2

8

3

5

11/12

19

20/21/22

18

23/24

9

29

30/31

67

World Conflict and Human Rights Map 2001/2002 by PIOOMWorld Conflict and Human Rights Map 2001/2002 by PIOOMWorld Conflict and Human Rights Map 2001/2002 by PIOOMWorld Conflict and Human Rights Map 2001/2002 by PIOOM

27

OB

PKPK

PK

PK

OB

36

12

37

42

54/56/57/58/60

45

Mexico

Cuba

United States

Canada

Guatemala

El Salvador

106

Nicaragua

Surinam

Barbados

Dom. Rep.

Fr. Guyana

Guyana

Costa RicaPanama

Honduras

Haiti

Belize Jamaica

Colombia

Brazil

Venezuela

N. Ireland

France

U.K.

Norway

SwedenFinland

Corsica

Greece

Tunesia

Albania

Croatia

BelarusPoland

Estonia

LatviaLithuania

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Denmark

Belgium

Cyprus

Ukraine

MoldovaRomania

Israel

SpainPortugal

Western Sahara

Morocco

Mauritania

SenegalGambia

Guinea-BissauGuinea

Ivory CoastGhana

BeninTogo

Sierra LeoneLiberia

Peru

Ecuador

Bolivia

Chile

Argentina

Paraguay

Uruguay

Mali

Burkina Faso

Niger

Sudan

Turkey

Ethiopia

Kenya

Somalia

Tanzania

Rwanda

Burundi

Comoros

Seychelles

Mozambique

Madagascar

South Africa

Angola

Eritrea

Saudi Arabia OmanU.A.E

Qatar

IraqIran

Pakistan

India

Nepal

Afghanistan

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Bahrein

Sri Lanka

Kuwait

Jordan

Djibouti

Eq. Guinea

S. Tome & Pr.

Egypt

Nigeria

Chad

Centr. Afr. Rep.

Congo DR

Uganda

Libya

Cameroon

Gabon

Congo

Syria

PK

OB

OB

OB

OB

MyanmarBangladesh Hongkong

Bhutan

Indonesia

Singapore

Malaysia

Australia

Cambodia

Thailand

Laos

Vietnam

Taiwan

Philippines

N. Korea

JapanS. KoreaChina

PapuaNew Guinea

Irian Jaya

Solomon Islands

Fiji

GeorgiaBulgaria

Russian Federation

Chechnya

OB

OB

OB

PK

PKOB

PKOB

PK

OB

OB Kyrgyzstan

KazakhstanMongolia

Yemen

Algeria

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Botswana

Namibia

Swaziland

Lesotho

Malawi

148

9

5

18 20

2

13

10

4

17

3

6

7

8

15

11

1

3

2

24

41

65

63

77

70

73

OBOB

16/17

14

36

3749

40

42/46/47

56/95

110

71

55

100

64/65/67

103

112

54

69/70

78/79/80/82

114

78

73/74/75

61/62 58

121

115/116

159

160

170

174

175

157

166

165

163

171/172

173

153/154

141

124/125/132/133/134/135/136

25/26/27/32

21/22/23

Lebanon4950

74/75/76118/119/120117

23

7

44

531

4

6

7

2520 32

10

927 28

1

3

86

16

1815

2

12

39

41Bosnia-Herz.

48/59

11

1

34/35

33

146

127/128 131/140

61/62

137

52/53138/139

162/164

44

13

10

59 /60

28/29/3188/90

85/86

16101/102/103/104

14/39/40

107/108/109

94

93

158

156

167/168/169

OB4

50Serbia

PK14

26

PKPK13

40

1

OB8

Azerbaijan

113

OB12

38

PK

39

PK11

4232

Maldives

Mauritius

43

OB9

OB29

14

36

OB38

OB5

OB21

OB19

OB

OB11

OB13

OB17

Violent Political Conflicts1

North, Central & South America (31) 1. Bolivia (Chaparé: Indigenous Peoples, Highland Peasants) 2. Bolivia (Oruro, Potosi: Qaqachaca vs. Laime) 3. Brazil (Acre, Rondonia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Amazonas: Indigenous Peoples) 4. Brazil (Bahia, Alagoas: Police Strike) 5. Brazil (Para, Roraima, Amazonas: MST vs. Local Farm Owners, Garimpeiros) 6. Brazil (Urban Violence: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) 7. Brazil (Revolt PCC) 8. Chile (Bio Bio, Araucania: Mapuche vs. Timber Companies, Farm Owners) 9. Colombia (Anti-UP Violence) 10. Colombia (Pacific: Indian Reservations)11. Ecuador (Guayas: Gang Warfare)12. Ecuador (Indian Uprising, Overthrow Mahuad Govt.) 13. Ecuador-Colombia (Sucumbias Prov.)14. El Salvador (Post-Conflict Violence)15. Guatemala (Armed Gangs, Vigilantes)16. Mexico (Chiapas: EZLN)17. Mexico (Guerrero: ERP, FARP)18. Nicaragua (North, Atl. Coast: FUAC, NF380) 19. Panama-Colombia (Darien)20. Paraguay (Ciudad del Este)21. Paraguay (Alto Parana, Canindeyu)22. Paraguay (Brusiguayos) (Brazilian. Settlers vs. Landless Peasants)23. Peru (Huallaga Valley: Gang Warfare)24. Peru (MRTA)25. Peru (Ayacucho: Sendero Luminoso)26. Peru (Indian Uprising, Overthrow Fujimori Govt.)27. Peru-Colombia (Border)28. United States (Al Qaeda)

29. Venezuela-Colombia (Catatumbo, Zulia) (Guerrillas vs. Vigilante Ranchers)30. Venezuela (Yanomami vs. Garimpeiros)31. Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Orinoco River Delta)

West, Central & East Europe (19)32. Albania (Tropoje: Gang Warfare)33. Belarus (Repression Charter '97)34. Bosnia-Herzegovina ('Young Generals')35. Croatia (East/West Slavonia, Krajina)36. Cyprus (Greeks vs. Turks)37. France (Corsica: FLNC)38. Georgia (Abkhazia: Gali)39. Montenegro (Spillover Kosovo)40. Northern Ireland (Protestants vs. Catholics) (UFF, UDA, UVF, LVF vs. Real IRA, CIRA)41. Russian Fed. (Daghestan: Spillover Chechnya)42. Russian Fed. (Ingushetia)43. Russian Fed. (Krasnodar: Cossacks)44. Russian Fed. (Siberia: Krasnoyarsk: Gang Warfare)45. Russian Fed. (Tatarstan: Spillover Chechnya)46. Russian Fed. (Stavropol)47. Russian Fed.-Georgia (Z. & N. Ossetia)48. Serbia (Popular Uprising OTPOR, Overthrow Milosevic Govt.)49. Spain (Basques: ETA, HAIKA)50. Turkey (Extreme Left: TIKKO, DHKP/C)

Sub-Sahara Africa (61)51. Angola (Cabinda: FLEC)52. Chad (Batha: Khouzam vs. Waled Rachid)53. Chad (Doba Basin)54. Chad (Lake Chad)

55. Comoros (Secession Nzwani Isl.)56. Eritrea (Northwest: EIS)57. Ethiopia (Al Ittihad)58. Ethiopia (Awash Nat. Park: Intertribal)59. Ethiopia-Somalia (Mugud Region)60. Ethiopia (Student Uprising)61. Guinea (Macenta: Toma vs. Manyam)62. Guinea (Forest region: Christians vs. Muslims)63. Guinea Bissau (Spillover Casamance)64. Kenya (Garissa: Auhjilan vs. Abdwak)65. Kenya (Isiolo: Somali Bandits)66. Kenya (Nairobi: Muslims vs. Slum dwellers) 67. Kenya (Sambura Nat. Park: Samburu vs. Borana)68. Kenya (Wajir: Gare vs. Adjuran)69. Mali (Tuareg vs. Songhaï, Peul)70. Mali (Gao, Kidal: Kunta vs. Arabs)71. Mozambique (Maringue: RENAMO)72. Namibia (spillover Angola: UNITA)73. Niger (East, Northeast)74. Niger (North: Tuareg)75. Niger-Nigeria (Diffa & Borno)76. Nigeria (Anambra: Aguleri vs. Umuleri)77. Nigeria (Bayelsa: Ijaw vs. Urhobo)78. Nigeria (Biafra: Igbo, MASSOB)79. Nigeria (Niger: Kanberi vs. Hausa)80. Nigeria (Ogun: Hausa vs. Yoruba)81. Nigeria (Ondo: Chieftancy Dispute)82. Nigeria (Oyo: Yoruba vs. Fulani)83. Nigeria (Rivers: Zango Katefs vs. Hausa)84. Nigeria (Rivers: Bille vs. Ke)85. Somalia (Bay Region: Interclan)86. Somalia (Beletwein: Interclan)87. Somalia (Jubaland: Interclan)

88. Somalia (Puntland: Interclan)89. Somalia (Shebelle Region: Interclan)90. Somalia (Somaliland: Interclan)91. Somalia (Bulo Falay: RRS vs RSA, DSA)92. Somalia (Qoryoley: Garre vs. Jiddo)93. South Africa (Cape, Transvaal, Free State)94. South Africa (North & Mpumalange Prov. MAPOGO, PAGAD, UNW, Qibla)95. Sudan-Eritrea (Border)96. Sudan (Western Upper Nile: SPLA vs. SPDF)97. Sudan (Omdurman: THG vs. Sunnis)98. Sudan (West Darfur)99. Swaziland (People's Revolt)100. Tanzania (Ngongoro: Shiftas)101. Uganda (JicMatheniko vs. Bokoru)102. Uganda (MR10CG Massacre)103. Uganda (Saliny vs. Bagisu)104. Uganda (Salaf Tabliq)105. Uganda (Southwest: Bakonjos)106. W. Sahara (POLISARIO)107. Zambia (Barotseland: Lozi)108. Zambia (Chavuma: Lundas vs. Luvales)109. Zambia (Kaputa: Spillover Angola)110. Zimbabwe (Chinhoyi: ZANU-PF vs. MDC)

North Africa & Middle East (6)111. Egypt (Islamists: MB, IJ. IG, aGI)112. Iran (Kurds: DPK/I)113. Iran-Turkey (Pirinshahr)114. Libya (Massacre African Immigrants)115. Yemen (Sana'a, Marib, Shabwa, Lahj: Intertribal)116. Yemen (GPC vs. Islah Party)

Central & South Asia (39)117. Bangladesh (Repression Opposition) (BNP vs. Awami League)118. Bangladesh (CHT: Shanti Bahini)119. Bangladesh (Islamists: JeI, ISF)120. Bangladesh-Myanmar (Rohingyas)121. Bhutan (Ngalong)122. India (Andra Pradesh: Telengana, PWG)123. India (Arunachal Pradesh: NSCN)124. India (Assam: Kokrajhir: Bodos vs. Santhal)125. India (Assam: Karbi-Anglong: KNV vs. UPDS)126. India (Bombay: CD, CR)127. India (Brahmin vs. Dalits)128. India (Gujarat: Hindus vs. Christians)129. India (Jharkhand: GRD, SJMM vs. MCC)130. India (Karnataka: PWG, Veerappan)131. India (Kerala)132. India (Maharashtra: PWG)133. India (Manipur: Pathei vs. Waife)134. India (Manipur: Kuki vs. Zomi)135. India (Meghalaya: GNF, HNLC, ANVC)136. India (Mizoram: Reang, HRF)137. India (Orissa: Hindus vs. Christians)138. India (Rajasthan: Brahmin vs. Dalits)139. India (Siliguri Darjeeling Hill: GNLF)140. India (Tamil Nadu-Karnataka)141. India (Tamil Nadu: TNLA, TNRT)142. India (Uttaranchal: Gang Warfare)143. India (Uttar Pradesh: Uttarkhand)144. India (Uttar Pradesh: Muslims: JeM)145. India (North Bengal: KLO, ULFA, ISI, GLO)146. India-Bangladesh (Feni district)147. India-Pakistan) (Balawaristan)

148. Kazakhstan (Djambul Region: Islamists)149. Pakistan (Baluchistan: Intertribal)150. Pakistan (Khaipur: Intertribal)151. Pakistan (Ladakh: HM)152. Pakistan (Punjab: Kalabagh Dam)153. Pakistan (South Waziristan)154. Pakistan (Sukkur: Intertribal)

Far East & East Asia (21)155. Cambodia (Coup Attempt, CFF)156. China (Repression Falun Gong e.a.)157. China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan: Gang Warfare)158. China (Sichuan, Shandong, Chengdu, Jiangxi, Jilin: Collective Protest)159. China (Tibet: Repression Tibetans)160. China (Xinjiang: Uighurs)161. Fiji (Fijians vs. Ethnic Indians)162. Indonesia (Bali: Kuta)163. Indonesia (Sumatra: Riau)164. Indonesia (Sumba: Loli vs. Wewera)165. Laos (North: Hmong: Chao Fa)166. Malaysia (Penan, Kedah: Muslims vs. Indians)167. Myanmar (Arakan: Muslims vs. Buddhists)168. Myanmar (Upper Sagaing: ULFA, NSCN)169. Myanmar (Shin state: CNF, NNC, RSO, ANO, GA, UUSA)170. North/South Korea (Divided Country)171. Philippines (Cordillera: Indigenous Peoples)172. Philippines (People's Power II, Overthrow Estrada Govt.)173. Solomon Islands (IFF vs. MEF)174. Thailand (Yala: Muslim Separatists)175. Vietnam (Central Highlands: FULRO) (Jarai, Ede, Bahnar)

Low-Intensity Conflicts1

Central & South America (5) 1. Colombia (Bolivar, Cauca: CF, ELN) 2. Dominican Republic (Gang Warfare) 3. Haiti (Aristide govt. vs. Convergence) 4. Honduras (Cortes: Gang Warfare) 5. Jamaica (JLP & PNP Gang Warfare)

West, Central & Eastern Europe (5) 6. Azerbaijan/Armenia (Nagorno-Karabakh) 7. Macedonia (NLA, ANA vs. Govt Forces, Lions) 8. Turkey (Sirnak: PKK) 9. Yugoslavia (Kosovo: UCK, TMK)10. Yugoslavia (Presevo Valley: UCPMB)

Sub-Sahara Africa (30)11. Cameroon (Chari & Logone Valleys)12. CA Republic (MDD vs. RDC)13. Congo, Brazzaville (Militias)14. Congo, DR (Aru district)15. Congo, DR (Equateur Prov.: MLC)16. Ethiopia/Somalia (Ogaden: ONLF)17. Ethiopia (Oromia: OLF)18. Ethiopia-Eritrea (Border) 19. Ivory Coast (Kroumen vs. Burkinabe)20. Ivory Coast (Paramilitary vs. Dioula)21. Kenya (Kerio Valley: Pokot vs. Marakwet vs. Baringo)22. Kenya (Rift Valley: Luos vs. Kisiis)23. Kenya (Moyale-Marsabit, OLF)24. Liberia (Lofa: LURD, LDF, ULIMO, ULIMO-K) 25. Nigeria (Cross River vs. Akwa Iban)26. Nigeria (Delta: Urhobo vs. Itsekiri)

27. Nigeria (Delta: PNDRM)28. Nigeria (Gombe: Tula vs. Awak)29. Nigeria (Imo: Law Enf. vs. Vigilantes)30. Nigeria (Lagos: OPC vs. Hausa)31. Nigeria (Nasarawa: Alagos, Egons vs. Tiv)32. Nigeria (Ondo: Ijaw vs. Ilaye)33. Nigeria (Osun: Ife vs. Modakeke)34. Nigeria (Taraba: Tiv vs. Jukun)35. Senegal (Casamance: MFDC)36. Somalia (MJVA vs. SRRC)37. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal: IFP vs. ANC)38. Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba: CUF vs. CCM)39. Uganda (North: Acholi: LRA, UNRF)40. Uganda (Karamojong)

North Africa & Middle East (10)41. Algeria (Kabylia: Berbers)42. Iran-Iraq (Border: MeK)43. Iran-Afghanistan (Khorasan, Farah)44. Iran-Pakistan (Sistan, Baluchistan)45. Iran (Traditionalists vs. Modernists)46. Iraq vs. USA, UK (N. & S. No-Fly Zones)47. Iraq (Kirkuk, Mosul: Kurds)48. Iraq (South: SCIRI, INC, ICP) 49. Lebanon (Border Israel: Sheeba Farms) 50. Palestine (Inter-Palestinian Fighting)

Central & South Asia (18)51. Bangladesh (Kushtia: Communists)52. India (Andhra Pradesh: PWG, CPI(ML)53. India (Bihar: BJP, MLA, JMM, MCC, PWG)

54. India (Assam: ULFA, SULFA, DHD, BSF) (MULTA, PULF, SIMI, MVF, ILFA, IRASV, ISS)55. India (Haryana: Brahmin vs. Dalits)56. India (Madhya Pradesh: PWG)57. India (Maharashtra: Hindus vs. Christians)58. India (Nagaland: NSCN-IM, NSCN-K)59. India (Punjab: Hindus vs. Christians)60. India (Tripura: ATTF, NLTF, IPFT, UBLF, BNLF)61. India (Uttar Pradesh: Hindus vs. Christians)62. India (West Bengal: KPF, GNLF; MCP vs. TC)63. India-Pakistan (Siachen Glacier)64. Kyrgyzstan (Sokh Enclave: Islamists)65. Nepal (Maoists: UPF)66. Pakistan (NWFP: Intertribal)67. Tajikistan (Kyurgan-Tyube: Warlords)68. Uzbekistan (Ferghana Valley: IMU, HT)

