1

World Cancer Research Fund International

Systematic Literature Review

The Associations between Food, Nutrition and

Physical Activity and the Risk of Stomach Cancer

Imperial College London

Continuous Update Project Team Members

Teresa Norat Doris Chan

Snieguole Vingeliene

Dagfinn Aune

Leila Abar

Ana Rita Vieira

Deborah Navarro

WCRF Coordinator:

Rachel Thompson

Statistical advisor:

Darren C. Greenwood

Database manager:

Christophe Stevens

Date completed:

19 December 2014

Date revised:

14 May 2015

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Table of contents

List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 22

Background .............................................................................................................................. 24

Continuous Update Project: Results of the search ................................................................... 29

Results by exposure ................................................................................................................. 30

1 Patterns of diet ...................................................................................................................... 38

2 Foods ..................................................................................................................................... 55

2.2 Total fruit and vegetables............................................................................................... 55

2.2.1 Total vegetables .......................................................................................................... 68

2.2.1.2 Cruciferous vegetables ............................................................................................. 90

2.2.1.3 Allium vegetables .................................................................................................. 101

2.2.1.4 Green leafy vegetables ........................................................................................... 113

2.2.1.5 Pickled vegetables .................................................................................................. 126

2.2.2 Fruits ......................................................................................................................... 140

2.2.2.1 Citrus fruits ............................................................................................................ 166

2.3 Pulses (legumes) .......................................................................................................... 182

2.3.1 Soy products.............................................................................................................. 190

2.3.1.1 Miso soup ............................................................................................................... 196

2.3.1.5 Tofu ........................................................................................................................ 209

2.5 Meat, poultry, fish and eggs ............................................................................................. 219

2.5.1 Meat .......................................................................................................................... 219

2.5.1.2 Processed meat ....................................................................................................... 219

2.5.1.3 Red meat ................................................................................................................ 240

2.5.1.3 Red and processed meat ......................................................................................... 250

2.5.1.4 Poultry .................................................................................................................... 259

2.5.2 Fish ............................................................................................................................ 268

2.5.2 Processed fish............................................................................................................ 282

2.5.4 Eggs........................................................................................................................... 293

2.8 Chilli ............................................................................................................................ 300

3 Beverages ............................................................................................................................ 301

3.6.1 Coffee ........................................................................................................................ 301

3.6.2 Tea, black tea ............................................................................................................ 316

3.6.2 Green tea ................................................................................................................... 321

5.4.1 Total Alcohol (as ethanol) ........................................................................................ 337

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3.7.1.1 Beer ........................................................................................................................ 369

3.7.1.2 Wine ....................................................................................................................... 378

3.7.1.3 Spirits ..................................................................................................................... 387

4.2 Preservation...................................................................................................................... 399

4.2.5.1 Total salt................................................................................................................. 399

4.2.5.1 Added salt .............................................................................................................. 403

4.2.5.1 Preference for salty food ........................................................................................ 407

4.2.5.3 Salted food ............................................................................................................. 411

4.4.2.5 Frying ..................................................................................................................... 414

4.4.2.6 Grilling (broiling) and barbecuing ......................................................................... 414

4.4.2.6.7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ...................................................................... 415

4.4.2.6.8 Heterocyclic amines ............................................................................................ 415

5 Dietary constituents ............................................................................................................ 415

5.5.0.1 Multivitamins ......................................................................................................... 415

5.5.1.1 Dietary retinol ........................................................................................................ 423

5.5.1.1 Blood retinol .......................................................................................................... 428

5.5.1.2 Dietary beta-carotene ............................................................................................. 440

5.5.1.2 Blood beta-carotene ............................................................................................... 443

5.6.4 Selenium ................................................................................................................... 457

6 Physical activity .................................................................................................................. 465

6.1 Total physical activity .................................................................................................. 465

6.1.1.1 Occupational activity ............................................................................................. 468

