its planning, implementation and supervisionof its extension program and conduct training workshops on these management topics for themanagerial and supervisory staff at the national and regional headquarters.

Terms of Reference

3. Specifically, the consultants would review how the following tasks are carried out andmake recommendations on how these could be improved upon:

(a) diagnosis of farmers' constraints and opportunities for extension interventions

(b) feed back of the results of (a) above to the agricultural research system andthe response of the latter;

(c) relevance of contents, regularity and effectiveness of SMS workshops andfrontline staff training;

(d) planning of the extension program for the districts;

(e) implementation of the extension program in the districts, including the balancebetween field crops, agro-forestry, soil and water conservation, livestock,fisheries and women in agricultural development activities and farmers' groupformation;

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Page 14 of 20

(f) uses of audio-visual materials and demonstration procedures in farmerstraining;

(g) procedures for and implementation of supervision of SMS, supervisory staffand frontline staff;

(h) procedures for assessing the effectiveness of extension messages and howthese assessments are used as a feed back to modify the messages, researchprograms and agricultural policies; and

(i) the training needs of managerial and supervisory staff for formal short-termtraining in Ghana and/or abroad.

4. Based upon the above review, the consultants would conduct training workshops formanagerial and supervisory staff at the national and regional headquarters.

Qualification

5. The consultants would be extension management specialists with a minimum of anM.Sc. in Agricultural extension and 5 years of experience. The experience of theinternationally recruited consultant should preferably be in African and/or Asian countries.

Duration of the Consultancy

6. It is envisaged that the work would require a maximum of six man months each andspread over a period of three years.

Support by MOA

7. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide: (a) qualified counterparts fromDAES to work with the consultants; (b) a serviceable vehicle; (c) office space and secretarialsupport.

E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

Introduin

1. The Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof 5 years with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered extension services in order to improveefficiency in the management and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance oftechnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in defining

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Page 15 of 20

exte.sion programs and satting priorities in adaptive research; (d) organize farmers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprogtms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unifiedextension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.Spacial emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers more effectively.

Obje,ctive

2. The production of audio-visual materials and the use of the mass media is animportant support activity to the field operations of DAES. An internationally recruited and alocal consultant would be engaged for this consultancy, the objective of which, is to assist theInformation Support Unit of DAES tap experienced expertise in planning and implementing aneffective program of audio-visual and mass media production.

Terms of Reference

3. Specifically, the consultants would.

(4) review the available auuio-visual and mass media production for agriculturalextension and make recommendations on what needs to be done further;

(b) assess the equipment and staff training .eeds of the unit; and

(c) train the unit's staff and initiate the implementation of the recommendations in(a) and (b) above.

Qualification

4. The consultants would be information and communication specia!ists with a minimumof an M.Sc. degree and 5 years of work experience. The experience of the internationallyrecruited should be preferably in African or Asian countri. s.

Duration of the Consultancy

5. It is envisaged that the work would require a maximum of six man months for theinternationally recruited consultancy spread over a period of three years. The local consultantwould be engaged for a maximum of ten rnan months spread over a period of 5 years.

SuppQrt by MOA

6. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide: (a) qualified counterparts fromDAES to work with the consultants; (b) a serviceable vehicle; (c) office space and secretarialsupport.

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Page 16 of 20

F. CONSULTANTS FOR SUBJECT MATITER SPECIALIST TRAINING ANDWORKSHOPS

IntrIQduion

1. The Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof 5 years with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered extension services in order to improveefficiency in the management and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance oftechnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in definingextension programs and setting priorities in adaptive research; (d) organize farmers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprograms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unifiedextension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.Special emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers more effectively.

Objective

2. Subject matter specialists (SMS) play a key role in the national agricultural extensionprogram. They provide the link between researchers and farmers in conducting the on-farmtrials and in training frontline staff the technical messages to be disseminated among farmers.It is imperative that the SMS are equipped with adequate technical knowledge and trained howto package technical messages and how to train frontline staff in the dissemination of thesepackages. It is envisaged that there would be two types of training for SMSs. The firstwould be an annual training program lasting 2-4 weeks for upgrading the level of technicalskills of the SMSs. The second training program involves regular workshops lasting 3-5 daysfor: (a) determining the extension messages frontline staff would be trained in anddisseminate; (b) planning and implementation of on-farm trials; (c) discussing results of on-farm trials; (d) production of audio-visual materials and extension manuals; (e) discussingreasons for non-adoption of extension messages, etc. These workshops would be regional andconducted by the research scientists responsible for adaptive research in the different regions.