Far East & East Asia (11)69. Indonesia (East Timor: ETDF vs. Militias)70. Indonesia (Java: NU vs. Golkar)71. Indonesia (Sulawesi: Christians vs. Muslims)72. Indonesia (West Irian: OPM)73. Indonesia (W. Kalimantan: Dayak vs. Madurese)74. Myanmar (Border Thailand: KNA, DKBA, SSA) 75. Myanmar (Border China: Wa)76. Myanmar (North: Shan)77. Myanmar (Taninthayi: Karenni)78. Philippines (Luzon: Communists: NPA)79. Philippines (Jolo: ASG)

High-Intensity Conflicts

1. Russian Fed. 1999- (Chechnya: warlords, Wahhabists, mercenaries vs. Russian military) >25,000 >45,000 2. Congo, DR 1998- (Katanga, Kivu, Kasai: RCD, RCD-ML, RCD-G, LNR, Mai Mai, FDD, Interahamwe, >20,000 1,5-2,500,000 Uganda, Rwanda vs. DSP, AFDL, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe) 3. Angola 1991- (Malanje, Huila, Benguela, Bie, Uige, Lunda Norte, Moxico: UNITA, UNITA-R, ) >20,000 >1,000,000 armed gangs vs. govt. forces, Zimbabwe, Namibia) 4. Sudan 1983- (South, Blue Nile, Upper Nile, Nuba Mountains, Bahr al Ghazal: SPLA,) >10,000 >2,000,000 SSIM/A, UDSF, NDA, NIF, BC, SSUA, SSDF-U, mercenaries vs. govt. forces, PDF 5. Afghanistan 1978- (Takhar, Bamiyan, Samangan, Kakhan, Ghowr provinces: >10,000 1,500,000 Taliban vs. Northern alliance of Tajik & Uzbek warlords, UIFSA, mercenaries) 6. Colombia 1964- (Southern regions: guerrillas (SBCG, FARC), paramilitaries (ACCU, AUC), >8,000 50,000-300,000 vs. 'autodefensas,' 'peace communities,' govt. forces) 7. Sri Lanka 1983- (Jaffna peninsula: Tamils (LTTE, PLOTE, TELO) vs. govt. forces) >5,000 65,000-80,000 8. India-Pakistan 1989- (Jammu & Kashmir: JKLF, HUA, aF, HM, JUM, HJI, Ikhwan, LiT, TeJ >4,000 34,000-80,000 HuM, uMM, JeM, TuM, MeH, MJF, JKNF, UJC, HUJI, Al Badr, APHC, al Qaeda, PPSR, BC, MeK, LeK, JSQM, PML, mercenaries vs. BSF, govt. forces, village defense committees) 9. Algeria 1990- (GIA, MIA, AIS, DwD, GSPC, mercenaries vs. govt. forces, Patriots, civil 3-7,000 109,000-200,000 defense militias)10. Rwanda 1997- (Gyesenyi, Ruhengeri: ALIR 1 & 2 vs. APR govt. forces) >2,000 >2,00011. Indonesia 1999- (Moluccas: Christians vs. Muslims, LJ) >2,000 5-10,00012. Indonesia 1990- (Aceh: GAM vs. govt. forces, BRIMOB, KOPASSUS) >1,500 >7,00013. Congo, DR 1999- (Orientale Province: Lendu vs. Hema, Uganda) >1,200 >7,00014. Sierra Leone 1991- (Kamakwei. Kailahun, Kono, Koidu: RSLMF, 'Kamajors', Nigeria, Guinea vs. AFRC, RUF, 'sobels,' civil defense militias, mercenaries) >1,000 50,000-600,00015. Guinea 2000- (Guekedou, Parrot's Beak: govt. forces vs. RFDG, RUF, LURD, ULIMO >1,000 >1,00016. Israel/Palestine 1999- (Al Aqsa Intifada: IDF, Shin Beth, Mossad, CRS, Kach vs. HCFJNIO, Fatah, PLO, Tanzim, <1,000 >3,300 Hamas, Fatah Hawks, IJ, Hezbollah, Force 17, PSF, PFLP-GC, PFLP, al Qaeda)17. Burundi 1993- (Gusenyi: Hutu (FDD, CNDD, Palipehutu, FROLINA) vs. Tutsi (FRODEBU, UPRONA, militias) >1,000 201,000-250,00018. Pakistan 1986- (Sindh: Mohajir (MQM, MQM-H, BACK) vs. Sindhi (JS) & Pashtun (SPP)) >1,000 >5,00019. Philippines 1970- (Mindanao: MILF, MNLF vs. govt forces) >1,000 30-120,00020. Pakistan 1985- (Punjab: SiS, LeJ (Sunni) vs. SiM, TeJ (Shi'ites) >1,000 >1,00021. Nigeria 1997- (North: Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Kebbi, Katsina, Zamfara: >1,000 >10,000 Muslims vs. Christians)22. Uganda 1996- (Rwenzori Mountains: ADF, NULU/NALU vs. UPDF govt. forces) >1,000 >1,00023. Chad 1998- (Tibesti: MDJT, CMAP vs. govt. forces) >1,000 >1,000

1

Country Begin Parties Estimated number of 2000-2001 and Cumulative Deaths

35

21

23

22

16

12

19

8

7/9/10

6

45

48

46 47

6468

69

71

72

78

79

13

15

17

18

19/20

38

30/33/34

1 4

67

25/26

15

32

38

50

48

45

44

43

111

51

122/123

15166

129/143

126/130

147

55

142/144/145

149/150/152

155

161

51

53

52

57/58

63

76/77/81/83/84

87/89/91/92

105

72

99

66/68

96/97/98

28

PK15

1. Egypt/Israel (UNTSO) 2. India/Pakistan (UNMOGIP) 3. Cyprus (UNFICYP) 4. Syria (Golan Heights) (UNDOF) 5. Lebanon (UNIFIL) 6. Iraq/Kuwait (UNIKOM) 7. Morocco (W. Sahara) (MINURSO) 8. Georgia (UNOMIG) 9. Bosnia/Herzegovina (UNMIBH) 10. Croatia (Prevlaka) (UNMOP) 11. Kosovo (UNMIK) 12. Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)13. East Timor (UNTAET)14. Congo, Democratic Republic (MONUC) 15. Ethiopia/Eritrea (UNMEE)

Source: For more information on strength, costs and fatalities, see:

United Nations (http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/cu_mission/body.htm)

since 1948since 1949since 1964since 1974since 1978since 1991since 1991since 1993since 1995since 1996since 1999since 1999since 1999since 1999since 2000

Active United NationsPeacekeeping Operations

UNActive Political and Peace Building MissionsPK

1. North Korea/South Korea (NNSC) since 19532. Egypt (Sinai) (MFO) since 19823. Albania (EU: EUMM) since 19914. Macedonia (OSCE Mission) since 19925. Georgia (OSCE Mission) since 19926. Georgia (South Ossetia) (CIS: SOJF) since 19927. Moldova (Transdnistr) CIS: JCMPK) since 19928. Afghanistan (UN: UNSMA) since 19939. Burundi (UN: UNOB) since 199310. Burundi (OAU: OMIB) since 199311. Estonia (OSCE Mission) since 199312. Haiti (UN: MICIVIH) since 199313. Latvia (OSCE Mission) since 199314. Moldova (OSCE Mission) since 199315. Tajikistan (CIS: CPF) since 199316. Georgia (Abkhazia) (CIS: PFG) since 199417. Guatemala (UN: MINUGUA) since 199418. Tajikistan (OSCE Mission) since 199419. Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) (PRC OSCE) since 199520. Bosnia/Herzegovina (OSCE Mission) since 199521. Chechnya (OSCE Mission) since 199522. Somalia (UN: UNPOS) since 199523. Bosnia/Herzegovia (NATO: SFOR) since 199624. Burundi (UN: UNAFPP) since 199625. Croatia (OSCE Mission) since 199626. Iraq (Operation Northern & Southern Watch since 1996

27. Albania (OSCE Mission) since 199728. Albania (WEU: MAPE) since 199729. Comoros (OAU: OMIC) since 199730. Great Lakes Region (UN: OSRSG) since 199731. Israel/Palestine (Hebron) (TIPH2) since 199732. Kosovo (OSCE Mission) since 199733. Liberia (UN: UNOL) since 199734. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) (UN: UNPOB) since 199835. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) (BPMG) since 199836. Sierra Leone (CPDTF) since 199837. Angola (UN: UNOA) since 199938. Congo, Democratic Rep. (OAU: JMC) since 199939. Croatia (WEU: WEUDAM) since 199940. East Timor (INTERFET) since 199941. Guinea Bissau (UN: UNOGBIS) since 199942. Kosovo (NATO: KFOR) since 199943. Middle East (UN: UNSCO) since 199944. Central African Rep. (UN: BONUCA) since 200045. Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone (ECOWAS: ECOMOG) since 2000 46. Haiti (UN: MICAH) since 200047. Solomon islands (IPMT) since 200048. Tajikistan (UN: UNTOP) since 200049. Macedonia (NATO: Operation Essential Harvest) since 200150. Macedonia (NATO: Operation Fox) since 2001

Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2001: Armaments, Disarmament and InternationalSecurity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 128-148.

14

43

45

46

49

OB48

10 24

OB 22

OB30

OB37

OB33

OB41

3

Macedonia

34 35

OB47

OB2

Aa

BbCc

PK

PK

Reported Presence or Alleged Development of Weapons of Mass Destruction,

- States having a confirmed nuclear warfare capability- States that are on the threshold of a nuclear warfare capability (incl. states that removed their nuclear weapons or canceled their development programs)- States having a confirmed or a potential bacteriological warfare capability- States developing or potentially developing bacteriological warfare agents- States having a confirmed chemical warfare capability - States denying accusations of possessing or developing chemical weapons

Infestation with Land MinesCountries with substantial marked and/or unmarked areas containing land mines

Use of Child Soldiers by Conflict PartiesChildren under 18 actively participating on one or both sides of conflict dyad(as of end of 2000)

Weapons Export ControlCountries that under no circumstances should receive weapons

Globalization RankingLevel of globalization in a country based on information on technologicaldevelopments, personal contacts, finance, and goods and services

Widespread TortureCountries in which torture has been common in recent years up to end of 2000,according to Amnesty International

Death Penalty still in Practice in 2000Countries which retain the death penalty for ordinary crimes (excludes de factoabolitionists and countries which only use the death penalty for exceptionalcrimes), according to Amnesty International

Freedom of PressCountries with high level of restriction or no freedom of press,according to Freedom House.

CorruptionModerate to very high level of corruption, according to Transparency International

Important Drug ProducersCountries producing heroin, cocaine, cannabis and/or ecstasy

Money LaunderingCountries failing to cooperate in the field of money-laundering

Human TraffickingCountries failing to cooperate in the field of human trafficking

Disaster VulnerabilityCountries with more than one percent of the population killed and affected bydisasters in the period 1991-2000

Food SecurityCountries with ongoing food emergency, according to FAO as of June 2001

Complex EmergencySituations identified as complex humanitarian emergencies in June 2001,receiving international relief funding, according to OCHA

Less than 100,000 refugees and internally displaced

Between 100,000 and 500,000 refugees and internally displaced

Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 refugees and internally displaced

More than 1,000,000 refugees and internally displaced

Armistice or Peace Accord, according to PIOOM

Armistice or peace accord concluded (not necessarily observed)

United Nations and other Multilateral Observer or Peacekeeping OperationsUnited Nations Operation(PK = Peacekeeping Mission, OB = Observer Mission)

Other Multilateral / Regional Operation(PK = Peacekeeping Mission, OB = Observer Mission)

Refugees and Internally Displaced People, by Country of Origin

Map Features

Conflict Level, according to PIOOM

Explanation of Symbols and Definitions

DemocracyCountry Name (in black) = Electoral Democracy, according to Freedom HouseCountry Name (in red) = Non- and Pseudo-DemocracyCountry Name (in italics) = Territory with contested Statehood

About PIOOM

The Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations (PIOOM) is an independent, nonpartisan research organization, established in 1988 with the help of Amnesty International (Dutch section). It supports the work of NGOs and IGOs in the field of Human Rights and Conflict Prevention. Dr. Albert J. Jongman acts currently as its interim-coordinator. He is a member of the Department of Political Science at Leiden University.

PIOOM is entirely dependent on donations and contract research and can only continue its work with the public’s support. Contributions to help support PIOOM’s research can be made to its treasurer:J.G. Bom, Reg. Accountant, Nieuw Herlaer 35, 1083 BB Amsterdam, Postal Account # 431304, Amsterdam,The Netherlands.

© Albert J. Jongman

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Political Terror Scale(2000 situation, according to US State Department)

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Scale Level 3: There is extensive political imprisonment, or a recent history of such imprisonment. Executions or political murders and brutality may be common. Unlimited detention, with or without trial, for political views is accepted.

Scale Level 5: The violence of level 4 has been extended to the whole population. The leaders of these societies place no limits on the means or thoroughness with which they pursue personal or ideological goals.

Scale Level 4: The practices of level 3 are expanded to larger numbers. Murders, disappearances, and torture are a common part of life. In spite of its generality, on this level violence affects primarily those who interest themselves in politics or ideas.

Scale Level 2: There is a limited amount of imprisonment for nonviolent political activity. However, few persons are affected, torture and beatings are exceptional. Political murder is rare.

Scale Level 1: Countries live under a secure rule of law, people are not imprisoned for their views, and torture is rare or exceptional. Political murders are extremely rare.

1

High-intensity conflict (conflict level 5 on the PIOOM scale: large-scale armedconflict that caused more than 1,000 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001)

Low-intensity conflict (conflict level 4 on the PIOOM scale: armed conflict that caused 100 to 1,000 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001)

Violent political conflict (conflict level 3 on the PIOOM scale: armed conflict thatcaused less than 100 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001)

Central and South America

High Human Development

0.864 Barbados

0.842 Argentina

0.828 Uruguay

0.825 Chile

0.821 Costa Rica

0.820 Bahamas

Medium Human Development

0.798 Trinidad and Tob.

0.790 Mexico

0.784 Panama

0.776 Belize

0.765 Colombia

0.765 Venezuela

0.758 Surinam

0.750 Brazil

0.743 Peru

0.738 Jamaica

0.738 Paraguay

0.726 Ecuador

0.722 Dominican Rep.

0.704 Guyana

0.701 El Salvador

0.648 Bolivia

0.635 Nicaragua

0.634 Honduras

0.626 Guatemala

Low Human Development

0.476 Haiti

Incomplete Data

? Antigua

? Cayman Islands

? Cuba

? Dominica

? Grenada

? St. Kitts & Nevis

? St. Lucia

? St. Vincent

ac37

c26

35

a43

45

39

c42

18

bc

Far East and South East Asia

High Human Development

0.936 Australia

0.928 Japan

0.913 New Zealand

0.880 Hong Kong

0.876 Singapore

0.875 South Korea

0.857 Brunei

Medium Human Development

0.774 Malaysia

0.757 Fiji

0.757 Thailand

0.749 Philippines

0.718 PR of China

0.701 West Samoa

0.682 Vietnam

0.677 Indonesia

0.569 Mongolia

0.551 Burma (Myanmar)

0.541 Cambodia

0.534 Pap. New Guinea

Low Human Development

0.476 Laos

Incomplete Data

? China (Tibet)

? Cook Islands

? East Timor

? Marshall Islands

? Micronesia

? Nauru

? Niue

? North Korea

? Solomon Islands

? Taiwan

? Tonga

23

29

21

1

abc31

c30

Abc47

c

bc

abc

20

c

33

c

38

Human Development Index (Data for 2000)

0.800 and above = High Human Development0.500 to 0.799 = Medium Human Developmentbelow 0.500 = Low Human Development

The Human Development Index is based on three indicators: longevity, as measured by life expectancy at birth; educational attainment, as measured by a combination of adult literacy (two-thirds weight) and combined primary, secondary and tertiary enrollment ratios (one-third weight); and standard of living, as measured by real Gross Domestic Product per capita (PPP$).

Source: UNDP. Human Development Report 2001.New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Medium Human Development

0.765 Mauritius

0.708 Cape Verde

0.702 South Africa

0.617 Gabon

0.610 Equat. Guinea

0.601 Namibia

0.583 Swaziland

0.577 Botswana

0.554 Zimbabwe

0.542 Ghana

0.541 Lesotho

0.514 Kenya

0.510 Comoros

0.506 Cameroon

0.502 Congo-Brazz.

Low Human Development

0.489 Togo

0.462 Madagascar

0.455 Nigeria

0.447 Djibouti

0.439 Sudan

0.437 Mauritania

0.436 Tanzania

0.435 Uganda

0.429 Congo (Zaire)

0.427 Zambia

0.426 Ivory Coast

0.423 Senegal

0.422 Angola

0.420 Benin

0.416 Eritrea

0.398 Gambia

0.397 Guinea

0.397 Malawi

0.395 Rwanda

0.378 Mali

0.372 CA Republic

0.359 Chad

0.339 Guinea-Bissau

0.323 Mozambique

0.321 Ethiopia

0.320 Burkina Faso

0.309 Burundi

0.274 Niger

0.258 Sierra Leone

Incomplete Data

? Liberia

? Seychelles

? Somalia

? Western Sahara

abc27

46

c

40

c

c

c

North Africa, Middle East & Central Asia

High Human Development

0.893 Israel

? Palest. Auth.