6.1.1.2 Leisure-time physical activity ................................................................................ 471

6.1.1.4 Transportation (walking) ....................................................................................... 481

6.1.3 Vigorous physical activity ........................................................................................ 483

6.2 Physical inactivity ........................................................................................................ 483

8 Anthropometry .................................................................................................................... 487

8.1.1 Body Mass Index (BMI) ........................................................................................... 487

8.1.1 BMI at early adulthood ............................................................................................. 524

8.1.3 Weight ....................................................................................................................... 524

8.2.1 Waist circumference ................................................................................................. 525

8.2.2 Hip circumference ..................................................................................................... 525

8.2.3 Waist to hip ratio ....................................................................................................... 525

8.3.1 Height ........................................................................................................................ 525

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References .............................................................................................................................. 547

Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................. 565

Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................. 571

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List of figures

Figure 1 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of fruit and vegetable intake .................. 64

Figure 2 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared to the lowest level of fruit

and vegetable intake ................................................................................................................. 65

Figure 3 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit and vegetable intake

.................................................................................................................................................. 65

Figure 4 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of fruit and

vegetable intake and stomach cancer ....................................................................................... 66

Figure 5 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit and vegetable by sex

.................................................................................................................................................. 66

Figure 6 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit and vegetable by

cancer site................................................................................................................................. 67

Figure 7 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit and vegetable by

geographic location .................................................................................................................. 67

Figure 8 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of vegetable intake ................................. 83

Figure 9 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

vegetable intake ....................................................................................................................... 84

Figure 10 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake ............ 84

Figure 11 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of vegetable

intake and stomach cancer ....................................................................................................... 85

Figure 12 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by sex 85

Figure 13 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by cancer

outcome .................................................................................................................................... 86

Figure 14 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by cancer

site ............................................................................................................................................ 86

Figure 15 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by cancer

site geographic location ........................................................................................................... 87

Figure 16 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by cancer

site among never smokers ........................................................................................................ 88

Figure 17 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by cancer

site among former smokers ...................................................................................................... 88

Figure 18 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of vegetable intake by cancer

site among current smokers ..................................................................................................... 89

Figure 19 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of cruciferous vegetables intake .......... 98

Figure 20 2 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

cruciferous vegetables intake ................................................................................................... 99

Figure 21 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of cruciferous vegetables

intake ...................................................................................................................................... 100

Figure 22 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of cruciferous vegetables

intake by cancer site ............................................................................................................... 100

Figure 23 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of allium vegetables intake ................ 110

Figure 24 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

allium vegetables intake ......................................................................................................... 111

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Figure 25 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of allium vegetables intake

................................................................................................................................................ 111

Figure 26 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of allium vegetables intake

by cancer site.......................................................................................................................... 112

Figure 27 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of green leafy vegetables ................... 121

Figure 28 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

green leafy vegetables intake ................................................................................................. 122

Figure 29 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50g/day increase of green leafy vegetables

intake ...................................................................................................................................... 123

Figure 30 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of green leafy

vegetables and stomach cancer .............................................................................................. 123

Figure 31 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50g/day increase of green leafy vegetables by

sex .......................................................................................................................................... 124

Figure 32 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50g/day increase of green leafy vegetables by

cancer site............................................................................................................................... 124

Figure 33 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50g/day increase of green leafy vegetables by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 125

Figure 34 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of pickled vegetable intake ................ 136

Figure 35 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

pickled vegetable intake ......................................................................................................... 137

Figure 36 Relative risk of stomach cancer incidence for 0.5 serving/day increase of pickled

vegetable intake ..................................................................................................................... 138

Figure 37 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of pickled

vegetable intake and stomach cancer ..................................................................................... 138

Figure 38 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 0.5 serving/day increase of pickled vegetable

intake by cancer outcome....................................................................................................... 139

Figure 39 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of fruit intake ..................................... 158

