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The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 Insight Report

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World Economic Forum Gender Gap Report 2013

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  • 1. Insight ReportThe Global Gender Gap Report 2013

2. Insight ReportThe Global Gender Gap Report 2013 3. The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 is published by the World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 is the result of collaboration with faculty at Harvard University and the University of California, Berkeley.AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUMProfessor Klaus Schwab Founder and Executive Chairman Brge Brende Managing Director Saadia Zahidi Senior Director, Gender Parity and Human Capital Yasmina Bekhouche Project Manager, Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme Annabel Guinault Team Coordinator, Constituents Amey Soo Senior Research Associate, Women Leaders and Gender Parity ProgrammeAT HARVARD UNIVERSITYProfessor Ricardo Hausmann Director, Center for International DevelopmentAT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEYProfessor Laura D. Tyson S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management, Haas School of BusinessWe are very grateful for the support of Divya Nair at the World Economic Forum, Valentina Stoevska at the ILO, Amlie Gagnon and Sad Ould Ahmedou Voffal at UNESCO, Kareen Jabre at the IPU and Martina Viarengo, Lucia Di Rosa and Mireille Velazquez Carrasco at the Graduate Institute, Geneva. A special thank you to Michael Fisher for his superb copyediting work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent interior graphic design and layout. Thank you to Kamal Kamaoui and the World Economic Forums Publications team for their invaluable collaboration on the production of this report. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The term covers well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basisWorld Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: [email protected] www.weforum.org 2013 World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. ISBN 92-95044-43-6 ISBN 978-92-95044-43-2 4. ContentsvPreface Klaus Schwab, World Economic ForumPART 1: MEASURING THE GLOBAL GAP3The Global Gender Gap Index 2013Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University, Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley, Yasmina Bekhouche, World Economic Forum and Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum39Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time45Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2013 47Appendix C:Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator, 201348Appendix D: Rankings by Indicator, 201363Appendix E: Policy Frameworks for Gender EqualityPART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES103List of Countries105Users Guide: How Country Profiles WorkYasmina Bekhouche and Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum110Country Profiles383Contributors 385AcknowledgementsThe Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | iii 5. Preface KLAUS SCHWABExecutive Chairman, World Economic ForumCountries and companies can be competitive only if they develop, attract and retain the best talent, both male and female. While governments have an important role to play in creating the right policy framework for improving womens access and opportunities, it is also the imperative of companies to create workplaces where the best talent can flourish. Civil society, educators and media also have an important role to play in both empowering women and engaging men in the process. To mobilize various stakeholders and to keep track of progress, it is important that there are quantitative benchmarks widely available. Since 2006, through the Global Gender Gap Report series, the World Economic Forum has been quantifying the magnitude of genderbased disparities and tracking their progress over time. By providing a comprehensive framework for benchmarking global gender gaps, the Report identifies countries that are role models in dividing their resources equitably between women and men, regardless of the overall resource level. No single measure can capture the complete situation of half of the worlds population. The Global Gender Gap Index seeks to measure one important aspect of gender equality: the relative gaps between women and men, across a large set of countries and across four key areas: health, education, economics and politics. To complement this information, the Country Profiles contain a comprehensive set of supporting information that provides the broader context on gender parity laws, social norms, policies and outcomes within a country. The Report has been widely used by numerous universities, NGOs, researchers, media organizations, businesses, governments and individuals as a tool for their work. Additionally, it has been at the core of much of the World Economic Forums subsequent work on gender parity. In 2008, based on the findings of the Report, we launched the Global Gender Parity Group, a multistakeholder community of highly influential leaders50% women and 50% menwho have together committed to strategies towards improving the engagement and integration of women within all sectors of global society. In March 2012, based on the work of this group and to complement the gap analysis in the Report, we released an online repository of information highlighting company best practices that can help close economic gender gaps. Over the course of 2012, using the data from the Report to provide the context, we also launched pilot GenderParity Task Forces in three countriesMexico, Turkey and Japanto foster public-private collaboration on closing the gender gaps in economic participation in each country for a three-year period. Based on initial successes with these Task Forces, other countries are now seeking to adopt this model. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Ricardo Hausmann, Director, Center for International Development, Harvard University, USA; Laura D. Tyson, S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, USA; Saadia Zahidi, Senior Director, World Economic Forum and Yasmina Bekhouche, World Economic Forum for their invaluable contributions to this Report. We would like to thank Annabel Guinault and Amey Soo for their support of this project at the World Economic Forum. Finally, we are grateful to the Community Partners of the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme for their steadfast support and commitment to closing gender gaps. We are proud of the initiatives undertaken at the World Economic Forum and elsewhere on the basis of this Report since its first publication in 2006. Yet, much more needs to be done to address an issue that is relevant to our collective social and economic progress. There is not one path to parity, but many. Cash transfer programmes, equal access to credit and financial services, parental leave, affordable childcare facilities, innovative hiring process, redesigned career paths and meaningful mentoring programmes are but a few of the types of changes that must be made. To engage in change initiatives, countries, companies and other stakeholders must be able to understand the context, assess the starting point and track progress through tools such as this Report. It is our hope that this latest edition will continue to inspire further research, policy changes and new projects by businesses, governments, civil society and universities, and will serve as a call to action to transform the pace of change on a fundamental issue of our time.The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | v 6. Part 1 Measuring the Global Gender Gap 7. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapThe Global Gender Gap Index 2013 RICARDO HAUSMANN, Harvard University LAURA D. TYSON, University of California, Berkeley YASMINA BEKHOUCHE, World Economic Forum SAADIA ZAHIDI, World Economic ForumThe Global Gender Gap Index,1 introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006, is a framework for capturing the magnitude and scope of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress. The Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education and health criteria, and provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups, and over time. The rankings are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them. The methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. The first part of Part 1 reviews the underlying concepts employed in creating the Global Gender Gap Index and outlines the methods used to calculate it. The second part presents the 2013 rankings, global patterns and regional performances and calls attention to notable country cases. Next, we provide an overview of the links between gender gaps and the economic performance of countries. In the fourth part, we include information on the trends revealed by the Index in the eight years that we have been producing it. The Country Profiles contained in Part 2 of this Report give a more detailed picture of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each countrys performance compared with that of other nations. The first page of each profile contains key demographic and economic indicators as well as detailed information on the countrys performance in 2013. The second page shows the trends between 2006 and 2013 on the overall Index and four subindexes, as well as nearly 40 gender-related variables that reflect some of the legal and social factors that affect gender disparity in each country. MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP Three underlying concepts There are three basic concepts underlying the Global Gender Gap Index. First, it focuses on measuring gaps rather than levels. Second, it captures gaps in outcome variables rather than gaps in means or input variables. Third, it ranks countries according to gender equality rather than womens empowerment. These three conceptsare briefly outlined below. For a description of how these concepts are captured by the construction techniques used in the creation of the Index, please see the section below, Construction of the Index. Gaps vs. levels The Index is designed to measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in individual countries rather than the actual levels of the available resources and opportunities in those countries. We do this in order to make the Global Gender Gap Index independent from the countries levels of development. In other words, the Index is constructed to rank countries on their gender gaps not on their development level. For example, rich countries, generally speaking, are able to offer more education and health opportunities to all members of society, which is often reflected in measures of education levels (although this is quite independent of the gender-related issues faced by each country at its own level of income). The Global Gender Gap Index, however, rewards countries for smaller gaps in access to these resources, regardless of the overall level of resources. Thus the Index penalizes or rewards countries based on the size of the gap between male and female enrolment rates, but not for the overall levels of education in the country. Outcomes vs. means The second basic concept underlying the Global Gender Gap Index is that it evaluates countries based on outcomes rather than inputs. Our aim is to provide a snapshot of where men and women stand with regard to some fundamental outcome indicators related to basic rights such as health, education, economic participation and political empowerment. Indicators related to countryspecific policies, culture or customsfactors that we consider to be input or means variablesare not included in the Index, but they are displayed in the Country Profiles. For example, the Index includes an indicator comparing the gap between men and women in high-skilled jobs such as Legislators, senior officials and managers (an outcome indicator) but does not include data on Length of maternity leave (a policy indicator).The Global Gender Gap Index, co-authored by Fiona Greig, Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson and Saadia Zahidi, was first introduced in the World Economic Forums Global Gender Gap Report 2006. The co-authors are deeply grateful to Annabel Guinault and Amey Soo for their excellent support in the production of this years Part 1.The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 3 8. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapGender equality vs. womens empowerment The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender Gap Index is that it ranks countries according to their proximity to gender equality rather than to womens empowerment. Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women and men in the chosen indicators has declined, rather than whether women are winning the battle of the sexes. Hence, the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular indicators. The four pillars The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories (subindexes): Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment. Table1 displays all four of these subindexes and the 14 different indicators that compose them, along with the sources of data used for each. Economic Participation and Opportunity This subindex is captured through three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The participation gap is captured using the difference in labour force participation rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative variable calculated through the World Economic Forums Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers). Educational Attainment In this subindex, the gap between womens and mens current access to education is captured through ratios of women to men in primary-, secondary- and tertiary-level education. A longer-term view of the countrys ability to educate women and men in equal numbers is captured through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy rate. Health and Survival This subindex provides an overview of the differences between womens and mens health. To do this, we use two indicators. The first is the sex ratio at birth, which aims specifically to capture the phenomenon of missing women prevalent in many countries with a strong son preference. Second, we use the gap between womens and mens healthy life expectancy, calculated by the World Health Organization. This measure provides an estimate of the number of years that women and men can expect to4 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013live in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition or other relevant factors. Political Empowerment This subindex measures the gap between men and women at the highest level of political decision-making, through the ratio of women to men in minister-level positions and the ratio of women to men in parliamentary positions. In addition, we include the ratio of women to men in terms of years in executive office (prime minister or president) for the last 50 years. A clear drawback in this category is the absence of any indicators capturing differences between the participation of women and men at local levels of government. Should such data become available at a global level in future years, they will be considered for inclusion in the Global Gender Gap Index. Construction of the Index The Global Gender Gap Index is constructed using a four-step process, outlined below. Convert to ratios Initially, all data are converted to female/male ratios. For example, a country with 20% of women in ministerial positions is assigned a ratio of 20 women /80 men, thus a variable of 0.25. This is to ensure that the Index is capturing gaps between women and mens attainment levels, rather than the levels themselves. Truncate data at equality benchmark As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the equality benchmark. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men. In the case of the sex ratio at birth variable, the equality benchmark is set to be 0.944,2 and the healthy life expectancy benchmark is set to be 1.06.3 Truncating the data at the equality benchmarks for each variable assigns the same score to a country that has reached parity between women and men and one where women have surpassed men. The type of scale chosen determines whether the Index is rewarding womens empowerment or gender equality.4 To capture gender equality, two possible scales were considered. One was a negative-positive scale capturing the size and direction of the gender gap. This scale penalizes either mens advantage over women or womens advantage over men, and gives the highest points to absolute equality. The second choice was a one-sided scale that measures how close women are to reaching parity with men but does not reward or penalize countries for having a gender gap in the other direction. Thus, it does not reward countries for having exceeded the parity benchmark. We find the one-sided scale more appropriate for our purposes. 9. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 1: Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index SubindexEconomic Participation and OpportunityVariableSourceWorld Economic Forum, calculations based on the United Nations Development Programme methodology (refer to Human Development Report 2009)Ratio: female legislators, senior officials and managers over male valueInternational Labour Organization, ILOStat online database, 2010 or latest data available; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007Ratio: female professional and technical workers over male valueInternational Labour Organization, ILOStat online database, 2010 or latest data available; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007Ratio: female literacy rate over male valueUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education database, 2012 or latest data available; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1997 and 2007Ratio: female net primary enrolment rate over male valueUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education database, 2012 or latest data availableRatio: female net secondary enrolment rate over male valueUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education database, 2012 or latest data availableRatio: female gross tertiary enrolment ratio over male valueUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education database, 2012 or latest data availableSex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio)Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook, data updated weekly, 2013Ratio: female healthy life expectancy over male valueWorld Health Organization, Global Health Observatory database, data from 2007Ratio: females with seats in parliament over male valueInter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2013, reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2013Ratio: females at ministerial level over male valueInter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2013, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2012; data updated every two yearsRatio: number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male valuePolitical EmpowermentWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey (EOS), 2013Ratio: female estimated earned income over male valueHealth and SurvivalInternational Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM), 2010Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio)Educational AttainmentRatio: female labour force participation over male valueWorld Economic Forum calculations, 30 June 2013Note: If there are multiple sources, the first source listed is the primary source, followed by the secondary source, if data was not available from the primary source.Calculate subindex scores The third step in the process involves calculating the weighted average of the indicators within each subindex to create the subindex scores. Averaging the different indicators would implicitly give more weight to the measure that exhibits the largest variability or standard deviation. We therefore first normalize the indicators by equalizing their standard deviations. For example, within the Educational Attainment subindex, standard deviations for each of the four indicators are calculated. Then we determine what a 1% point change would translate to in terms of standard deviations by dividing 0.01 by the standard deviation for each indicator. These four values are then used as weights to calculate the weighted average of the four indicator. This way of weighting indicators allows us to make sure that each has the same relative impact on the subindex. For example, an indicator with a small variability or standarddeviation, such as Primary enrolment rate, gets a larger weight within the Educational Attainment subindex than an indicator with a larger variability, such as Tertiary enrolment rate. Therefore, a country with a large gender gap in primary education (an indicator where most countries have achieved near-parity between women and men) will be more heavily penalized. Similarly, in the case of the sex ratio indicator (within the Health and Survival subindex), where most countries have a very high sex ratio and the spread of the data is small, the larger weight will penalize more heavily those countries that deviate from this value. Table2 displays the values of the weights used in the Global Gender Gap Index 2006.5 Calculate final scores In the case of all subindexes, the highest possible score is 1 (equality) and the lowest possible score is 0The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 5 10. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 2: Calculation of weights within each subindex Economic Participation and Opportunity SubindexRatio: female labour force participation over male valueStandard deviationStandard deviation per 1% point changeWeights0.1600.0630.199Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio)0.1030.0970.310Ratio: female estimated earned income over male value0.1440.0690.221Ratio: female legislators, senior officials and managers over male value0.2140.0470.149Ratio: female professional and technical workers over male value0.2620.0380.121Total..