3. The annual SMS training sessions would be national. SMS would be brought abreastof new developments in their respective fields. Intensive training would be given in specifictechniques, which are deemed lacking in the skill mixes of the SMSs. These training sessionswould be conducted by local scientists from the research institutes and/or the faculties ofagriculture of the three universities in Ghana. Scientists from the International AgriculturalResearch Centers (IARCs), i.e., IITA, WARDA, CIMMYT, CIAT, ILCA, etc., would beinvited to give lectures at these sessions. As outlined in Annex 6 of the Staff AppraisalReport, the annual SMS training would be conducted in the subjects shown below. A localconsultant would be commissioned to conduct each course.

-A95 -

Page 17 of 20

CourseS-ubject Matter Dumration

(a) roots and tubers 4 weeks(b) grains and legumes 4(c) tree crops/agroforestry 4 "

(d) horticulture 2(e) livestock/pasture 4(f) fisher-es 2(g) home management 2(h) animal traction 2

Terms of Reference

4. Specifically, the consultants would:

(a) in consultation with the scientists that conduct the SMS workshops, identifythe skill gaps of the SMS in their respective fields;

(b) prepare a training program acceptable to DAES;

(c) prepare teaching notes and audio-visual materials;

(d) arrange for the input of scientists from the IARCs and local universities andresearch institutes, agri-business and NGOs;

(e) conduct the training session and obtain an evaluation of the session from theparticipants; and

(f) prepare a report on the training session including the evaluation by theparticipants and recommendations for the session in the following year.

Oualification

5. The consultants would be scientists from the research institutes or the universities.

Duration of the Consultancya total of 40 man months of consultancy is provided for 30 months of training during the fiveyears of the project's life.

SUDPOrt bY MQA

6. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide logistical support for the trainingprograms, including: (a) organizing the venue, accommodation and board of participants andlecturers; (b) audio-visual equipment and reproduction of teaching materials; (c) a serviceablevehicle; (c) office space and secretarial support.

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G. CONSULTANTS FOR INDUCTION TRAINING

Introduction

1. The Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof 5 years with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered axtension services in order to improveefficiency in the management and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance oftechnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in definingextension programs and setting priorities in adaptive research; (d) organize farmers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprograms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unifiedextension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.Special emphasis would be placed on reaching women farmers more effectively.

obiecaive

2. The objective of the orientation and induction training is to introduce the concept ofthe unified extension system to policy makers and implementers in the Ministries/Departmentsand organizations participating in the project and their respective roles in implementing theproject. It would be based on the ministerial directive to be issued by MOA and the StaffAppraisal Report for the project. Experiences of other African countries, which have unifiedtheir extension system would also be discussed. One- to two-day sessions would be conductedai Accra and the regional headquarters. The induction course for CSIR and university staffwould be aimed at explaining the unified extension system and making them aware of theirrole in the reformed system, with its on-farm adaptive research and the annual training andregular workshops they conduct for subject matter specialists. Induction courses fcr regionalstaff would be aimo' at making them understand their responsibilities under the unifiedextension system. The focus would be on how the various disciplines would work together todeliver to farmers an integrated set of messages covering all disciplines related to agriculture.

3. It is envisaged that an internationally recruited consultant would be engaged for twomonths to bring to bear the experience of other countries that have introduced a unifiedextension system. A local consultant would be engaged for a period of 3 months to workwith the internationally recruited consultant and to conduct the course for regional staff.

Terms of Reference

4. Specifically, the consultants would:

(a) in consultation with the Deputy director of DAES, Training, Information andCommunications Services, prepare course notes and hand outs for the variousgroups that would participate in the orientation and induction program;

- 97 -Annex la

Page 19 of 20

(b) conduct the orientation and induction sessions and obtain from the participantstheir evaluation and comments; and

(c) wr-te a report summarizing the experience obtained from (b) above

Qualification

5. The consultants would be agricultural extension specialists with a minim;ium of M.Sc.degree and 5 years of experience. The in,ternationally recruited consultant should have anexperience in working with a unified extension system in at least one African country.