Figure 40 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared to the lowest level of

fruit intake .............................................................................................................................. 159

Figure 41 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake .................. 160

Figure 42 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of fruit intake

and stomach cancer ................................................................................................................ 160

Figure 43 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by sex ....... 161

Figure 44 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by cancer

outcome .................................................................................................................................. 161

Figure 45 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by cancer site

................................................................................................................................................ 162

Figure 46 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by geographic

location ................................................................................................................................... 162

Figure 47 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by cancer site

among never smokers ............................................................................................................ 163

Figure 48 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by cancer site

among former smokers .......................................................................................................... 163

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Figure 49 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of fruit intake by cancer site

among current smokers .......................................................................................................... 164

Figure 50 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of fruit intake and stomach cancer ........ 164

Figure 51 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of citrus fruit intake ............................ 177

Figure 52 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

citrus fruit intake .................................................................................................................... 178

Figure 53 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of citrus fruit intake ........ 178

Figure 54 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of citrus fruit

intake and stomach cancer ..................................................................................................... 179

Figure 55 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of citrus fruit intake by

cancer site by sex ................................................................................................................... 179

Figure 56 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of citrus fruit intake by

cancer site by outcome type ................................................................................................... 180

Figure 57 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of citrus fruit intake by

cancer site............................................................................................................................... 180

Figure 58 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100g/day increase of citrus fruit intake by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 181

Figure 59 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of pulses (legumes) intake ................. 188

Figure 60 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

pulses (legumes) intake .......................................................................................................... 189

Figure 61 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of pulses (legumes) intake

................................................................................................................................................ 189

Figure 62 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

soy foods intake ..................................................................................................................... 195

Figure 63 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of miso soup intake ............................ 206

Figure 64 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

miso soup intake .................................................................................................................... 207

Figure 65 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 serving/day increase of miso soup intake .. 207

Figure 66 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of miso soup

intake and stomach cancer ..................................................................................................... 208

Figure 67 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 serving/day increase of miso soup intake by

sex .......................................................................................................................................... 208

Figure 68 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 serving/day increase of miso soup intake by

cancer outcome ...................................................................................................................... 209

Figure 69 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of tofu intake ...................................... 217

Figure 70 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

tofu intake .............................................................................................................................. 217

Figure 71 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 serving/day increase of tofu intake ............ 218

Figure 72 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 serving/day increase of tofu intake, by sex 218

Figure 73 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of processed meat intake .................... 234

Figure 74 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

processed meat intake ............................................................................................................ 235

Figure 75 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of processed meat intake . 235

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Figure 76 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of processed

meat intake and stomach cancer ............................................................................................ 236

Figure 77 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of processed meat intake by

sex .......................................................................................................................................... 236

Figure 78 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of processed meat intake by

cancer outcome ...................................................................................................................... 237

Figure 79 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of processed meat intake by

cancer site............................................................................................................................... 237

Figure 80 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 50 g/day increase of processed meat intake by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 238

Figure 81 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of processed meat intake and stomach

cancer ..................................................................................................................................... 238

Figure 82 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of red meat intake .............................. 247

Figure 83 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

red meat intake ....................................................................................................................... 248

Figure 84 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of red meat intake .......... 248

Figure 85 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of red meat intake by sex

................................................................................................................................................ 249

Figure 86 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of red meat intake by cancer

site .......................................................................................................................................... 249

Figure 87 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of red and processed meat intake ....... 255

Figure 88 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

red and processed meat intake ............................................................................................... 256

Figure 89 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of red and processed meat

intake ...................................................................................................................................... 256

Figure 90 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of red and

processed meat intake and stomach cancer ............................................................................ 257

Figure 91 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of red and processed meat

intake by cancer site ............................................................................................................... 257

Figure 92 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of red and processed meat

intake by geographic location ................................................................................................ 258

Figure 93 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of poultry intake ................................. 265

Figure 94 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

poultry intake ......................................................................................................................... 266