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Standard deviationStandard deviation per 1% point changeRatio: female literacy rate over male value0.1450.0690.191Ratio: female net primary enrolment rate over male value0.0600.1670.459Educational Attainment SubindexWeightsRatio: female net secondary enrolment rate over male value0.1200.0830.230Ratio: female gross tertiary enrolement ratio over male value0.2280.0440.121Total..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Standard deviationStandard deviation per 1% point changeWeightsSex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio)0.0100.9980.693Ratio: female healthy life expectancy over male value0.0230.4410.307Health and Survival SubindexTotal..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Standard deviationStandard deviation per 1% point changeWeightsRatio: females with seats in parliament over male value0.1660.0600.310Ratio: females at ministerial level over male value0.2080.0480.247Ratio: number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value0.1160.0860.443Political Empowerment SubindexTotal..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Note: Figures are based on the Global Gender Gap Report 2006.(inequality), thus binding the scores between inequality and equality benchmarks.6 An un-weighted average of each subindex score is used to calculate the overall Global Gender Gap Index score. As in the case of the subindexes, this final value ranges between 1 (equality) and 0 (inequality), thus allowing for comparisons relative to ideal standards of equality in addition to relative country rankings.7 The equality and inequality benchmarks remain fixed across time, allowing the reader to track individual country progress in relation to an ideal standard of equality. Furthermore, we hope that the option of roughly interpreting the final Index scores as a percentage value that reveals how a country has reduced its gender gap makes the Index more intuitively appealing to readers.8 THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX 2013 RANKINGS We aim to include a maximum number of countries in the Report every year, within the constraints posed by data availability. To be included in the Report, a country must have data available for a minimum of 12 indicators out of the 14 that make up the Index. Country coverage, 2013 In 2013, we have been able to include 133 of the 135 countries covered in the 2012 edition of the Report. Due to lack of updated data, we have removed Gambia and6 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013Timor-Leste from the Report in 2013. However, we were able to include three new countriesAngola, Bhutan and Lao PDRresulting in a a total of 136 countries. Of these, 110 have been included in the Report since the first edition in 2006. Nearly 200 countries were considered for inclusion this year. Out of the 136 ultimately covered in this Report, 25 countries had one data point missing: Albania (Women in parliament), Bangladesh (Enrolment in primary education), Bhutan (Years with female head of state), Botswana (Women in ministerial positions), Brazil (Enrolment in secondary education), Canada (Enrolment in secondary education), China (Enrolment in secondary education), Dominican Republic (Estimated earned income), Egypt (Enrolment in secondary education), Germany (Enrolment in secondary education), Honduras (Enrolment in secondary education), Jamaica (Professional and technical workers), Japan (Enrolment in primary education), Maldives (Wage equality for similar work), Nepal (Enrolment in secondary education), Philippines (Women in parliament), Russian Federation (Enrolment in secondary education), Saudi Arabia (Enrolment in secondary education), Serbia (Labour force participation), Singapore (Enrolment in tertiary education), South Africa (Enrolment in tertiary education), Sri Lanka (Women in ministerial positions), Tanzania (Enrolment in secondary education), United Arab Emirates 11. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapFigure 1: Global patterns, 2013Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20Health0.00EducationSample average (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)PoliticsSource: Global Gender Gap Index 2013; scores are weighted by population.(Enrolment in tertiary education) and Zambia (Enrolment in secondary education). Another 33 countries had two indicators missing: Angola (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Austria (Enrolment in primary education; Enrolment in secondary education), Bahamas (Wage equality for similar work; Enrolment in tertiary education), Belize (Wage equality for similar work; Literacy rate), Benin (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Brunei Darussalam (Enrolment in primary education; Women in parliament), Burkina Faso (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Burundi (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Cameroon (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Cape Verde (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Chad (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Costa Rica (Enrolment in primary education; Enrolment in secondary education), Cte dIvoire (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Cuba (Wage equality for similar work; Estimated earned income), Czech Republic (Enrolment in primary education; Enrolment in secondary education), Fiji (Wage equality for similar work; Women in parliament), Ghana (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Guatemala (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), India (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Jordan (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Kenya (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Lao PDR (Legislators, senior officials and managers;Professional and technical workers), Luxembourg (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Malawi (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Mali (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Mauritania (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Mozambique (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Nigeria (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Senegal (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Slovakia (Enrolment in primary education; Enrolment in secondary education), Syria (Wage equality for similar work; Enrolment in tertiary education), Tajikistan (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers), Vietnam (Enrolment in primary education; Enrolment in secondary education). Global patterns The detailed rankings from this years Index are shown in Tables 3 through 5. Table3a displays the 2013 rankings and provides comparisons with rankings in 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006. Table3b displays the complete 2013 rankings, including the subindex scores and ranks for the four subindexes. Table3c provides the year-to-year score changes over the last seven years. Out of the 110 countries that have been involved every year since 2006, 95 (86%) have improved their performance over the last four years, while 15 (14%) have shown widening gaps. Figure1 shows a global snapshot of the gender gap in the four subindexes. It shows that the 136 countries covered in the Report, representing over 90% of the worlds population, have closed almost 96% of the gap inThe Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 7 12. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 rankings: comparisons with 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 Country2013 rank2013 score2013 rank among 2012 countries2012 rank2012 score2011 rank2011 score2010 rank2010 scoreIceland10.8731110.864010.85301Finland20.8421220.845130.838330.8496 0.8260Norway30.8417330.840320.840420.8404Sweden40.8129440.815940.804440.8024Philippines50.7832580.775780.768590.7654Ireland60.7823650.783950.783060.7773New Zealand70.7799760.780560.781050.7808Denmark80.7779870.777770.777870.7719Switzerland90.77369100.7672100.7627100.7562Nicaragua100.77151090.7697270.7245300.7176Belgium110.768411120.7652130.7531140.7509Latvia120.761012150.7572190.7399180.7429Netherlands130.760813110.7659150.7470170.7444Germany140.758314130.7629110.7590130.7530Cuba150.754015190.7417200.7394240.7253Lesotho160.753016140.760890.766680.7678South Africa170.751017160.7496140.7478120.7535United Kingdom180.744018180.7433160.7462150.7460Austria190.743719200.7391340.7165370.7091Canada200.742520210.7381180.7407200.7372Luxembourg210.741021170.7439300.7216260.7231Burundi220.739722240.7338240.7270United States230.739223220.7373170.7412190.7411Australia240.739024250.7294230.7291230.7271Ecuador250.738925330.7206450.7035400.7072Mozambique260.734926230.7350260.7251220.7329Bolivia270.734027300.7222620.6862760.6751Lithuania280.730828340.7191370.7131350.7132Barbados290.730129270.7232330.7170310.7176Spain300.726630260.7266120.7580110.7554Costa Rica310.724131290.7225250.7266280.7194Kazakhstan320.721832310.7213490.7010410.7055Mongolia330.720433440.7111360.7140270.7194Argentina340.719534320.7212280.7236290.7187Colombia350.717135630.6901800.6714550.6927Trinidad and Tobago360.716636430.7116210.7372210.7353Panama370.716437400.7122400.7042390.7072Slovenia380.715538380.7132410.7041420.7047Malawi390.713939360.7166650.6850680.6824Bahamas400.712840370.7156220.7340360.7128Cape Verde410.712241350.7180Serbia420.711642500.7037Bulgaria430.709743520.7021510.6987500.6983Namibia440.709444410.7121320.7177250.7238France450.708945570.6984480.7018460.7025Uganda460.708646280.7228290.7220330.7169Jamaica470.708547510.7035470.7028440.7037Guyana480.708548420.7119380.7084380.7090Croatia490.706949490.7053500.7006530.6939Venezuela500.706050480.7060630.6861640.6863Portugal510.705651470.7071350.7144320.7171Moldova520.703752450.7101390.7083340.7160Israel530.703253560.6989550.6926520.6957Poland540.703154530.7015420.7038430.7037Sri Lanka550.701955390.7122310.7212160.7458Madagascar560.701656580.6982710.6797800.6713Macedonia, FYR570.701357610.6968530.6966490.6996Singapore580.700058550.6989570.6914560.6914Estonia590.699759600.6977520.6983470.7018Lao PDR*600.6993Russian Federation610.698360590.6980430.7037450.7036 0.6655Brazil620.694961620.6909820.667985Kyrgyz Republic630.694862540.7013440.7036510.6973Ukraine640.693563640.6894640.6861630.6869Thailand650.692864650.6893600.6892570.6910Tanzania660.692865460.7091590.6904660.6829Senegal Mexico67 680.6923 0.691766 6790 840.6657 0.671292 890.6573 0.6604101 910.6414 0.65778 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 13. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 rankings: comparisons with 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (contd.) Country2009 rank2009 score2008 rank2008 score2007 rank2007 score2006 rank2006 scoreIceland10.827640.799940.783640.7813Finland20.825220.819530.804430.7958Norway30.822710.823920.805920.7994Sweden40.813930.813910.814610.8133Philippines90.757960.756860.762960.7516Ireland80.759780.751890.7457100.7335New Zealand50.788050.785950.764970.7509Denmark70.762870.753880.751980.7462130.7426140.7360400.6924260.6997Nicaragua490.7002710.6747900.6458620.6566Belgium330.7165280.7163190.7198200.7078Latvia140.7416100.7397130.7333190.7091SwitzerlandNetherlands110.749090.7399120.7383120.7250Germany120.7449110.739470.761850.7524Cuba290.7176250.7195220.7169Lesotho100.7495160.7320260.7078430.6807South Africa60.7709220.7232200.7194180.7125150.7402130.7366110.744190.7365Austria420.7031290.7153270.7060270.6986Canada250.7196310.7136180.7198140.7165Luxembourg630.6889660.6802580.6786560.6671BurundiUnited States310.7173270.7179310.7002230.7042Australia200.7282210.7241170.7204150.7163Ecuador230.7220350.7091440.6881820.6433Mozambique260.7195180.7266430.6883Bolivia820.6693800.6667800.6574870.6335Lithuania300.7175230.7222140.7234210.7077Barbados210.7236260.7188Spain170.7345170.7281100.7444110.7319Costa Rica270.7180320.7111280.7014300.6936Kazakhstan470.7013450.6976320.6983320.6928Mongolia220.7221400.7049620.6731420.6821Argentina240.7211240.7209330.6982410.6829Colombia560.6939500.6944240.7090220.7049Trinidad and Tobago190.7298190.7245460.6859450.6797Panama430.7024340.7095380.6954310.6935Slovenia520.6982510.6937490.6842510.6745Malawi760.6738810.6664870.6480810.6437Bahamas280.7179Cape VerdeSerbiaBulgaria380.7072360.7077250.7085370.6870Namibia320.7167300.7141290.7012380.6864France180.7331150.7341510.6824700.6520Uganda400.7067430.6981500.6833470.6797Jamaica480.7013440.6980390.6925250.7014Guyana350.7108Croatia540.6944460.6967160.7210160.7145Venezuela690.6839590.6875550.6797570.6664Portugal460.7013390.7051370.6959330.6922Moldova360.7104200.7244210.7172170.7128Israel450.7019560.69360.6965350.6889Poland500.6998490.6951600.6756440.6802Sri Lanka160.7402120.7371150.7230130.7199Madagascar770.6732740.6736890.6461840.6385United KingdomMacedonia, FYR530.6950530.6914350.6967280.6983Singapore840.6664840.6625770.6609650.6550Estonia370.7094370.7076300.7008290.6944Lao PDR*Russian Federation510.6987420.6994450.6866490.6770Brazil810.6695730.6737740.6637670.6543Kyrgyz Republic410.7058410.7045700.6653520.6742Ukraine610.6896620.6856570.6790480.6797Thailand590.6907520.6917520.6815400.6831Tanzania730.6797380.7068340.6969240.7038Senegal Mexico102 980.6427 0.6503 97 0.6441 93 0.6441 75 0.6462* New countries 2013The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 9 14. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 rankings: comparisons with 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (contd.) 2013 rank2013 score2013 rank among 2012 countries2012 rank2012 score2011 rank2011 score2010 rankChina690.690868690.6853610.6866610.6881Romania700.690869670.6859680.6812670.6826Italy710.688570800.6729740.6796740.6765Dominican Republic720.686771890.6659810.6682730.6774Vietnam730.686372660.6867790.6732720.6776Country2010 scoreSlovak Republic740.685773700.6824720.6797710.6778Bangladesh750.684874860.6684690.6812820.6702Ghana760.681175710.6778700.6811700.6782Uruguay770.680376760.6745580.6907590.6897Kenya780.680377720.6768990.6493960.6499Cyprus790.680178790.6732930.6567860.6642Peru800.678779780.6742730.6796600.6895 0.6908Greece810.678280820.6716560.691658Honduras820.677381740.6763540.6945540.6927Czech Republic830.677082730.6767750.6789650.6850Malta840.676183880.6666830.6658830.6695Botswana850.675284770.6744660.6832620.6876Georgia860.675085850.6691860.6624880.6598 0.6720Hungary870.674286810.6718850.664279Brunei Darussalam880.673087750.6750760.6787770.6748Paraguay890.672488830.6714670.6818690.6804Tajikistan900.668289960.6608960.6526890.6598Chile910.667090870.6676460.7030480.7013Angola*920.6659Bhutan*930.6651Armenia940.663491920.6636840.6654840.6669Indonesia950.661392970.6591900.6594870.6615El Salvador960.660993940.6630940.6567900.6596Maldives970.660494950.66161010.6480990.6452Mauritius980.659995980.6547950.6529950.6520Azerbaijan990.658296990.6546910.65771000.6446Cameroon1000.6560971120.62911190.60731140.6110India1010.6551981050.64421130.61901120.6155Malaysia1020.6518991000.6539970.6525980.6479Burkina Faso1030.65131001040.64551150.61531110.6162Cambodia1040.65091011030.64571020.6464970.6482Japan1050.64981021010.6530980.6514940.6524Nigeria1060.64691031100.63151200.60111180.6055Belize1070.64491041020.64651000.6489930.6536Albania1080.6412105910.6655780.6748780.6726United Arab Emirates1090.63721061070.63921030.64541030.6397Suriname1100.63691071060.64091040.63951020.6407Korea, Rep.1110.63511081080.63561070.62811040.6342Bahrain1120.63341091110.62981100.62321100.6217Zambia1130.63121101140.62791060.631060.6293Guatemala1140.63041111160.62601120.62291090.6238Qatar1150.62991121150.62641110.62301170.6059Kuwait1160.62921131090.63201050.63221050.6318Fiji1170.62861141130.62851090.62551080.6256Ethiopia1180.61981151180.621160.61361210.6019Jordan1190.60931161210.61031170.61171200.6048Turkey1200.60811171240.60151220.59541260.5876Nepal1210.60531181230.60261260.58881150.6084Oman1220.60531191250.59861270.58731220.5950Lebanon1230.60281201220.60301180.60831160.6084Algeria1240.59661211200.61121210.59911190.6052Egypt1250.59351221260.59751230.59331250.5899Benin1260.58851231170.62581280.58321280.5719Saudi Arabia1270.58791241310.57311310.57531290.5713Mali1280.58721251280.58421320.57521310.5680Morocco1290.58451261290.58331290.58041270.5767Iran, Islamic Rep.1300.58421271270.59271250.58941230.5933 0.5691Cte d'Ivoire1310.58141281300.57851300.5773130Mauritania1320.58101291190.61291140.61641130.6152Syria1330.56611301320.56261240.58961240.5926Chad1340.55881311330.55941340.53341330.5330Pakistan Yemen135 1360.5459 0.5128132 133134 1350.5478 0.5054133 1350.5583 0.4873132 1340.5465 0.460310 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 15. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 rankings: comparisons with 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (contd.) Country2009 rank2009 score2008 rank2008 score2007 rank2007 score2006 rank2006 scoreChina600.6907570.6878730.6643630.6561Romania700.6805700.6763470.6859460.6797Italy720.6798670.6788840.6498770.6456Dominican Republic670.6859720.6744650.6705590.6639Vietnam710.6802680.6778420.6889Slovak Republic680.6845640.6824540.6797500.6757Bangladesh930.6526900.65311000.6314910.6270Ghana800.6704770.6679630.6725580.6653Uruguay570.6936540.6907780.6608660.6549Kenya970.6512880.6547830.6508730.6486Cyprus790.6706760.6694820.6522830.6430Peru440.7024480.6959750.6624600.6619Greece850.6662750.6727720.6648690.6540Honduras620.6893470.6960680.6661740.6483Czech Republic740.6789690.6770640.6718530.6712Malta880.6635830.6634760.6615710.6518 0.6897Botswana390.7071630.6839530.679734Georgia830.6680820.6654670.6665540.67Hungary650.6879600.6867610.6731550.6698Brunei Darussalam940.6524990.6392Paraguay660.68681000.6379690.6659640.6556Tajikistan860.6661890.6541790.6578Chile640.6884650.6818860.6482780.6455Angola*Bhutan*Armenia900.6619780.6677710.6651Indonesia920.6580930.6473810.6550680.6541 0.6837El Salvador550.6939580.6875480.685339Maldives990.6482910.6501990.6350Mauritius960.6513950.6466850.6487880.6328Azerbaijan890.6626610.6856590.6781Cameroon1180.61081170.60171160.59191030.5865India1140.61511130.60601140.5936980.6011Malaysia1000.6467960.6442920.6444720.6509Burkina Faso1200.60811150.60291170.59121040.5854Cambodia1040.6410940.6469980.6353890.6291Japan1010.6447980.6434910.6455800.6447Nigeria1080.62801020.63391070.6122940.6104Belize870.6636860.6610940.6426Albania910.6601870.6591660.6685610.66071120.61981050.62201050.61841010.5919780.6726790.6674560.67941150.61461080.6154970.6409920.6157United Arab Emirates Suriname Korea, Rep. Bahrain1160.61361210.59271150.59311020.5894Zambia1070.63101060.62051010.6288850.6360Guatemala1110.62091120.60721060.6144950.6067Qatar1250.59071190.59481090.6041Kuwait1050.63561010.6358960.6409860.6341Fiji1030.6414Ethiopia1220.59481220.58671130.59911000.5946Jordan1130.61821040.62751040.6203930.6109Turkey1290.58281230.58531210.57681050.5850Nepal1100.62131200.59421250.55751110.5478Oman1230.59381180.59601190.5903LebanonAlgeria1170.61191110.61111080.6068970.6018Egypt1260.58621240.58321200.58091090.5786Benin1310.56431260.55821230.56561100.5780Saudi Arabia1300.56511280.55371240.56471140.5242Mali1270.58601090.61171120.6019990.5996Morocco1240.59261250.57571220.56761070.5827Iran, Islamic Rep.1280.58391160.60211180.59031080.5803Cte d'Ivoire1190.61031100.61171110.60221060.5835Syria1210.60721070.61811030.6216Chad1330.54171290.52901270.53811130.5247Pakistan Yemen132 1340.5458 0.4609127 1300.5549 0.4664126 1280.5509 0.4510112 1150.5434 0.4595Mauritania* New countries 2013The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 11 16. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3b: Detailed rankings, 2013 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITYOVERALLEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTHEALTH AND SURVIVALPOLITICAL EMPOWERMENTCountryRankScoreRankScoreRankScoreRankScoreRankScoreIceland Finland1 20.8731 0.842122 190.7684 0.77271 11.0000 1.000097 10.9696 0.97961 20.7544 0.6162Norway30.841710.835711.0000930.969730.5616Sweden40.8129140.7829380.9977690.973540.4976Philippines50.7832160.777311.000010.9796100.3760Ireland60.7823290.7450340.9988650.973760.4115New Zealand70.7799150.779711.0000930.9697120.3703Denmark80.7779250.763911.0000640.9739110.3738Switzerland90.7736230.7681660.9919720.9733160.3610Nicaragua100.7715910.6218280.9996550.975850.4889Belgium110.7684340.7367670.9918470.9787140.3664Latvia120.7610170.776711.000010.9796260.2875Netherlands130.7608260.7592440.9954930.9697220.3191Germany140.7583460.7120860.9818490.9780150.3611Cuba150.7540650.6736300.9995630.9743130.3685Lesotho160.7530180.775611.000010.9796350.2570South Africa170.7510780.6505540.99411020.967780.3919United Kingdom180.7440350.7320310.9994920.9698290.2747Austria190.7437690.664211.0000470.9787190.3318Canada200.742590.795911.0000490.9780420.1959Luxembourg210.741070.816211.0000850.9719510.1757Burundi220.739730.83071140.8895990.9685310.2702United States230.739260.818511.0000330.9792600.1593Australia240.7390130.787911.0000690.9735430.1945Ecuador250.7389900.6253520.9942550.9758170.3604Mozambique260.7349110.78971240.83551120.9612180.3533Bolivia270.7340570.6841990.9623840.9719230.3175Lithuania280.7308210.7688600.9928340.9791470.1826Barbados290.7301100.790711.000010.9796630.1503Spain300.7266760.6521400.9971750.9730270.2841Costa Rica310.7241980.595511.0000620.9747210.3263Kazakhstan320.7218200.7706690.991310.9796650.1458Mongolia330.720420.8338490.994610.97961080.0734Argentina340.71951010.5887420.996210.9796240.3136Colombia350.7171390.7275450.9954340.9791550.1662Trinidad and Tobago360.7166470.7112510.99441300.9516380.2092Panama370.7164450.7136430.9958610.9753480.1811Slovenia380.7155430.7189260.9999750.9730540.1702Malawi390.713940.82531120.89611010.9683560.1660Bahamas400.712850.824411.000010.97961240.0471Cape Verde410.7122960.6020970.966310.9796250.3011Serbia420.7116590.6791550.99401110.9642390.2089Bulgaria430.7097490.7067640.9924340.9791580.1606Namibia440.7094530.698011.00001050.9671520.1727France450.7089670.669011.000010.9796450.1870Uganda460.7086370.72851230.842510.9796280.2839Jamaica470.7085360.7317800.988410.9796740.1345Guyana480.70851020.588511.0000450.9789330.2668Croatia490.7069610.6753470.9951340.9791500.1779Venezuela500.7060890.6256330.999310.9796370.2196Portugal510.7056660.6726560.9940830.9724460.1834Moldova520.7037320.7407740.9907340.9791870.1043Israel530.7032560.6915820.9874930.9697570.1643Poland540.7031730.6563370.9983340.9791490.1786Sri Lanka550.70191090.5590480.994610.9796300.2744Madagascar560.7016510.7033930.9750740.9732610.1547Macedonia570.7013710.6611750.99031280.9533400.2007Singapore580.7000120.78831050.9409850.9719900.0989Estonia590.6997410.7228590.9931340.9791880.1038Lao PDR*600.699380.79991130.89481060.9669730.1355Russian Federation610.6983420.7204360.9984340.9791940.0951Brazil620.6949740.656111.000010.9796680.1440Kyrgyz Republic630.6948600.6789770.9888750.9730710.1383Ukraine640.6935300.7426270.9998750.97301190.0587Thailand650.6928500.7035780.988810.9796890.0992Tanzania660.6928700.66351180.87791120.9612320.2684Senegal670.6923810.64011250.8270710.9734200.3286Mexico680.69171110.5499700.991110.9796360.246312 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 17. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3b: Detailed rankings, 2013 (contd.) ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITYOVERALLEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTHEALTH AND SURVIVALPOLITICAL EMPOWERMENTCountryRankScoreRankScoreRankScoreRankScoreRankScoreChina Romania69 700.6908 0.690862 550.6752 0.692881 500.9880 0.9945133 340.9398 0.979159 910.1604 0.0970Italy710.6885970.5973650.9924720.9733440.1912Dominican Republic720.6867630.6751840.9822890.9711840.1184Vietnam730.6863520.7023950.97411320.9441800.1247Slovak Republic740.6857860.635011.000010.9796770.1284Bangladesh750.68481210.49541150.88461240.955770.4036Ghana760.6811240.76621110.89701040.9674950.0937Uruguay770.6803580.6833410.996710.97961160.0617Kenya780.6803440.71461070.92301020.9677850.1157Cyprus790.6801850.6353830.9853910.9701760.1298Peru800.6787880.6278880.97961090.9658690.1417Greece810.6782790.6470460.9953650.9737920.0969Honduras820.6773940.6061350.9988520.9762780.1280Czech Republic830.6770950.603911.0000460.9788790.1254Malta840.67611080.5655580.9935650.9737530.1716Botswana850.6752480.710811.00001270.95491270.0353Georgia860.6750640.6741890.97901260.9553970.0915Hungary870.6742680.6677620.9925340.97911200.0574Brunei Darussalam880.6730330.7372760.98891090.9658135Paraguay890.6724830.6363610.9928550.97581040.0000 0.0847Tajikistan900.6682380.72841100.89931230.95591000.0891Chile910.66701120.5445320.999310.9796670.1448 0.2614Angola*920.6659920.61631270.806210.979634Bhutan*930.6651270.75281160.8843820.9725122Armenia940.6634820.6384290.99951310.9497Indonesia950.66131030.58811010.9574107El Salvador960.66091140.5345790.98861Maldives970.6604990.591411.0000Mauritius980.65991050.573572Azerbaijan990.6582720.65910.05091150.06620.9663750.13340.9796700.14091120.96121010.08900.990710.9796930.0959850.98201360.92541140.0663 0.0902Cameroon1000.6560400.72581220.84701120.961299India1010.65511240.44651200.85741350.931290.3852Malaysia1020.65181000.5904730.9907750.97301210.0530Burkina Faso1030.6513280.74671280.7987990.9685980.0914Cambodia1040.6509770.65141170.881110.9796960.0916Japan1050.64981040.5841910.9757340.97911180.0603Nigeria1060.6469540.69651260.81151220.9607830.1190Belize1070.6449800.64581030.944510.97961330.0099Albania1080.6412870.6324920.97551340.93131300.0256United Arab Emirates1090.63721220.467211.00001120.9612810.1206Suriname1100.63691190.4986390.997310.97961100.0723Korea, Rep.1110.63511180.50361000.9592750.9730860.1046Bahrain1120.63341170.5146710.99111120.9612113Zambia1130.6312840.63541210.8472980.9690Guatemala1140.63041130.54221020.952210.9796Qatar1150.62991060.5735530.99411290.9522109 123 1350.0667 0.0732 0.0475 0.0000Kuwait1160.62921150.5252570.99361120.96121260.0370Fiji1170.62861200.4975630.992510.97961250.0448Ethiopia1180.6198930.61481310.7451680.9737660.1457Jordan1190.60931280.4145680.9915900.97061170.0607Turkey1200.60811270.42691040.9431590.97551030.0868Nepal1210.60531160.51511300.74621120.9612410.1989Oman1220.60531230.4489940.9745590.97551320.0221Lebanon1230.60281260.4420870.979610.9796133Algeria1240.59661330.33071060.93871080.9661620.0099 0.1511Egypt1250.59351250.44261080.9199510.97681280.0348Benin1260.5885310.74191360.51271120.9612720.1383Saudi Arabia1270.58791340.3223900.9761520.97621050.0769Mali1280.58721070.56681320.7291540.97611060.0769Morocco1290.58451290.39491090.9002880.9712111Iran, Islamic Rep.1300.58421300.3655980.9653870.97141290.0720 0.0346Cte d'Ivoire1310.58141100.55611330.714110.97961070.0758Mauritania1320.58101310.36511190.859110.9796820.1201Syria1330.56611360.2508960.9682580.97561120.0697Chad1340.5588750.65471350.53111120.96121020.0883Pakistan Yemen135 1360.5459 0.5128135 1320.3108 0.3577129 1340.7685 0.6980124 810.9557 0.972764 1310.1487 0.0227* New countries 2013The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 13 18. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 rankings: changes in scores (detailed)CountryChange in score (20122013)Change in score (20112012)Change in score (20102011)Change in score (20092010)Change in score (20082009)Change in score (20072008)Change in score (20062007)Change in score (20062013)Iceland0.00910.01100.00340.02200.02770.01640.00230.0918Finland0.00300.00680.01230.00080.00570.01510.00860.0463Norway0.00140.00000.00000.01770.00110.01800.00650.0423Sweden0.00300.01150.00200.01160.00000.00070.00140.0004Philippines0.00750.00720.00310.00760.00110.00610.01130.0316Ireland0.00160.00090.00570.01770.00790.00610.01220.0488New Zealand0.02900.00060.00050.00020.00720.00210.02100.0140Denmark0.00020.00010.00590.00910.00900.00190.00570.0316Switzerland0.00630.00450.00650.01360.00660.04360.00730.0739Nicaragua0.00180.04520.00690.01750.02550.02890.01080.1149Belgium0.00310.01210.00220.03440.00030.00350.01200.0606Latvia0.00370.01740.00300.00130.00190.00640.02420.0519Netherlands0.00510.01890.00260.00460.00910.00160.01330.0359Germany0.00460.00390.00600.00800.00550.02240.00940.00580.01220.00230.01420.00760.00190.00260.00780.00580.00120.01830.01760.02420.02710.0724 0.0385Cuba Lesotho South Africa0.00150.00180.00560.01750.04770.00380.0069United Kingdom0.00070.00290.00020.00580.00360.00750.00760.0075Austria0.00450.02260.00740.00600.01210.00920.00740.0451Canada0.00430.00260.00350.01760.00600.00630.00340.02600.00300.02230.00150.03420.00870.00160.01150.0738Burundi0.00590.0068United States0.00200.00390.00010.02380.00060.01770.00390.0351Australia0.00960.00030.00200.00110.00410.00370.00400.0226Ecuador0.01840.01710.00370.01480.01290.02100.04480.09560.00010.00990.00780.01340.00710.03830.01180.03600.01110.00580.00260.00930.02390.1004Lithuania0.01170.00600.00000.00430.00460.00120.01570.0231Barbados0.00700.00620.00060.00600.00480.00010.03140.00260.02090.00630.01620.01250.0053Costa Rica0.00170.00420.00720.00140.00690.00970.00780.0305Kazakhstan0.00050.02020.00450.00430.00370.00060.00540.0290Mongolia0.00920.00290.00540.00260.01710.03180.00900.0382Argentina0.00170.00240.00490.00240.00020.02270.01530.0366LuxembourgMozambique BoliviaSpainColombia0.02690.01870.02130.00120.00040.01460.00410.0122Trinidad and Tobago0.00500.02560.00190.00540.00540.03850.00620.0368 0.0230Panama0.00420.00810.00310.00480.00710.01410.0019Slovenia0.00230.00910.00060.00660.00450.00940.00970.0410Malawi0.00270.03170.00250.00870.00740.01830.00440.0702Bahamas0.00290.01840.02120.0050Cape Verde0.0057Serbia0.0079Bulgaria0.00760.00340.00040.00890.00050.00070.02150.0227Namibia0.00270.00550.00620.00720.00260.01290.01470.0230France0.01050.00350.00070.03060.00100.05180.03030.0568Uganda0.01420.00080.00510.01020.00860.01480.00360.0289Jamaica0.00500.00070.00080.00240.00320.00550.00890.0071Guyana0.00340.00340.00050.0019Croatia0.00160.00470.00660.00040.00230.02430.00660.0076 0.0396Venezuela0.00000.01990.00020.00240.00360.00780.0133Portugal0.00150.00740.00260.01580.00380.00920.00370.0134Moldova0.00640.00180.00770.00560.01400.00710.00440.0091Israel0.00440.00630.00310.00610.01180.00640.00760.0144Poland0.00150.00230.00010.00390.00470.01940.00460.0228Sri Lanka0.01030.00900.02460.00560.00320.01410.00310.0180Madagascar0.00330.01850.00840.00190.00030.02740.00760.0630Macedonia, FYR0.00450.00020.00300.00460.00360.00540.00150.0031Singapore0.00110.00750.00000.02500.00390.00170.00590.0450Estonia0.00200.00050.00350.00760.00180.00680.00640.00540.00030.00570.00010.00490.00070.01280.00960.0212Lao PDR* Russian Federation Brazil0.00400.02300.00240.00400.00420.01000.00940.04060.00650.00230.00630.00860.00130.03920.00880.0206Ukraine0.00420.00330.00080.00270.00410.00650.00060.0138Thailand0.00350.00010.00180.00030.00100.01020.00160.0096Tanzania0.01630.01870.00740.00320.02710.01000.00690.0110Senegal0.02660.00840.01600.0013Mexico0.02050.01080.00270.00740.00620.00000.00210.0455China0.00560.00130.00140.00260.00290.02350.00820.0348Romania Italy0.0050 0.01560.0046 0.00660.0014 0.00310.0020 0.00330.0043 0.00100.0097 0.02900.0062 0.00420.0111 0.0430Kyrgyz Republic14 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 19. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2013 rankings: changes in scores (detailed) (contd.)Country Dominican Republic VietnamChange in score (20122013) 0.0208 0.0004Change in score (20112012)Change in score (20102011)Change in score (20092010)0.0023 0.01350.0092 0.00440.0085 0.0026Change in score (20082009)Change in score (20072008)Change in score (20062007)Change in score (20062013)0.0115 0.00230.0039 0.01100.0065 0.0228 Slovak Republic0.00330.00270.00190.00670.00210.00270.00400.0101Bangladesh0.01650.01280.01100.01760.00050.02160.00440.0578Ghana0.00330.00330.00300.00780.00250.00460.00720.0158Uruguay0.00580.01620.00100.00390.00290.02990.00580.0254Kenya0.00340.02750.00070.00130.00350.00390.00230.0317Cyprus0.00690.01650.00750.00640.00120.01720.00920.0371Peru0.00450.00540.00990.01280.00640.03360.00050.0168Greece0.00660.02000.00080.02450.00640.00790.01070.0242Honduras0.00100.01820.00170.00350.00680.03000.01780.0290Czech Republic0.00030.00220.00610.00610.00190.00520.00060.0059Malta0.00940.00080.00370.00600.00020.00190.00970.0243Botswana0.00080.00880.00440.01950.02320.00410.01000.0145Georgia0.00590.00670.00250.00820.00260.00110.00350.0050Hungary0.00240.00760.00780.01580.00120.01360.00330.00440.00200.00380.00390.02240.01320.00100.01040.00140.00640.04890.02790.01030.0168Brunei Darussalam Paraguay Tajikistan0.00730.00820.00720.00630.01200.00380.00050.03550.00170.01290.00660.03360.00270.0216Angola*0.00880.03580.03210.00020.0005Bhutan*Armenia0.00010.00180.00150.00500.00590.0027Indonesia0.00220.00030.00210.00350.01070.00770.00090.0072El Salvador0.00210.00630.00290.03430.00640.00230.00160.0228Maldives0.00120.01360.00280.00300.00190.0151Mauritius0.00530.00180.00100.00070.00470.00220.01600.0272Azerbaijan0.00360.00310.01310.01800.02300.0075Cameroon0.02690.02180.00370.00020.00910.00980.00530.06950.01090.02520.00350.00040.00910.01240.00750.05390.00210.00140.00460.00120.00250.00020.00650.0009 0.0659ChileIndia Malaysia