0.824 Bahrein

0.818 Kuwait

0.809 UA Emirates

0.801 Qatar

Medium Human Development

0.770 Libya

0.758 Lebanon

0.754 Saudi Arabia

0.747 Oman

0.739 Maldives

0.735 Sri Lanka

0.714 Iran

0.714 Jordan

0.714 Tunesia

0.700 Syria

0.693 Algeria

0.635 Egypt

0.596 Morocco

0.571 India

Low Human Development

0.498 Pakistan

0.480 Nepal

0.477 Bhutan

0.470 Bangladesh

0.468 Yemen

Incomplete Data

? Afghanistan

? Iraq

ABc

c

Ac

Abc

aBC

abc

c

bc

bc

c

a

19

28

34

41

48

Europe, Former Soviet Union, North America

Medium Human Development

0.791 Latvia

0.782 Belarus

0.775 Russia

? Chechnya

0.772 Bulgaria

0.772 Romania

0.766 Macedonia

0.745 Armenia

0.742 Georgia

0.742 Kazakhstan

0.742 Ukraine

0.738 Azerbaijan

0.735 Turkey

0.730 Turkmenistan

0.725 Albania

0.707 Kyrgyzstan

0.699 Moldova

0.698 Uzbekistan

0.660 Tajikistan

Incomplete data

? Bosnia-Herz.

? Form.Yugoslavia

? Kosovo

? Liechtenstein

ab

ABC

c

c

a

a

44

32

36

Europe, Former Soviet Union, North America

High Human Development

0.939 Norway

0.936 Canada

0.936 Sweden

0.935 Belgium

0.934 United States

0.932 Iceland

0.931 Netherlands

0.925 Finland

0.924 France

0.924 Luxembourg

0.924 Switzerland

0.923 United Kingdom

0.921 Austria

0.921 Denmark

0.921 Germany

0.916 Ireland

0.909 Italy

0.899 Spain

0.881 Greece

0.877 Cyprus

0.874 Portugal

0.874 Slovenia

0.866 Malta

0.844 Czech Republic

0.831 Slovakia

0.829 Hungary

0.828 Poland

0.812 Estonia

0.803 Croatia

0.803 Lithuania

ABC

Ac

Ac

c

c

c

9

10

3

12

2

5

16

4

8

7

11

14

6

13

24

15

22

17

25

44

Paul Flum Founder

This map was made possiblewith a grant from the Goals for Americans® Foundation, St. Louis, MO, USA. Focusing on long-rangeplanning, Goals for Americans promotes addressing problems that lead to conflicts before they arise. For more information, visit our site at www.goalsforamericans.org

All rights on the World Conflict & Human Rights Map 2001 / 2002 and the explanatory text on the back page are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from:

Albert J. JongmanPIOOM, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlandsphone: 31 71 5273849, fax: 31 71 5273815,E-mail: jongman@FSW.LeidenUniv.nl

Order Information on how to obtain copies of this map: see PIOOM’s Website: <http://www.fsw.leidenuniv.nl/www/w3_liswo/ pioom.htm>

Map and graphics by Kasemir Publicity & Design, Groningen, The Netherlands.

®

# country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

9. Yugoslavia (Kosovo: UCK, TMK) LIC AC E/M4/Susp . SCR . .10. Yugoslavia (Presevo: UCPMB) LIC . . . . . .

Sub-Saharan Africa11. Cameroon (Chari & Logone) LIC . . . . . .12. CA Republic (MDD vs. RDC) LIC . . . LCR . .13. Congo, Brazzaville (Militias) LIC . E/M3/Susp . CRI . .14. Congo, DR (Aru District) LIC . . . . . .15. Congo, DR (Equateur Prov.: MLC) LIC . . . . . .16. Ethiopia (Ogaden: ONLF) LIC . . MAC SCR . WAR17. Ethiopia (Oromo: OLF) LIC . E/M1/Susp MAC . . WAR18. Ethiopia-Eritrea (Border) LIC WAR/C2 . WAR WAR WAR WAR19. Ivory Coast (Kroumen vs. Burkinabe) LIC . . . . . .20. Ivory Coast (Paramil. vs. Dioula) LIC . . . CRI . .21. Kenya (Kerio Valley) LIC . . . . . .22. Kenya (Rift Valley) LIC . . . . . .23. Kenya (Moyale-Marsabit, OLF) LIC . . . . . .24. Liberia (Lofa: LURD) LIC . P/E/M4/Spor MAC WAR . WAR25. Nigeria (Cross Riv. vs. Akwa Iban) LIC . . . . . .26. Nigeria (Delta: Urhobo vs. Itsekiri) LIC . . . . . .27. Nigeria (Delta: PNDRM) LIC . . . . . .28. Nigeria (Gombe: Tula vs. Awak) LIC . . . . . .29. Nigeria (Imo: Vigilantes) LIC . . . . . .30. Nigeria (Lagos: OPC vs. Hausa) LIC . . . . . .31. Nigeria (Nasarawa: Alagos vs. Tiv) LIC . . . . . .32. Nigeria (Ondo: Ijaw vs. Ilaye) LIC . . . . . .33. Nigeria (Osun: Ife vs. Modakeke) LIC . . . . . .34. Nigeria (Taraba: Tiv vs. Jukun) LIC . . . . . .35. Senegal (Casamance: MFDC) LIC WAR/B2 E/M1/Spor IAC CRI . WAR36. Somalia (MJVA vs. SRRC) LIC WAR/E2 P/M5/Spor . CRI WAR WAR37. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal) LIC . . . LCR . .38. Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba) LIC . . . CRI . .39. Uganda (North: LRA, UNRF) LIC WAR/A2 P/E/M1/Spor IAC SCR . WAR40. Uganda (Karamojong) LIC . . . . . .

North Africa & Middle East41. Algeria (Kabylia: Berbers) LIC . . . . . .42. Iran-Iraq (border: MeK) LIC WAR/A2 . IAC CRI WAR .43. Iran-Afghanistan (Khorasan, Farah) LIC . . . . . .44. Iran-Pakistan (Sistan, Baluchistan) LIC . . . . . .45. Iran (Traditionalists vs. Modernists) LIC . . . LCR . .46. Iraq vs. USA, UK LIC WAR/C2 . . SCR . WAR47. Iraq (Kirkuk, Mosul: Kurds) LIC . E/M1/Susp . CRI . .48. Iraq (South: SCIRI, INC, ICP) LIC . E/M3/Repr . CRI WAR .49. Lebanon (Sheeba Farms) LIC WAR/CE2 . . SCR . .50. Palestine (Inter-Palest. Fighting) LIC . . . . . .

Central & South Asia51. Bangladesh (Kushtia: Communists) LIC . E/M2/Susp . . . .52. India (Andhra Pradesh: PWG, e.a.) LIC WAR/A2 . MAC . . WAR53. India (Bihar: MLA, JMM, MCC, PWG)LIC . . . . .54. India (Assam: ULFA, SULFA, e.a.) LIC WAR/B2 E/M2/Spor IAC SCR WAR WAR55. India (Haryana: Brahmin vs. Dalits) LIC . . . . . .56. India (Madhya Pradesh: PWG) LIC . . . . . .57. India (Maharashtra: Hind. vs. Christ.) LIC . . . . . .58. India (Nagaland: NSCN-IM, NSCN-K) LIC AC . . . . .59. India (Punjab: Hind. vs. Christ.) LIC . . . . . .60. India (Tripura: ATTF, NLTF, e.a.) LIC WAR/B2 . MAC . . WAR61. India (Uttar Pradesh: Hd. vs. Chr.) LIC . . . . . .62. India (West Bengal: KPF, GNLF, ea.) LIC . . . . . .63. India-Pakistan (Siachen Glacier) LIC . . . . . .64. Kyrgyzstan (Sokh Enclave) LIC . . . SCR . .65. Nepal (Maoists: UPF) LIC WAR/A2 P/M1/Ongo MAC SCR . WAR66. Pakistan (NWFP: Intertribal) LIC . . . . . .67. Tajikistan (Kyurgan-Tyube) LIC AC P/M3/Susp . CRI . .68. Uzbekistan (Ferghana Valley) LIC WAR/AE1 . MAC SCR . WAR

Far East & Southeast Asia 69. Indonesia (East Timor) LIC . E/M2/Susp . CRI . .70. Indonesia (Java: NU vs. Golkar) LIC . . . LCR . .71. Indonesia (Sulawesi: Chr. vs. Musl.) LIC . . . . . .72. Indonesia (West Irian: OPM) LIC . . . CRI . WAR73. Indonesia (West Kalimantan) LIC . . . CRI . .74. Myanmar (Border Thailand) LIC AC E/M4/Ongo IAC CRI WAR WAR75. Myanmar (Border China: Wa) LIC . . . . . .76. Myanmar (North: Shan) LIC . . . . . WAR77. Myanmar (Taninthayi: Karenni) LIC . . . . . WAR78. Philippines (Communists: NPA) LIC WAR/A2 P/M3/Spor IAC LCR WAR WAR79. Philippines (Jolo: ASG) LIC . . . . . .

Violent Political Conflicts (VPC)

# country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

Central & South America1. Guatemala (Armed Gangs, Vigilantes) VPC . P/E/M5/Susp . . . .2. Mexico (Chiapas: EZLN) VPC AC . . CRI . .3. Peru (Sendero Luminoso) VPC . P/E/M3/Susp . LCR WAR .4. Peru (Overthrow Fujimori) VPC . . . CRI . .

West, Central & Eastern Europe5. Albania (Tosks vs. Ghegs) VPC . P/M2/Susp . LCR . .6. Bosnia-Herz. (‘Young generals’) VPC . E/M6/Susp . CRI . .7. Croatia (E/W. Slavonia, Krajina) VPC . E/M3/Susp . . . .8. Cyprus (Greek vs. Turks) VPC . . . CRI . .9. France (Corsica: FLNC) VPC . . . CRI . .10. Georgia (Abkhazia: Gali) VPC AC E/M1/Susp . CRI . .11. Montenegro (Spillover Kosovo) VPC . . . CRI . .12. Northern Ireland (Prot. vs. Cath.) VPC . . . CRI . .13. Spain (Basques: ETA, HAIKA) VPC . . . SCR . .

Sub-Saharan Africa14. Chad (Doba Basin: CSNPD) VPC . . . CRI . .15. Comoros (Secession Nzwani isl.) VPC . P/M1/Spor . CRI . .16. Guinea Bissau VPC . P/M2/Susp . CRI . WAR17. Lesotho (Army mutiny) VPC . P/M1/Susp . LCR . .

# country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

18. Mauritania-Senegal (Senegal River) VPC . . . CRI . .19. Niger (North: Tuareg) VPC . E/M1/Susp . . . .20. Western Sahara (POLISARIO) VPC . . . CRI . .21. Zambia (Kaputa: Spillover Angola) VPC . . . CRI . .22. Zimbabwe (ZANU-PF vs. MDC) VPC . . . CRI . .

Middle East23. Egypt (Islamists) VPC . P/M1/Repr . CRI . .24. Iraq (PUK vs. DPK) VPC . . . CRI . .

Central & South Asia25. Bangladesh (BNP vs. Awami League) VPC . . . CRI . .26. Bangladesh-Myanmar (Rohingyas) VPC . . . CRI . .27. India (Manipur: Pathei vs. Waife) VPC . . . . . .28. India (Manipur: Kuki vs. Zomi) VPC . . MAC . . WAR29. India (Kokrajhir: Bodos) VPC WAR/B2 . . . . .30. India-Bangladesh (Feni dist.) VPC . . . CRI . .

Far East & Southeast Asia31. Cambodia (Coup Attempt, CFF) VPC . P/M2/Susp . LCR . .32. China (Tibet) VPC . . . CRI . .33. China (Xinjiang: Uighurs) VPC . E/M2/Repr . LCR . .34. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) VPC . E/M1/Susp . LCR . .35. Fiji (Fijians vs. Indian Immigrants) VPC . . . SCR . .36. North/South Korea (Divided Country) VPC . . . CRI . .37. Philippines (People’s Power II) VPC . . . . . .38. Solomon Islands (IFF vs. MEF) VPC WAR/B2 . . SCR . .

Tensions (TEN)

# country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

West, Central & Eastern Europe1. Greece, Turkey (Aegean islands) TEN . . . CRI . .2. Moldova (Transdnistr) TEN . E/M1/Susp . LCR . .

Sub-Saharan Africa3. Namibia (West Caprivi) TEN . . . CRI . .

Middle East4. Iran-Iraq TEN . . . CRI . .5. Israel-Syria TEN . . . CRI . .

Far East & Southeast Asia6. Taiwan-China TEN . . . CRI . .

Legend:

PIOOM (Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations, Leiden, Netherlands): HIC : High-Intensity Conflict; LIC : Low-Intensity Conflict ; VPC: Violent Political Conflict; TEN: Tension Situation.

AKUF (Working Group on the Causes of War, Hamburg, Germany): WAR : War; AC: Armed Conflict. AKUF distinguishes thefollowing types of war: A: Anti-regime war; B: War for autonomy or secessionist war;C: Interstate war; D: De-Colonization war;E: other intra-state war; 1: War with direct foreign intervention;2: War without direct foreign intervention.

CIDCM (Center for International Development and Conflict Management, Maryland, United States): CIDCM characterizes con-flicts as follows: C: Communal; E: Ethnic; I : International; P: Political; CIDCM ranks the conflicts according to magnitude basedon a scale for the number of deaths: M1-10: Magnitude of conflict on a scale from 1 (low damage and limited scope) to 10 (totaldestruction); CIDCM reports on the status of the conflict as of November 7, 2000: Ongo: Ongoing (active, coordinated militaryoperations); Spor: Sporadic (occasional militant clashes or terrorist incidents, without evidence of sustained challenges); Repr:Repressed (sufficient armed force has been deployed to contain serious challenges by the opposition despite the fact that the under-lying source of the conflict remains serious and unresolved); Susp: Suspended (conflict has been suspended for a substantial peri-od, due to stalemate, cease-fire or peace settlement).

DPCR (Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala, Sweden): DPCR identifies three categories of conflict: WAR : MajorArmed Conflict; IAC : Intermediate armed conflict; and MA C: Minor Armed Conflict.

HIIK (Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Heidelberg, Germany): HIIK four categories of conflict of whichonly the first two are violent: WAR : War; SCR: Serious Crisis; CRI : Crisis; LCR : Latent Crisis.

SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden): SIPRI identifies only the major wars which large-ly coincide with DPCR’s Major Armed Conflicts. WAR : War.

SOWAP (State of War and Peace Atlas, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway): The Atlas lists armed conflict dur-ing the 1990-2000 period. The table lists the conflicts with an ongoing combat states during the year 2000. WAR : War.

References

AKUF : Thomas Rabehl, Wolfgang Schreiber (Eds.) Das Kriegsgeschehen 2000. Daten und Tendenzen der kriege und bewaffnetenKonflikte. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, 2001, 285p. http://www.sozialwiss.uni-hamburg.de/Ipw/Akuf/kriege00_txt.htm

CIDCM : Ted Robert Gurr, Monty G. Marshall, Deepa Khosla. Peace and Conflict 2001. A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy.University of Maryland, College Park, 2001, 33p. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm &http://members.aol.com/cspmgm/warlist.htm

DPCR: Peter Wallensteen, Margareta Sollenberg. Armed Conflict, 1989-2000. Journal of Peace Research,38(5), 2001.http://www.peace.uu.se

HIIK : Konfliktbarometer 2000. Krisen, Kriege, Putsche, Verhandlungen, Vermittlung, Friedensschlüsse. 9. JährlicheKonfliktanalyse.Heidelberg: Heidelberger Institut für Internationale Konfliktforschung e.V, 2001. http://www.HIIK.de

SIPRI: SIPRI. SIPRI Yearbook 2001. Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001,715p. http://www.sipri.se

SOWAP: Dan Smith. Counting Wars: The Research Implications of Definitional Decisions. Paper presented at the Uppsala ConflictData Conference, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala, 8-9 June 2001, 17p. (The data presented in this paper willbe published in the 2002 edition of the State of War and Peace Atlas.)