Figure 95 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of poultry intake ............ 266

Figure 96 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of poultry intake

and stomach cancer ................................................................................................................ 267

Figure 97 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 100 g/day increase of poultry intake, by cancer

site .......................................................................................................................................... 267

Figure 98 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of fish intake ...................................... 277

Figure 99 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

fish intake ............................................................................................................................... 278

Figure 100 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 25 g/day increase of fish intake .................. 279

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Figure 101 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of fish intake

and stomach cancer ................................................................................................................ 279

Figure 102 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 25 g/day increase of fish intake by sex ....... 280

Figure 103 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 25 g/day increase of fish intake by cancer

outcome .................................................................................................................................. 281

Figure 104 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 25 g/day increase of fish intake by geographic

location ................................................................................................................................... 282

Figure 105 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of processed fish intake.................... 291

Figure 106 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

processed fish intake .............................................................................................................. 292

Figure 107 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 20 g/day increase of processed fish intake . 292

Figure 108 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of egg intake..................................... 298

Figure 109 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

egg intake ............................................................................................................................... 299

Figure 110 Relative risk of stomach cancer incidence for 1 time/week increase of egg intake

................................................................................................................................................ 299

Figure 111 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of egg and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 300

Figure 112 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of coffee intake ................................ 311

Figure 113 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

coffee intake ........................................................................................................................... 312

Figure 114 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of coffee intake ............ 312

Figure 115 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of coffee intake

and stomach cancer ................................................................................................................ 313

Figure 116 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of coffee intake by sex . 313

Figure 117 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of coffee intake by cancer

outcome .................................................................................................................................. 314

Figure 118 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of coffee intake by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 315

Figure 119 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

tea, black tea intake ................................................................................................................ 320

Figure 120 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of green tea consumption ................. 331

Figure 121 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

green tea intake ...................................................................................................................... 332

Figure 122 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of green tea intake........ 333

Figure 123 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of green tea

intake and stomach cancer ..................................................................................................... 333

Figure 124 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of green tea intake by sex

................................................................................................................................................ 334

Figure 125 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 cup/day increase of green tea intake by

cancer outcome ...................................................................................................................... 335

Figure 126 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of green tea intake and stomach cancer

................................................................................................................................................ 336

Figure 127 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of total alcohol (as ethanol) intake ... 357

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Figure 128 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

total alcohol intake ................................................................................................................. 358

Figure 129 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol (as ethanol)

intake ...................................................................................................................................... 359

Figure 130 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of total alcohol

intake and stomach cancer ..................................................................................................... 359

Figure 131 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol (as ethanol)

intake by sex .......................................................................................................................... 360

Figure 132 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol (as ethanol)

intake by cancer outcome....................................................................................................... 361

Figure 133 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol (as ethanol)

intake by cancer outcome and sex ......................................................................................... 362

Figure 134 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10g/day increase of total alcohol (as ethanol)

intake by cancer site ............................................................................................................... 363

Figure 135 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol (as ethanol)

intake by geographic location ................................................................................................ 364

Figure 136 Relative risk of stomach cancer incidence for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol

(as ethanol) intake by geographic location and sex ............................................................... 365

Figure 137 Relative risk of stomach cancer mortality for 10 g/day increase of total alcohol (as

ethanol) intake by geographic location and sex ..................................................................... 366

Figure 138 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of total alcohol (as ethanol) intake and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 367

Figure 139 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

total alcohol intake by smoking status ................................................................................... 369

Figure 140 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of beer intake ................................... 375

Figure 141 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level

beer intake .............................................................................................................................. 376

Figure 142 Relative risk of stomach cancer incidence for 1 drink/day increase of beer intake

................................................................................................................................................ 376

Figure 143 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of beer and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 377

Figure 144 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 drink/day increase of beer intake by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 377

Figure 145 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of wine intake................................... 384