Duration of the Consultancy

6. The duration of the consultancy would be two months for the internationally recruitedconsultant and 3 months for the local consultant.

Support by MOA

7. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would provide logistical support for the trainingprograms, including: (a) organizing the venue, accommodation and board of participants andlecturers; (b) audio-visual equipment and reproduction of teachirng materials; (c) a serviceablevehicle; (c) office space and secretarial support.

H. CONSULTANTS FOR WOMEN IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Introduction

1. The Department of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) of the Ministry ofAgriculture (MOA) is implementing a National Agricultural Extension Project over a periodof 5 years with the support of other MOA departments and government agencies. Theprimary objective of the project is to achieve sustained increase in agricultural production andimprove the incomes and nutrition of smallholder households through enhanced adoption oftechnology suitable to their agro-ecological environment and their socio-economic conditions.Specifically, the project would: (a) unify the scattered extension services in order to improveefficiency in the management and delivery of extension services; (b) improve the relevance oftechnologies available to farmers; (c) increase the involvement of farmers in definingextension programs and setting priorities in adaptive research; (d) organize farmers in groupsto facilitate their access to inputs, credit and markets for their produce; and (e) reorientprograms for human resource development to be responsive to the requirements of a unifiedextension service and to forge closer linkages between research, teaching and extension.

2. The role of women in the socio-economic life of rural Ghanaians cannot beoveremphasized. Women play a prominent role in the economic development of the majorityof the population with low income. They constitute over half of the total population andabout 47 percent of the total food crop production; they process and market nearly all thegrains and starchy staple foods; and about 30 percent are heads of households. The National

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Page 20 of 20

Agricultural Extension Project would put a major emphisis on how to effectively reachwomen farmers.

Objective

3. The objective of this consultancy is to assist the Women in Agricultural Development(WIAD) program of DAES is to evaluate the effectiveness of its program and advise on howto improve it. It is envisaged that an internationally recruited consultant and a localconsultant would work as a team. The consultants would also conduct the annual two weekstraining workshops for WIAD SMS.

Terms of Reference

4. Specifically, the consultants would:

(a) review the WIAD program and evaluate its effectiveness and makerecommendations on how to improve it. This would hiclude the extent towhich male extension agents are engaged in promoting WIAD activities,response of women farmers' to the extension messages, the extent to whichWIAD concerns are reflected in the research programs, particularly laborsaving tools and equipment and food processing and preservation techniquesand equipment; the production of audio-visual and mass media miaterial forWIAD messages;

(b) prepare course notes and audio-visual material for the SMS workshops;

(c) conduct the training sessions and obtain the evaluation of the participants; and

(d) prepare a report on (a) to (c) above.

Oualification

5. The consultants would be WIAD or home economics specialists with a minimum ofM.Sc. degree and 5 years of experience. The internationally recruited consultant should havean experience in a West African country.

Duration of the Consultancy

6. Six woman months of consultancy is provided for each of the internationally recruitedand local consultants under the WIAD schedule of activities in Annex 9. In addition, about 3weeks is provided for the local consultant under the SMS training courses.

Support by MOA

7. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) would make available the Deputy Director forWUAD and the SMS for the review and training program and provide logistical support forthe training programs, including: (a) organizing the venue, accommodation and board ofparticipants and lecturers; (b) audio-visual equipment and reproduction of teaching materials(c) a serviceable vehicle; (c) office space and secretarial support.

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Anex 12Page I of 2

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

r,rlSuwi81on

1. IDA Contributign to Supervision. IDA supervision of the proj3ct would be closelylinked to the implementation schedule given in Annex 11. The schedule of supervisionmissions, glv&n in the table below, does not include supervision time spent on the reiew ofprogress reports, procurement actions, correspondence, etc. (estimated for this project torequire four staff-weeks per year during the first three project years and three staff-weeks peryear thereafter). Three supervision missions are planned during the first year of the project,and two missions per year thereafter. The first supervision mission would be a projectlaunching mission that would assist the Borrower in meeting the conditions of projecteffectiveness and other preparatory tasks that need to be performed for effectively launchingthe project. The second mission would ensure that the work program and budget for the firstyear of the project is prepared and that the other departments of the Ministry of Agricultureand other agencies are cooperating with the Department of A,,ricultural Extension Services(DAES) in implementing the project. The third mission would be the beginning of the normalproject supervision. One of the regular supervision missions would take place in eitherNovember or December, during which the results of the current calendar year would beassessed and the work program and budget for the following calendar year would be discussedand agreed upon with the Borrower.