Mapping Dimensions of Contemporary Conflicts and Human Rights Violationsby

A.J. Jongman (PIOOM)

“...today’s human rights violations are the causes of tomorrow’s conflicts.” - Mary Robinson, UN HighCommissioner for Human Rights

IntroductionHuman rights violations are precursor events to violent conflicts and military hostilities. On the other hand, grosshuman rights violations and large-scale humanitarian catastrophes are a consequence of armed conflict. It makessense, then, to map both human rights abuses and conflicts together. In the following, some background informa-tion on the Conflict & Human Rights Map is offered. The World Map provides a visualization of the global situ-ation in mid-2001. For some years PIOOM - the Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations - hasbeen registering manifestations of political violence and armed conflict. We publish part of our findings in a mapformat, either as a concise A3 centerfold or as larger A1+-map. This is the fourth of our large maps, updating theWorld Conflict Map 2000. The present map covers the period mid-2000 to mid-2001, focusing chiefly on upperlevels of violent and armed conflicts. Part of our information is from PIOOM’s own databank; other facts and fig-ures are derived from the scientific literature, international organizations, non-governmental organizations(NGOs), and governments. Our data are based on a comparison of diverse sources, partisan and nonpartisan, andusually reflect low estimates. As we review previous Conflict Map data, we only rarely find that we have to down-size previous estimates. In an attempt to compare our findings with the results of other armed conflict registrars,we have included information on how others have listed specific cases. As PIOOM casts it net wider than others,there are a number of differences. We register not only wars (‘collective, direct, manifest, personal, intentional,organized, institutionalized, instrumental, sanctioned, and sometimes ritualized and regulated, violence,’ accord-ing to the definition of J. v.d.Dennen) but also war-like conflicts (We label both phenomena High-IntensityConflicts (HIC) when more than 1,000 conflict-related fatalities occur in a 12-month period). Our next categorycovers LICs -low-intensity-conflicts (between 100 and 1,000 fatalities in a 12-month period). The next lower cat-egory covers VPCs -violent political conflicts (less than 100 deaths in a 12-month period but usually more than 25fatalities). While some registrars of ‘war’ or ‘major armed conflict’ include only those conflicts in which a gov-ernment is one of the parties, we focus also on inter-communal conflicts. In other inventories of armed conflictsthese are often not registered at all. We have made an effort to disaggregate these individual violent communal con-flicts, listing them separately.Due to more thorough monitoring, based on a daily coding of multiple sources of information, including mediareports, government reports, NGO accounts and academic literature, we are able to present what we believe to bethe most comprehensive single concise overview of contemporary political conflict in the open literature. We donot, however, claim completeness for our coverage. As conflicts are less intense and therefore less visible, they canfor quite some time escape the eye of the distant observer. The Conflict Map 2001/2002 does not depict more than300 domestic ‘political tension situations’ PIOOM came across during the past year. They are presented on thebackside of the map. These hard-to-monitor sub-critical, mainly pre- and sometimes post-violent dispute and ten-sion situations remain essentially unregistered by the academic research community despite much rhetoric aboutthe need for Early Warning. The current map excludes massacres and campaigns of violence by criminal actors,except in those cases where these have clear political or terrorist overtones. Despite the care with which we havechecked our data, many of our findings are only estimates of magnitudes rather than exact numbers. They willrequire correction once the full proportions of conflicts become visible when the fog of war and censorship hascleared. It is likely that a number of cases of ‘political tension situations’ should have been placed in a higher cat-egory of conflict. However, PIOOM rather errs on the side of caution than engaging in exaggeration.

Table 1: Stages of Conflict with Crisis Thresholds

STAGE I: PEACEFUL STABLE SITUATIONHigh Degree of Social Stability & Regime Legitimacy

STAGE II: POLITICAL TENSION SITUATIONGrowing Levels of Systemic Strain and Increasing Social and Political Cleavages, often along Factional Lines

* * P O L I T I C A L C R I S I S * *STAGE III: VIOLENT POLITICAL CONFLICT

Erosion of the Government’s Political Legitimacy and/or Rising Acceptance of Factional PoliticsSTAGE IV: LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT

Open Hostility and Armed Conflict among Factional Groups/Regime Repression and Insurgency* * H U M A N I T A R I A N C R I S I S * *

STAGE V: HIGH-INTENSITY CONFLICTOrganized Combat between Rival Groups/Massive Killings/Displacement of Sectors of the Civilian Population

The New War Against International Terrorism

In the final stage of the preparation of the conflict map the first shots were fired in ‘Operation Enduring Freedom,’the first big war of the new millennium. The United States and Great Britain attacked Afghanistan with cruise mis-siles and fighter bombers to gain air superiority necessary for ground operations. The attack was triggered by theSeptember 11, 2001, multiple terrorist attacks on the most visible symbols of American power, the World TradeCenter in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, by using hijacked civilian airplanes and crashing them intothe targets. In the devastating attacks more than 3,000 people were killed, which makes it the most lethal interna-tional terrorist incident. As those responsible for the attacks have shown no moral restraints in killing innocenthuman beings, the risk of the future use of weapons of mass destruction has also increased. Intelligence informa-tion indicates that the perpetrator organization has been involved in attempts to acquire weapons of mass destruc-tion. At the time of writing, the first anthrax death has been registered and the first evidence appeared of a bioter-rorism attack by sending anthrax spores in letters to media targets. Experts believe the anthrax discovered atCapitol Hill is a strain produced by experts which makes the involvement of a state more likely. Many letters werediscovered elsewhere in the world. Most of them were hoaxes as news media coverage of the anthrax scare trig-gered a cycle of copycat behavior. The US administration immediately expanded its anti-bioterrorism programs.Several European countries introduced new measures to tackle chemical or biological attack, while pointing outthat they anticipate isolated cases at most. The EU decided to improve cooperation among the health services inthe EU and candidate countries to compile information about stocks of vaccine, serums and antibiotics, and theavailability of hospital beds for seriously injured victims of a terrorist attack. It also created a task force to set upa terrorism monitoring center. Recent research indicates that European surveillance systems for detecting, moni-toring and controlling disease outbreaks are weak. Researchers found critical weaknesses in detection, coordina-tion, funding and reporting. The American government holds the international terrorist network al Qaeda responsible for the September 11attacks, immediately mobilized an international coalition to fight terrorism with a global reach. The attacks werealso considered as an attack on NATO which means that NATO actively supports the United States in fighting itsnew war against international terrorism. The United States formulated a war plan that consists of three missions:prevent any further attacks against American assets by al Qaeda; kill Osama bin Laden and destroy al Qaeda andall of its linked organizations on a worldwide basis; and punish all countries that have supported al Qaeda, begin-ning with Afghanistan. The September 11, 2001, attacks and the military response set in motion a chain of eventsthat might result in new wars and increased levels of insecurity in the world. The military operations may lead tochanges in several governments including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and might destabilize many otherslike Indonesia, Algeria, Malaysia and the Philippines. The so-called jihad factor is present in many ongoing con-flicts listed on the PIOOM map. Thirteen High-Intensity Conflicts and 23 Low-Intensity Conflicts have a jihad-factor. They cover at least 36 locations in the world including almost all regions of the world with the exceptionof Latin America. However, Islamic terrorist networks do have an important bridgehead in Latin America inCiudad del Este which is now under close watch by intelligence services. It seems that there will be a completeoverhaul of the international security regime. Regional defense organizations are likely to reorient themselvestowards the struggle against international terrorism. A number of countries are using their engagement in theAmerican-led coalition to strengthen and/or redefine their status in the world’s hierarchy of power.Immediately after the first attacks in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden indicated in a video brief that the world is nowsplit between believers and nonbelievers. The military operations will be the first critical test of what has beencalled asymmetrical warfare. The war against international terrorism will also have a strong impact on civil liber-ties and human rights. Several countries introduced new far-reaching anti-terrorism legislation. A number of coun-tries will use the ‘war against terrorism’ as an excuse to repress minorities and dissidents.

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks immediately triggered a worldwide debate on the effectiveness of coun-terterrorist measures. We like to refer the readers to the proceedings of an ISPAC conference held in 2000 in Italyand edited by former-PIOOM research coordinator Alex P. Schmid who now heads the Terrorism PreventionBranch of the United Nations (website: http:\\www.odccp.org). Countering Terrorism Through EnhancedInternational Cooperation. Proceedings of the International Conference on ‘Countering Terrorism ThroughEnhanced International Cooperation,’ Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, 22-24 September 2000. (Milan, ISPAC,2001, 392p., e-mail: cnpds.ispac@iol.it) These proceedings include important background information on theproblem of international terrorism and a discussion on political strategies for de-legitimizing the use of terrorism.Currently, much energy is placed on combating the violence, and not enough on countering the political propa-ganda and ideology of terrorists. The policy has already been described as shooting with a cannon at a flock ofstarlings or killing a few mosquitos and leaving the swamp. It is the propaganda that gets terrorist movements newrecruits and keeps their constituencies committed to their cause. Counterterrorist measures should place moreemphasis on psychological, educational and communicational ways of coping with terrorism, without neglectingjudicial, economic and political approaches (see the toolbox of counterterrorist measures on the website of theTerrorism Prevention Branch). One of the lessons of the September 11 tragedy is that terrorists cannot be found if you don’t know where to lookfor them. Good intelligence remains therefore a critical requirement for a successful counterterrorism policy. Atthe time of writing, intelligence sources indicate that America and its immediate military allies face an ongoingthreat of multiple terrorist attacks. Following the first week of military operations against Afghanistan, al Qaedarenewed its threat to the US: ‘Powell, and others in the US administration, know that if al Qaeda organizationpromises or threatens, it fulfills its promise or threat, God willing. Therefore, we tell him tomorrow is not far forhe who waits for it. What will happen is what you are going to see and not what you hear. And the storms willnot calm, especially the aircraft storm. These storms will not calm until you retreat in defeat from Afghanistan,stop your assistance to the Jews in Palestine, end the siege imposed on the Iraqi people, leave the Arabian penin-sula, and stop your support for the Hindus against the Muslims in Kashmir.’ Success of the current military oper-ation will largely depend on the fact whether the coalition can be held together and whether the US-led operationcan gain the legitimacy of the United Nations. If the US expands the military operation to other countries, the coali-tion is expected to fall apart and will lose its popular support. At the time of writing the United States is showingfirst signs that it is willing to engage in nation-building in Afghanistan and cooperate with the United Nations. Theabsence of a viable alternative to the Taliban will have a critical impact upon the way the military campaignunfolds. Afghanistan’s crisis could turn into a humanitarian disaster on the same scale as Rwanda’s in the mid-1990s. Up to seven million people are at risk in Afghanistan. There was little time to act before the winter set inand the hungriest and poorest Afghans are dying of hunger and cold at rates far higher than the aid agencies con-sider to be crisis levels. The World Food Program estimates that it must deliver the equivalent of 52,000 tons offood per month (or 500 trucks per week) to last through the winter season to avert massive starvation. It has also become clear that there is a strong link with the problems in the Middle East. As other conflict situa-tions have illustrated, when a peace process breaks down, this is used by extremists as an excuse to engage in moreviolence because there is a vacuum. A major task for the international community is to fill this vacuum in theMiddle East to prevent it from being exploited by extremists.

A Comparison of Seven Major Data ProjectsAt a June 2001 conference in Uppsala (Sweden) data collectors on armed conflict and political violence present-ed their most recent findings and discussed ways to improve their methodologies and increase the user-friendli-ness of their databases. The following table is based on several presentations which are still accessible at the web-site of the Department of Peace and Conflict Research in Uppsala (website:www.peace.uu.se). Here we use thecurrent PIOOM conflict lists and indicate whether and how the cases on our lists are covered by the six other proj-ects. The table lists all the HICs and LICs to indicate overlap and lacunae. VPCs and Tension Situations wereincluded only if they were covered by at least one of the other six projects. The legend explains the acronyms usedin the table.

High-Intensity Conflicts (HIC)

# country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

Central & South America1. Colombia (FARC) HIC WAR/A2 P/M4/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR

West, Central & Eastern Europe2. Russian Fed. (Chechnya) HIC WAR/B2 E/M4/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR

Sub-Saharan Africa 3. Angola (UNITA) HIC WAR/A2 P/M6/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR4. Burundi (FDD, FNL) HIC WAR/A2 E/M4/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR5. Chad (MDJT, CMAP) HIC AC P/E/M6/Spor MAC SCR WAR WAR6. Congo, DR (RCD, LNR, militias) HIC WAR/AC1 P/E/I/M5/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR7. Congo, DR (Hema vs. Lendu) HIC AC . . . . .8. Guinea (RDFG, RUF, LURD) HIC WAR/A2 . . WAR . WAR9. Nigeria (Musl. vs. Christ.) HIC WAR/BE2 C/M1/Ongo . SCR . WAR10. Rwanda (ALIR 1 & 2) HIC WAR/A2 E/M3/Spor IAC SCR WAR WAR11. Sierra Leone (RUF, WSB) HIC WAR/A1 P/E/M3/Ongo IAC WAR WAR WAR12. Sudan (SPLA e.a) HIC WAR/AB2 E/M6/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR13. Uganda (ADF, NULU, NALU) HIC . . . . . .

North Africa & Middle East14. Algeria (GIA e.a.) HIC WAR/A2 P/M4/Spor WAR SCR WAR WAR15. Israel-Palestine (IDF vs. PLO) HIC WAR/B2 E/M1/Ongo IAC SCR WAR WAR

Central & Southeast Asia 16. Afghanistan (NA, UIFSA) HIC WAR/A2 E/M7/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR 17. India-Pakistan (Kashmir) HIC WAR/B1 E/M3/Ongo WAR SCR WAR WAR (17a.) India (Kashmir) . AC . IAC . WAR WAR18. Pakistan (Punjab: SSP vs. TJP) HIC . . . . . .19. Pakistan (Sindh: MQM) HIC AC E/M1/Repr . SCR . .20. Sri Lanka (Jaffna: LTTE) HIC WAR/B2 E/M5/Ongo WAR WAR WAR WAR

Far East & East Asia21. Indonesia (Aceh: GAM) HIC WAR/B2 E/M1/Spor IAC SCR WAR WAR22. Indonesia (Moluccas: LJ) HIC . E/M1/Ongo . SCR . WAR23. Philippines (Mindanao: MILF) HIC WAR/B2 E/M3/Ongo WAR SCR WAR WAR

Low-Intensity Conflicts (LIC)

# country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

Central & South America1. Colombia (Bolivar: ELN) LIC WAR/A2 . . WAR . .2. Dominican Republic (Gang Warfare)LIC . . . . . .3. Haiti (Govt. vs. Convergence) LIC . . . . . .4. Honduras (Gang Warfare) LIC . . . . . .5. Jamaica (JLP & PNP Gang Warfare) LIC . . . . . .

West, Central & Eastern Europe6. Azerbaijan/Armenia (Nag.-Kar.) LIC . E/M3/Susp . LCR . .7. Macedonia (UCK vs. Govt.) LIC . . . . . .8. Turkey (Sirnak: PKK) LIC WAR/B2 E/M3/Ongo IAC SCR WAR WAR

References

As the world map concentrates on the worst situations, readers should consult the full sources related to the fea-tures covered on the map. The following listing provides the sources and indicates how decisions were made oncertain thresholds or criteria for inclusion or exclusion.

1. Human Development IndexThe Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the most sophisticated indexes that has emerged in the 1990s fromthe United Nations. It is a composite index of equal weight based on measurements of life expectancy, education-al attainment and a decent standard of living. The map presents the index per region according to the levels of high,medium and low development. Countries for which no index was available are listed with a question mark.Source: UNDP. Human Development Report 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 264p.http://www.undp.org

2. DemocracyThe presence or absence of formal democracy is indicated by the color of the name of a country. A country nameprinted in red indicates a non- or pseudo-democracy. A country name printed in black indicates a functioning elec-toral democracy. A country name in italics indicates a territory with a contested statehood. Source:Freedom in the World, 2000-2001. The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000-2001.New York: Freedom House. http://freedomhouse.org

3. Globalization RankingThe Globalization Index tries to indicate the level of globalization in a country by combining information on fourfactors: technological developments, personal contacts, finance, and goods and services. The index quantifies thelevel of personal contacts across national borders by combining data on international travel, international phonecalls, and cross-border remittances and other transfers; it also assesses the growing number of worldwide webusers, the number of Internet hosts and secure servers through which to communicate, find information and con-duct business transactions. The index also tracks the movements of goods and services by examining the chang-ing share of international trade in each country's economy, and it measures the permeability of national bordersthrough the convergence of domestic and international prices. Finally the index tracks the movements of moneyby tabulating inward- and outward-directed foreign investment and portfolio capital flows, as well as income pay-ments and receipts. The analysis includes 48 developed countries and key emerging markets.Source: The A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine. Globalization Index. Foreign Policy, January/February, 2001,pp.56-64. http://www.foreignpolicy.com

4. Weapons of Mass Destruction The symbol used on the world map 2001 indicates the presence or alleged development of weapons of massdestruction. The letters ABC refer to Atomic, Biological and Chemical. A capital letter refers to a confirmed war-fare capability in the respective category. A small letter indicates a threshold situation in the respective categoryor a situation in which the knowledge of a previous capability is still available and can be reactivated.Sources: J.A. Larsen, G.J. Rattray (Eds.) Arms Control towards the 21st Century. Boulder: Rienner, 1996.; - E. Geissler et.al. (Eds.)Conversion of Former BTW Facilities. The Hague: Kluwer, 1998. ]- Protecting the Homeland. Report of the Defense Science Board. 2000 Summer Study. Executive Summary.February 2001. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. Washington,DC.- M.Leitenberg. An Assessment of the Biological Weapons Threat to the United States. A White Paper preparedfor the Conference on Emerging Threats Assessment: Biological Terrorism, at the Institute for SecurityTechnology Studies, Dartmouth College, July 7-9, 2000.