Figure 146 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level

wine intake ............................................................................................................................. 385

Figure 147 Relative risk of stomach cancer incidence for 1 glass/day increase of wine intake

................................................................................................................................................ 385

Figure 148 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of wine and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 386

Figure 149 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 drink/day increase of wine intake by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 386

Figure 150 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of spirits intake................................. 394

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Figure 151 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

spirits intake ........................................................................................................................... 395

Figure 152 Relative risk of stomach cancer incidence for 1 drink/day increase of spirits intake

................................................................................................................................................ 395

Figure 153 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of spirits and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 396

Figure 154 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 drink/day increase of spirits intake by cancer

outcome .................................................................................................................................. 396

Figure 155 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 1 drink/day increase of spirits intake by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 397

Figure 156 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of spirits intake and stomach cancer ... 397

Figure 157 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

total salt intake ....................................................................................................................... 403

Figure 158 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

added salt intake ..................................................................................................................... 406

Figure 159 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

preference for salty foods....................................................................................................... 410

Figure 160 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

salted food intake ................................................................................................................... 414

Figure 161 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

multivitamin supplement intake ............................................................................................. 422

Figure 162 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

multivitamin supplement intake by sex ................................................................................. 422

Figure 163 Funnel plot of studies included in the analysis of multivitamin use and stomach

cancer ..................................................................................................................................... 423

Figure 164 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

dietary retinol intake .............................................................................................................. 427

Figure 165 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of blood retinol................................. 435

Figure 166 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

blood retinol ........................................................................................................................... 436

167 Figure 168 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10 μg/dL increase of blood retinol ..... 436

Figure 169 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of blood retinol

and stomach cancer ................................................................................................................ 437

Figure 170 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10μg/dL increase of blood retinol by sex ... 437

Figure 171 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10μg/dL increase of blood retinol by cancer

site .......................................................................................................................................... 438

Figure 172 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 10μg/dL increase of blood retinol by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 438

Figure 173 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of blood retinol and stomach cancer ... 439

Figure 174 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of blood beta-carotene ..................... 451

Figure 175 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

blood beta-carotene ................................................................................................................ 452

Figure 176 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 μg/dL increase of blood beta-carotene .... 452

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Figure 177 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of blood beta-

carotene and stomach cancer ................................................................................................. 453

Figure 178 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 μg/dL increase of blood beta-carotene by

sex .......................................................................................................................................... 453

Figure 179 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 μg/dL increase of blood beta-carotene by

cancer site............................................................................................................................... 454

Figure 180 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 μg/dL increase of blood beta-carotene by

geographic location ................................................................................................................ 454

Figure 181 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 μg/dL increase of blood beta-carotene in

sensitivity analysis after excluding a study with very low range of blood beta-carotene levels

(Abnet, 2003) and the referent category of two other studies (around 2.3 µg/dL) ................ 455

Figure 182 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of blood beta-carotene and stomach

cancer ..................................................................................................................................... 455

Figure 183 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

selenium ................................................................................................................................. 464

Figure 184 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer incidence and mortality for the highest compared

with the lowest level of leisure-time physical activity........................................................... 479

Figure 185 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

leisure-time physical activity, stratified by outcome ............................................................. 480

Figure 186 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

leisure-time physical activity by cancer site .......................................................................... 481

Figure 187 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of BMI.............................................. 508

Figure 188 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

BMI ........................................................................................................................................ 509

Figure 189 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI ............................ 510

Figure 190 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of BMI and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 511

Figure 191 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by sex ................. 512

Figure 192 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by sex and cancer

site .......................................................................................................................................... 513

Figure 193 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by cancer outcome

................................................................................................................................................ 514

Figure 194 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by cancer site ..... 515

Figure 195 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by geographic

location ................................................................................................................................... 516

Figure 196 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by geographic

location and cancer site .......................................................................................................... 517

Figure 197 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by exposure

assessment methods ............................................................................................................... 518