2. Borrower Contribution to Supervision

(a) DAES would submit to IDA quarterly project implementation progressreports no later than February 15, May 15, August 15, and November15 of each year.

(b) The Director of DAES would be responsible for coordinatingarrangements for Bank supervision missions and for providinginformation required by missions. Bank missions would beaccompanied by responsible officers of DAES and PPMED.

(c) Briefing meetings of the mission would be normally chaired by theDirector of DAES, who would also arrange for an appropriate wrap-up meeting.

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Page 2 of 2

Table 1. SCHEDULE OF IDA SUPERVISION MISSIONS

Approximate Expected Skill Staff InputDate Activity Requirements (staff-weeks)

4/92 Project launching Agr. Economist 6Review progress on Proc. Specialistprocurement of vehicles, Extension Specialistequipment & civil works

6/92 Review of first annual Agr. Economist 6program & budget, staff Extension Specialisttraining and research/extension linkages & inter-departmental cooperation

11-12/92 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 4Extension Specialist

5-6/93 Supervision mission Agr. Economist

11-lV93 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 6Extension SpecialistFinancial Analyst

5-6/94 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 3

03/31/95 Mid-term project review Agr. Economist 15Extension SpecialistAdaptive Agr. Research SpecialistTraining & Communications SpecialistManagement Specialist

5-6/95 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 3

11-12/95 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 6Extension Specialist

5-6/96 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 3

11-12/96 Supervision mission Agr. Economist 3

5-6/97 Project completion Agr. Economist 16mission Extension Specialist

Agr. Education SpecialistFinancial Analyst

- 105 -Amex I

Page I of 2

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

KCy Indaors

Status as ot QUarterXfear ending xx l99x

AchievementActivibListi Indicator Tara= 1/ Aehieved Rtoe

Program InputsFielding of extension staff by categories no.Opening of SMS centers no.Posting of SMS by field of specialty no.Vehicles, motorcycles and bicycles no. valueConstrucfion of offices, staff houses no. valueRecurrent costs by categoryEstablishment of RELC by region dateEstablishment of Consultative Groups by region dateEstablishment of Steering Committee dateInvestment costs by component by categories valueRecurrent costs by component by categories value

Proam DdhveyProject Steering Committee meetings dates, conclusionsRELC meetings by region dates, conclusionsConsultative Group meetings dates, conclusionsInduction training by type and region dates & no. of

participantsDiagnostic surveys by district dates, major findingsSMS workshops by region dates & no. participants,

subjects coveredIn-service training

Frontline staff by district dates, no. of participants,subjects covered

others by category and type of training dates, no. of participantsParm visits and demonstrations by districts no., dates, no. of farmers

frontline staff attending visit sessions bysupervisory staff genderSMSresearch scientists

Extension trial plots by district no. crop/forage & varietyAdaptive research plots no. crop forage & varietyRadio broadasts by region and message type no. and datesBrochure/leaflet/poster production by message type no. datesAudio-visual production by message no. datesSupervision of frontline staff by district no. dates

[/ As specified in SAR and/or Anmal Work Program and Budget.

- 106 -

Annox 13Page 2 of 2

AchievementActivity/Obiective Indicats lige 2/ Achieved Bote

Program ImpactFarmers adopting improved technologies by type no.

of technology, by district, by typeof farmer (sex, size of holding)

Yield improvement of crops and animals by type incremental yieldof commodity by district, by type from x to yof farmer (sex, size of holding)

Improvement in net income by district, by type incremental net incomeof farmer (sex, size of holding) from x to y

Improvement in nutritional status by district from x to yby type of farmer (sex, size of holding)

Program Review and ReportingAnnual program and budget date By September 30Quarterly report dateIDA supervision dateAnnual closing of accounts dateAnnual external audit date

CompOance with Covenants Section

Submission of ext rnal audit to IDA 4.01 (b) dateEstablishment of P7roject Steering Committee 5.01 (a) dateDeposit of US$340,000 5.01 (b) dateSubmission of MIS Sch. 4.3 (a) by September 1, 1992