5. LandminesMore than 100 million anti-personnel mines are buried around the world, the majority in Egypt, Iran, China, Iraq,Angola, Cambodia, Afghanistan and Vietnam. March 1, 2001, was the second anniversary of the entry into forceof the Mine Ban Treaty, the 1997 global ban on antipersonnel landmines. While 139 countries have signed theTreaty and 110 have ratified it, 54 countries remain outside the community of nations dedicated to eradicating thisindiscriminante killer. According to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), Russia, Burma, SriLanka, and Angola as well as rebel groups in a dozen conflicts, were actively laying landmines on the Treaty'sanniversary.Source: International Campaign to Ban Landmines. Landmine Monitor Report 1999. New York: Human RightsWatch, 1071p. http://www.icbl.org

6. Child SoldiersMore than 500,000 children are recruited by government forces and armed groups in more than 87 countries, andat least 300,000 children are actively fighting in 41 countries.Source:Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Global Report on Child Soldiers 2001. http://www.child-sol-diers.org

7. Weapons Export Control In connection with the EU Code of Conduct a guiding criterion has been developed to refuse or limit arms exportsapplications. The developed dual list consists of 40 countries (listed on the map with the symbol of an M16 witha red cross) where no kind of exports should be authorized and 75 countries to which an export license would onlybe granted after receiving a series of guarantees. A total of 60 countries legally export small arms. Four majorexporters incl. Brazil, Germany, Russia and the USA export more than US $75 million annually. Another 18 coun-tries are considered as mid-level exporters with exports between US $1 and US $75 million annually. Finally, 20countries export less than $1 million annually. The export of a last group of 18 countries is unknown. Source: -UNESCO Chair on Peace and Human Rights, Escola de Cultura de Pau. 2001 Report: Criteria toAuthorize or Refuse Arms Exports. Bellaterra: Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 2001, 33p.-Graduate Institute of International Studies. Small Arms Survey 2001. Profiling the Problem.Geneva: GIIS, 2001,293p. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org

8. TortureIn 2000, Amnesty International launched a concerted new effort to eradicate torture around the world. The newcampaign is using the Internet to try to extend the protection of international scrutiny to an ever greater number ofpotential victims. The www.stoptorture.org website has led to individuals in 188 countries registering to getinvolved and add their voice to the clamor of justice and freedom from torture. At the start of the campaign AIpublished Take a Step to Stamp Out Torture, drawing on recent reports of torture and ill-treatment from more than150 countries. Torture continues to be used as an instrument of political repression. However, the most commonvictims of torture and ill-treatment are convicted criminals and criminal suspects. Countries in which torture is stillpracticed are indicated on the world map 2001 with the symbol of a 'T.' Sources:US State Department. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Washington, DC: US GPO, 2001.http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000.- Amnesty International. Report 2001. London: Amnesty InternationalPublications, 2001, 302p. http://www.amnesty.org

9. Death Penalty By the end of 2000, 75 countries and territories had abolished the death penalty for all crimes. A further 13 coun-tries had abolished it for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimes. At least 20 countries were abolition-ist in practice: they had not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and were believed to have anestablished practice of not carrying out executions. In 2000, at least 1,457 people were executed in 28 countries,according to Amnesty International. At least 3,058 people were sentenced to death in 65 countries. These figuresinclude only cases known to Amnesty International. The true figures were certainly higher. The vast majority ofexecutions worldwide are carried out in a tiny handful of countries. In 2000, 88 percent of all known executionstook place in China, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the USA. Countries that retain the death penalty receive a sym-bol of a noose.Source: Amnesty International. Report 2001. London: Amnesty International Publications, 2001, 302p.http://www.amnesty.org

10. Press FreedomLeonard Sussman reports annually on the situation of press freedom in the world. In his latest 2001 survey (report-ing on the year 2000) he examined 186 countries. The world map 2001 indicates the countries with restricted pressfreedoms by the symbol of a pen with a cross. Sussman lists countries on a scale from 1 to 100. The countries cat-

egorized as 'not free' (scale values 61 to 100) receive a symbol of a pen with a red cross on the map.Source: Leonard R. Sussman. Press Freedom Survey 2001. New York: Freedom House. http://freedomhouse.org

11. Corruption Since 1995 Transparency International (TI) has published the Corruption Perceptions Index which draws uponnumerous distinct surveys of experts as well as public opinion surveys to assess the extent of corruption in manycountries around the world. TI holds that securing democracy, alleviating poverty and human suffering, and sus-taining investment and commerce, are inextricably dependent upon curbing corruption. In its most recent 2001 sur-vey 91 countries are covered. On the world map 2001 countries with moderate to high levels (scores 4 to 10 on a10 point scale) of corruption are identified with the symbol of a bundle of bank notes.Source: Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index 2001NRC Handelsblad. Profiel: Corruptie. 31 mei 2001. http://www.transparency.org

12. Drug ProductionUNDCP estimates 180 million people consume illicit drugs (annual prevalence in the late 1990s). This includes144 million for cannabis, 29 million for ATS, 14 million for cocaine and 13.5 million for opiates (of which 9 mil-lion for heroin). Clandestine synthetic drugs are spreading rapidly as part of a mass youth culture. Clandestine syn-thetic drugs are very strong candidates for assuming an increasing share of worldwide drug markets. The ten-yeartrafficking trend (1990-1999) shows ATS growing at an annual average rate of 30%, compared to 6% for cannabisherb, 5% for heroin, 4% for cannabis resin and 3% for cocaine. The debates on the effectiveness of the 'war ondrugs' and the legalization of certain kinds of drugs are continuing. A growing number of terrorist organizationsare financing their activities with the profits made by trafficking drugs. As the call for cutting off the financialsources of terrorism has become stronger, counterterrorism policies will be linked to the fight against drug-traf-ficking. The world map indicates the drug-producing countries with the symbols of a marijuana leaf (for cannabis),a coca leaf (for cocaine), a poppy (for heroine) and two ecstasy tablets (for ATS).Sources: Annual Report of the US President to Congress on Major Illicit Drug-Producing or Drug-TransitCountries. Quoted by Dawn, November 3, 2000.UN World Drug Report 2000. NRC Handelsblad. Profiel: Drugs. 8 Maart 2001. http://odccp.org

13. Money-LaunderingCombating money laundering is a dynamic process because criminals or terrorists who launder money are contin-ually seeking new ways to achieve their illegal ends. To make the international financial system less vulnerable tomoney-laundering, governments must intensify their efforts to remove any detrimental rules and practices whichobstruct international cooperation against money-laundering. The Financial Action Task Force on MoneyLaundering (FATF) has identified jurisdictions with serious systematic problems. It recommends that financialinstitutions should give special attention to business relations and transactions with persons, including companiesand financial institutions, from these 'non-cooperative countries and territories.' It is expected that the current listwill be extended by new jurisdictions as high priority is given to the struggle against international terrorist net-works. On the world map the jurisdictions currently listed are indicated with the symbol of a briefcase with a dol-lar sign.Source: Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money Laundering. Review to Identify Non-CooperativeCountries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money-Laundering Measures.http://www.oecd.org/fatf

14. Human Trafficking Illegal migration is a growing problem and seen by a number of countries as a burden on welfare and a threat tonational identities. The European Union estimates that 500,000 illegal migrants arrived during the year 2000, upfrom an estimated 40,000 as recently as 1993. Trafficking humans has become a profitable enterprise for organ-ized crime. Many people borrow money to pay crime rings to move them to a European country. This is not with-out risk. It is estimated that more than 6,000 people have died during their journey since 1996. US reports indicatethat there are 23 countries countries that fail to end the problem (tier three), while another 47 countries do not meetminimum standards but are trying to end the problem (tier two). Under legislation passed by the US Congress in2000, countries have until 2003 to show that they are serious about ending the practice, otherwise Washington mayimpose sanctions against them. The EU is currently reviewing its immigration policy as estimates suggest that asmany as 35 million immigrants may be needed by 2025 to offset an aging population. The world map 2001 indi-cates tier three countries with the symbol of a coaster with illegal migrants. Source: US State Department. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act.Washington, DC: US StateDepartment, 2001. Quoted by BBC, July 12, 2001.

15. Disaster Vulnerability Countries are listed on the world map (with the symbol of the International Federation of Red Cross and RedCrescent Societies) if more than 1 percent of the population was killed and affected by disasters in the period 1991-2000. Disaster is defined as a situation or event that overwhelms local capacity and fulfills at least one of the fol-lowing criteria: 10 or more people reported killed (people confirmed dead, or missing and presumed dead); 100people reported affected (people requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency, such as food, water,shelter, sanitation and immediate medical assistance); a call for international assistance; and/or the declaration ofa state of emergency. Each year an estimated 211 million people on average are affected by disasters. A total of256 million people were affected by disasters in 2000, with 20,000 deaths. Over the past decade 750,000 have died. Source:International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. World Disasters Report 2001. Geneva:IFRC/RCS, 2001, 248p. http://www.ifrc.org

16. Food SecurityA total of 33 countries are facing exceptional food emergencies, 17 in Africa, 12 in Asia, 2 in Latin America and2 in Europe. Another 13 countries have unfavorable prospects for current crops. The countries with a food crisisreceive a symbol of an empty plate on the world map 2001.Source:FAO/GIEWS-Foodcrops & Shortages, No. 3, June 2001. http://www.fao.org

17. AIDS Infection Rate The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes AIDS has brought about a pandemic far more extensivethan was predicted even a decade ago. UNAIDS and WHO now estimate that the number of people living withHIV and AIDS at the end of the year 2000 stands at 36.1 million. This is more than 50 percent higher than whatWHO's Global Programme on AIDS projected in 1991 on the basis of the data then available. The challengesthrown up by HIV vary enormously from place to place, depending on how far and fast the virus is spreading andon whether those infected have started to fall ill or die in large numbers. In 2000, there were 5.3 million newlyinfected people with HIV. During the year a total of 3 million people died of AIDS. The total number of deaths ofthe AIDS pandemic stands at 21.8 million. The world map 2001 indicates the countries with HIV infection ratesof more than 1 percent of the population with a symbol of a red ribbon. Source: UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2000.Geneva: UNAIDS, WHO, 2000, 23p.http://www.unaids.org

18. DisplacementThe US Committee for Refugees provides annual statistics on refugees and other uprooted people. It provides thesefigures after careful scrutiny of every available reliable source, supplementing that information with first-handinvestigations. As of December 31, 2000, it counted a total of 14,544,000 refugees worldwide. This is an increaseof 400,000 in comparison to the previous year. New displacement occurred in Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi,Colombia, Congo DR, Guinea, Indonesia, Liberia, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Uganda. Onthe world map 2001 the countries of origin are indicated with the symbol of a refugee (a mother and child). Source:US Committee for Refugees. World Refugee Survey 2001. Washington, DC: US Committee for Refugees,2001, 306p. http://www.refugees.org

19. Complex EmergencyReliefweb provides humanitarian response information on current emergencies and countries of concern. In June2001, the website listed 20 emergencies covering a total of 32 countries. They are indicated on the world map 2001with the symbol of a broken star with an exclamation mark.Source:Reliefweb. http://www.reliefweb

List of Parties Involved in Political Violence

Organizations that have been involved in political violenceare listed per country in alphabetical order. The list is aselection and focuses on ongoing conflicts and is in no waycomprehensive. Not all names listed here can be consideredas terrorist or guerrilla organizations. Some of them are reg-ular political parties or government agencies. Group namesprinted in bold are designated Foreign TerroristOrganizations (FTOs) by the American government. Thedesignation carries legal consequences: 1) It is unlawful toprovide funds or other material support to a designatedFTO; 2) Representatives and certain members of a designat-ed FTO can be denied visas or excluded from the UnitedStates; 3) US financial institutions must block funds of des-ignated FTOs and their agents and must report the blockageto the US Department of the Treasury.

AFGHANISTANaQ -al QaidaaJ -al JihadDiIiI -Invitation to Islamic Unity (Da'wati-Ittehad-

i-Islami)HiW -United Party (Hezb-i-Wahdat)HiI -Islamic Movement (Harakat-i-Islami)HiIiA -Party of Islamic Thunder (Hizb-i-Islami-i-

Afghanistan) IP/G -Islamic Party (Hizb-Islami Gulbuddin)IP/K -Islamic Party (Hizb-Islami-Kha'lis)IiI -Ittihad-i-Islami/Shura-i-Nazar AllianceJiI -Islamic Society (Jamiat-i-Islami)JiM -United Front (Jebh-i-Muttahed)NIMA -National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan

(Jumbisch-i-Milli)NiI -Islamic Movement (Nahzat-i-Islami) NiI -Islamic Force (Niru-i-Islami)PiJiI -Guardians of Islamic Holy war (Pasdaran-i-

Jihadi-i-Islami)SiN -Organization for Victory (Sazeman-i-Nasr)TM -The Seekers (Taliban Movement)UFA -United Front for Afghanistan (Northern

Alliance)UIFSA -United Islamic Front for Salvation of

Afghanistan

ALGERIAAKAL -Alliance for a Free Kabylia AIS -Islamic Salvation Army FIDA -Islamic Front for Armed Holy War DwD -Appeal and Struggle (Da'wa wal Djihad) FIJ -Front of Islamic Jihad GIA -Armed Islamic Group GSPC -Salafist Group for Predication & Combat MEI -Movement of the Islamic State MIA -Armed Islamic Movement MIPJ -Islamic Movement for Spreading the Faith

and Holy War MIS -Movement for Islamic Society SCIAF -Supreme Council of the Islamic Armed

ForcesSDG -Self-Defense Groups (Patriots) TwH -Takfir wa 'l Hijra

ANGOLAFLEC -Liberation Front of the Cabinda EnclaveFLEC-FAC -Liberation Front of the Cabinda Enclave-

Cabinda Armed Forces FLEC-R -Liberation Front of the Cabinda Enclave-

RenewedUNITA -National Union for the Total Liberation of

Angola

BANGLADESHAL -Awami LeagueBCL -Bangladesh Chhatra League BNP -Bangladesh National PartyISF -Islamic Student Front (Chhatra Shibir)IUA -Islamic Unity AllianceJCD -Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal JeIP -Jamaat-e-Islami Party UPDF -United People's Democratic Front

BRAZILMST -Landless Rural Workers Movement

BURMA (MYANMAR)ABMU -All Burma Muslim UnionABSDF -All Students' Democratic FrontAIA/AIO -Arakan Independence Organization/ArmyARIF -Arakan Rohingya Islamic FrontCNF/A -Chin National Force/ArmyDKBA -Democratic Karen Buddhist ArmyDKBO -Democratic Kayen Buddhist OrganizationIBRF -Indo-Burma Revolutionary FrontKA -Karenni ArmyKDA -Kachin Democratic Army KNG -Kayen National GuardKIA -Kachin Independence ArmyKNLA -Karen National Liberation ArmyKNPLF -Karenni National People's Liberation FrontKNLRC -Kayan New Land Revolutionary CouncilKSNLF -Karenni State Nationalities Liberation FrontKPLO -Karenni People's Liberation OrganizationMLOB -Muslim Liberation Organization of BurmaMTA -Mong Tai ArmyNCGUB -National Coalition Government of the Union

of Burma NDA -New Democratic ArmyNLD -National League for Democracy

SPDC -State Peace and Development CouncilSSA -Shan State ArmySSNA -Shan State National ArmySSLNO -Shan State Nationalities Liberation

OrganizationSSPA -Shan State Progress Army SSRC -Shan State Restoration CouncilSURA -Shan United Revolutionary ArmyUWSA -United Wa State Army

BURUNDICNND -National Council for the Defense of

Democracy FDD -Forces for the Defense of Democracy FLN -National Liberation Front PALIPEHUTU-Hutu People's Liberation Party PARENA -Party for National Redress

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICMDD -Movement for Democracy and DevelopmentRDC -Central African Democratic Rally

CAMBODIACFF -Cambodian Freedom FightersKR -Khmer Rouge

CHADCALD -Action Committee for Freedom and

Democracy CMAP -Coordination of Armed Political Movements

of the Opposition DRF -Democratic Revolutionary Front (Toubou) FARF -Armed Forces for the Federal Republic FNTR -Renewed National Chadian Front MDD -Movement for Development and Democracy FANT -National Armed Forces of ChadMDJT -Movement for Democracy and Justice in

Chad

COLOMBIAAUC -United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia CONVIVIR -Civilian Rural Self-Defense Groups ELN -National Liberation Army EPL -People's Liberation Army ERP -Revolutionary People's Army FARC -Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia IFB -Integrated Forces of Bolivar ORP -People’s Revolutionary Organization PCC -First Commando of the Capital PCC-ML -Communist Party of Colombia Marxist-

Leninist SBCG -National Guerrilla Coordination Simon

Bolivar UP -Patriotic Union (Union Patriotica)

COMOROSGIRMA -Group for the Recovery Initiative for the

Anjouan MovementNUDC -National Union for Democracy in the

Comoros

CONGOC -Cobras C -Cocoyes (Koy Koy) FI -Intervention Force (Force d'Intervention)FAR -Resistance Self-Defense Forces M -Mambas MCDDI -Congolese Movement for Democracy and

Integrated Development N -Ninjas NRMC -National Resistance Movement of Congo Z -Zulus

CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICADFL -Alliance of Democratic Forces for the

Liberation of Congo-Zaire CDC -Congolese Democratic Coalition CDR -Congolese Rally for Democracy CDRZ -Democratic Revolution Committee for Zaire CLA -Congolese Liberation Army CMDID -Congolese Movement for Democracy and

Integral Development CPP -People's Powers Committees CRNL -Council of Resistance and National

LiberationFAC -Congolese Armed Forces FMM-FAP -Forces Mayi Mayi-Forces d'Autodefense

Populaires FRF -Forces Republicaines & Federalistes KT -Katanga Tigers LNR -Lummbirt National Resistance (Mayi-Mayi

faction) MLC -Congolese Liberation Movement MMI -Maji Maji Ingilima MNC -Congolese National Movement MNCL -Lumumba National Congolese Movement NRCD -National Resistance Council for Democracy NRCK -National Resistance Council of Kivu PPC -People's Power Committees RCD -Congolese Movement for Democracy RMLZ -Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation

of Zaire UCP -Union of Congolese for Peace UFERI -Party of the Union of Independent

Republicans URNL -Union of Republican Nationalists for

Liberation WL -White Legion

DJIBOUTIFRUD -Front for the Restoration of Unity and

Democracy

ECUADORCONAIE -Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of

Ecuador FARE-DP -Revolutionary Armed Forces of Ecuador-

Defenders of the People

EGYPTaJ -al Jihad AGI -Islamic Group (Al-Gama'a al Islamiyya) GIJ -Group of International Justice IJ -Islamic Jihad MB -Moslem Brotherhood NJ -New Jihad PNHS -Pioneers of the New Holy Struggle SoFP -Soldiers of the Friends of the Prophet TWH -Takfir wa-e-Hidjra VIT -Vanguard of Islamic Triumph WM -Withdrawal Movement (Al Tableegh Wal