Figure 198 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI by exposure

assessment methods and cancer site ...................................................................................... 519

Figure 199 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 kg/m2 increase of BMI among non-smokers

................................................................................................................................................ 520

Figure 200 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of BMI and stomach cancer ................ 521

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Figure 201 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of BMI and gastric cardia cancer ........ 522

Figure 202 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of BMI and non-cardia gastric cancer 523

Figure 203 RR estimates of stomach cancer by levels of height ........................................... 539

Figure 204 RR (95% CI) of stomach cancer for the highest compared with the lowest level of

height...................................................................................................................................... 540

Figure 205 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 cm increase in height ............................... 541

Figure 206 Funnel plot of studies included in the dose response meta-analysis of height and

stomach cancer ....................................................................................................................... 542

Figure 207 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 cm increase of height by sex ................... 542

Figure 208 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 cm increase of height by cancer outcome 543

Figure 209 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 cm increase of height by cancer site ........ 544

Figure 210 Relative risk of stomach cancer for 5 cm increase of height by geographic

location ................................................................................................................................... 545

Figure 211 Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of height and stomach cancer ............. 545

14

List of tables

Table 1 Number of relevant publications identified during the 2005 SLR and the CUP and

total number of publications by exposure. ............................................................................... 30

Table 2 Dietary patterns and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies by dietary pattern and

number reporting significant associations ............................................................................... 38

Table 3 Dietary patterns and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses of prospective

studies published after the 2005 SLR ...................................................................................... 42

Table 4 Dietary patterns and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR......... 43

Table 5 Fruit and vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP

SLR .......................................................................................................................................... 56

Table 6 Fruit and vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP .................................................................. 56

Table 7 Fruit and vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ................................................................. 59

Table 8 Fruit and vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................ 62

Table 9 Vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ....... 69

Table 10 Vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ................................................................................. 69

Table 11 Vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR ................................................ 72

Table 12 Vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included

in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ................................................................................ 73

Table 13 Vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ........................................................................... 79

Table 14 Cruciferous vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the

CUP SLR ................................................................................................................................. 90

Table 15 Cruciferous vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and the CUP ............................................................ 91

Table 16 Cruciferous vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses

and pooled analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR ............................. 92

Table 17 Cruciferous vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ..................................................... 93

Table 18 Cruciferous vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis................................................ 96

Table 19 Allium vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

randomised controlled trials included in the CUP SLR ......................................................... 102

Table 20 Allium vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP

SLR ........................................................................................................................................ 104

Table 21 Allium vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and the CUP .......................................................... 104

Table 22 Allium vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and

pooled analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .................................. 105

15

Table 23 Allium vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 106

Table 24 Allium vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 108

Table 25 Green leafy vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the

CUP SLR ............................................................................................................................... 113

Table 26 Green leafy vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ................................................................ 114

Table 27 Green leafy vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ................................................... 116

Table 28 Green leafy vegetables intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis.............................................. 119

Table 29 Pickled vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP

SLR ........................................................................................................................................ 127

Table 30 Pickled vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ................................................................ 127

Table 31 Pickled vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and

pooled analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .................................. 129

Table 32 Pickled vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 130

Table 33 Pickled vegetable intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 133

Table 34 Fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ............ 141

Table 35 Fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 141

Table 36 Fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled analyses

of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR............................................................. 145

Table 37 Fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in the

linear dose-response meta-analysis ........................................................................................ 146

Table 38 Fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded from

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 152

Table 39 Relative risk of stomach cancer and fruit intake estimated using non-linear models

................................................................................................................................................ 165

Table 40 Citrus fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR .. 167

Table 41 Citrus fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 167

Table 42 Citrus fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 170

Table 43 Citrus fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included

in the linear dose-response meta-analysis .............................................................................. 171

Table 44 Citrus fruit intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 174

Table 45 Pulses (legumes) intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP

SLR ........................................................................................................................................ 183