! Quarterly progress reports Sch. 4.3 (b) within 45 days afterend of quarter

Submission of mid-term review report Sch. 4.3 (c) Dec. 31, 1994Mid-term review Sch. 4.4 March 31, 1995Appointment of key officers of DAES Seh. 4.5 June 1, 1992Submission of five district action plans Sch. 4.6 July 1, 1992Establishment of RELC in each region Sch. 4.7 September 30, 1992Posting of first complement of SMS Soh. 4.8 (a) June 1, 1992Timetable for posting remaining SMS Sch. 4.8 (b) December31, 1992Posting of remaining SMS Soh. 4.8 (c) timetableAgreement with COCOBOD Sch. 4.10 (a) May 1, 1993In-service training for COCOBOD extension Sch. 4.10 (b) no, date

staffClosure of commercial nursery operation Sch. 4.11 December 31, 1993

by DCSImplementation of induction training Sch. 4.12 June 1, 1992Common Board of Management for MOA Sch. 4.13 By Sep 1, 1992

collegesReform of curricula of MOA colleges Sch. 4.13 December 31, 1992Participation of staff of faculties of Sch. 4.14 no. date

Agriculture in training and adaptive type of parti-research program cipation

21 AAs speified in SAR and/or Annual Work Progmm and Budget.

- 107 -

Annex 14Page 1 of 4

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

1tCREMENTAL PRODUClTON ESIMATES

Tible t. Number of Farmers Adootine Imroved Techolorv

Project Number of Farmers AdoptionYear Reached ^Agdting Rate

1 150,000 45,000 302 350,000 127,000 363 500,000 217,500 444 500,000 267,000 535 500,000 292,000 58

1/ An incremental rate of adoption of 30% * 15%, 10%, respectively in the first, second andthird ye3r of extension contact is assumed, i.e. 30% of farmers contacted would adopt newtechnology during the first year, an additional 15% would adopt during their secoad year ofcontact and an additional 10% would adopt during their third year of contact. The 58%adoption rame reached inthe final year of the project compares with the Experience ofVORADEP, which reported an adoption rate of 67% for use of improved seed and 55% foruse of fertilizers in a period of five years (VORADEP PCR).

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

Table 2. ESTIMATED INCREMENTAL CROP PRODUCTION

Av.ha. Incr.per Yield Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year S

Crop farmer ton/ha tons

Maize 0.499 0.500 9600 12000 14400 18000 24000Rice 0.500 0.300 1296 1620 1944 2430 3240Sorghum 0.430 0.300 2320 2900 3480 4350 5800Millet 0.400 0.300 2320 2900 3480 4350 5800Cassava 0.500 1.500 45873 57341 68809 86012 114682Yam 0.113 1.500 17664 22080 26496 33120 44160Cocoyam 0.450 1.500 16464 20580 24696 30870 41160Groundnuts 0.140 0.400 2960 3700 4440 5550 7400Beans 0.530 0.200 784 980 1176 1470 1960Plantain 0.300 1.500 16640 20800 24960 31200 41600Vegetables 0.129 1.400 7504 9380 11256 14070 18760Cultivated area 1.997 a/

TOTAL 123425 154281 185137 231422 308562

a/ includes double cropping for some grains, legumes and vegetables.