Daa'wa)

ERITREAEIS -Eritrean Islamic Salvation Front ELF -Eritrean Liberation Front

ETHIOPIAGPDC -Gambella People's Democratic CongressIFLO -Islamic Front for the Liberation of OromoOIU -Ogaden Islamic UnionOLF -Oromo Liberation FrontONLF -Ogaden National Liberation FrontOPLO -Oromo People's Liberation OrganizationTPLF -Tigray People's Liberation FrontUOLF -United Oromo Liberation FrontUOPLF -United Oromo People's Liberation Front

FRANCEAC -Corsican Army (Armata Corsa) ACN -A Cuncolta Naziunalista FLNC -National Liberation Front of Corsica

GEORGIAFB -Forest Brothers M -Mkhedrioni WL -White Legion

GHANANDC -National Democratic CongressNPP -New Patriotic Party

GREECEELA -Revolutionary Popular Struggle RO17N -Revolutionary Organization of

November 17 RC -Revolutionary Cells

GUATEMALAURNG -Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union

GUINEARFDG -Rassemblement des Forces Democratique de

Guinees

INDIAABM -Al Badar MujahideenAISSF -All India Sikh Students' Federation ATTF -All Tripura Tiger ForceAU -Al Umma, al Umar MujahidinBA -Borok Army BD -Bajrang DalBJP -Bharatiya Janata PartyBJP-TC -BJP-Trinamool CongressBK -Babbar KhalsaBLTF -Bodoland Liberation Tiger ForcesBPCF -Black Panther Commander ForceBTF -Bengali Tiger ForceCPI(ML) -Communist Party of India-Marxist LeninistCSG -Chhota Shakeel Gang CRG -Chhota Rajan Gang DeM -Daughters of the Nation DHD -Dima Halim Daoga DK -Dhal KhalsaDMK -Dravida Munetra KazhagamGNF -Garo National FrontGNLF -Gurkha National Liberation FrontGT -Green TigersH -HizbollahHM -Hyrmiewtrep MovementHM -Hizbul MonimeenHuJeI -Harkat-ul-Jehad-e-IslamiHuM -Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (Nasir-ul-Islam)IDF -Islamic Defense ForceIuM -Ikhwan ul-MusilmoonJKLF -Jammu Kashmir Liberation FrontJKMS -Janwadi Kisan Mazdoor SamitiJMM -Jarkhand Liberation FrontKCF -Khalistan Commando Force KLO -Kamatapur Liberation Organization KNA -Khalistan National ArmyKNA -Kuki National ArmyKNV -Karbi National VolunteersKPF -Karbi People's Front KPP -Khamtapur People's PartyKST -Kisan Security Tigers (Yadavs)KYKL -Manipur Army for IndependenceLeJ -Lashkar-e-Jabar

LeK -Lashkar-e-KarbalaLeS -Lashkar-e-SajjadMCC -Maoist Communist CenterMeI -Mahaz-e-IslamiMeK -Mujahedin-e-KashmirMJC -Mutahida Jihad CouncilMJF -Muslim Janbaz ForceMULTA -Muslim United Liberation Tigers of AssamNDFB -National Democratic Front of BongaionNLFT -National Liberation Front of TripuraNSCN -National Socialist Council of Nagalim (ear-

lier Nagaland)PLA -People's Liberation ArmyPULF -People's United Liberation FrontPWG -People's War GroupRS -Ranvir SenaRSS -National Volunteer CorpsSS -Shiv Sena (Army of Shivaji Party)SULFA -Surrendered United Liberation Front of

AssamTMMK -Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra KazaghamTNLA -Tamil National Liberation ArmyTuM -Tehrik-el-MujahideenUBLF -United Bengali Liberation FrontUJC -United Jihad CouncilULFA -United Liberation Front of AssamUPDS -United People's Democratic SolidarityVG -Veerappan Gang VHP -Vishwa Hindu Parishad

INDONESIAASNLF -Aceh/Sumatra National Liberation FrontASWJF -Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah ForumFPI -Front for the Defense of IslamGAM -Movement of a Free AcehIILF -Indonesian Islamic Liberation FrontIM -Ikhwanul MusliminKJ -Kommando Jihad (Holy Struggle

Commandos)LJ -Lashkar JihadLJ -Lashkar Jundullah LJM -Lashkar Jesus MilitiaMYA -Muhamadi Yah AllianceNU -Nadhnatul UlamaOPM -Free Papua MovementPKB -National Awakening PartyRHB -Communist Revolutionary Proletarian Army

IRANAeH -Ansar-e-Hezbollah DPK/I -Democratic Party of Kurdistan/IranIFM -Iranian Freedom Movement PDF -People's Democratic Front MeK -Mujahedeen-e-Khalq Organization

IRAQaQaS -Army to Liberate Jerusalem (Al Quds al

Sharif) BASP -Ba'ath Arab Socialist Party DPK -Democratic Party of KurdistanIIVNS -Islamic Iraqi Vanguards for National

Salvation IM -Islamic Movement IMIK -Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan INC -Iraqi National Congress INA -Iraqi National Accord (Wafaq) ISM -Islamic Salvation Movement KDPI -Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq N -Renaissance (Nahda) PUK -Patriotic Union of Kurdistan SCIRI -Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution

in Iraq

ISRAELCRS -Committee for Road Safety K -KachKC -Kahane Chai

JAMAICAJNP -Jamaica National PartyPNP -People's National Party

JAPANA -Aleph (formerly Aum Supreme Truth)JRA -Japanese Red Army

JORDANIAF -Islamic Action Front JM -Jaish MuhammedJIRS -Jordan Islamic Resistance StruggleRJG -Nobles of Jordan Group

KENYAIPK -Islamic Party of Kenya KPF -Kenya Patriotic Front M -Munguki sect M -Mwakenya SSV -Sungu Sungu Vigilantes

LAOSCV -Sky Soldiers (Chao Va) ELOL -Ethnic Liberation Organization of LaosULNLF -United Lao National Liberation Front

LEBANONARM -Arab Revolutionary Brigade-Foreign Section BR -Believers Resistance (al-Muqawamah

al-Mu'minah)IA -Islamic Amal

IA -Islamic Association (Jammat al-Islamiyya)IR -Islamic Resistance IUM -Islamic Unification Movement (Tawheed) JI -Jihad Islami LAF -Lebanese Armed ForcesLRB -Lebanese Resistance Brigades HAMAS -Islamic Resistance Movement H -Hezbollah (Party of God) SLA -South Lebanon Army TwH -Takfir wal Hijra

LIBERIALDF -Lofa Defense Force LUDF -Liberian United Defense Forces LURD -Liberians United for Reconciliation and

Democracy NPLF-W -National Patriotic Front of Liberia-Woewiyu ULIMO -United Liberation Movement for Democracy ULIMO-J -United Liberation Movement for

Democracy-J ULIMO-K -United Liberation Movement for

Democracy-Krahn

MACEDONIAMD -Macedonian Dawn ML -Macedonian Lions MP2000 -Macedonian Paramilitary 2000 NLA -National Liberation Army MNF -Macedonian National Front

MALAYSIAaM -Brotherhood of Inner Power (Al Ma'unah)KMM -Kumpulan Mujahideen Malaysia

MEXICOEPR -Revolutionary People's Army ERPI -Revolutionary Army of the Insurgent People EZLN -Zapatista National Liberation Army FARP -Revolutionary Armed Forces of the PeoplePRD -Democratic Revolutionary PartyPRI -Institutional Revolutionary PartyRIMZ -Revolutionary Indigenous Movement against

the Zapatistas TAGIN -National Indigenous Guerrilla Triple

Alliance

MOROCCOaAwI -Justice and Good Will (Al-Adl wal-Ishane) IA -Forward (Ila'l-Aman) IJG -Islamic Jihad Group IYM -Islamic Youth Movement JCS -Justice and Charity Society TaI -Unity and Reform (Tawhid al-Islah)

MOZAMBIQUERENAMO -Mozambique National Resistance

NEPALCPN -Communist Party of NepalCPN-M -Communist Party of Nepal-MaoistCPN-UML -Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist

LeninistNLMN -Nationalities Liberation Movement of NepalUPFN -United People's Front of Nepal

NICARAGUAFROC -Recompas of the Workers and Peasants

Revolutionary Front FUAC -Andres Castro United Front MADNA -National Armed Self-Defense Movement NF 3-80 -Northern Front 3-80

NIGERIAAVS -Anambra Vigilante Service FNDIC -Federated Niger Delta Ijaw Communities IYC -Ijaw Youth Council MOSOP -Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni

People NDVF -Niger Delta Volunteer Force OLO -Ogoni Liberation Organization OPC -Oodua People's Congress OVS -Onitsha Vigilante Service PNDRM -Pan Niger Delta Resistance Movement SETF -Sharia Enforcement Task Force SOMIFON -Southern Minorities Front of Nigeria ZSVS -Zamfara State Vigilante Service

NORTHERN IRELAND (UNITED KINGDOM)ACC -Army Continuity Council CCD -Citizens Against Crime and Drugs DAAD -Direct Action Against Drugs INLA -Irish National Liberation Army IPLO -Irish People's Liberation Organization IV -Irish Volunteers (Oglaigh na hEireann) LVF -Loyalist Volunteer Force NIFC -National Irish Freedom Committee OV -Orange Volunteers PIRA -Provisional Irish Republican Army REAL IRA -Real Irish Republican Army RHD -Red Hand Defenders RDC -Red Hand Commandos UDA -Ulster Defense Association UDF -Ulster Defence Force UFF -Ulster Freedom Fighters UVF -Ulster Volunteer Force 32 CSM -32 County Sovereignty Movement

PALESTINE AUTHORITYAABoIJ -Al Aqsa Brigade of the Islamic Jihad

ALF -Arab Liberation Front ANO -Abu Nidal OrganizationAQC -Al Quds CommitteeBSO -Black September OrganizationDFLP -Democratic Front for the Liberation of

PalestineFatah -Conquest (Fatah)FH -Fataw HawksForce 17 -Force 17FRC -Fatah Revolutionary CouncilHCFINIO -High Committee Follow-up Intifada of

Nationalist Islamic Organizations (697)IDQB -Izz-el-Deen al-Qassam BrigadesIIB -International Islamic BrigadeINSP -Islamic National Salvation PartyINRB -Islamic and National Resistance BrigadesIRLP -Islamic Revolution for the Liberation of

PalestineMCLSF -Mobility Company for the Liberation of

Shebaa FarmsPFLP -Popular Front for the Liberation of

PalestinePFLP-GC -Popular Front for the Liberation of

Palestine- General CommandPFLP-SC -Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-

Security CouncilPIJ -Palestine Islamic JihadPLF -Palestinian Liberation Front-Abu Abbas

FactionPLF -Palestinian Liberation FrontPLNA -Palestine National Liberation ArmyPLO -Palestine Liberation Organization PPSF -Palestinian Popular Struggle FrontT -Tanzim

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC of CHINAETLT -East Turkistan Liberation TigersFG -Falun Gong (also Falun Dafa) NURF -National United Revolutionary Front UNRFET -United National Revolutionary Front of East

Turkestan

PAKISTANABM -al Badar MujahedeenAJ -Al JihadAPHC -All Parties Hurriyat ConferenceBLA -Baluch Liberation ArmyBNF -Balawarian National FrontBNM -Balochistan National MovementCT -Christian TalebanDeM -Daughters of the Communities (Dukhtaran e-

Millat)DUH -Darul Uloom HaqqaniHaJaI -Harkat-al-Jamaat al-IslamiHuA -Harakat ul-AnsarHuM -Movement of Holy Warriors (Harkat-ul-Mujahedin)HuM -Hizb-ul-MujaheddinIJT -Islamic Jamiat-i-TulabaISL -Islamic Students LeagueJKDLP -Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation

PartyJKI -Jammu and Kashmir IkhwanJSQM -Jeay Sindh Qaumi MahazJSSF -Jeay Sindh Students Federation JiI -Jamiat-i-IslamiKeNYF -Finality of Prophethood Youth ForceKFM -Kashmir Freedom MovementLeT -Soldiers of the Holy Places

(Lashkar-e-Toiba, Lashkar-e-Tayyabba) LiJ -Force of Jhangvi(Lashkar-i-Jhangvi)MDUI -Markat Dawat-Ual Irshad MQM -Mujahir Qaumi MovementMJC -United Jihad Council (Mutihadda Jihad

Council)MJK -Mujahedeen Jammu & KashmirPAT -Pakistan Awami TehrikPML-N -Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz SeM -Defenders of the Messiah (Sipah-e-Masiyah)SeS -Guardians of the Companions of the Prophet

(Sipa-e-Suhaba)SiM -Sipah-i-MohammedSPP -Sindhi Peoples PartyTiK -Taliban-i-KashmirTIO -Tanzeem Islam OrganizationTeJ -Tehrik-e-JihadTiT -Tehrik-i-Tulaba, Tehrik Taleban MovementTJI -Tajdid Jihad IslamiyaTJP -Tehrik-i-Jafaria PakistanTNSM -Tanzim-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-MohammadiTNFJ -Tehrik Nifaze Figh-ei-Jafriya

PERUMRTA -Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement SL -Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

PHILIPPINESABB -Alex Boncayao BrigadeASG -Abu Sayyaf Group BMA -Bangsa Moro ArmyBMIAF -Bangsa Moro Islamic Armed ForcesBMLO -Bangsa Moro Liberation OrganizationCAFGU's -Citizen's Armed Forces Geographical UnitsCPP -Communist Party of the PhilippinesMCUC -Mindanao Christian Unified CommandMILF -Moro Islamic Liberation FrontMNLF -Moro National Liberation FrontNCDA -New Christian Democratic ArmyNDF -National Democratic Front of the Philippines

NPA -New People's Army

RUSSIAN FEDERATIONCPNC -Confederation of the Peoples of the North

Caucasus DLA -Dagestan Liberation Army IAK -Islamic Army of the Caucasus ICA -International Cherkess Association JAD -Jihad Army of Dagestan RANU -Russian All National Union RNU -Russian National Unity UoC -Union of Cossacks WS -Wahhabis Sect

RWANDAALIR1 -Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 1ALIR2 -Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 2CDR -Coalition for the Defense of the Republic FRI -Front of Internal Resistance I -Interahamwe (Those Who Stand Together)RPA -Rwanda Patriotic Army

SAUDI ARABIACPG -Combatant Partisans of God JAP -Jihad in the Arabian Peninsula IMC -Islamic Movement for Change OIRAP -Organization of Islamic Revolution in the

Arab Peninsula PGH -Party of God in Hijaz SH -Saudi Hezbollah

SENEGALMFDC -Movement of the Democratic Forces of

Casamance MWM -Men and Women who fight for the Truth

FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (incl. KOSOVO)AKSh -National Albanian Army FARK -Forces of the Republic of Kosovo LDK -Democratic League of Kosovo LKCK -National Movement for the Liberation of

Kosovo M -Mujahedin OTPOR -ResistanceSLA -Serbian Liberation Army SVG -Serb Voluntary Guard (Arkan Tigers) UCK -Kosovo Liberation Army UCPMB -Liberation Army of Presevo, Medvedja, and

Bujanovac

SIERRA LEONECDF -Civil Defense Force KM -Kamajor Militia MDC -Movement for Democratic Change NAFORD -National Front for the Restoration of

Democracy RSLMF -Revolutionary Sierra Leone Military Forces RUF -Revolutionary Unified Front WSB -West Side Boyz

SOLOMON ISLANDSIFF -Isatabu Freedom FightersMEF -Malaita Eagle Force

SOMALIAAF -Aidid's Faction AIAI -Islamic Unity (Al Ittihad al-Islamiyya) JVA -Jubba Valley Alliance DFSS -Democratic Front for the Salvation of

Somalia DSA -Digil Salvation Army MJVA -Middle Juba Valley AllianceRRA -Rahanwein Resistance Army SDA -Somali Democratic Association SDM -Somali Democratic Movement SNA -Somali National Alliance SNF -Somali National Front SNM -Somali National Movement SPF -Somali Patriotic Front SPM -Somali Patriotic Movement SRRC -Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction

CouncilSSDF -Somali Salvation and Democratic Front SSF -Somali Salvation Front USC -United Somali Congress USC-PM -United Somali Congress-Patriotic Movement

SOUTH AFRICAANC -African National Congress DAAD -Direct Action Against Drugs IFP -Inkatha Freedom Party IUC -Islamic Unity Convention MAGO -Muslims against Global Oppression MAPOGO -Colours of the Leopard (Mapogo-a-

Mathamaga) PAC -Pan African Congress PAGAD -Gangsterism against DrugsQ -Qibla (Direction Mecca) UWS -Umkhonto We Sizwe

SPAINETA -Basque Fatherland and LibertyGRAPO -First of October Antifascist Resistance

Group

SRILANKAEPRLF -Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation FrontEROS -Ealam Revolutionary Organization of

StudentsJVP -Janetha Vimukhti PeramunaLTTE -Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamMULF -Muslim United Liberation FrontPLOTE -People's Liberation Organization of Tamil

EelamTELO -Tamil Eelam Liberation OrganizationTULF -Tamil United Liberation Front

SUDANAM -Al Musulman aSaM -Al Sunna al-Mohammediyya BC -Beja Congress NDA -National Democratic Alliance NIF -National Islamic Front SAF -Sudan Alliance Forces SPDF -Sudan People's Defense ForcesSPLA -Sudanese People's Liberation Army SSDF -Southern Sudan Defense Force SSIA -South Sudan Independent Army SSIM/A -Southern Sudan Independence Movement SSUA -Southern Sudan United ArmyTWH -Takfir Wa Hijra UDSF -United Democratic Salvation Front