16

Table 46 Pulses (legumes) intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and the CUP .......................................................... 183

Table 47 Pulses (legumes) intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 184

Table 48 Pulses (legumes) intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 186

Table 49 Soy products intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 190

Table 50 Soy foods intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies identified

................................................................................................................................................ 191

Table 51 Miso soup intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ... 197

Table 52 Miso soup intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 197

Table 53 Miso soup intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 199

Table 54 Miso soup intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included

in the linear dose-response meta-analysis .............................................................................. 200

Table 55 Miso soup intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 203

Table 56 Tofu intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ............ 210

Table 57 Tofu intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and the CUP .................................................................................. 211

Table 58 Tofu intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in the

linear dose-response meta-analysis ........................................................................................ 212

Table 59 Tofu intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded from

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 214

Table 60 Tofu intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled analyses

of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR............................................................. 216

Table 61 Processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 220

Table 62 Processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ................................................................ 221

Table 63 Processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and

pooled analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .................................. 224

Table 64 Processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 225

Table 65 Processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 230

Table 66 Relative risk of stomach cancer and processed meat intake estimated using non-

linear models .......................................................................................................................... 239

Table 67 Red meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR .... 241

Table 68 Red meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 241

17

Table 69 Red meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 243

Table 70 Red meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 246

Table 71 Red and processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the

CUP SLR ............................................................................................................................... 250

Table 72 Red and processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear

dose-response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ....................................................... 251

Table 73 Red and processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses

and pooled analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR ........................... 252

Table 74 Red and processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis (For other studies on unprocessed

red meat, see section 2.5.1.3 red meat) .................................................................................. 253

Table 75 Red and processed meat intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis.............................................. 254

Table 72 Poultry intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ........ 259

Table 73 Poultry intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 260

Table 74 Poultry intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 261

Table 75 Poultry intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 264

Table 76 Fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR............. 269

Table 77 Fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 269

Table 78 Fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled analyses

of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR............................................................. 271

Table 79 Fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in the

linear dose-response meta-analysis ........................................................................................ 272

Table 80 Fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded from

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 274

Table 81 Processed fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 283

Table 82 Processed fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 284

Table 83 Processed fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 285

Table 84 Processed fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 286

Table 85 Processed fish intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 288

Table 86 Egg intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ............. 294

Table 87 Egg intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 294

18

Table 88 Egg intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in the

linear dose-response meta-analysis ........................................................................................ 295

Table 89 Egg intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded from

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 297

Table 90 Coffee intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR......... 302

Table 91 Coffee intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 302

Table 92 Coffee intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 305

Table 93 Coffee intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 306

Table 94 Coffee intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 309

Table 95 Tea, black tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 316

Table 96 Tea, black tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

identified ................................................................................................................................ 317

Table 97 Green tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR .... 322

Table 98 Green tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 322

Table 99 Green tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 325

Table 100 Green tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included

in the linear dose-response meta-analysis .............................................................................. 326

Table 101 Green tea intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 329

Table 102 Relative risk of stomach cancer and green tea intake estimated using non-linear

models .................................................................................................................................... 337

Table 103 Total alcohol intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 338

Table 104 Total alcohol (as ethanol) intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear

dose-response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ....................................................... 339

Table 105 Total alcohol intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses of

prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR ................................................................. 342

Table 106 Total alcohol intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 343

Table 107 Total alcohol intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 352

Table 108 Relative risk of stomach cancer and total alcohol (as ethanol) intake estimated

using non-linear models ......................................................................................................... 368

Table 109 Beer intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR .......... 370

Table 110 Beer intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 370

19

Table 111 Beer intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 372

Table 112 Beer intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded from

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 374

Table 113 Wine intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ......... 378

Table 114 Wine intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 379

Table 115 Wine intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 381

Table 116 Wine intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 383

Table 117 Spirits intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ....... 387