Burkina Faso0.00580.03020.00100.00810.00520.01170.0059Cambodia0.00520.00070.00180.00730.00590.01160.00620.02180.00320.00170.00100.00770.00130.00210.00080.0051 0.0365Japan Nigeria0.01550.03030.00440.02250.00590.02170.0018Belize0.00150.00250.00470.01000.00260.0183Albania0.02430.00930.00210.01250.00100.00940.00780.0195United Arab Emirates0.00200.00620.00580.01990.00220.00360.02650.0453Suriname0.00390.00140.00120.03190.00510.0120Korea, Rep.0.00050.00760.00610.01960.00080.02540.02510.0194Bahrain0.00360.00660.00150.00810.02090.00030.00370.0440Zambia0.00330.00200.00070.00170.01060.00840.00710.0048Guatemala0.00440.00310.00090.00280.01370.00720.00770.0237Qatar0.00350.00350.01700.01530.00410.0093Kuwait0.00280.00020.00040.00380.00020.00510.00680.0049Fiji0.00000.00310.00020.0158Ethiopia0.00010.00640.01170.00710.00800.01240.00450.0252Jordan0.00100.00130.00680.01330.00930.00720.00940.0016Turkey0.00660.00610.00780.00470.00250.00850.00820.0231Nepal0.00270.01390.01960.01300.02710.03670.00970.0575Oman0.00670.01130.00770.00120.00230.0057Lebanon0.00030.00530.0000Algeria0.01450.01200.00610.00670.00080.00420.00500.0052Egypt0.00400.00420.00340.00370.00290.00230.00230.0150Benin0.03730.04260.01130.00760.00610.00750.01230.0106Saudi Arabia0.01480.00220.00400.00620.01140.01100.04050.0637Mali0.00310.00890.00730.01810.02570.00980.00220.0124Morocco Iran, Islamic Rep. Cte d'Ivoire0.00130.00290.00370.01590.01680.00820.01510.00190.00850.00330.00390.00940.01820.01170.01010.00390.00290.00120.00820.03190.00350.00110.00500.00140.00950.01870.0025Syria0.00350.02700.00300.01460.01090.0035Chad0.00060.02600.00040.00870.01260.00910.01340.0341Pakistan0.00190.01050.01180.00070.00900.00400.00750.00260.00740.01810.02700.00060.00550.01540.00850.0533MauritaniaYemen Belarus0.00420.0015Gambia, The0.0130.0000.0010.0130.0200.003TimorLesteTunisia Uzbekistan0.00110.00330.00620.00120.0006 0.0033 0.00560.0008 0.00320.0016 0.00210.0035 0.0004 Zimbabwe * New countries 2013The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 15 20. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2012 rankings: changes in scores (summary)Number of countries20122013201120122010 20112009201020082009200720082006200720062013Widening gaps4751605443412415Narrowing gaps8681747887879195Improving (%)6561555967687986Deteriorating (%)3539454133322114133132134132130128115110TOTALhealth outcomes between women and men and almost 93% of the gap in educational attainment. However, the gap between women and men on economic participation and political empowerment remains wide: only 60% of the economic outcomes gap and only 21% of the political outcomes gap have been closed. Table4 shows the rankings of countries by income group (Table B2 in Appendix B displays the income group categories used). In 2013, in the high-income group, the Nordic countries lead the way while Saudi Arabia (127) is the lowest performing country in this category. In the upper-middle-income group, Cuba (15) ranks highest while Iran, Islamic Rep. (130) occupies the lowest position. In the lower-middle-income group, the Philippines (5) comes out on top while Yemen (136) holds last position. In the lowerincome group, Burundi (22) is the strongest performer while Chad (134) is in last place. Table5 shows the rankings of countries by subindex. In 2013, twenty-five countries have fully closed the gap in Educational Attainment (5 more than last year) while Benin, the lowest-ranking country on this subindex, has closed only about 51% of its gender gap. Thirty-three countries have closed the gap in Health and Survival. China, Albania, India and Azerbaijan remain the lowest-ranking countries on this subindex. Ten countries have closed the gap on both the Health and Survival and Educational Attainment subindexes. No country has closed the economic participation gap or the political empowerment gap. On the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, the highest-ranking country (Norway) has closed over 84% of its gender gap, while the lowest ranking country (Syria) has closed only 25% of its economic gender gap. There is similar variation in the Political Empowerment subindex. The highest-ranking country (Iceland) has closed almost 75% of its gender gap whereas the two lowest-ranking countries (Brunei Darussalam and Qatar) have closed none of the political empowerment gap according to this measure. Regional trends Figure2 displays the regional performance on the overall Index score, while Figures 3 through 6 display regional performances on each of the four subindexes.9 All scores are weighted by population to produce the regional16 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013averages. Table B1 in Appendix B displays the regional categories used.10 In the overall Index scores shown in Figure2, North America holds the top spot having closed 74% of its gender gap, while the Middle East and North Africa region occupies the last place, having closed a almost 59% of its gender gap. Table6 displays the rankings within each regional category. Among the Economic Participation and Opportunity scores shown in Figure3, North America holds the top spot, having closed 82% of its gender gap, while the Middle East and North Africa region is in the last place (39% of its economic gender gap is closed). Among the Educational Attainment scores shown in Figure4, North America once again tops the rankings, having fully closed its educational gender gap, while Sub-Saharan Africa holds last place with only 83% of its educational gender gap closed. Among the Health and Survival scores shown in Figure5, North America holds the top spot, while Asia and the Pacific occupies the last place as the worst region for womens health and survival relative to that of men (95% of its health and survival gender gap is closed). Among the Political Empowerment scores shown in Figure6, while all regions are well below parity, Asia and the Pacific leads the way with 24% of its political gender gap being closed, while the Middle East and North Africa region is in last place (7% of the political gender gap is closed). Table6 displays the rankings within each regional category. Top 10 The four Nordic countries that have consistently held the highest positions in previous editions of the Global Gender Gap Index continue to hold privileged positions. Iceland (1) holds the top spot for the fifth consecutive year and therefore continues to be the country with the narrowest gender gap in the world. Icelands overall score moves up due to improvements in the Economic Participation and Opportunity and the Political Empowerment subindexes. Finland (2) continues to hold the second position despite slight losses in its overall score because of a decrease of its Economic Participation and Opportunity score. Norway (3) follows next, with a small increase in its overall score. Sweden (4) continues to hold the fourth position. Although no country has yet achieved gender equality, all of the Nordic countries, with the exception of Denmark, 21. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 4: Rankings by income group, 2013LOW INCOMELOWER-MIDDLE INCOMEUPPER-MIDDLE INCOMEHIGH INCOME CountryOverallOverall scorerank CountryOverallOverall scorerank CountryOverallOverall scorerank CountryOverallOverall scorerankBurundi0.739722Philippines0.78325Cuba0.754015Iceland0.87311Mozambique0.734926Nicaragua0.771510South Africa0.751017Finland0.84212Malawi0.713939Lesotho0.753016Ecuador0.738925Norway0.84173Uganda0.708646Bolivia0.734027Costa Rica0.7241Sweden0.81294Madagascar0.701656Mongolia0.720433Kazakhstan0.721832Ireland0.78236Kyrgyz Republic0.694863Cape Verde0.712241Argentina0.719534New Zealand0.7799Tanzania0.692866Guyana0.708548Colombia0.717135Denmark0.77798Bangladesh0.684875Moldova0.703752Panama0.716437Switzerland0.77369Kenya0.680378Sri Lanka0.701955Serbia0.711642Belgium0.768411Tajikistan0.668290Lao PDR*0.699360Bulgaria0.709743Latvia0.761012Burkina Faso0.6513103Ukraine0.693564Namibia0.709444Netherlands0.760813Cambodia0.6509104Senegal0.692367Jamaica0.708547Germany0.758314Ethiopia0.6198118Vietnam0.686373Venezuela0.706050United Kingdom0.7440Nepal0.6053121Ghana0.681176Macedonia, FYR0.701357Austria0.743719Benin0.5885126Honduras0.677382Brazil0.694962Canada0.742520Mali0.5872128Georgia0.675086Thailand0.692865Luxembourg0.741021Chad0.5588134Paraguay0.672489Mexico0.691768United States0.7392Bhutan*0.665193China0.690869Australia0.739024Armenia0.663494Romania0.690870Lithuania0.730828Indonesia0.661395Dominican Republic0.6867Barbados0.730129El Salvador0.6609Peru0.678780Spain0.726630Cameroon0.6560100Botswana0.675285Trinidad and Tobago0.7166India0.6551101Hungary0.674287Slovenia0.715538Nigeria0.6469106Angola*0.665992Bahamas0.712840Zambia0.6312113Maldives0.660497France0.708945Guatemala0.6304114Mauritius0.659998Croatia0.706949Egypt0.5935125Azerbaijan0.658299Portugal0.705651Morocco0.5845129Malaysia0.6518102Israel0.703253Cte dIvoire0.5814Belize0.6449107Poland0.703154Mauritania0.5810132Albania0.6412108Singapore0.700058Syria0.5661133Suriname0.6369110Estonia0.699759Pakistan0.5459135Fiji0.6286117Russian Federation0.6983Yemen0.5128136Jordan0.6093119Italy0.688571Turkey0.6081120Slovak Republic0.6857Lebanon0.6028123Uruguay0.680377Algeria0.5966124Cyprus0.680179Iran, Islamic Rep.0.5842Greece0.678281Czech Republic0.6770Malta0.676184Brunei Darussalam0.6730Chile0.667091Japan0.6498105United Arab Emirates0.6372109Korea, Rep.0.6351111Bahrain0.6334112Qatar0.6299115Kuwait0.6292116Oman0.6053122Saudi Arabia0.5879961313172130718233661 7483 88127Note: Income classifications are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on GNI per capita: high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low income. * New countries 2013The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 17 22. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 5: Rankings by subindex, 2013ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY CountryScoreRankNorway0.83571Mongolia0.8338Burundi MalawiEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTCountryScoreRankCountry2Austria Tanzania0.6642 0.6635Score69 70Australia1.00000.83073Macedonia, FYR0.82534AzerbaijanBahamas0.82445United States0.8185Luxembourg1CountryScoreRank1Kazakhstan Mexico0.9913 0.9911Austria1.000069 700.661171Bahamas0.659172Barbados1.00001Bahrain0.9911711.00001Mauritius0.9907Poland0.65637372Botswana1.00001Malaysia0.99076Brazil0.65617374Brazil1.00001Moldova0.99070.81627Chad740.654775Canada1.00001Macedonia, FYR0.9903Lao PDR*0.7999875Spain0.652176Costa Rica1.00001Brunei Darussalam0.9889Canada0.7959976Cambodia0.651477Czech Republic1.00001Kyrgyz Republic0.9888Barbados0.79077710South Africa0.650578Denmark1.00001Thailand0.9888Mozambique780.789711Greece0.647079Finland1.00001El Salvador0.988679Singapore0.788312Belize0.645880France1.00001Jamaica0.988480Australia0.787913Senegal0.640181Guyana1.00001China0.988081Sweden0.782914Armenia0.638482Iceland1.00001Israel0.987482New Zealand0.779715Paraguay0.636383Latvia1.00001Cyprus0.985383Philippines0.777316Zambia0.635484Lesotho1.00001Dominican Republic0.982284Latvia0.776717Cyprus0.635385Luxembourg1.00001Azerbaijan0.982085Lesotho0.775618Slovak Republic0.635086Maldives1.00001Germany0.981886Finland0.772719Albania0.632487Namibia1.00001Lebanon0.979687Kazakhstan0.770620Peru0.627888New Zealand1.00001Peru0.979688Lithuania0.768821Venezuela0.625689Norway1.00001Georgia0.979089Iceland0.768422Ecuador0.625390Philippines1.00001Saudi Arabia0.976190Switzerland0.768123Nicaragua0.621891Slovak Republic1.00001Japan0.975791Ghana0.766224Angola*0.616392United Arab Emirates1.00001Albania0.975592Denmark0.763925Ethiopia0.614893United States1.00001Madagascar0.975093Netherlands0.759226Honduras0.606194Slovenia0.999926Oman0.974594Bhutan*0.752827Czech Republic0.603995Ukraine0.999827Vietnam0.974195Burkina Faso0.746728Cape Verde0.602096Nicaragua0.999628Syria0.968296Ireland0.745029Italy0.597397Armenia0.999529Cape Verde0.966397Ukraine0.742630Costa Rica0.595598Cuba0.999530Iran, Islamic Rep.0.965398Benin0.741931Maldives0.591499United Kingdom0.999431Bolivia0.962399Moldova0.740732Malaysia0.5904100Chile0.999332Korea, Rep.0.9592100Brunei Darussalam0.737233Argentina0.5887101Venezuela0.999333Indonesia0.9574101Belgium0.736734Guyana0.5885102Ireland0.998834Guatemala0.9522102United Kingdom0.732035Indonesia0.5881103Honduras0.998835Belize0.9445103Jamaica0.731736Japan0.5841104Russian Federation0.998436Turkey0.9431104Uganda0.728537Mauritius0.5735105Poland0.998337Singapore0.9409105Tajikistan0.728438Qatar0.5735106Sweden0.997738Algeria0.9387106Colombia0.727539Mali0.5668107Suriname0.997339Kenya0.9230107Cameroon0.725840Malta0.5655108Spain0.997140Egypt0.9199108Estonia0.722841Sri Lanka0.5590109Uruguay0.996741Morocco0.9002109Russian Federation0.720442Cte dIvoire0.5561110Argentina0.996242Tajikistan0.8993110Slovenia0.718943Mexico0.5499111Panama0.995843Ghana0.8970111Kenya0.714644Chile0.5445112Netherlands0.995444Malawi0.8961112Panama0.713645Guatemala0.5422113Colombia0.995445Lao PDR*0.8948113Germany0.712046El Salvador0.5345114Greece0.995346Burundi0.8895114Trinidad and Tobago0.711247Kuwait0.5252115Croatia0.995147Bangladesh0.8846115Botswana0.710848Nepal0.5151116Sri Lanka0.994648Bhutan*0.8843116Bulgaria0.706749Bahrain0.5146117Mongolia0.994649Cambodia0.8811117Thailand0.703550Korea, Rep.0.5036118Romania0.994550Tanzania0.8779118Madagascar0.703351Suriname0.4986119Trinidad and Tobago0.994451Mauritania0.8591119Vietnam0.702352Fiji0.4975120Ecuador0.994252India0.8574120Namibia0.698053Bangladesh0.4954121Qatar0.994153Zambia0.8472121Nigeria0.696554United Arab Emirates0.4672122South Africa0.994154Cameroon0.8470122Romania0.692855Oman0.4489123Serbia0.994055Uganda0.8425123Israel0.691556India0.4465124Portugal0.994056Mozambique0.8355124Bolivia0.684157Egypt0.4426125Kuwait0.993657Senegal0.8270125Uruguay0.683358Lebanon0.4420126Malta0.993558Nigeria0.8115126Serbia0.679159Turkey0.4269127Estonia0.993159Angola*0.8062127Kyrgyz Republic0.678960Jordan0.4145128Lithuania0.992860Burkina Faso0.7987128Croatia0.675361Morocco0.3949129Paraguay0.992861Pakistan0.7685129China0.675262Iran, Islamic Rep.0.3655130Hungary0.992562Nepal0.7462130Dominican Republic0.675163Mauritania0.3651131Fiji0.992563Ethiopia0.7451131Georgia0.674164Yemen0.3577132Bulgaria0.992464Mali0.7291132Cuba0.673665Algeria0.3307133Italy0.992465Cte d'Ivoire0.7141133Portugal0.672666Saudi Arabia0.3223134Switzerland0.991966Yemen0.6980134France Hungary0.6690 0.667767 68Pakistan Syria0.3108 0.2508135 136Belgium Jordan0.9918 0.991567 68Chad Benin0.5311 0.5127135 13618 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013Rank 23. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 5: Rankings by subindex, 2013 (contd.)HEALTH AND SURVIVALPOLITICAL EMPOWERMENTCountryScoreRankCountryScoreRankCountryAngola*0.97961Score0.9735 0.973569 69Iceland0.754411Australia SwedenArgentina0.9796Bahamas BarbadosRankCountryScoreRank2Peru El Salvador0.1417 0.1409Finland0.616269 700.97961Senegal0.973471Norway0.97961Italy0.973372Sweden0.56163Kyrgyz Republic0.1383710.49764Benin0.1383Belize0.97961Switzerland0.97337272Nicaragua0.48895Lao PDR*0.1355Brazil0.97961Madagascar0.97327374Ireland0.41156Jamaica0.1345Cambodia0.97961Korea, Rep.740.973075Bangladesh0.40367Indonesia0.1334Cape Verde0.9796175Kyrgyz Republic0.973075South Africa0.39198Cyprus0.1298Chile0.9796761Malaysia0.973075India0.38529Slovak Republic0.1284Cte d'Ivoire770.97961Slovenia0.973075Philippines0.376010Honduras0.128078El Salvador0.97961Spain0.973075Denmark0.373811Czech Republic0.125479Fiji0.97961Ukraine0.973075New Zealand0.370312Vietnam0.124780Finland0.97961Yemen0.972781Cuba0.368513United Arab Emirates0.120681France0.97961Bhutan*0.972582Belgium0.366414Mauritania0.120182Guatemala0.97961Portugal0.972483Germany0.361115Nigeria0.119083Jamaica0.97961Bolivia0.971984Switzerland0.361016Dominican Republic0.118484Kazakhstan0.97961Luxembourg0.971985Ecuador0.360417Kenya0.115785Latvia0.97961Singapore0.971985Mozambique0.353318Korea, Rep.0.104686Lebanon0.97961Iran, Islamic Rep.0.971487Austria0.331819Moldova0.104387Lesotho0.97961Morocco0.971288Senegal0.328620Estonia0.103888Mauritania0.97961Dominican Republic0.971189Costa Rica0.326321Thailand0.099289Mauritius0.97961Jordan0.970690Netherlands0.319122Singapore0.098990Mexico0.97961Cyprus0.970191Bolivia0.317523Romania0.097091Mongolia0.97961United Kingdom0.969892Argentina0.313624Greece0.096992Philippines0.97961Israel0.969793Cape Verde0.301125Mauritius0.095993Slovak Republic0.97961Netherlands0.969793Latvia0.287526Russian Federation0.095194Sri Lanka0.97961New Zealand0.969793Spain0.284127Ghana0.093795Suriname0.97961Norway0.969793Uganda0.283928Cambodia0.091696Thailand0.97961Iceland0.969697United Kingdom0.274729Georgia0.091597Uganda0.97961Zambia0.969098Sri Lanka0.274430Burkina Faso0.091498Uruguay0.97961Burkina Faso0.968599Burundi0.270231Cameroon0.090299Venezuela0.97961Burundi0.968599Tanzania0.268432Tajikistan0.0891100United States0.979233Malawi0.9683101Guyana0.266833Maldives0.0890101Bulgaria0.979134Kenya0.9677102Angola*0.261434Chad0.0883102Colombia0.979134South Africa0.9677102Lesotho0.257035Turkey0.0868103Croatia0.979134Ghana0.9674104Mexico0.246336Paraguay0.0847104Estonia0.979134Namibia0.9671105Venezuela0.219637Saudi Arabia0.0769105Hungary0.979134Lao PDR*0.9669106Trinidad and Tobago0.209238Mali0.0769106Japan0.979134Indonesia0.9663107Serbia0.208939Cte d'Ivoire0.0758107Lithuania0.979134Algeria0.9661108Macedonia, FYR0.200740Mongolia0.0734108Moldova0.979134Brunei Darussalam0.9658109Nepal0.198941Zambia0.0732109Poland0.979134Peru0.9658109Canada0.195942Suriname0.0723110Romania0.979134Serbia0.9642111Australia0.194543Morocco0.0720111Russian Federation0.979134Bahrain0.9612112Italy0.191244Syria0.0697112Guyana0.978945Benin0.9612112France0.187045Bahrain0.0667113Czech Republic0.978846Cameroon0.9612112Portugal0.183446Azerbaijan0.0663114Austria0.978747Chad0.9612112Lithuania0.182647Armenia0.0662115Belgium0.978747Kuwait0.9612112Panama0.181148Uruguay0.0617116Canada0.978049Maldives0.9612112Poland0.178649Jordan0.0607117Germany0.978049Mozambique0.9612112Croatia0.177950Japan0.0603118Egypt0.976851Nepal0.9612112Luxembourg0.175751Ukraine0.0587119Honduras0.976252Tanzania0.9612112Namibia0.172752Hungary0.0574120Saudi Arabia0.976252United Arab Emirates0.9612112Malta0.171653Malaysia0.0530121Mali0.976154Nigeria0.9607122Slovenia0.170254Bhutan*0.0509122Ecuador0.975855Tajikistan0.9559123Colombia0.166255Guatemala0.0475123Nicaragua0.975855Bangladesh0.9557124Malawi0.166056Bahamas0.0471124Paraguay0.975855Pakistan0.9557124Israel0.164357Fiji0.0448125Syria0.975658Georgia0.9553126Bulgaria0.160658Kuwait0.0370126Oman0.975559Botswana0.9549127China0.160459Botswana0.0353127Turkey0.975559Macedonia, FYR0.9533128United States0.159360Egypt0.0348128Panama0.975361Qatar0.9522129Madagascar0.154761Iran, Islamic Rep.0.0346129Costa Rica0.974762Trinidad and Tobago0.9516130Algeria0.151162Albania0.0256130Cuba0.974363Armenia0.9497131Barbados0.150363Yemen0.0227131Denmark0.973964Vietnam0.9441132Pakistan0.148764Oman0.0221132Greece0.973765China0.9398133Kazakhstan0.145865Belize0.0099133Ireland0.973765Albania0.9313134Ethiopia0.145766Lebanon0.0099133Malta Ethiopia0.9737 0.973765 68India Azerbaijan0.9312 0.9254135 136Chile Brazil0.1448 0.144067 68Brunei Darussalam Qatar0.0000 0.0000135 135* New countries 2013The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 19 24. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 6: Rankings by region, 2013ASIA AND THE PACIFICLATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEANMIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA CountryOverallOverall score rank CountryOverallOverall score rank CountryOverallOverall score rankPhilippines New Zealand Australia Mongolia Sri Lanka Singapore Lao PDR* Thailand China Vietnam Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Bhutan* Indonesia Maldives India Malaysia Cambodia Japan Korea, Rep. Fiji Nepal Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan0.78325 0.7799 7 0.739024 0.720433 0.7019 55 0.700058 0.6993 60 0.692865 0.690869 0.686373 0.684875 0.6730 88 0.665193 0.661395 0.660497 0.6551101 0.6518102 0.6509104 0.6498105 0.6351 111 0.6286117 0.6053121 0.5842 130 0.5459135Nicaragua Cuba Ecuador Bolivia Barbados Costa Rica Argentina Colombia Trinidad and Tobago Panama Bahamas Jamaica Guyana Venezuela Brazil Mexico Dominican Republic Uruguay Peru Honduras Paraguay Chile El Salvador Belize Suriname Guatemala0.771510 0.754015 0.738925 0.734027 0.730129 0.7241 31 0.719534 0.717135 0.7166 36 0.716437 0.712840 0.708547 0.708548 0.706050 0.694962 0.691768 0.6867 72 0.680377 0.678780 0.677382 0.672489 0.667091 0.6609 96 0.6449107 0.6369110 0.6304114Israel United Arab Emirates Bahrain Qatar Kuwait Jordan Oman Lebanon Algeria Egypt Saudi Arabia Morocco Mauritania Syria Yemen0.703253 0.6372 109 0.6334112 0.6299115 0.6292116 0.6093119 0.6053122 0.6028123 0.5966124 0.5935125 0.5879 127 0.5845129 0.5810132 0.5661133 0.5128136have closed over 80% of the gender gap and thus serve as models and useful benchmarks for international comparison. While many global indexes tend to be tied to income levels, thus providing an advantage to the high income Nordic economies, the Global Gender Gap Index is disassociated from the income and resource level of an economy and instead seeks to measure how equitably the available income, resources and opportunities are distributed between women and men. Despite this feature of the Index, these countries emerge as top performers and true leaders on gender equality. All Nordic countries reached 99-100% literacy for both sexes several decades ago and display gender parity at both primary-and secondary-level of education. At the tertiary level, in addition to very high levels of enrolment for both women and men, the gender gap has been reversed and women now make up the majority of the high-skilled workforce. In Norway, Sweden and Iceland there are over 1.5 women for every man enrolled in tertiary education, and in Finland (1.23) and Denmark (1.45) women also make up the majority of those in tertiary education. While many developed economies have succeeded in closing the gender gap in education, few have succeeded in maximizing the returns from this investment. The Nordic countries are leaders in this area tooall five countries