TAJIKISTANIMT -Islamic Movement of Tajikistan UTO -United Tajik Opposition

TANZANIACCM -Party of the Revolution (Chama cha

Mapinduzi)CUF -Civic United Front

THAILANDBERSATU -UnitedNPULO -New Pattani United Liberation Organization

TURKEYAFIS -Anatolian Federal Islamic State DHKP/C -Revolutionary People's Liberation

Party/Front DS -Revolutionary Left (Devrimci Sol) GW -Grey Wolves H -Hezbollah IBDA/C -Islamic Great Eastern Raiders FrontIMO -Islamic Movement OrganizationKH -Kurdish Hezbollah MHP -Turkish National Action Party MLAPU -Marxist-Leninist Armed propaganda Unit PKK -Kurdistan Workers' Party TIJ -Turkish Islamic Jihad TIKKO -Turkish Workers' and Peasants Liberation

Army TKP/ML -Turkish Communist Party/Marxist Leninist TRB -Turkish Revenge Brigades

UGANDAADF -Armed Democratic Forces HSMB -Holy Spirit Mobile Forces K -Karimojong LRA -Lord's Resistance Army MR10CG -Movement for the Restoration of the 10

Commandments of GodNALU -National Alliance for the Liberation of

UgandaNULU -National Union for the Liberation of Uganda UDCA -Uganda Democratic Christian Army UNFL -Uganda National Liberation Front UNRF -Ugandan National Rescue Front II UNLF -United National Liberation Front WNBF -West Nile Border Front

UNITED KINGDOMALF -Animal Liberation FrontC18 -Combat 18 ELF -Earth Liberation Front

UNITED STATESALF -Animal Liberation FrontCIM -Christian Identity MovementEF -Earth First!ELF -Earth Liberation FrontMM -Militia Movement

UZBEKISTANHuT -Islamic Party of the Liberation (Hezb ut

Tahrir) IMU -Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

VIETNAMFULRO -United Front for the Liberation of the

Oppressed Races

YEMENIAA -Islamic Army of Aden-AbyanYSP -Yemen Socialist PartyYUF -Yemite Union for Reform (Islah)

WESTERN SAHARA (MOROCCO)POLISARIO -Popular Front for the Liberation of

Sakiet el Hamra y Rio de Oro

ZIMBABWEMDC -Movement for Democratic ChangeNLWVO -National Liberation War Veterans

OrganizationZANU (PF) -Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic

Front)

World Conflict& Human RightsMap 2001 / 2002

Prepared by:

PIOOM - InterdisciplinaryResearch Programme on Causesof Human Rights ViolationsInterim Coordinator:Dr. Albert J. JongmanDepartment of Political ScienceLeiden UniversityWassenaarseweg 522333 AK LeidenThe NetherlandsPhone: +31 71 5273849 (w), 5156957 (p)Fax: +31 71 527 3815E-mail: PIOOM@FSW.LeidenUniv.NLWebsite:http://www.fsw.leidenuniv.nl/www/w3_liswo/pioom.htm© A.J. Jongman

Goals for Americans® FoundationPresident: Paul Flum11100 Linpage Place, St. Louis, MO 63132United States of AmericaPhone: +1-314-423-9777Fax:+1-314-423-1244E-mail: info@goalsforamericans.orgWebsite: http://www.goalsforamericans.org

With a grant from:

Prepared for:ECCP-European Centre for Conflict PreventionDirector: Paul van TongerenP.O.Box 140693508 SC UtrechtThe NetherlandsPhone: +31 30 253 7528Fax: +31 30 253 7529E-mail: euconflict@euconflict.orgWebsite: http://www.euconflict.org

FEWER-Forum on Early Warning and Early ResponseDirector: David NyheimThe Old Truman Brewery, 91-95 BricklaneLondon E1 6QNUnited KingdomPhone: +44 20 7247 7022Fax: +44 20 7247 5290E-mail: secretariat@fewer.orgWebsite: http://fewer.org

Survey of Tension Situations

The world map shows the three upper levels of conflict (HICs, LICs andVPCs). PIOOM monitors a fourth category called ‘Political TensionSituations.’ These situations are the result of growing levels of systematicstrain and increasing social and political cleavages along factional lines.They can escalate to violence if conflict prevention measures fail. Someof the situations listed already have resulted in incidental violence. Manycases emphasize the negative impact of modernization and developmenton the way of life of indigenous peoples. PIOOM presents this list toshow the large variety in situations and the regional distribution. The listindicates that tensions can be found in all regions of the world and under-lines the potential for future conflict. In a number of these situationsmediation efforts have already had results and agreements now have to beimplemented.

North, Central & South America1. Argentina (Worker Protests)2. Argentina (Rio Negro, Chubut: Mapuche)3. Bahamas (Haitians)4. Belize-Guatemala (Dispute)5. Belize (Macal River Dam Protest)6. Bolivia (Cochabamba Water Project: CdA)7. Brazil (Death Squad Activity in: Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato

Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Amazonas, Para, Paraiba, Ceara,Espirito Santo, Acre)

8. Brazil (Indigenous Groups (Corebaju, Puinave, Guaviare, Embera- Katio, Embera-dobida,Paez, Amaer-Katio, Guayabero, Tule, Uwa) vs. Logging & Mining Industry, Agriculture; Protest against Avanca Brasil Project)

9. Brazil (Neo-Nazi Groups vs. Blacks, Poor)10. Brazil (Uraba: Discrimination Black Population)11. Canada (Biker War)12. Canada (Mi'kmaq: Lobster Dispute)13. Canada (Inuit)14. Canada (Quebec)15. Colombia (San Andres Islands: Natives vs. Mainland Newcomers)16. Cuba-US (Dispute)17. Ecuador (Border Peru: FARE-DP)18. Guatemala (Tax Protests)19. Guyana (Indo-Guyanese vs. Afro-Guyanese)20. Guyana-Surinam (Border Dispute)21. Honduras (Copan Ruinas Park Occupied)22. Honduras (Chorti)23. Mexico (PRI vs. PRD)24. Mexico (Jalisco: Gang Warfare)25. Mexico (Oaxaca: Gang Warfare)26. Mexico (Sinaloa: Gang Warfare)27. Mexico (Tabasco: Gang Warfare)28. Mexico (Tijuana: Gang Warfare)29. Mexico (Veracruz: Gang Warfare)30. Nicaragua-Costa Rica (San Jose River Dispute)31. Nicaragua-Honduras (Border Dispute: Gulf of Fonseca)32. Nicaragua (RAAN, RAAS: Miskito, Sumo, Garifuna, Rama)33. Panama (Embera-Wounan, Ngobe-Buglé vs. Settlers, Loggers,

Immigrants; Protest Tabasara River Dam Projects) 34. Paraguay (Chaco: Indigenous Peoples: 19AIM, 11OM)35. Paraguay (Cuaguazu: Indigenous Peoples (Mbya Guarani) vs.

Landless Peasants, Logging Companies)36. Paraguay (Maka Indians)37. Peru (Central Forest: Ashaninka vs. SL, Oil Industry)38. Peru (Amazon Basin: Indigenous Population vs. Oil Industry)39. Surinam (Coppename: Matawai Marrons)40. Surinam (Amerindians)41. Surinam (Impending Trial of Desi Bouterse)42. Trinidad & Tobago (Drug Cartels)43. Trinidad (Street vendors Chaguanas vs. Govt.)44. United States (Militia & Christian Identity Movement)45. United States (ELF, ALF)46. United States-China (Hackers War)47. United States-Mexico (Border)48. United States (Nevada: Cattle Ranchers vs. Govt.: Grazing Fees)49. United States (Puerto Rico: Vieques)50. Uruguay (Neo-Nazis)51. Venezuela (Imataca Watershed Area: Indigenous Population vs.

Mining Industry)52. Venezuela (Bolivar: Pemon vs. Export Electricity through Canaima

National Park)53. Venezuela (Orinoco Delta: Warao vs. Petroleum Exploitation)54. Venezuela (Portuguesa: Death Squad Activity)55. Venezuela (Yanomami vs. Gold Miners)

West, Central & Eastern Europe56. Albania (Tosks vs. Ghegs; Contested Election)57. Austria (Extreme Right)58. Belgium (Extreme Right)59. Croatia (Extreme Right)60. Croatia (Danubian Region: Ethnic Serbs vs. Croats)61. Croatia (Police protest)62. Croatia-Slovakia (Border Demarcation, Krsko Nuclear Plant)63. Czech Republic (Extreme Right vs. Roma)64. Czech Republic (Temelin Nuclear Plant Protests)65. Denmark (Extreme Right)66. Denmark-Far Or Islands (Dispute)67. France (Brittany: BRA)68. France (Farmers Protest)69. France (New Caledonia (Kanaku): FLMKS vs. RPCR)70. France (Spillover 2nd Intifada)71. France (Urban Violence: Paris, Marseilles, Strasbourg)72. France (Worker Protests: Toxin in River)73. France (Crackdown on Cults & Sects)74. Georgia (Javakheti: Armenians)75. Georgia (Mingrelia)76. Georgia (Kakethi Region)77. Germany (Anti-nuclear Industry Protests)78. Germany (Extreme Left)79. Germany (Extreme Right)80. Germany (Farmers Protests)

81. Greece (Extreme Left: Nov-17, ELA, Anarchists)82. Greece (Chameria: UCK)83. Greece (Florina Province: Macedonians)84. Greece (Roma)85. Guadeloupe (Riots)86. Hungary (Roma)87. Hungary (Neo-Nazis vs. Anti-fascists)88. Hungary (Skinheads vs. Jews)89. Hungary-Ukraine (Border: Transit Drugs, Human Smuggling)90. Italy (Extreme right)91. Italy (Mafia)92. Italy (Northern League)93. Italy (Worker Protests)94. Macedonia (Roma)95. Moldova (Transdnistr)96. Netherlands (Spillover 2nd intifada: Moroccan Youths vs. Jews)97. Netherlands (Spillover Moluccas)98. Netherlands (Spillover Kurdish Problem)99. Netherlands (Extreme Right)100. Netherlands (Farmers Protests)101. Norway (Sami)102. Norway (Extreme Right)103. Poland-Belarus (Border)104. Poland (Jews)105. Poland (Roma)106. Romania (Roma)107. Romania (Jiu Valley Miners)108. Russia-Japan (Fishing Dispute)109. Russian Fed. (Extreme Right: RNSP, BKF, SNU)110. Russian Fed. (Kabardino-Balkaria)111. Russian Fed. (Kaliningrad)112. Russian Fed. (Karachaevo-Cherkessia)113. Russian Fed. (Mayak Nuclear Processing Plant)114. Russian Fed. (Yekatarinburg: Ural Mash Mob)115. Russian Fed. (Caspian Sea: Caviar War)116. Russia-Kazakhstan-Azerbaijan-Turkmenistan (Caspian Sea: Oil &

Gas)117. Spain (Water Project Protest)118. Serbia (Sandzak: Spillover Kosovo)119. Serbia (Vojvodina: Spillover Kosovo)120. Serbia (DSS vs. DOS: Prosecution War Criminals, Fight against

Crime & Corruption)121. Slovakia (Roma)122. Slovakia (Hungarian Minority)123. Slovenia (Roma)124. Spain (Roma)125. Spain (Rightwing Extremists)126. Sweden (Extreme Right)127. Turkey (Islamists: Justice & Development Party)128. Ukraine (Ukraine without Kuchma Movement)129. Ukraine (Transcarpathia: Roma)130. Ukraine (Tatars)131. Ukraine (Ruthenians)132. United Kingdom (BNF, NF, C18 vs. Eth. Gangs)133. United Kingdom (Animal Rights Groups: SHAC, ELF, ALF)134. United Kingdom (Fuel protests)135. United Kingdom (Scotland: SNLA)

Sub-Sahara Africa136. Botswana (Kalahari Desert: San)137. Burkina Faso (Anti-government Protest)138. CA Republic (Muslims: Mbororo)139. Cameroon (Trad. Kingdoms)140. Cameroon-Nigeria (Bakassi Isl.)141. Cameroon- CAR (East Prov.: Incursions into Cameroon)142. Cameroon (Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline: Bugyéli)143. Cameroon (North: Fulani vs. Kirdi)144. Chad (South: CALD)145. Congo, DR (Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Twa, Mbuti)146. Djibouti (Coup Attempt, Afar: FRUD)147. Equatorial Guinea (Fang vs. Bubi)148. Ethiopia (Gambela: Nuer vs. Anuak; GPDF vs. GPDC; 149. Ethiopia (Gambela: Majanger(Ojang) vs. Settlers)150. Ethiopia (Power Struggle EPLF vs. TPLF)151. Ethiopia-Sudan (Border)152. Gabon (Bateke vs. Fang)153. Gambia (Student Riots)154. Gambia (Spillover Senegal)155. Gambia (APRC vs. UDP)156. Ghana (NDC vs. NPP)157. Ghana (Chieftancy Dispute: Upper East: Mamprusi vs. Kusasi)158. Ghana (Chieftancy Dispute: Taurang vs. Puli)159. Ghana (Weija: Chieftancy Dispute)160. Ghana (Elmina: Fishermen vs. Pirates)161. Guinea (Malinke vs. Gerze)162. Guinea (Tassin)163. Guinea (Muslim Torma Manian vs. Christian Torma: Land dispute)164. Guinea Bissau (Coup Attempt)165. Kenya (School Violence)166. Kenya (Student Protest)167. Kenya (Farmers Protest)168. Kenya (Nairobi: Muslims vs. Local Traders)169. Kenya (Coastal Area: Bajuni, Mijikanda, Digo)170. Kenya (Kikuyu: Mungiki)171. Lesotho (Chinese vs. Busotho)172. Lesotho (Army Mutiny)173. Liberia (Nimba: Mandingo vs. Mano, Gio)174. Madagaskar (Banditism)175. Madagascar (Coastal vs. Highland Population)176. Malawi (Flood Victims: Land Dispute)177. Malawi (North: Contested Election)178. Maili (Kayes: Fulani vs. Sarakole)179. Mali-Mauritania (Ijafene)180. Mautitania (Halpulaar, Soninke, Wolof vs. White/Black Moors)181. Mauritania-Senegal (Senegal River)182. Mauritius (Hindus vs. Creoles)183. Namibia-South Africa (Orange River Dispute)184. Namibia (Kavango: Mafwe, Kxoe)185. Namibia (Kunene River Dam: Himba)

186. Niger (Coup d'Etat)187. Niger (Firgi, Maradi: Militant Islam)188. Niger (Lake Chad region: Toubou)189. Niger (Tillaberi: Sedentary Farmers vs. Herders)190. Niger (Zinder: 'Sultangate')191. Nigeria (Ondo: Owo)192. Nigeria (Delta: Ogoni)193. Nigeria (Ibadan)194. Nigeria (Kafanchan)195. Nigeria (Karim-Lamido)196. Nigeria-Chad (Tetewa Isl.)197. Rwanda (Twa)198. Seychelles (Mahe Island)199. Somalia (Galgadud: Habr Gedr vs. Galjeel)200. Somalia (Gedo, Lower Juba: Al Ittihad)201. Somalia (Mugud: Abgal Wa'aysle Subclan vs. Habr Gedr Ayer)202. Somalia (Hiran: Dir subclans)203. Somalia (Hiran: Hawadle vs. Galjeel)204. Somalia (Kurtun Waarey: Jiido vs. Garre)205. Somalia (Lower Juba: Mohamed Zuber vs. Aulihyan)206. Somalia (Lower Shebelle: Islamic Militias vs. RRA)207. Somalia (Lower Shebelle: Galjeel vs. Birmal)208. South Africa (White Landowners vs. Black Landless (PAC))209. South Africa (Cape Town: Khoi-San claim First Nation Status)210. South Africa-Mozambique (Border)211. South Africa (Taxi War)212. Sudan (East: Beja Congress)213. Sudan (Eastern Equatoria: Dinkas vs. Didingas)214. Sudan (East Bank: Dinka, Nuer, Murle Clans)215. Sudan-Uganda (Border)216. Tanzania (Mererani: Sonje vs. Masai)217. Tanzania (Secular vs. Fundamentalist Muslims)218. Tanzania (Hunter Gatherers (Hadzabe, Ndorobo) vs. Pastoralists

(Barbaig, Masai)219. Togo (Kabye vs. Ewe, Mina)220. Togo (Repression CfR Opposition)221. Uganda (Mount Elgon)222. Zambia (Election Violence: MMD vs. UNIP)

North Africa & Middle East223. Bahrein-Qatar (Dispute)224. Egypt (Copts vs. Muslims)225. Iran (Dispute Abu Musa, Greater & Lesser Tumb)226. Iran (Baha'i)227. Iran (Azeris)228. Iraq (North: Assyrian Christians)229. Israel (Orthodox vs. non-Orthodox Jews)230. Israel (Israeli Arabs)231. Jordan (Palestinians)232. Jordan (Islamists)233. Kuwait (Islamists)234. Lebanon (North: Sunnis vs. LAF, FPM)235. Kuwait-Saudi Arabia (Dispute)236. Kuwait ('Bidoon')237. Libya (East: Islamists)238. Morocco (Islamists)239. Morocco (Berber)240. Saudi Arabia-Iraq (Iraqi Incursion)241. Saudi Arabia-Yemen (Al Duwaima)242. Syria (Kurds)243. Syria (Shi'as)244. Syria (Muslim Brotherhood)245. Syria (Suwayda: Bedouin Shepherds vs. Druze Residents)246. Turkey-Syria (Border)247. Tunesia (Islamists: An Nahda)248. Yemen (al A'Amar region: Al Hadda: Land Dispute)249. Yemen (Marib: Khowlan vs. Government)250. Yemen-Saudi Arabia (Dispute)251. Yemen (Shabwa, Al Baida: Ba Haider, Nehm, Al Haymah)