Table 118 Spirits intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 388

Table 119 Spirits intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 390

Table 120 Spirits intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 393

Table 121 Relative risk of stomach cancer and spirits intake estimated using non-linear

models .................................................................................................................................... 398

Table 122 Total salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR .. 399

Table 123 Total salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 399

Table 124 Total salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 400

Table 125 Total salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies identified

................................................................................................................................................ 401

Table 126 Added salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR 403

Table 127 Added salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

and highest versus lowest meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ..................................... 404

Table 128 Added salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 404

Table 129 Added salt intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 405

Table 130 Preference for salty food and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP

SLR ........................................................................................................................................ 407

Table 131 Preference for salty food and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ................................................................ 407

Table 132 Preference for salty food and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 408

Table 133 Salted food intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR411

Table 134 Salted food intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response

meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ............................................................................... 411

20

Table 135 Salted food intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in highest vs lowest meta-analysis .......................................................................... 412

Table 136 Vitamin and mineral supplement intake and stomach cancer risk. Main

characteristics of randomised controlled trials included in the CUP SLR............................. 416

Table 137 Multivitamin supplement intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the

CUP SLR ............................................................................................................................... 418

Table 138 Multivitamin supplement intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the dose-

response and highest versus lowest meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ...................... 418

Table 139 Vitamin and mineral supplement intake and stomach cancer risk. Main study

characteristics. ........................................................................................................................ 420

Table 140 Dietary retinol intake and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 423

Table 141 Dietary retinol intake and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response and highest versus lowest meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ...................... 424

Table 142 Dietary retinol intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

identified ................................................................................................................................ 425

Table 143 Blood retinol and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ....... 429

Table 144 Blood retinol and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-response meta-

analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ........................................................................................ 429

Table 145 Blood retinol and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies included in

the linear dose-response meta-analysis .................................................................................. 431

Table 146 Blood retinol and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies excluded

from the linear dose-response meta-analysis ......................................................................... 433

Table 147 Relative risk of stomach cancer and blood retinol estimated using non-linear

models .................................................................................................................................... 440

Table 148 Dietary beta-carotene and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

identified ................................................................................................................................ 441

Table 149 Blood beta-carotene and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR

................................................................................................................................................ 444

Table 150 Blood beta-carotene and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the linear dose-

response meta-analysis in the 2005 SLR and CUP ................................................................ 444

Table 151 Blood beta-carotene and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 446

Table 152 Blood beta-carotene and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

included in the linear dose-response meta-analysis ............................................................... 447

Table 153 Blood beta-carotene and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies

excluded from the linear dose-response meta-analysis .......................................................... 449

Table 154 Relative risk of stomach cancer and blood beta-carotene estimated using non-linear

models .................................................................................................................................... 456

Table 155 Selenium supplement intake and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

randomised controlled trials ................................................................................................... 458

Table 156 Selenium and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the CUP SLR ............. 459

Table 157 Selenium and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies identified ..... 460

Table 158 Total physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Main study characteristics ....... 466

21

Table 159 Physical activity at work and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of studies.

................................................................................................................................................ 469

Table 160 Main characteristics of physical activity assessment in studies include in the

review ..................................................................................................................................... 471

Table 161 Leisure-time physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Number of studies in the

CUP SLR ............................................................................................................................... 472

Table 162 Leisure-time physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Summary of the highest

versus lowest meta-analysis in the CUP ................................................................................ 473

Table 163 Physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Results of meta-analyses and pooled

analyses of prospective studies published after the 2005 SLR .............................................. 474

Table 164 Leisure-time physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies included in the highest compared to lowest meta-analysis ........................................ 475

Table 165 Leisure-time physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Main characteristics of

studies excluded ..................................................................................................................... 478

Table 166 Walking and stomach cancer risk. Main study characteristics. ............................ 482

Table 167 Moderate/vigorous physical activity and stomach cancer risk. Main study

characteristics ......................................................