wx

-o -

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECr

Table 3. VALUE OF INCREMENTAL CROP PRODUCTION

Price Year I Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year S

Crop $/ton - Thousand US Doars -

Maize 87 835 1044 1253 1566 2088

Rice 242 314 392 470 588 784

Sorghum 100 232 290 348 435 580

MilUet 100 232 290 348 435 580

Cassava 45 2064 2580 3096 3871 5161

Yam 259 4575 5719 6862 8578 11437

Cocoyam 259 4264 5330 6396 7995 10660

Groundnuts 173 512 640 768 960 1280

Beans 173 136 170 203 254 339

Plantain 50 832 1040 1248 1560 2080

Vegetables 250 1876 2345 2814 3518 4690

TOTAL 15872 19840 23808 29760 39680

X >°x°

o 4S

- 110 -

AnneS 14

Page 4 of 4

GHAINANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

MMCE;UENN.AL PRQpUC`rT0N EST !=A

Table 4. Esdramed Tncrernental Hguseha1d Production

Zsti2at4 Znc.amentalEousehold Zois.hold

Xvft-e ha Z:nc. yield value production XAscusar fa& ton/ha $/ton ton U

MAL26 0.499 1.200 87.000 0.599 52.,04

ric- 0.033 0.300 242.000 0.02LL 2.727

sorlh= 0.S47 0.400 .00.000 0.068 8.797

millet 0.130 0.000 0.000 0.000assava 0.4LS .S00 45.000 0.523 28.024

yam 0..13 2.500 259.000 0.170 44.030

ccoyam 0.2.85 0.000 0.000 0.000qroundrluts 0.074 0.400 273.000 0.020 5..44

beans 0.108 0.400 173.000 0.043 7.476

plantain 0.LS9 0.000 0.000 0.000

veg.et.Als 0.X29 1.400 250.000 0.M8L 45.141a--e pSLnted 0.000Total Cultved are 1.997

.1.L34 138.62.3

Figure CURRENT ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF TIIE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (1989)

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- 112 - Annex isPage 2 of 2

Figure 2

OASSONAL AOf CTLH PtINE:ON PROJIC?

ORQAMZIA??OK,.r 3ThVc?UU

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* V H WO<NE SN A5. O. | |STRAINING

DISTRICT AGA. EXTENSION OFFICEI

DISTRICT AREA CXTLEVEL17 F

LEVEL IFERONT LINE STAFF

TrAmR GROUPS

- 113 -

Anex 16Page 1 of 2

GHANANATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PROJECT

]DocUmfents Available In Prtoject Flie

A. Background

1. Medium Term Agricultural Development Strategy (MTADS): An Agenda forSustained Growth and Development (1991-2000), 1991. Report No.8914-GH.

2. MTADS Working Papers

WP 1. Agricultural Background

WP 2. Food Crops Subsector

WP 3. Non-Food Crops Subsector

WP 4. Livestock Subsector

WP 5. Fisheries Subsector

WP 6. Irrigation and Water Resources Management

WP 8. Growth Prospects

WP 10. Rural Infrastructure

WP 11. Agricultural Educr.tion

WP 12. Seed Subsector

WP 16. Marketing and Storage

WP 17. Agricultural Research

WP 18. Agricultural Extension

WP 20. Role of Land Asset and Draft Power in Agricultural Growth

- 114 -Annex I

Page 2 of 2

B. FLQoiect Identification and Prearagion DoQuMents

1. Ghana, Ministry of Agriculture. July 1990. Proposed Agricultural ExtensionStrategy Under the Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan.

2. Appraisal Mission Aide Memoire

3. Ghana, Ministry of Agriculture. 1990. Pilot Project for the Promotion ofIntegrated Agriculture Development Program in Sekyere West and Ejura-Sekodumase Districts (Ashanti Region). Summary of Project Implementation.

4. Ghana, Ministry of Agriculture. 1989. A Review of Agricultural ExtensionServices with Particular Reference to Female Farmers. Consultant Report byDaphne Spurling.

5. Human Resource Development for Agricultural Extension. Consultan: Reportby A. Waktola.

C. Working Pae

I. Detailed Project cost Tables.

___,__ ________ _ ___ __ _ IBRFD 18395R2

3° 2° 0° 2'BURKINA FASO GHANA

SOIL SUITABII.'TY FORCROP PRODUCTION

',IR WEST .* pION HIGH RAINFALL FOREST

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EXPORi CROPSBlack Popper

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EXPORT CROPSCOCOa, CoffeeUTRANSITIONAL ZONE

COASTAL SAVANNAHFOOD CROPS Maime. Sorghum,

D'on MIe,. CossIRo. YamGroundnut, Cowpec., Monge,

90 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~INDUSTRIAL CROPS.Cotton, Tobacco, Kenaf

-COASTAL SAVANNAHFOOD CROPS RCce

COTE ~~~~~~~~~~~SvgarconeA xt 4 T o 20 40 60 80 KINTERIOR SAVANNAHD$IVOIRE'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FOOD CROPS Sorghum. Millet,

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INDUSTRIAL CROPS

F;; INTERIOR SAVANNAHPasture

COASTAL STRIPEXPORT CROPS: Coconut

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E l FOREST RESERVE/GAME RESERvE

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--- Inlernot,onol Boundor-es

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JANUARY 198-7

BURKINA FASO r k GHANA-w r ~SELECTED IDA SUPPORTED,

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