Central & South Asia252. Armenia (Struggle for Power)253. Armenia (Yezidi)254. Azerbaijan (Islamic Revival)255. Bangladesh-India (Border)256. Bangladesh (Muslims vs. Ahmadiya)257. Bangladesh (Modhupur District (Moulvibazar Forest Ecopark):

Garos, Khasi)258. India (Gujarat: Narmada Dam Dispute)259. India (Himachal Pradesh)260. India (Jharkhand: Protest Koel Karo Dam)261. India (Jharkhand: Protest Chandil Dam)262. India (Jharkhand: VFPC vs. Forest Mafia)263. India (Karnataka: Ecodevelopment Project: Traditional Inhabitants

vs. Forest Department)264. India (Kashmir: Muslims vs. Hindu Pandits)265. India (Madhya Pradesh: Chhattisgarh)266. India (Madhya Pradesh: Indigenous Peoples vs. Police)267. India (Orissa: Indigenous Peoples (AMS) vs. Aluminum

Companies)268. India (Sikkim)269. India (Tamil Nadu: Adivasi (ATTM, TPMS, TPMI)270. India (Uttar Pradesh: Harit Pradesh)271. India (VHP: Ayodha temple reconstruction)272. Kyrgyzstan (Kyrghyz vs. non-Kyrghyz Population)273. Nepal-India (Rassiyal-Kharda Lautan Dam Protest)274. Pakistan (Repression Ahmadis)275. Pakistan (Repression Christians)276. Pakistan (Bonded Labor vs. Landlords)277. Pakistan (Serakis)278. Sri Lanka (Buddhists vs. Christians)279. Sri Lanka (Tamils vs. Muslims)280. Sri Lanka (Tamils vs. Buddhists)281. Tajikistan (Ethnic Uzbek)

Far East & East Asia 282. Australia (Aboriginals)283. Australia (Vigilantes vs. Illegal Immigrants)284. China (South China Sea: Scarborough Shoal)

285. China (Strike Hard Anti-crime Campaign)286. China (Crackdown on Religion (Protestants & Catholics))287. China (Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi: Hui (Muslims) vs. Han Chinese)288. China (Repression Democratic Opposition CDP)289. China (Jiangsu-Shandong Provincial Boundary Dispute (Forestry,

Lake Resources)290. China (Guangdong-Hunan Provincial Boundary Dispute (Natural

Resources, Tourist Site)291. China (Qinghai-Tibet Provincial Border Dispute (Land)292. China (Gansu-Qinghai Provincial Border Dispute)293. China (Jilin Prov.: Teachers vs. Police)294. China (Jiangsu Prov.: Police vs. Protesters)295. China-Philippines (Spratly Isl.)296. China (Shenyang: Criminal Underworld run by CP & Police)297. Cambodia (among Branches of Islam)298. Cambodia (Ethnic Vietnamese)299. East Timor (Roman Catholics vs. Protestants)300. East Timor (Makasai-speaking vs. Tetum-speaking East Timorese)301. Indonesia (Java: 'Dukun Santet' Killings)302. Indonesia (North Sumatra: Christians vs. Muslims)303. Indonesia (Borneo: Tanjung Puting National Park: Illegal logging

and mining by feudal warlords)304. Japan (Aleph)305. Japan (Ariake Sea: Fishermen Protest)306. Japan (Discrimination Burakumin)307. Japan (Hokkaido: Ainu)308. Japan (Okinawa: Ryukyu)309. Japan-Russia (Kuril Islands)310. Korea, North (Repression)311. Laos (Savannakhet: Repression Christians)312. Malaysia (Bakun Dam Protest)313. Malaysia (Sarawak: Logging Industry vs. Iban, Penan)314. Malaysia (Pahang: Orang Asli)315. Myanmar (SPDC vs. NLD)316. Myanmar (Kayah: KNPP)317. Myanmar (Burmans vs. Non-indigenous Populations (Indians,

Chinese)318. New Zealand (Maori)319. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)320. Philippines (Landowners vs. Higanon)321. Philippines (Mindoro: Indigenous people vs. Nickel Mining

Company)322. Philippines (Cordillera: Agno River: San Roque Dam Protest)323. Philippines (Palawan: Indigenous People vs. Nickel Mining

Company)324. South Korea (Farmers Protest)325. South Korea (Workers Protest)326. South Korea (Christians vs. Buddhists)327. Thailand (Pak Moon Dam Protest)328. Thailand-Malaysia (Pipeline Protest)329. Thailand (Exclusion of 'Highlanders')330. Vietnam (Thanh Hoa Prov.)331. Vietnam (Quang Ngai Prov.: Repression Buddhists)

General332. Worldwide anti-globalization protests by a coalition of more than

700 groups and organizations: Gothenburg, Prague, Seattle, Salzburg, Davos, Genoa, Rio de Janeiro, Zurich, Nice, Frankfurt, Rome) (1st shooting in Gothenburg, 1st death in Genoa, military tactics planned for next summit)

333. Fortress Europa (illegal migration to the European Union: >6.000 deaths since 1996)

334. Displacement by dam projects ('Development Cleansing': 40-80 million people worldwide)

The European Center for Conflict Prevention (ECCP)The European Center for Conflict Prevention is an independent non-gov-ernmental organization based in the Netherlands. Its mission is to con-tribute to prevention and resolution of violent conflicts in the world. TheCentre acts as the secretariat of the European Platform for ConflictPrevention and Transformation (EPCPT) and initiates, coordinates andimplements the activities of the Platform. Apart from that, the Centre hasspecific networking and awareness-raising objectives focused on theNetherlands. The EPCPT has three main objectives:1. To raise awareness of the importance and possibilities of conflict pre-vention and resolution, through publications and media productions for abroad audience, and lobby activities aimed at governments and theEuropean Union.2. To increase knowledge of, and insight into, conflicts by producing sur-veys which describe the background and dynamics of conflicts, and pro-vide an overview per conflict of organizations active in the field of conflictprevention and resolution, and their activities.3. To facilitate contact, networking and information exchange betweenorganizations active in the field of conflict prevention and resolution inEurope and other parts of the world (information clearinghouse).

The EU, the United Nations and the G8 have all voiced their belief in theneed to do more to reduce the potential for violence and to support mech-anisms to ensure lasting peace. In practice, this means that at the policy andstrategic level a great step forward has been taken. InternationalGovernmental Organizations (UN, World Bank), regional intergovernmen-tal bodies (EU, OSCE, OAU) and sub-regional organizations (ECOWASand SADC) created small units to analyze early-warning signals in order toarrive at policy options for preventive (re-)action. More and more interna-tional NGOs have become active in the field of conflict prevention andpeace-building, and their role is increasingly acknowledged and appreci-ated. Several research institutions analyze conflict dynamics and study thelessons to be learned from earlier experiences.

It is widely acknowledged that the field of conflict prevention and peace-building is in need of greater coherence and that it lacks an integrated bodyof knowledge. To meet this need, several publications have recently beenissued, which draw on years of experience. Currently there is a movementfrom pioneering into a more reflective stage of increased professionalism.In an attempt to capitalize on this and stimulate the development of a morecoherent analytical frame, the European Platform for Conflict Preventionand Transformation (EPCPT) and Kontakt der Kontinenten (KdK) took theinitiative to organize the conference ‘Towards Better Peace BuildingPractice.’ Issues -Building Blocks- Lessons Learned’ which was held in

October 2001. Four main issues were formulated which were covered bysome fifteen working groups, including the impact of peace building, devel-opment aid and conflict - some options, best practices and lessons learned,and advocacy for a more integrated multi-actor approach. This conferencewas part of a ‘Lessons Learned on Peace Building’-project, initiated by theECCP. This project started with the organization of a meeting in NorthernIreland in early 2001, where some 35 experts came together to discuss theissue. From May till September 2001, several regional seminars were organ-ized in conflict zones together with local NGOs. A document will be pub-lished integrating different experiences and comments from these confer-ences and regional seminars. The final publication will be available throughthe European Platform’s website. This website has become an important toolfor peace-building and conflict prevention organizations, as reflected in theincrease from an average of 20,000 hits per month in 1998 to an average of100,000 hits per month during 2000. The website provides visitors with reg-ularly updated background information on conflicts and peace-buildingactivities; details of organizations around the world engaged in the area ofconflict prevention; other websites and databases containing useful informa-tion; other networks in the field; new literature (bibliographic information ora link to the full-text of a report on the Internet); and conferences and otherevents in the world.

The Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (FEWER) FEWER is an international network of NGOs and academic research insti-tutes active in the field of early warning and early response. Below its mainmember organizations are listed and the conflict areas in which they areactive. On the FEWER website readers can find policy briefs and back-ground information on FEWER projects and activities. In its most recentquarterly member update FEWER describes activities in Chechnya,Daghestan, Kyrgyzstan and West Africa. In early 2001, FEWER held theconference ‘Issues, Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Lessons Learnedfor Early Warning and Early Response.’ The proceedings of this conferenceare available on request from the FEWER secretariat. In the summer of 2001,roundtables were held on post-conflict reconstruction in Chechnya and onthe escalating situation in the Ferghana Valley (Central Asia). By the end of2001 the Chechnya Peace Reconstruction Plan will be finalized. TheFerghana Valley roundtable formulated possible regional emergency/crisisscenarios, drawing on locally available knowledge and internationally rec-ognized expertise. FEWER developed consequential humanitarian crisis sce-narios. FEWER also hosted a training of trainers workshop for the ManoRiver Union (West Africa) countries with the aim to prepare a conflict map-ping and a regional toolbox. For details readers should consult the FEWERwebsite: http://fewer.org The Forum consists of the groups:

Africa* The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes -

ACCORD (South Africa), * Africa Peace Forum (Kenya)* Conseil National des ONG pour le developpment (Democratic Republic

of Congo) * InterAfrica Group (Ethiopia)* Nairobi Peace Initiative (Kenya) * West Africa Network for Peace-Building (Ghana)Asia* Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute (Philippines) * South Asia Forum for Human Rights (Nepal)Canada and the United States* Center for Strategic and International Studies (USA) * Council on Foreign Relations (USA)* Center for International Development and Conflict Management,

University of Maryland (USA) * Centre for Refugee Studies, York University (Canada)* Norman Patterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University (Canada)

* Policy Research Institute, University of Kansas (USA) Central America* Centro de Estudios Internacionales (Nicaragua)* Instituto de Enseñanza para el Desarollo Sostenible - IEPADES (Guatemala)

Europe* Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development (Georgia)* Netherlands Institute of International Relations - Clingendael (The

Netherlands) * Life and Peace Institute (Sweden)* Peace Mission in the North Caucasus (Russian Federation) * PIOOM - Interdisciplinary Research Programme on the Root Causes of

Human Rights Violations, Leiden University (The Netherlands)* Russian Academy of Sciences/Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (Russian Federation)

* Saferworld (UK)* Swiss Peace Foundation (Switzerland)

FEWER Associate or Supporting Organizations * Consiglio Italiano per le Scienze Sociali (Italy) * Human Rights Center of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan)* International Alert (UK)* International Labour Organization (Switzerland) * United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs * United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

FEWER has identified hotspots for potential conflict areas, or areas whereescalation of violence may be seen in the following (sub-)regions: Caucasus,Central Asia, Great Lakes and Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa,Central America and Southeast Asia. ‘Hot issues’ are also listed where rele-vant. The list does not provide an overview of ongoing conflicts, althoughsome disputes where escalation is likely are listed. The information on hotspots has been provided by the Russian Academy of Sciences/EAWARN(Moscow), Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development(Tbilisi), Africa Peace Forum (Nairobi), West Africa Network for PeaceBuilding (Accra), African Centre for the Constructive Resolution ofDisputes (Durban), Centro de Estudios Internacionales (Managua),IEPADES (Guatemala City) and Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute (QuezonCity).

CaucasusA. Chechnya (guerrilla fighting, potential for continuing violence andspillover to Ingushetia and Daghestan)B. Karachay-Cherkess (present stability can deteriorate unless structuralmeasures are implemented to prevent further economic and political in-

equality amongst elites)C. Georgia (poor relations with Russia, border disputes)D. Georgia (Javakheti)E. Georgia (Abkhazia and South and North Ossetia regions with post-warresurgence of violence)Central AsiaA. Ferghana Valley (land and water issues, political tensions, religiousextremism and border issues)B. South Kazakhstan (Uzbek diaspora and border issues)C. Tajikistan (economic obstacles to the realization of the peace-buildingplan, drugs/weapons trafficking, border insecurity with Afghanistan)South-East AsiaA. Cambodia (Khmer Rouge legacy, democratization, landmines)B. East Timor (Post-conflict reconstruction, prosecution war criminals)C. Indonesia (independence in Aceh region, Papua movement in IrianJaya region, indigenous peoples, ethnic and religion tensions in Ambon,Java, Sumatra, West Kilimantan)D. Malaysia (peace and democratic transition, political tensions)E. Myanmar (ethnic tensions, armed opposition to military dictatorship)F. Philippines (separatist movement in Mindanao, Muslim insurgencies,communist insurgency)Central/Latin AmericaA. Nicaragua (army takes on security tasks in the North)B. Nicaragua and Honduras (tensions)C. Guatemala (peace accords need bolstering in different areas)Horn of AfricaA. Ethiopia (confrontations with Eritrea, Border dispute with Kenya)B. Sudan (religion and state, autonomy or succession of Southern Sudan)C. Somalia (light weapons, acceptability of transitional government byclans and their militias)Great Lakes / Central AfricaA. Kenya (Northeastern Kenya, Garisa district; Kenya/Uganda border,Pokot and Samburu tribes; low level conflict in the Rift Valley (Molo,Njoro, Burnt Forest), low-level conflict among Naivasha, Kikuyu andMasai tribes; low level conflict in Isiolo (Eastern Kenya), Meru andBorana tribes; Coast Province, conflicts between local communities andinvestors)B. Regional (Kisangani, Rwanda and Uganda confrontations)C. Burundi (Bujumbura, extremism as a result of peace process, othergroups, CNDD and FNL not engaging in peace process)D. Uganda (Northern and Western Uganda, Karamoja region & LordsResistance Army (LRA); South-western Uganda - Alliance ofDemocratic Forces (ADF) Uganda/Sudan, Uganda/Democratic Republicof Congo, change in leadership in DRC and Ugandan elections)E. Tanzania (Zanzibar, political instability. Kigoma, refugee camps)F. Rwanda (potential conflict from land occupation and returnees)G. Democratic Republic of Congo (revival and implementation of LusakaAgreement, deployment of UN Peace-keeping and enforcement troops,security concern with Uganda and Rwanda)H. Chad (Doba Basin)Southern AfricaA. Zimbabwe (land issues, disputes with Zanu-PF)B. Central African Republic (Authoritarian Government)C. Swaziland (feudal monarchy)D. Angola (escalating tensions)E. Mozambique (resurgence of ethnicity between Shangaan and Ndau,political tensions)West AfricaA. Guinea Conakry and Manor River BasinB. Casamance (disputes between Senegal, Gambia and Guinea Bissau) C. Sierra Leone (RUF - Kamajors)D. Guinea-Bissau (Power struggle)E. Nigeria (Religious tensions, instability in Delta, Zamfara, Kaduna andSokoto regions)F. Regional (refugees, increase in light weapons, child soldiers)

Six Key Publications on Lessons Learned in Peace Building

* Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management(Germany) has developed a manual for publication on the internet: BerghofHandbook for Conflict Transformation.This handbook provides practition-ers with an orientation guide, illustrating state-of-the-art approaches in thefield of conflict resolution and transformation, with special emphasis onpeace-building in crisis regions.Available: www.berghofcenter.org/handbook/index.html

* In the series of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing DeadlyConflict, Bruce Jentleson edited Opportunities Missed, OpportunitiesSeized,a publication that assesses the feasibility of preventive diplomacy.It includes not only cases in which preventive diplomacy failed, but alsoones in which it largely succeeded. Available: www.ccpdc.org

* Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiativesis a series of publi-cations by Conciliation Resources (UK). Provides detailed narrative andrigorous analysis of specific war and peace processes, combining readabil-ity with practical relevance. Available: www.c-r.org/accord/index.htm

* The Conflict Prevention Network (based in Brussels, Belgium) pub-lished a manual with an overview and an evaluation of specific means ofintervention of the EU: Peace-building & Conflict Prevention inDeveloping Countries: A Practical Guide.It lists approximately 130 meas-ures or tools, like awareness raising; capacity building; strengthening therole of political institutions; political dialogue; demobilization and reinte-gration. Available: www.swp-berlin.org/cpn

* The Conflict Prevention Network’s Yearbook 1999/2000 The Impact ofConflict Prevention Policy; Cases, Measures and Assessmentstakes up thesubject of how to measure the impact that specific polices have on theground. Edited by Michael Lund and Guenola Rasamoelina. It centers onthe question of what is effective in conflict prevention.Available: www.swp-berlin.org/cpn

* The Belgian-basedNGO Field Diplomacy Initiative has publishedPeace-Building: a Field Guide, 2001, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc., edit-ed by Luc Reychler and Thania Paffenholz. With contributions from over50 international experts, and sections on: preparing for the field; workingin the field; and surviving in the field. Information: info@fdi.ngonet.ber