feature in the top 25 of the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex. This occurs due to a combination20 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013(Contd.)of factors: the labour force participation rates for women are among the highest in the world; salary gaps between women and men are among the lowest in the world, although not non-existent; and women have abundant opportunities to rise to positions of leadership. These patterns vary across the Nordic countries, but, on the whole, these economies have made it possible for parents to combine work and family, resulting in high female employment, more shared participation in childcare, more equitable distribution of labour at home, better work-life balance for both women and men and in some cases a boost to declining fertility rates. Policies in some of these countries include mandatory paternal leave in combination with maternity leave, generous federally mandated parental leave benefits provided by a combination of social insurance funds and employers, tax incentives, and post-maternity re-entry programmes. Together these policies have also led to relatively higher and rising birth rates occurring simultaneously with high female workforce participation in the Nordic countries, compared to other OECD economies such as Korea, Japan, Germany, Austria, Italy and Spain, where both birth rates and participation are lower. The Nordic experience points to fewer problems with ageing in the future, as well as higher labour activity and a more robust economy. Finally top-down approaches to promoting womens leadership have also been applied. In Norway, since 2008, publicly listed companies have been required 25. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapTable 6: Rankings by region, 2013 (contd.)NORTH AMERICASUB-SAHARAN AFRICAEUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA CountryOverallOverall score rank CountryOverallOverall score rank CountryOverallOverall score rankCanada United States0.742520 0.7392 23Lesotho South Africa Burundi Mozambique Malawi Cape Verde Namibia Uganda Madagascar Tanzania Senegal Ghana Kenya Botswana Angola* Mauritius Cameroon Burkina Faso Nigeria Zambia Ethiopia Benin Mali Cte dIvoire Chad0.753016 0.7510 17 0.739722 0.734926 0.713939 0.7122 41 0.709444 0.708646 0.701656 0.692866 0.692367 0.681176 0.680378 0.675285 0.665992 0.659998 0.6560100 0.6513 103 0.6469106 0.6312113 0.6198118 0.5885126 0.5872128 0.5814 131 0.5588134Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Ireland Denmark Switzerland Belgium Latvia Netherlands Germany United Kingdom Austria Luxembourg Lithuania Spain Kazakhstan Slovenia Serbia Bulgaria France Croatia Portugal Moldova Poland Macedonia, FYR Estonia Russian Federation Kyrgyz Republic Ukraine Romania Italy Slovak Republic Cyprus Greece Czech Republic Malta Georgia Hungary Tajikistan Armenia Azerbaijan Albania Turkey0.87311 0.84212 0.84173 0.81294 0.78236 0.77798 0.77369 0.768411 0.761012 0.760813 0.758314 0.7440 18 0.743719 0.741021 0.730828 0.726630 0.721832 0.715538 0.711642 0.709743 0.708945 0.706949 0.705651 0.703752 0.703154 0.7013 57 0.699759 0.6983 61 0.6948 63 0.693564 0.690870 0.688571 0.6857 74 0.680179 0.678281 0.6770 83 0.676184 0.675086 0.674287 0.668290 0.663494 0.658299 0.6412108 0.6081120* New countries 2013to have 40% of each sex on their boards. Other countries, including emerging markets, are adopting similar measures. The Nordic countries were also early starters in providing women with the right to vote (Sweden in 1919, Norway in 1913, Iceland and Denmark in 1915, Finland in 1906). In Denmark, Sweden and Norway, political parties introduced voluntary gender quotas in the 1970s, resulting in high numbers of female political representatives over the years. In Denmark, in fact, this quota has since been abandoned as no further stimulus is required. Today, Sweden has among the highest percentages of women in parliament in the world (44.7%) while the other Nordic countries are almost as successful. Indeed, all the Nordiccountries are in the top ten best performers on the Women in parliament indicator. These countries have a similarly strong record on the percentage of women in ministerial level positions with Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland being the four best overall countries on that indicator. Finally, Iceland, Finland and Norway are part of the top 10 countries on the years with Female head of state indicator. Next in the ranking is Philippines (5). Philippines moves up three places this year due to small improvements in the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindexes. Philippines ranks 10th on the Political Empowerment subindex and remains the highest-ranking country from Asia in the Index. Philippines is the only country in AsiaThe Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 21 26. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapFigure 2: Regional performance on the Global Gender Gap Index 2013Global Gender Gap Index score (0.001.00)1.000.800.600.400.200.00 Middle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaAsia and the PacicLatin America and the CaribbeanEurope and Central AsiaNorth AmericaSource: Global Gender Gap Index 2013; details of regional classifications are in Appendix B. Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Banks World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, accessed May 2013.and the Pacific that has fully closed the gender gap in both education and health. Ireland (6) is losing one place this year due to a reduction in the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex score. New Zealand (7) moves down one place mainly due to a decrease on the Wage equality for similar work and because of stronger performances on the Political Empowerment subindex of countries such as Denmark, Philippines and India. Denmark (8) loses one place in the overall ranking this year despite the improvement in the Political Empowerment subindex. Switzerland (9) moves up one spot due to gains in the Estimated earned income indicator. Nicaragua (10) continues to be the only Latin America and Caribbean country in the top ten overall best performers. Europe and Central Asia The overall score of Europe and Central Asia has decreased by 0.3% between 2006 and 2013. This decrease can primarily be explained by a drop in the Heath and Survival subindexes, not fully offset by increases in other subindexes. In 2013, Europe and Central Asia has closed 71% of its overall gender gap. The region ranks second after the North America region on the overall index. The region, which has closed 67% of its economic gender gap, slips one place this year compared to last year to third position, just after North America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The region ranks third as well on the Educational22 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013Attainment (99% of gender gap closed), the Health and Survival (97% of gender gap closed) and the Political Empowerment subindexes (19% of gender gap closed). In the overall Index, seven European countries rank among the top 10 and thirteen rank among the top 20. Finland, France, Latvia and Slovak Republic are the four countries from the region that have fully closed both their Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gender gaps. Six out of the top 20 performing countries on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex are from the region, one less than last year. On the Political Empowerment subindex, ten out of the top 20 performing countries are from Europe and Central Asia, also one less than last year. The region continues to perform well on the Professional and technical workers indicator; fifteen out of the top 20 are from Europe and Central Asia. Thirteen out of the 20 lowest countries on the Sex ratio at birth indicator are from the region, whereas eleven of the top 20 countries on the Health life expectancy indicator are also from the region. Seven out of the top 10 best performing countries on the Women in ministerial positions indicator are from the region (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Austria, Switzerland and Belgium). Iceland (1) ranks first on the overall ranking for the fifth consecutive time. It is the sixth overall amongst the highest climbers of the 110 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006 and the best performer 27. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapFigure 3: Regional performance on the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex1.00Subindex score (0.001.00)0.800.600.400.200.00 Middle East and North AfricaAsia and the PacicLatin America and the CaribbeanEurope and Central AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaNorth AmericaSource: Global Gender Gap Index 2013; details of regional classifications are in Appendix B. Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Banks World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, accessed May 2013.Figure 4: Regional performance on the Educational Attainment subindex1.00Subindex score (0.001.00)0.800.600.400.200.00 Sub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North AfricaAsia and the PacicEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanNorth AmericaSource: Global Gender Gap Index 2013; details of regional classifications are in Appendix B. Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Banks World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, accessed May 2013.The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 | 23 28. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender GapFigure 5: Regional performance on the Health and Survival subindex1.00Subindex score (0.001.00)0.800.600.400.200.00 Asia and the PacicSub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North AfricaEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanNorth AmericaSource: Global Gender Gap Index 2013; details of regional classifications are in Appendix B. Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Banks World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, accessed May 2013.Figure 6: Regional performance on the Political Empowerment subindex1.00Subindex score (0.001.00)0.800.600.400.200.00 Middle East and North AfricaNorth AmericaSub-Saharan AfricaEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSource: Global Gender Gap Index 2013; details of regional classifications are in Appendix B. Scores are weighted by population; population data from the World Banks World Development Indicators (WDI) online database, accessed May 2013.24 | The Global Gender Gap Report 2013Asia and the Pacic 29. Part 1: Measuring the Global Gender Gapfrom the region on the enrolment in tertiary education indicator. Next are Finland (2), Norway (3) and Sweden (4) with similar positions to last year. Finland is one of the four countries from the region that has closed both its Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gender gaps. Finland, Norway and Sweden hold the overall three top